Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti 0 7707 670958 623917 2026-07-02T00:39:24Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ 670958 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti''' MON[a] (onye amụrụ '''Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas'''; 25 Ọktoba 1900 - 13 Eprel 1978), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti''', bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na-emegide ndị eze ukwu, Pan-Africanist, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti gosikwara onwe ya dị ka onye African Socialist.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=http://archive.org/details/forwomennationfu0000john|title=For women and the nation : Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|date=1997|publisher=Urbana : University of Illinois Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-252-02313-2}}</ref>  A mụrụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti na [[Abeokuta]], na Ogun State, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ gara Abeokuta Grammar School.<ref name="lioness-lisabi">{{Cite web|author=Agunbiade|first=Tayo|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'lioness of Lisabi'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye toro eto. == '''Ọrụ''' == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, na-ahazi ụfọdụ n'ime klas mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na mba ahụ ma na-ahapụ klas ịgụ na ide maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala, na-atọ ntọala dị mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ogundipe-Leslie|first=Molara|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Re_creating_Ourselves/SfzFMvqCJ3IC?hl=en|title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations|date=1994|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-412-7|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, Ransome-Kuti tọrọ ntọala otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ma kwado maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na-achọ ka a na-anọchite anya ya n'ọchịchị ime obodo ma kwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi na-ezighi ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa. Ransome-Kuti duuru ngagharị iwe na nọdụ ọdụ nke ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị 10,000, na-amanye Alake na-achị ka ọ rituo obere oge na 1949. Ka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti na-abawanye, ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, na-aga nzukọ na isonyere ndị nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ iji kparịta ụkpụrụ iwu obodo. N'ịbụ onye na-eduga n'ichepụta otu ndị inyom Naijiria na Federation of Nigeria Women's Societies, ọ kwadoro ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ịtụ vootu wee bụrụ onye ama ama na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na 1953[1], ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Nigeria nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) na 1963.[2]. N'ọrụ ndị a, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka wulite njikọ dị n'etiti otu ntọhapụ nke Naijiria na netwọk nke ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya dọtakwara mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ imegharị paspọtụ ya na 1957 na United States jụrụ inye ya visa na 1958, ebubo abụọ a na ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ n'oge Agha Nzuzo.[3] Ransome-Kuti natara Lenin Peace Prize ma nye ya onye otu Order of the Niger maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ kwadoro nkatọ ụmụ ya na-akatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ na mwakpo ndị agha wakporo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. Ụmụ Ransome-Kuti gụnyere onye egwu [[Fela Kuti]] (onye a mụrụ Olufela Ransome-Cuti), dọkịta na onye na-eme ihe ike Beko Ransome-Suti, na Minista ahụike Olikoye Ransome-Muti. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas, na 25 Ọktoba 1900 na [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State, Nigeria, nke n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Nigeria Protectorate, Protectorate nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869-1954), onye so n'ezinụlọ Jibolu-Taiwo, na Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874-1956). <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 20 Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma na-ere ihe ọkụkụ nkwụ, ebe nne ya na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-emepụta ejiji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna Frances gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Obodo Saro, nke nwere ndị si Sierra Leone lọta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Afrịka bụbu ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma weghachite na Freetown tupu ha alaghachi Yorubaland na narị afọ nke 19. Nna ya mụrụ Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, onye a mụrụ na Freetown, Sierra Leone, na Abigail Fakemi, onye a mụrụ n'obodo Ilesa nke Yoruba. Nna nna Frances kacha mara amara bụ nne nne ya, Sarah Taiwo (nne Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), nwanyị Yoruba nke ndị ahịa ohu nwụchiri na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ya na Abeokuta. Di mbụ Sarah bụ Sobowale Thomas. Ụmụ Sarah nke Thomas na ndị di ya abụọ ọzọ - ndị Jibolu-Taiwos - ghọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na mpaghara ahụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na uto nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Abeokuta. A mụrụ nne Frances n'aka Isaac Adeosolu, onye si Abeokuta, na Harriet, nwa nwanyị Adeboye, onye si n'obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] oge ochie nke Ile-Ife. Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1897, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ na nwata tupu a mụọ Frances.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 19–23 : 19–23  [[Faịlụ:Abeokuta,_1929.png|alt=An aerial view of Abeokuta in 1929|thumb|Abeokuta na 1929]] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’oge ahụ ezinụlọ ndị Naijiria na-etinye nnukwu ego n’ịzụ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nne na nna Frances kweere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ.[1] : 28 Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar Abeokuta maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. [2] Na mbido, ụlọ akwụkwọ a ghere oghe maka naanị ụmụ nwoke, mana ọ nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ ya na 1914, Frances bụ onye izizi n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ isii debanyere aha maka nkuzi n'afọ ahụ.[1] : 28–29 Site na 1919 ruo 1922, ọ gara Wincham Hall School for Girls na Cheshire, England, [3] [4] ebe ọ mụtara okwu, egwu, ejiji, French na nka ụlọ dị iche iche. Tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ ma laghachi Abeokuta n'afọ 1922, ọ hapụrụ aha Ndị Kraịst ya bụ Frances na Abigail ma họrọ ịkpọ aha Yoruba ya bụ Funmilayo, nke pụtara "Chineke enyela m ọṅụ". [5][6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 20 Jenụwarị 1925, Funmilayo lụrụ Reverend [[Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti]], onye so n'ezinụlọ Ransome-Cuti.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 33 Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ọtụtụ afọ n'ihu Funmilayo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha abụọ zụlitere ọbụbụenyi wee soro na mbedo.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 29 Israel chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwenyesiri ike n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ na imeri nkewa agbụrụ na mpaghara. O mechara bụrụ onye guzobere ma Nigeria Union of Teachers na nke Nigerian Union of Students . <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJohnson-OdimMba1997">Johnson-Odim, Cheryl; [[Nina Emma Mba|Mba, Nina Emma]] (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC ''For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria'']. University of Illinois Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-252-06613-8|<bdi>0-252-06613-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 46-47 Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Funmilayo ga-adịru afọ 30 - ruo mgbe Israel nwụrụ - ma nwee mmetụta nke ịha nhata na nkwanye ùgwù miri emi n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 42 : 42  Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti hapụrụ ọrụ ochie ya dị ka onye nkuzi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ chọtara ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1928, o guzobere otu n'ime klas ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mbụ na Naịjirịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere klọb maka ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama iji gbaa "imeziwanye onwe ha" ume, ka ọ na-ahazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị akwụkwọ.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 38 N'agbata afọ 1935 na 1936, di na nwunye ahụ mere ndokwa ịzụta ụgbọ ala ochie ma zigara ha ya site na England. Ransome-Kuti bụ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta na-anya ụgbọala.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 48 : 48  Ransome-Kuti na di ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dolupo (1926) na ụmụ nwoke [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye "Koye"]] (1927), [[Fela Kuti|Olufela "Fela"]] (1938), na [[Beko Ransome-Kuti|Bekololari "Beko"]] (1940).<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 47 & 49 : 47 & 49  === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ===   N'afọ 1932, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka guzobe otu ọgbakọ Ladies Abeokuta. [1] Klọb ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ebere, ịkwa akwa, isi nri na klas agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, [1] na ndị mbụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [1] sitere na klaasị etiti. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, otu ọ dị, klọb ahụ nọ na-atụgharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. N'ịbụ onye otu enyi ya na-agụghị akwụkwọ gbara ya ume, onye rịọrọ ya ka o nyere ya aka ịmụta ịgụ akwụkwọ, Ransome-Kuti malitere ịhazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa site na klọb, ma mesịa nweta nghọta ka ukwuu maka enweghị ahaghị n'etiti ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria chere ihu. [3] N'ịde banyere nnwere onwe nke ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ùgwù nyere ya, Ransome-Kuti kwuru na ezi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ga-ekpe ikpe site na "ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa n'azụ ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ... ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị na-eji tii, sugar, na ntụ ọka maka nri ụtụtụ" [4]. :: 174  N'afọ 1944, ọ malitere mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji kwụsị ndị ọchịchị obodo ịnara ụmụ nwanyị osikapa n'ahịa n'okpuru aghụghọ.[5] N'afọ 1946, a kpọgharịrị ọgbakọ ahụ aha otu ndị inyom Abeokuta (AWU), nke na-emepere ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na Abeokuta ugbu a. Òtù ahụ lekwasịrị anya ugbu a n'ịlụ ọgụ megide njikwa ọnụ ahịa na-ezighị ezi na ụtụ isi a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa, Ransome-Kuti dịka onyeisi oche AWU.[1]. Together with Grace Eniola Soyinka[2] (nwa nwanne nna ya na nne Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka),[3][4]:: 157  the AWU ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite na-anọchi anya ndị òtù 20,000, na-eme atụmatụ 100,000 ọzọ supporters.[5] N'ịgba mbọ ijikọ ụmụnwaanyị wee gbanarị otu n'otu, Ransome-Kuti na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọzọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-asụ asụsụ Yoruba ma na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nzukọ na mmemme. [6] N'afọ 1918, gọọmenti Abeokuta webatara ụtụ pụrụ iche nke chọrọ ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-atụ ụtụ isi malite n'afọ 15, afọ atọ tupu ụmụ nwoke emee mgbe ha dị afọ 18. [1] A na-enwe nrụgide na usoro ịnakọta ụtụ isi, ebe ndị ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-anapụ ụmụ nwanyị uwe ha n'ihi na ha na-agbalị ikpebi afọ ndụ ha, na-atụkwa ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mkpọrọ. [2] Site n'oge mgbasa ozi AWU na njedebe 1940s, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ echewo afọ iri atọ nke ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya na gọọmentị; nke a ghọrọ isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ AWU. [1] [[Faịlụ:Alake's_Palace,_Abeokuta,_Ogun.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Obí eze Alake na Abeokuta.]] Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ a ma ama nke Ransome-Kuti bịara mgbe ọ duziri AWU na ngagharị iwe megide ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Na Abeokuta, n'akụkụ ụtụ isi maka ego a na-enweta na ojiji mmiri, a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ahịa ịkwụ ụtụ isi pụrụ iche nke na-aga kpọmkwem na ndị nlekọta ahịa ma ọ bụ "parakoyis".<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 78 Alake [[Ladapo Ademola|Ademola nke Abụọ]], onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Abeokuta nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị site na Ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, tụọla ụtụ isi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e guzobere nchịkwa ala Egba na 1914. Mgbe arịrịọ dara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ka ha wepụ Alake dị ugbu a n'ọchịchị ma kwụsị ụtụ isi ahụ, Ransome-Kuti na AWU malitere ịkpọtụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ekesa arịrịọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịchọ itinye nrụgide na ndị ọchịchị, ndị otu AWU jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha n'ihu ọha, mee ogologo oge n'èzí obí Alake, ma hazie nyocha nke ndekọ ego nke Sole Native Authority System (SNA). Tinyere ebumnuche ha nke ịkwụsị ụtụ isi a na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị, ha chọrọ nnọchiteanya maka ụmụ nwanyị na kansụl SNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1947, ndị ọchịchị Abeokuta amalitela machibido ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe, na-agọnarị ha ikike dị mkpa. N'atụghị egwu, Ransome-Kuti na ndị otu ya kwupụtara na ha na-eme atụmatụ "picnics" na "ememme" kama, na-adọta ihe ruru 10,000 ndị sonyere na ngosi ha - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere esemokwu na ndị uwe ojii.[1]. : 81 Ransome-Kuti zụrụ ụmụnwaanyị ka ha na-esi edozi ite mmiri ndị a na-atụba ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị AWU na-akwụkwa ndị otu ya ụgwọ ka ha kwado nnochite anya iwu maka ndị ejidere.[1] : 81 Dị ka otu akụkọ si kwuo, mgbe otu onye isi obodo Britain tiri mkpu na Ransome-Kuti ka o mechie ụmụ nwanyị ya, ọ zara ya, "O nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ gị, ma a zụlitere gị! Ị ga-agwa nne gị okwu otú ahụ?" [1]: 84 Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kọwara ya dịka “Ọdụm Lisabi”. :  77 : 77 Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ngagharị iwe na ndị ọchịchị AWU dara n'isi n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1948 mgbe Alake tụnyere ụmụnwaanyị AWU na "ndị na-akpata nsogbu enweghị ike ịchịkwa" wee machibido Ransome-Kuti ịbanye n'obí maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ngwa ngwa ka nke ahụ mechara, ndị AWU gbochiri ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ eze ma jụ ikwe ka onye ọrụ mpaghara Britain bịara na nke ya pụọ. Ihe omume a kwụsịrị n'ọgụ mgbe Ransome-Kuti jidere wheel ụgbọ ala onye ọrụ mpaghara ma jụ ịhapụ ya "ruo mgbe ọ napụrụ aka ya"[1]. : 85 Ọmịiko ọhaneze tolitere n'ịkwado ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. Ná mmalite 1948, ndị òtù AWU nọgidere na-eme mkpesa, na-alụ ọgụ site na mkpesa, nnọkọ mgbasa ozi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ngosi. Ka emechara ngagharị iwe na ngwụcha Eprel nke afọ ahụ, Alake mechara zaghachi ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ, kwụsịtụrụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta kọmitii pụrụ iche ga-enyocha mkpesa AWU.[1]. : 86 : 86 Ndị AWU nwere ike ịchụpụ Alake nwa oge n'afọ 1949 site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. O mere nke a site na ngagharị iwe, ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, na onyinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, nakwa site n’ịbụ abụ mkparị ndị Yoruba n’èzí n’obí Alake dị ka ụdị mmechuihu ọha. [1] Ọrụ Ransome-Kuti na ndị AWU dọtara mmasị obodo, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abeokuta ka akọpụtara ihe omume ahụ, kamakwa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naịjirịa niile. [2] Onye odee Naijiria bụ Wole Soyinka ga-emesị kọọ mmetụta nke ngagharị iwe ndị a na 1981 memoir Ake: Afọ nke nwata. Ọgba aghara ahụ nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke ndị omebe iwu, gụnyere iwepụ ụtụ isi dị larịị, na nhọpụta nke Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ na otu kansụl oge na-achị mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe otu kansụl na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike dochie ya; nke a bụ nke mbụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnọchite anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara. [2] Ọ bụ ezie na AWU enwetala nnọchiteanya nwanyị na mpaghara, emeghị ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Abeokuta tinyere ụtụ isi mmiri ọhụrụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. A gụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụtụ isi mmiri kemgbe 1948. Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma mesịa jide ha, wee jide ha ọzọ mgbe ngagharị iwe malitere. E wepụghị ụtụ isi mmiri n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ruo n'afọ 1960, ya mere AWU jere ozi dị ka òtù dị mkpa iji tinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mba === N'afọ 1947, onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ sonye na ndị nnọchi anya NCNC asaa na London, England iji mee ngagharị iwe maka Iwu Richards nke afọ 1946. Iwu a, nke akpọrọ aha gọvanọ-ọchịchị Naijiria, Sir Arthur Richards, e mere ya iji mụbaa ụmụ amaala Naijiria na-etinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe ọ na-agbataghị ikike ndị ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị . Iwu ahụ jikwa ọtụtụ ndị Europe nọ na Executive Council site na usoro nhọpụta, kama ntuli aka ndị nnọchiteanya. Ransome-Kuti bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ; ha hapụrụ London na June 26, 1947. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA2-PA341|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor=Smith|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Lọndọn, Ransome-Kuti gwara ndị otu dị ka kọmitii nzuko omeiwu ụmụ nwanyị London na National Federation of Women's Institutes. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọchịchị colonial amanyela ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị, ma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba.[1] O dekwara edemede akpọrọ "Anyị nwere nha anya 'Ruo mgbe Briten bịara'" na Daily Worker, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị Yoruba nwere ihe onwunwe, na-azụ ahịa n'efu, ma nwee ikike, ruo mgbe ọchịchị colonial manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ dị ala n'ime ọha mmadụ.[2]. Echiche a na-etinye ya n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Cheryl Johnson Odim kwuru na-eme ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ụwa nke atọ. Alake na otu ndị inyom a ma ama akatọọla isiokwu a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4] Mgbe Western Provinces nke Naijiria zukọrọ n'afọ 1949 iji kparịta iwu ọhụrụ, Ransome-Kuti nọchitere anya Abeokuta ma bụrụ naanị nwanyị sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka siri ike maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na imegide usoro ntuli aka na-apụtaghị ìhè.[1] :  79 : 79 Na May 1949, Ransome-Kuti tụrụ aro ka e guzobe otu Nigerian Women's Union (NWU) iji kwalite ikike na nnwere onwe n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị AWU kwadoro atụmatụ ya, nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ngalaba Abeokuta nke NWU. [1] : 94 N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Ransome-Kuti mere njem nke ukwuu iji nyere aka guzobe alaka NWU n'obodo ukwu na obodo niile na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi dika onye isi NWU n'obodo ya bu Abeokuta. Ndị NWU gbasoro ebumnuche nke inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo kọleji ntuli aka, na ịkwado maka ezi nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] : 100-101  : 100-101 Ransome-Kuti bụ onye hibere pati NCNC, na 1951 ọ zọọrọ dịka onye NCNC na-azọ ọkwa maka ọgbakọ ọchịchị mana ọ garaghị nke ọma,[1] n'ihi na ụtụ isi pụrụiche nke ịtụ vootu pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ya - karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị - enweghị ike isonye. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ NCNC wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị NCNC na Western Region.[3] :  402 : 402 N'ime NCNC, Ransome-Kuti jere ozi dịka onye nhazi akụ na ụba maka kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe ọ na-edu otu ụmụ nwanyị pati na mpaghara ahụ; ọ bụ naanị onye otu nwanyị na-eje ozi n'ọrụ onye ndu.[1] Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nnọchiteanya nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ na-ekwuchitere Abeokuta n'oge mkparịta ụka dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ọchịchị General nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ iwu Naijiria site na 1948-1951.[2]. N'afọ 1953, Ransome-Kuti haziri nzukọ na Abeokuta iji kwurịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị 400 gara ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ ahụ. Ndị sonyere mechara guzobe Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of women's suffrage|date=2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-390-4|editor=Hannam|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251 251–253]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=44860746|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251}}</ref> FNWS mere mkpọsa maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, imeziwanye ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na ịmepụta ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nlekọta ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'oge mmalite afọ 1950, a họpụtara Ransome-Kuti na Western House of Chiefs, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Attoe|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gtHAQAAIAAJ&q=ransome|title=Margaret Ekpo: lioness in Nigerian politics|date=1993|publisher=ALF Publications|isbn=978-978-32319-1-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> e nyere ya [[Ọchịchị Naijiria|utu aha onye isi]] <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447|title=The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|others=Uglow, Jennifer S., Hinton, Frances., Hendry, Maggy.|isbn=1-55553-421-X|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447 447]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=41165272}}</ref> nke ''[[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Oloye]]'' nke ndị Yoruba na utu aha enyemaka nke ''Beere''. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'Lioness of Lisabi'|accessdate=July 14, 2025}} </ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Western House na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ọkwá n'Ụlọ Ndị Isi Naijiria ọ bụla n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kinni|first=Fongot Kini-Yen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54WoCgAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2015|isbn=978-9956-762-65-1|pages=803|chapter=Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vw4r.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluyemi|first=Oloyede|date=2016|title=Monitoring Participation of Women in Politics in Nigeria|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Finland_Oct2016/Documents/Nigeria_paper.pdf|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=United Nations Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị nkuzi nke Nigerian Union of Teachers . <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == '''Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe''' == N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1955, di ya, Israel Ransome-Kuti nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge. Ọnwụ di ya metụrụ Ransome-Kuti n'ahụ nke ukwuu, ebe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na ajụjụ ma ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji nwetakwuo oge ya.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 155-157 N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, n'akụkụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Ransome-Kuti malitere itinye oge na ego iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'Abeokuta - ọrụ nke sitere na nkwenye miri emi na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide nke ya na di ya kerịtara. <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 158–159 : 158–159  Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga ebe niile. Na kọntinent Africa, ọ malitere mmekọrịta siri ike na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị na Algeria, Egypt, na Ghana, [1] na nleta ya na mba ọzọ gụnyere njem na England, China, Soviet Union, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, na Poland.[2]. N'oge nleta ya na China na 1956, Ransome-Kuti kwuru okwu ihu ọha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na omenala Naijiria[1] wee zute Mao Zedong.[2] : 56 Ransome-Kuti nwere ọtụtụ echiche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ, [1] na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "African Socialist";[1] n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye ọchịchị Kọmunist, "ọ naghị atụ egwu ma ọ bụ chụọ ya site na ọchịchị Kọmunist".[3][4] :: 173  N'ihi na ọ gara China site na nkwado ego nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Otú ọ dị, Ransome-Kuti dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị Britain bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na WIDF kpọbatara ya ka ọ gbasaa echiche ndị Kọmunist. A jụrụ imeghari paspọtụ ya n'afọ na-esote.[3] : 151-152 N'afọ 1958, mgbe a kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bịa ogbako gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States, a jụrụ ya akwụkwọ visa US n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị kwenyere na o nwere "mmekọrịta ndị Kọmunist dị ukwuu". [5] Ọ bụ ezie na Ransome-Kuti nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị enyi a ma ama wee degara ndị ọrụ gọọmentị akwụkwọ mkpesa mkpesa, ọbụna na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi iji kwupụta na ọ bụghị onye Kọmunist, a leghaara arịrịọ ya anya. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Naijiria nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 ka e weghachiri paspọtụ Ransome-Kuti.[3] :  151–152 : 151–152 [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_and_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa.gif|alt=Image of Ransome-Kuti shaking hands with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria|thumb|Ransome-Kuti (n'aka ekpe) ekele [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], praịm minista mbụ nke Naịjirịa]] N'afọ 1959, mgbe a napụrụ Ransome-Kuti ohere nke abụọ ịzọ ọkwa NCNC, ọ zọọrọ onwe ya, mana mkpọsa ya kewara votu ma nyere onye na-emegide NCNC aka nweta oche. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ kagburu aha Ransome-Kuti.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu chọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị Commoners' People's Party, mana otu ahụ enwekwaghị ike, na-agbasa mgbe naanị otu afọ gasịrị.[2] N'oge a, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti kere National Council of Women's Societies na mgbalị iji dochie FNWS.[3] Mgbe nnwere onwe na 1960 gasịrị, Naijiria webatara ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ma nwoke ma nwanyị site n'iwu ọhụrụ ya. Northern Region nke Nigeria, nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Alakụba, enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka ozugbo (n'agbanyeghị na ọchịchị ndị agha mechara nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka na mpaghara ahụ na 1976). [1] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Afọ mmalite nke nnwere onwe nke Naijiria malitere n'ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha 1966 wetara mgbanwe nke ike, Ransome-Kuti chere na nke a bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma na nke dị mkpa maka mba ahụ, ma ọ katọrọ ime ihe ike nke sochiri mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị n'afọ ahụ.[1] O tinyere aka na otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), ịbụ onye isi ala alaka ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria kemgbe 1963.[1] Mgbe Naijiria nwechara onwe ya, Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga na Naịjirịa niile na-akwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ndị Pan-Africanist. Mgbe e gbusịrị Sharpeville na South Africa na 1960, ọ katọrọ ogbugbu ahụ n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nkwado ya na African National Congress, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machiri. [1] Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-ezighi ezi nye Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista mbụ nke Ghana. Nkrumah kwadoro usoro nhazi nke Ransome-Kuti dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite otu ndị inyom Ghana. [2] N'afọ 1965, Ransome-Kuti natara nsọpụrụ mba nke ịbụ onye otu Order of the Niger. Mahadum nke Ibadan nyere ya nzere doctorate nke iwu n'afọ 1968, <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref>:: 155  ma nata Lenin Peace Prize n'afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|author=Sansom|first=Ian|date=11 December 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=32|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa họpụtara Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Advisory Board of Education, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Federal Ministry of Education na iwebata ndị nkuzi si mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwa ya nwoke [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] kpaliri, onye gbanwere aha nna ya iji gosipụta ịtụfu mmetụta nke ndị Europe na-achị, Ransome-Kuti gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Anikulapo-Kuti" n'oge mmalite afọ 1970. Aha "Anikulapo" bụ okwu Yoruba ma enwere ike ịsụgharị ya ka ọ pụtara "onye na-achụ nta nke na-ebu ọnwụ n'ime akpa" ma ọ bụ "onye agha nke na-eburu nchebe siri ike".<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 168 : 168  == Ọnwụ == N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ Anikulapo-Kuti, nwa ya nwoke bụ Fela, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike, bịara mara maka ịkatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naijiria n'ezoghị ọnụ. E jidere Fela ma tụọ ya obere oge na mbido 1970, ndị ọchịchị wakporo ụlọ ya na ihe onwunwe ya ọtụtụ oge. Iji gosi nlelị ya maka ikike nke Federation of Nigeria, ọ kpọrọ aha ala ya "Kalakuta Republic" [1]:: 168  wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya nwere ike ịgbakọta ma nọrọ oge n'atụghị egwu ndị ọchịchị. [2] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, ndị uweoji Naijiria jiri anyụike na gas anya mmiri wakporo ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị ya n'obodo, wee mee ka Fela nwee mmerụ ahụ dị egwu.[3] N'afọ 1976, Fela wepụtara album Zombie, bụ ebe o jiri ndị agha tụnyere igwe na-enweghị uche, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na album ahụ bụ ahịhịa ikpeazụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti Fela na gọọmentị. [2][4][4] Anikulapo-Kuti na-eleta nwa ya nwoke ugboro ugboro n'ogige ya, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ na 18 February 1977 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 ndị agha gbara gburugburu ma wakpoo ogige ahụ.[1] Mgbe ha banyere, ndị agha ahụ malitere ibibi ihe onwunwe ma wakpo ndị bi ebe ahụ. Egburu Fela na Bekolari ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu.[2] : 168–169 Anikulapo-Kuti si na windo ụlọ elu nke abụọ malie.[3] Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma mesịa daa n'ọkwa. Ọ nwụrụ na 13 Eprel 1978 site na mmerụ ahụ ya.[2] : 169-170 : 169-170 E liri Anikulapo-Kuti n'Abeokuta n'otu ili di ya. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bịara olili ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa mechiri ụlọ ahịa na ahịa n'ofe obodo ahụ iji gosi ọnwụ ya.[1] :: 170 ">: 171  Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria bipụtara ụtụ, na-akpọ onye ngagharị iwe ahụ "onye na-eme mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu" na "ọhụụ Pan-African"[1]: 170. N'otu afọ ncheta ọnwụ Anikulapo-Kuti, <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref>:: 171  Fela weere igbe ozu wee gaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 gaa Dodan Barracks na Lagos (n'oge ahụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa), na-ahapụ igbe ozu ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na mgbalị ime ihere gọọmentị <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/arts/music/armys-no-fan-but-singer-has-an-army-of-fans.html|title=Army's No Fan, but Singer Has an Army of Fans|author=Brooke|first=James|date=18 November 1988|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic|title=He was in a godlike state|author=Hannaford|first=Alex|date=25 July 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57C0d-Nl830C&pg=PA261|title=Culture + the State: Nationalisms (Critical Works from the Proceedings of the 2003 Conference at the University of Alberta)|author=Gabrielle Eva Marie Zezulka-Mailloux|publisher=CRC Studio|year=2003|isbn=978-1-551-9514-92}}</ref> A kọwapụtara mwakpo ahụ, ọnwụ ya, na mmegharị nke igbe ozu ahụ n'abụ ya "Igbe maka Onye isi ala". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/21-years-after-why-is-fela-remembered/|title=21 Years After, Why Is Fela Remembered?|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> == Usoro echiche na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ransome-Kuti kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa, nke ọ kọwara site na nkwenye ya na mmadụ nile, n'agbanyeghị okike, nwere ikike nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ụlọ, na enweghị ike nweta ikike ndị a n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike. [1] O kwuru na "ọ naghị atụ egwu, ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya, ọchịchị Kọmunist", n'agbanyeghị na o kwusiri ike na usoro echiche ya dị iche na echiche Soviet. Ụzọ Ransome-Kuti gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nhazi obodo, ịdị n'otu klaasị, na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Adam Mayer na-etinye Ransome-Kuti dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria siri ike, dịka ọbịbịa ya na-emegide ndị eze ukwu bụ ihe mmalite nke echiche ekpe nke malitere n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. [1] Ransome-Kuti na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. N'ime omume ya na ihe odide ya, ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị omenala Africa, na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị Africa. [1] Arụmụka a na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ wee jikọta Ransome-Kuti na ọdịnala sara mbara nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sub Saharan Africa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịkarị anya na ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ntọhapụ mba. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-elekarị Ransome-Kuti anya dị ka onye na-eme usoro usoro ihe omume nke na-edoghị anya ruo mgbe ọrụ ya gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, edemede Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" buru ụzọ chepụta echiche nwanyị Africa n'afọ 1985, agbanyeghị, ihe nketa Ransom-Kuti na-egosipụta otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute ikike mkpokọta karịa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ederede Catherine Obianju' Acholonu's 1995 Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism kwadoro usoro nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ime ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-azụ obodo; Ransome-Kuti kwuputara nke a site na nkwado ya na arụmụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ obodo, kwesịrị inwe nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Arụmụka ya bụ ma na mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke feminism na nne. [1] == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] N'afọOnye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] 2012, Central Bank of Nigeria tụrụ aro itinye onyinyo Ransome-Kuti na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ N5000 . N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, nwa nwa Ransome-Kuti, onye na-eti egwu Seun Kuti, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi na ọ hụrụ atụmatụ ahụ "dị egwu ikwu nke nta", n'ihi ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ n'ọnwụ nne nne ya.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti kwuru na ezinụlọ ya enwetụbeghị mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ e mere n'ogige ha, na nkwupụta gọọmentị na-ekwupụta na "otu puku ndị agha a na-amaghị ama" waporo Ransome-Kuti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/08/31/apologise-for-killing-my-grandmum-before-putting-her-face-on-naira-seun-kuti-tells-fg/|title=Apologise for killing my grandmum before putting her face on naira, Seun Kuti tells FG|date=31 August 2012|work=Channels Television|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Deola Sagoe]] gosipụtara Ransome-Kuti na ihe nkiri 2014 October 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/late-funmilayo-ransom-kuti-resurrects-in-new-movie-october-1/|title=Late Funmilayo Ransome Kuti resurrects in new movie…'1 October'|author=Mgolu|first=Charles|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=13 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]''<nowiki/>'afọ 2019, e ji Google Doodle nke onye Naijiria na-ese ihe nkiri [[Diana Ejaita]] mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/359508-google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-on-posthumous-birthday.html|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's on posthumous birthday|author=Jayne Augoye|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] duziri ihe nkiri, ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti'', nke na-akọ akụkọ Funmilayo; site n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta Grammar School ruo n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Cuti.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|publisher=Africa Research & Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite Best Overall Feature Film na Best Screenplay na 2023 Africa International Film Festival.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-442-2629-35|editor=Sheldon|chapter=Abeokuta Women's Union}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&pg=PA53|title=Women's History in Global Perspective, Volumes 2–3|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-0299-05}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], na [[Dele Odule]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/160896|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Na 17 Mee 2024, Tunde Babalola dekwara egwu egwu akpọrọ Funmilayo Ransome -Kuti. Dị ka ihe nkiri 2022, ọ na-egosi ndụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, malite n'afọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ma na-aga n'ihu na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Kuti. Ha abụọ chere ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu site n'iguzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta, nke butere ọgụ ike n'etiti ndị isi ọdịnala na ndị nwe ala na-emegide ịchụso ikpe ziri ezi na nha anya.[1]. Na 2025, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kahlil Joseph gosipụtara BLKNWS: Usoro & Ọnọdụ, ihe nkiri nnwale nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival. Emere ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 2025 wee gosipụta isi agwa aha ya bụ Funmi, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na aha ya bụ Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti. Ntinye ya na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe si na Josef chọpụtara na aha ya esonyeghị na mbata ezinụlọ ya na W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Encyclopedia. Enweghị ya na ederede agbakwunyere na fim ahụ dịka akụkụ nke ajụjụ ka ukwuu banyere ihe na onye e kpochapụrụ na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black, Joseph kwenyere na ọbịbịa ya abụghị ihe mberede, kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Byfield, Judith A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338582 "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Tax Revolt"]. ''Meridians'' '''3''' (2). JSTOR 40338582 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/frk_en.pdf ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Women's Union of Abeokuta'']. Ihe osise nke Alaba Onajin, edemede na ederede nke Obioma Ofoego, UNESCO, 2014 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUQ7uHJas4 Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na ndị isi Naijiria ndị ọzọ na London, England] na YouTube * Ihe ngosi banyere Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti nke Jad Abumrad (December 5, 2025) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oe9frc277ja7wejp13isg2ke6kbt2q7 670959 670958 2026-07-02T00:40:37Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ 670959 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti''' MON[a] (onye amụrụ '''Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas'''; 25 Ọktoba 1900 - 13 Eprel 1978), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti''', bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na-emegide ndị eze ukwu, Pan-Africanist, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti gosikwara onwe ya dị ka onye African Socialist.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=http://archive.org/details/forwomennationfu0000john|title=For women and the nation : Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|date=1997|publisher=Urbana : University of Illinois Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-252-02313-2}}</ref>  A mụrụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti na [[Abeokuta]], na Ogun State, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ gara Abeokuta Grammar School.<ref name="lioness-lisabi">{{Cite web|author=Agunbiade|first=Tayo|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'lioness of Lisabi'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye toro eto. == '''Ọrụ''' == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, na-ahazi ụfọdụ n'ime klas mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na mba ahụ ma na-ahapụ klas ịgụ na ide maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala, na-atọ ntọala dị mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ogundipe-Leslie|first=Molara|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Re_creating_Ourselves/SfzFMvqCJ3IC?hl=en|title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations|date=1994|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-412-7|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, Ransome-Kuti tọrọ ntọala otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ma kwado maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na-achọ ka a na-anọchite anya ya n'ọchịchị ime obodo ma kwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi na-ezighi ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa. Ransome-Kuti duuru ngagharị iwe na nọdụ ọdụ nke ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị 10,000, na-amanye Alake na-achị ka ọ rituo obere oge na 1949. Ka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti na-abawanye, ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, na-aga nzukọ na isonyere ndị nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ iji kparịta ụkpụrụ iwu obodo. N'ịbụ onye na-eduga n'ichepụta otu ndị inyom Naijiria na Federation of Nigeria Women's Societies, ọ kwadoro ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ịtụ vootu wee bụrụ onye ama ama na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na 1953[1], ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Nigeria nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) na 1963.[2]. N'ọrụ ndị a, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka wulite njikọ dị n'etiti otu ntọhapụ nke Naijiria na netwọk nke ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya dọtakwara mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ imegharị paspọtụ ya na 1957 na United States jụrụ inye ya visa na 1958, ebubo abụọ a na ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ n'oge Agha Nzuzo.[3] Ransome-Kuti natara Lenin Peace Prize ma nye ya onye otu Order of the Niger maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ kwadoro nkatọ ụmụ ya na-akatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ na mwakpo ndị agha wakporo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. Ụmụ Ransome-Kuti gụnyere onye egwu [[Fela Kuti]] (onye a mụrụ Olufela Ransome-Cuti), dọkịta na onye na-eme ihe ike Beko Ransome-Suti, na Minista ahụike Olikoye Ransome-Muti. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas, na 25 Ọktoba 1900 na [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State, Nigeria, nke n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Nigeria Protectorate, Protectorate nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869-1954), onye so n'ezinụlọ Jibolu-Taiwo, na Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874-1956). <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 20 Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma na-ere ihe ọkụkụ nkwụ, ebe nne ya na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-emepụta ejiji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna Frances gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Obodo Saro, nke nwere ndị si Sierra Leone lọta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Afrịka bụbu ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma weghachite na Freetown tupu ha alaghachi Yorubaland na narị afọ nke 19. Nna ya mụrụ Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, onye a mụrụ na Freetown, Sierra Leone, na Abigail Fakemi, onye a mụrụ n'obodo Ilesa nke Yoruba. Nna nna Frances kacha mara amara bụ nne nne ya, Sarah Taiwo (nne Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), nwanyị Yoruba nke ndị ahịa ohu nwụchiri na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ya na Abeokuta. Di mbụ Sarah bụ Sobowale Thomas. Ụmụ Sarah nke Thomas na ndị di ya abụọ ọzọ - ndị Jibolu-Taiwos - ghọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na mpaghara ahụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na uto nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Abeokuta. A mụrụ nne Frances n'aka Isaac Adeosolu, onye si Abeokuta, na Harriet, nwa nwanyị Adeboye, onye si n'obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] oge ochie nke Ile-Ife. Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1897, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ na nwata tupu a mụọ Frances.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 19–23 : 19–23  [[Faịlụ:Abeokuta,_1929.png|alt=An aerial view of Abeokuta in 1929|thumb|Abeokuta na 1929]] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’oge ahụ ezinụlọ ndị Naijiria na-etinye nnukwu ego n’ịzụ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nne na nna Frances kweere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ.[1] : 28 Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar Abeokuta maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. [2] Na mbido, ụlọ akwụkwọ a ghere oghe maka naanị ụmụ nwoke, mana ọ nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ ya na 1914, Frances bụ onye izizi n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ isii debanyere aha maka nkuzi n'afọ ahụ.[1] : 28–29 Site na 1919 ruo 1922, ọ gara Wincham Hall School for Girls na Cheshire, England, [3] [4] ebe ọ mụtara okwu, egwu, ejiji, French na nka ụlọ dị iche iche. Tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ ma laghachi Abeokuta n'afọ 1922, ọ hapụrụ aha Ndị Kraịst ya bụ Frances na Abigail ma họrọ ịkpọ aha Yoruba ya bụ Funmilayo, nke pụtara "Chineke enyela m ọṅụ". [5][6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 20 Jenụwarị 1925, Funmilayo lụrụ Reverend [[Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti]], onye so n'ezinụlọ Ransome-Cuti.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 33 Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ọtụtụ afọ n'ihu Funmilayo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha abụọ zụlitere ọbụbụenyi wee soro na mbedo.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 29 Israel chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwenyesiri ike n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ na imeri nkewa agbụrụ na mpaghara. O mechara bụrụ onye guzobere ma Nigeria Union of Teachers na nke Nigerian Union of Students . <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJohnson-OdimMba1997">Johnson-Odim, Cheryl; [[Nina Emma Mba|Mba, Nina Emma]] (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC ''For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria'']. University of Illinois Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-252-06613-8|<bdi>0-252-06613-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 46-47 Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Funmilayo ga-adịru afọ 30 - ruo mgbe Israel nwụrụ - ma nwee mmetụta nke ịha nhata na nkwanye ùgwù miri emi n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 42 : 42  Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti hapụrụ ọrụ ochie ya dị ka onye nkuzi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ chọtara ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1928, o guzobere otu n'ime klas ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mbụ na Naịjirịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere klọb maka ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama iji gbaa "imeziwanye onwe ha" ume, ka ọ na-ahazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị akwụkwọ.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 38 N'agbata afọ 1935 na 1936, di na nwunye ahụ mere ndokwa ịzụta ụgbọ ala ochie ma zigara ha ya site na England. Ransome-Kuti bụ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta na-anya ụgbọala.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 48 : 48  Ransome-Kuti na di ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dolupo (1926) na ụmụ nwoke [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye "Koye"]] (1927), [[Fela Kuti|Olufela "Fela"]] (1938), na [[Beko Ransome-Kuti|Bekololari "Beko"]] (1940).<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 47 & 49 : 47 & 49  === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ===   N'afọ 1932, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka guzobe otu ọgbakọ Ladies Abeokuta. [1] Klọb ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ebere, ịkwa akwa, isi nri na klas agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, [1] na ndị mbụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [1] sitere na klaasị etiti. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, otu ọ dị, klọb ahụ nọ na-atụgharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. N'ịbụ onye otu enyi ya na-agụghị akwụkwọ gbara ya ume, onye rịọrọ ya ka o nyere ya aka ịmụta ịgụ akwụkwọ, Ransome-Kuti malitere ịhazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa site na klọb, ma mesịa nweta nghọta ka ukwuu maka enweghị ahaghị n'etiti ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria chere ihu. [3] N'ịde banyere nnwere onwe nke ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ùgwù nyere ya, Ransome-Kuti kwuru na ezi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ga-ekpe ikpe site na "ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa n'azụ ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ... ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị na-eji tii, sugar, na ntụ ọka maka nri ụtụtụ" [4]. :: 174  N'afọ 1944, ọ malitere mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji kwụsị ndị ọchịchị obodo ịnara ụmụ nwanyị osikapa n'ahịa n'okpuru aghụghọ.[5] N'afọ 1946, a kpọgharịrị ọgbakọ ahụ aha otu ndị inyom Abeokuta (AWU), nke na-emepere ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na Abeokuta ugbu a. Òtù ahụ lekwasịrị anya ugbu a n'ịlụ ọgụ megide njikwa ọnụ ahịa na-ezighị ezi na ụtụ isi a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa, Ransome-Kuti dịka onyeisi oche AWU.[1]. Together with Grace Eniola Soyinka[2] (nwa nwanne nna ya na nne Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka),[3][4]:: 157  the AWU ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite na-anọchi anya ndị òtù 20,000, na-eme atụmatụ 100,000 ọzọ supporters.[5] N'ịgba mbọ ijikọ ụmụnwaanyị wee gbanarị otu n'otu, Ransome-Kuti na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọzọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-asụ asụsụ Yoruba ma na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nzukọ na mmemme. [6] N'afọ 1918, gọọmenti Abeokuta webatara ụtụ pụrụ iche nke chọrọ ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-atụ ụtụ isi malite n'afọ 15, afọ atọ tupu ụmụ nwoke emee mgbe ha dị afọ 18. [1] A na-enwe nrụgide na usoro ịnakọta ụtụ isi, ebe ndị ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-anapụ ụmụ nwanyị uwe ha n'ihi na ha na-agbalị ikpebi afọ ndụ ha, na-atụkwa ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mkpọrọ. [2] Site n'oge mgbasa ozi AWU na njedebe 1940s, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ echewo afọ iri atọ nke ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya na gọọmentị; nke a ghọrọ isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ AWU. [1] [[Faịlụ:Alake's_Palace,_Abeokuta,_Ogun.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Obí eze Alake na Abeokuta.]] Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ a ma ama nke Ransome-Kuti bịara mgbe ọ duziri AWU na ngagharị iwe megide ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Na Abeokuta, n'akụkụ ụtụ isi maka ego a na-enweta na ojiji mmiri, a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ahịa ịkwụ ụtụ isi pụrụ iche nke na-aga kpọmkwem na ndị nlekọta ahịa ma ọ bụ "parakoyis".<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 78 Alake [[Ladapo Ademola|Ademola nke Abụọ]], onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Abeokuta nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị site na Ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, tụọla ụtụ isi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e guzobere nchịkwa ala Egba na 1914. Mgbe arịrịọ dara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ka ha wepụ Alake dị ugbu a n'ọchịchị ma kwụsị ụtụ isi ahụ, Ransome-Kuti na AWU malitere ịkpọtụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ekesa arịrịọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịchọ itinye nrụgide na ndị ọchịchị, ndị otu AWU jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha n'ihu ọha, mee ogologo oge n'èzí obí Alake, ma hazie nyocha nke ndekọ ego nke Sole Native Authority System (SNA). Tinyere ebumnuche ha nke ịkwụsị ụtụ isi a na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị, ha chọrọ nnọchiteanya maka ụmụ nwanyị na kansụl SNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1947, ndị ọchịchị Abeokuta amalitela machibido ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe, na-agọnarị ha ikike dị mkpa. N'atụghị egwu, Ransome-Kuti na ndị otu ya kwupụtara na ha na-eme atụmatụ "picnics" na "ememme" kama, na-adọta ihe ruru 10,000 ndị sonyere na ngosi ha - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere esemokwu na ndị uwe ojii.[1]. : 81 Ransome-Kuti zụrụ ụmụnwaanyị ka ha na-esi edozi ite mmiri ndị a na-atụba ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị AWU na-akwụkwa ndị otu ya ụgwọ ka ha kwado nnochite anya iwu maka ndị ejidere.[1] : 81 Dị ka otu akụkọ si kwuo, mgbe otu onye isi obodo Britain tiri mkpu na Ransome-Kuti ka o mechie ụmụ nwanyị ya, ọ zara ya, "O nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ gị, ma a zụlitere gị! Ị ga-agwa nne gị okwu otú ahụ?" [1]: 84 Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kọwara ya dịka “Ọdụm Lisabi”. :  77 : 77 Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ngagharị iwe na ndị ọchịchị AWU dara n'isi n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1948 mgbe Alake tụnyere ụmụnwaanyị AWU na "ndị na-akpata nsogbu enweghị ike ịchịkwa" wee machibido Ransome-Kuti ịbanye n'obí maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ngwa ngwa ka nke ahụ mechara, ndị AWU gbochiri ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ eze ma jụ ikwe ka onye ọrụ mpaghara Britain bịara na nke ya pụọ. Ihe omume a kwụsịrị n'ọgụ mgbe Ransome-Kuti jidere wheel ụgbọ ala onye ọrụ mpaghara ma jụ ịhapụ ya "ruo mgbe ọ napụrụ aka ya"[1]. : 85 Ọmịiko ọhaneze tolitere n'ịkwado ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. Ná mmalite 1948, ndị òtù AWU nọgidere na-eme mkpesa, na-alụ ọgụ site na mkpesa, nnọkọ mgbasa ozi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ngosi. Ka emechara ngagharị iwe na ngwụcha Eprel nke afọ ahụ, Alake mechara zaghachi ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ, kwụsịtụrụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta kọmitii pụrụ iche ga-enyocha mkpesa AWU.[1]. : 86 : 86 Ndị AWU nwere ike ịchụpụ Alake nwa oge n'afọ 1949 site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. O mere nke a site na ngagharị iwe, ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, na onyinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, nakwa site n’ịbụ abụ mkparị ndị Yoruba n’èzí n’obí Alake dị ka ụdị mmechuihu ọha. [1] Ọrụ Ransome-Kuti na ndị AWU dọtara mmasị obodo, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abeokuta ka akọpụtara ihe omume ahụ, kamakwa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naịjirịa niile. [2] Onye odee Naijiria bụ Wole Soyinka ga-emesị kọọ mmetụta nke ngagharị iwe ndị a na 1981 memoir Ake: Afọ nke nwata. Ọgba aghara ahụ nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke ndị omebe iwu, gụnyere iwepụ ụtụ isi dị larịị, na nhọpụta nke Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ na otu kansụl oge na-achị mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe otu kansụl na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike dochie ya; nke a bụ nke mbụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnọchite anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara. [2] Ọ bụ ezie na AWU enwetala nnọchiteanya nwanyị na mpaghara, emeghị ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Abeokuta tinyere ụtụ isi mmiri ọhụrụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. A gụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụtụ isi mmiri kemgbe 1948. Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma mesịa jide ha, wee jide ha ọzọ mgbe ngagharị iwe malitere. E wepụghị ụtụ isi mmiri n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ruo n'afọ 1960, ya mere AWU jere ozi dị ka òtù dị mkpa iji tinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mba === N'afọ 1947, onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ sonye na ndị nnọchi anya NCNC asaa na London, England iji mee ngagharị iwe maka Iwu Richards nke afọ 1946. Iwu a, nke akpọrọ aha gọvanọ-ọchịchị Naijiria, Sir Arthur Richards, e mere ya iji mụbaa ụmụ amaala Naijiria na-etinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe ọ na-agbataghị ikike ndị ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị . Iwu ahụ jikwa ọtụtụ ndị Europe nọ na Executive Council site na usoro nhọpụta, kama ntuli aka ndị nnọchiteanya. Ransome-Kuti bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ; ha hapụrụ London na June 26, 1947. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA2-PA341|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor=Smith|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Lọndọn, Ransome-Kuti gwara ndị otu dị ka kọmitii nzuko omeiwu ụmụ nwanyị London na National Federation of Women's Institutes. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọchịchị colonial amanyela ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị, ma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba.[1] O dekwara edemede akpọrọ "Anyị nwere nha anya 'Ruo mgbe Briten bịara'" na Daily Worker, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị Yoruba nwere ihe onwunwe, na-azụ ahịa n'efu, ma nwee ikike, ruo mgbe ọchịchị colonial manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ dị ala n'ime ọha mmadụ.[2]. Echiche a na-etinye ya n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Cheryl Johnson Odim kwuru na-eme ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ụwa nke atọ. Alake na otu ndị inyom a ma ama akatọọla isiokwu a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4] Mgbe Western Provinces nke Naijiria zukọrọ n'afọ 1949 iji kparịta iwu ọhụrụ, Ransome-Kuti nọchitere anya Abeokuta ma bụrụ naanị nwanyị sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka siri ike maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na imegide usoro ntuli aka na-apụtaghị ìhè.[1] :  79 : 79 Na May 1949, Ransome-Kuti tụrụ aro ka e guzobe otu Nigerian Women's Union (NWU) iji kwalite ikike na nnwere onwe n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị AWU kwadoro atụmatụ ya, nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ngalaba Abeokuta nke NWU. [1] : 94 N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Ransome-Kuti mere njem nke ukwuu iji nyere aka guzobe alaka NWU n'obodo ukwu na obodo niile na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi dika onye isi NWU n'obodo ya bu Abeokuta. Ndị NWU gbasoro ebumnuche nke inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo kọleji ntuli aka, na ịkwado maka ezi nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] : 100-101  : 100-101 Ransome-Kuti bụ onye hibere pati NCNC, na 1951 ọ zọọrọ dịka onye NCNC na-azọ ọkwa maka ọgbakọ ọchịchị mana ọ garaghị nke ọma,[1] n'ihi na ụtụ isi pụrụiche nke ịtụ vootu pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ya - karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị - enweghị ike isonye. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ NCNC wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị NCNC na Western Region.[3] :  402 : 402 N'ime NCNC, Ransome-Kuti jere ozi dịka onye nhazi akụ na ụba maka kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe ọ na-edu otu ụmụ nwanyị pati na mpaghara ahụ; ọ bụ naanị onye otu nwanyị na-eje ozi n'ọrụ onye ndu.[1] Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nnọchiteanya nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ na-ekwuchitere Abeokuta n'oge mkparịta ụka dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ọchịchị General nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ iwu Naijiria site na 1948-1951.[2]. N'afọ 1953, Ransome-Kuti haziri nzukọ na Abeokuta iji kwurịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị 400 gara ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ ahụ. Ndị sonyere mechara guzobe Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of women's suffrage|date=2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-390-4|editor=Hannam|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251 251–253]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=44860746|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251}}</ref> FNWS mere mkpọsa maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, imeziwanye ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na ịmepụta ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nlekọta ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'oge mmalite afọ 1950, a họpụtara Ransome-Kuti na Western House of Chiefs, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Attoe|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gtHAQAAIAAJ&q=ransome|title=Margaret Ekpo: lioness in Nigerian politics|date=1993|publisher=ALF Publications|isbn=978-978-32319-1-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> e nyere ya [[Ọchịchị Naijiria|utu aha onye isi]] <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447|title=The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|others=Uglow, Jennifer S., Hinton, Frances., Hendry, Maggy.|isbn=1-55553-421-X|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447 447]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=41165272}}</ref> nke ''[[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Oloye]]'' nke ndị Yoruba na utu aha enyemaka nke ''Beere''. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'Lioness of Lisabi'|accessdate=July 14, 2025}} </ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Western House na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ọkwá n'Ụlọ Ndị Isi Naijiria ọ bụla n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kinni|first=Fongot Kini-Yen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54WoCgAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2015|isbn=978-9956-762-65-1|pages=803|chapter=Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vw4r.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluyemi|first=Oloyede|date=2016|title=Monitoring Participation of Women in Politics in Nigeria|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Finland_Oct2016/Documents/Nigeria_paper.pdf|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=United Nations Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị nkuzi nke Nigerian Union of Teachers . <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == '''Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe''' == N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1955, di ya, Israel Ransome-Kuti nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge. Ọnwụ di ya metụrụ Ransome-Kuti n'ahụ nke ukwuu, ebe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na ajụjụ ma ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji nwetakwuo oge ya.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 155-157 N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, n'akụkụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Ransome-Kuti malitere itinye oge na ego iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'Abeokuta - ọrụ nke sitere na nkwenye miri emi na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide nke ya na di ya kerịtara. <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 158–159 : 158–159  Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga ebe niile. Na kọntinent Africa, ọ malitere mmekọrịta siri ike na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị na Algeria, Egypt, na Ghana, [1] na nleta ya na mba ọzọ gụnyere njem na England, China, Soviet Union, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, na Poland.[2]. N'oge nleta ya na China na 1956, Ransome-Kuti kwuru okwu ihu ọha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na omenala Naijiria[1] wee zute Mao Zedong.[2] : 56 Ransome-Kuti nwere ọtụtụ echiche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ, [1] na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "African Socialist";[1] n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye ọchịchị Kọmunist, "ọ naghị atụ egwu ma ọ bụ chụọ ya site na ọchịchị Kọmunist".[3][4] :: 173  N'ihi na ọ gara China site na nkwado ego nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Otú ọ dị, Ransome-Kuti dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị Britain bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na WIDF kpọbatara ya ka ọ gbasaa echiche ndị Kọmunist. A jụrụ imeghari paspọtụ ya n'afọ na-esote.[3] : 151-152 N'afọ 1958, mgbe a kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bịa ogbako gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States, a jụrụ ya akwụkwọ visa US n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị kwenyere na o nwere "mmekọrịta ndị Kọmunist dị ukwuu". [5] Ọ bụ ezie na Ransome-Kuti nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị enyi a ma ama wee degara ndị ọrụ gọọmentị akwụkwọ mkpesa mkpesa, ọbụna na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi iji kwupụta na ọ bụghị onye Kọmunist, a leghaara arịrịọ ya anya. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Naijiria nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 ka e weghachiri paspọtụ Ransome-Kuti.[3] :  151–152 : 151–152 [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_and_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa.gif|alt=Image of Ransome-Kuti shaking hands with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria|thumb|Ransome-Kuti (n'aka ekpe) ekele [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], praịm minista mbụ nke Naịjirịa]] N'afọ 1959, mgbe a napụrụ Ransome-Kuti ohere nke abụọ ịzọ ọkwa NCNC, ọ zọọrọ onwe ya, mana mkpọsa ya kewara votu ma nyere onye na-emegide NCNC aka nweta oche. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ kagburu aha Ransome-Kuti.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu chọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị Commoners' People's Party, mana otu ahụ enwekwaghị ike, na-agbasa mgbe naanị otu afọ gasịrị.[2] N'oge a, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti kere National Council of Women's Societies na mgbalị iji dochie FNWS.[3] Mgbe nnwere onwe na 1960 gasịrị, Naijiria webatara ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ma nwoke ma nwanyị site n'iwu ọhụrụ ya. Northern Region nke Nigeria, nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Alakụba, enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka ozugbo (n'agbanyeghị na ọchịchị ndị agha mechara nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka na mpaghara ahụ na 1976). [1] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Afọ mmalite nke nnwere onwe nke Naijiria malitere n'ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha 1966 wetara mgbanwe nke ike, Ransome-Kuti chere na nke a bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma na nke dị mkpa maka mba ahụ, ma ọ katọrọ ime ihe ike nke sochiri mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị n'afọ ahụ.[1] O tinyere aka na otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), ịbụ onye isi ala alaka ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria kemgbe 1963.[1] Mgbe Naijiria nwechara onwe ya, Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga na Naịjirịa niile na-akwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ndị Pan-Africanist. Mgbe e gbusịrị Sharpeville na South Africa na 1960, ọ katọrọ ogbugbu ahụ n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nkwado ya na African National Congress, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machiri. [1] Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-ezighi ezi nye Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista mbụ nke Ghana. Nkrumah kwadoro usoro nhazi nke Ransome-Kuti dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite otu ndị inyom Ghana. [2] N'afọ 1965, Ransome-Kuti natara nsọpụrụ mba nke ịbụ onye otu Order of the Niger. Mahadum nke Ibadan nyere ya nzere doctorate nke iwu n'afọ 1968, <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref>:: 155  ma nata Lenin Peace Prize n'afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|author=Sansom|first=Ian|date=11 December 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=32|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa họpụtara Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Advisory Board of Education, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Federal Ministry of Education na iwebata ndị nkuzi si mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwa ya nwoke [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] kpaliri, onye gbanwere aha nna ya iji gosipụta ịtụfu mmetụta nke ndị Europe na-achị, Ransome-Kuti gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Anikulapo-Kuti" n'oge mmalite afọ 1970. Aha "Anikulapo" bụ okwu Yoruba ma enwere ike ịsụgharị ya ka ọ pụtara "onye na-achụ nta nke na-ebu ọnwụ n'ime akpa" ma ọ bụ "onye agha nke na-eburu nchebe siri ike".<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 168 : 168  == Ọnwụ == N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ Anikulapo-Kuti, nwa ya nwoke bụ Fela, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike, bịara mara maka ịkatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naijiria n'ezoghị ọnụ. E jidere Fela ma tụọ ya obere oge na mbido 1970, ndị ọchịchị wakporo ụlọ ya na ihe onwunwe ya ọtụtụ oge. Iji gosi nlelị ya maka ikike nke Federation of Nigeria, ọ kpọrọ aha ala ya "Kalakuta Republic" [1]:: 168  wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya nwere ike ịgbakọta ma nọrọ oge n'atụghị egwu ndị ọchịchị. [2] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, ndị uweoji Naijiria jiri anyụike na gas anya mmiri wakporo ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị ya n'obodo, wee mee ka Fela nwee mmerụ ahụ dị egwu.[3] N'afọ 1976, Fela wepụtara album Zombie, bụ ebe o jiri ndị agha tụnyere igwe na-enweghị uche, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na album ahụ bụ ahịhịa ikpeazụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti Fela na gọọmentị. [2][4][4] Anikulapo-Kuti na-eleta nwa ya nwoke ugboro ugboro n'ogige ya, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ na 18 February 1977 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 ndị agha gbara gburugburu ma wakpoo ogige ahụ.[1] Mgbe ha banyere, ndị agha ahụ malitere ibibi ihe onwunwe ma wakpo ndị bi ebe ahụ. Egburu Fela na Bekolari ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu.[2] : 168–169 Anikulapo-Kuti si na windo ụlọ elu nke abụọ malie.[3] Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma mesịa daa n'ọkwa. Ọ nwụrụ na 13 Eprel 1978 site na mmerụ ahụ ya.[2] : 169-170 : 169-170 E liri Anikulapo-Kuti n'Abeokuta n'otu ili di ya. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bịara olili ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa mechiri ụlọ ahịa na ahịa n'ofe obodo ahụ iji gosi ọnwụ ya.[1] :: 170 ">: 171  Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria bipụtara ụtụ, na-akpọ onye ngagharị iwe ahụ "onye na-eme mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu" na "ọhụụ Pan-African"[1]: 170. N'otu afọ ncheta ọnwụ Anikulapo-Kuti, <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref>:: 171  Fela weere igbe ozu wee gaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 gaa Dodan Barracks na Lagos (n'oge ahụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa), na-ahapụ igbe ozu ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na mgbalị ime ihere gọọmentị <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/arts/music/armys-no-fan-but-singer-has-an-army-of-fans.html|title=Army's No Fan, but Singer Has an Army of Fans|author=Brooke|first=James|date=18 November 1988|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic|title=He was in a godlike state|author=Hannaford|first=Alex|date=25 July 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57C0d-Nl830C&pg=PA261|title=Culture + the State: Nationalisms (Critical Works from the Proceedings of the 2003 Conference at the University of Alberta)|author=Gabrielle Eva Marie Zezulka-Mailloux|publisher=CRC Studio|year=2003|isbn=978-1-551-9514-92}}</ref> A kọwapụtara mwakpo ahụ, ọnwụ ya, na mmegharị nke igbe ozu ahụ n'abụ ya "Igbe maka Onye isi ala". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/21-years-after-why-is-fela-remembered/|title=21 Years After, Why Is Fela Remembered?|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> == Usoro echiche na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ransome-Kuti kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa, nke ọ kọwara site na nkwenye ya na mmadụ nile, n'agbanyeghị okike, nwere ikike nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ụlọ, na enweghị ike nweta ikike ndị a n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike. [1] O kwuru na "ọ naghị atụ egwu, ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya, ọchịchị Kọmunist", n'agbanyeghị na o kwusiri ike na usoro echiche ya dị iche na echiche Soviet. Ụzọ Ransome-Kuti gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nhazi obodo, ịdị n'otu klaasị, na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Adam Mayer na-etinye Ransome-Kuti dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria siri ike, dịka ọbịbịa ya na-emegide ndị eze ukwu bụ ihe mmalite nke echiche ekpe nke malitere n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. [1] Ransome-Kuti na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. N'ime omume ya na ihe odide ya, ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị omenala Africa, na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị Africa. [1] Arụmụka a na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ wee jikọta Ransome-Kuti na ọdịnala sara mbara nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sub Saharan Africa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịkarị anya na ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ntọhapụ mba. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-elekarị Ransome-Kuti anya dị ka onye na-eme usoro usoro ihe omume nke na-edoghị anya ruo mgbe ọrụ ya gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, edemede Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" buru ụzọ chepụta echiche nwanyị Africa n'afọ 1985, agbanyeghị, ihe nketa Ransom-Kuti na-egosipụta otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute ikike mkpokọta karịa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ederede Catherine Obianju' Acholonu's 1995 Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism kwadoro usoro nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ime ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-azụ obodo; Ransome-Kuti kwuputara nke a site na nkwado ya na arụmụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ obodo, kwesịrị inwe nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Arụmụka ya bụ ma na mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke feminism na nne. [1] == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] N'afọOnye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] 2012, Central Bank of Nigeria tụrụ aro itinye onyinyo Ransome-Kuti na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ N5000 . N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, nwa nwa Ransome-Kuti, onye na-eti egwu Seun Kuti, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi na ọ hụrụ atụmatụ ahụ "dị egwu ikwu nke nta", n'ihi ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ n'ọnwụ nne nne ya.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti kwuru na ezinụlọ ya enwetụbeghị mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ e mere n'ogige ha, na nkwupụta gọọmentị na-ekwupụta na "otu puku ndị agha a na-amaghị ama" waporo Ransome-Kuti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/08/31/apologise-for-killing-my-grandmum-before-putting-her-face-on-naira-seun-kuti-tells-fg/|title=Apologise for killing my grandmum before putting her face on naira, Seun Kuti tells FG|date=31 August 2012|work=Channels Television|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Deola Sagoe]] gosipụtara Ransome-Kuti na ihe nkiri 2014 October 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/late-funmilayo-ransom-kuti-resurrects-in-new-movie-october-1/|title=Late Funmilayo Ransome Kuti resurrects in new movie…'1 October'|author=Mgolu|first=Charles|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=13 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]''<nowiki/>'afọ 2019, e ji Google Doodle nke onye Naijiria na-ese ihe nkiri [[Diana Ejaita]] mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/359508-google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-on-posthumous-birthday.html|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's on posthumous birthday|author=Jayne Augoye|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] duziri ihe nkiri, ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti'', nke na-akọ akụkọ Funmilayo; site n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta Grammar School ruo n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Cuti.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|publisher=Africa Research & Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite Best Overall Feature Film na Best Screenplay na 2023 Africa International Film Festival.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-442-2629-35|editor=Sheldon|chapter=Abeokuta Women's Union}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&pg=PA53|title=Women's History in Global Perspective, Volumes 2–3|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-0299-05}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], na [[Dele Odule]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/160896|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Na 17 Mee 2024, Tunde Babalola dekwara egwu egwu akpọrọ Funmilayo Ransome -Kuti. Dị ka ihe nkiri 2022, ọ na-egosi ndụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, malite n'afọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ma na-aga n'ihu na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Kuti. Ha abụọ chere ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu site n'iguzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta, nke butere ọgụ ike n'etiti ndị isi ọdịnala na ndị nwe ala na-emegide ịchụso ikpe ziri ezi na nha anya.[1]. Na 2025, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kahlil Joseph gosipụtara BLKNWS: Usoro & Ọnọdụ, ihe nkiri nnwale nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival. Emere ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 2025 wee gosipụta isi agwa aha ya bụ Funmi, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na aha ya bụ Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti. Ntinye ya na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe si na Josef chọpụtara na aha ya esonyeghị na mbata ezinụlọ ya na W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Encyclopedia. Enweghị ya na ederede agbakwunyere na fim ahụ dịka akụkụ nke ajụjụ ka ukwuu banyere ihe na onye e kpochapụrụ na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black, Joseph kwenyere na ọbịbịa ya abụghị ihe mberede, kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Byfield, Judith A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338582 "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Tax Revolt"]. ''Meridians'' '''3''' (2). JSTOR 40338582 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/frk_en.pdf ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Women's Union of Abeokuta'']. Ihe osise nke Alaba Onajin, edemede na ederede nke Obioma Ofoego, UNESCO, 2014 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUQ7uHJas4 Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na ndị isi Naijiria ndị ọzọ na London, England] na YouTube * Ihe ngosi banyere Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti nke Jad Abumrad (December 5, 2025) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 96hz46q93ks3ln2bwmjzmjuk1a5c8o5 670960 670959 2026-07-02T00:42:46Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe */ 670960 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti''' MON[a] (onye amụrụ '''Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas'''; 25 Ọktoba 1900 - 13 Eprel 1978), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti''', bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na-emegide ndị eze ukwu, Pan-Africanist, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti gosikwara onwe ya dị ka onye African Socialist.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=http://archive.org/details/forwomennationfu0000john|title=For women and the nation : Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|date=1997|publisher=Urbana : University of Illinois Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-252-02313-2}}</ref>  A mụrụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti na [[Abeokuta]], na Ogun State, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ gara Abeokuta Grammar School.<ref name="lioness-lisabi">{{Cite web|author=Agunbiade|first=Tayo|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'lioness of Lisabi'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye toro eto. == '''Ọrụ''' == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, na-ahazi ụfọdụ n'ime klas mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na mba ahụ ma na-ahapụ klas ịgụ na ide maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala, na-atọ ntọala dị mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ogundipe-Leslie|first=Molara|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Re_creating_Ourselves/SfzFMvqCJ3IC?hl=en|title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations|date=1994|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-412-7|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, Ransome-Kuti tọrọ ntọala otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ma kwado maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na-achọ ka a na-anọchite anya ya n'ọchịchị ime obodo ma kwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi na-ezighi ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa. Ransome-Kuti duuru ngagharị iwe na nọdụ ọdụ nke ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị 10,000, na-amanye Alake na-achị ka ọ rituo obere oge na 1949. Ka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti na-abawanye, ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, na-aga nzukọ na isonyere ndị nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ iji kparịta ụkpụrụ iwu obodo. N'ịbụ onye na-eduga n'ichepụta otu ndị inyom Naijiria na Federation of Nigeria Women's Societies, ọ kwadoro ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ịtụ vootu wee bụrụ onye ama ama na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na 1953[1], ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Nigeria nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) na 1963.[2]. N'ọrụ ndị a, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka wulite njikọ dị n'etiti otu ntọhapụ nke Naijiria na netwọk nke ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya dọtakwara mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ imegharị paspọtụ ya na 1957 na United States jụrụ inye ya visa na 1958, ebubo abụọ a na ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ n'oge Agha Nzuzo.[3] Ransome-Kuti natara Lenin Peace Prize ma nye ya onye otu Order of the Niger maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ kwadoro nkatọ ụmụ ya na-akatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ na mwakpo ndị agha wakporo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. Ụmụ Ransome-Kuti gụnyere onye egwu [[Fela Kuti]] (onye a mụrụ Olufela Ransome-Cuti), dọkịta na onye na-eme ihe ike Beko Ransome-Suti, na Minista ahụike Olikoye Ransome-Muti. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas, na 25 Ọktoba 1900 na [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State, Nigeria, nke n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Nigeria Protectorate, Protectorate nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869-1954), onye so n'ezinụlọ Jibolu-Taiwo, na Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874-1956). <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 20 Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma na-ere ihe ọkụkụ nkwụ, ebe nne ya na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-emepụta ejiji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna Frances gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Obodo Saro, nke nwere ndị si Sierra Leone lọta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Afrịka bụbu ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma weghachite na Freetown tupu ha alaghachi Yorubaland na narị afọ nke 19. Nna ya mụrụ Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, onye a mụrụ na Freetown, Sierra Leone, na Abigail Fakemi, onye a mụrụ n'obodo Ilesa nke Yoruba. Nna nna Frances kacha mara amara bụ nne nne ya, Sarah Taiwo (nne Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), nwanyị Yoruba nke ndị ahịa ohu nwụchiri na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ya na Abeokuta. Di mbụ Sarah bụ Sobowale Thomas. Ụmụ Sarah nke Thomas na ndị di ya abụọ ọzọ - ndị Jibolu-Taiwos - ghọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na mpaghara ahụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na uto nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Abeokuta. A mụrụ nne Frances n'aka Isaac Adeosolu, onye si Abeokuta, na Harriet, nwa nwanyị Adeboye, onye si n'obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] oge ochie nke Ile-Ife. Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1897, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ na nwata tupu a mụọ Frances.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 19–23 : 19–23  [[Faịlụ:Abeokuta,_1929.png|alt=An aerial view of Abeokuta in 1929|thumb|Abeokuta na 1929]] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’oge ahụ ezinụlọ ndị Naijiria na-etinye nnukwu ego n’ịzụ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nne na nna Frances kweere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ.[1] : 28 Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar Abeokuta maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. [2] Na mbido, ụlọ akwụkwọ a ghere oghe maka naanị ụmụ nwoke, mana ọ nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ ya na 1914, Frances bụ onye izizi n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ isii debanyere aha maka nkuzi n'afọ ahụ.[1] : 28–29 Site na 1919 ruo 1922, ọ gara Wincham Hall School for Girls na Cheshire, England, [3] [4] ebe ọ mụtara okwu, egwu, ejiji, French na nka ụlọ dị iche iche. Tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ ma laghachi Abeokuta n'afọ 1922, ọ hapụrụ aha Ndị Kraịst ya bụ Frances na Abigail ma họrọ ịkpọ aha Yoruba ya bụ Funmilayo, nke pụtara "Chineke enyela m ọṅụ". [5][6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 20 Jenụwarị 1925, Funmilayo lụrụ Reverend [[Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti]], onye so n'ezinụlọ Ransome-Cuti.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 33 Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ọtụtụ afọ n'ihu Funmilayo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha abụọ zụlitere ọbụbụenyi wee soro na mbedo.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 29 Israel chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwenyesiri ike n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ na imeri nkewa agbụrụ na mpaghara. O mechara bụrụ onye guzobere ma Nigeria Union of Teachers na nke Nigerian Union of Students . <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJohnson-OdimMba1997">Johnson-Odim, Cheryl; [[Nina Emma Mba|Mba, Nina Emma]] (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC ''For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria'']. University of Illinois Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-252-06613-8|<bdi>0-252-06613-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 46-47 Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Funmilayo ga-adịru afọ 30 - ruo mgbe Israel nwụrụ - ma nwee mmetụta nke ịha nhata na nkwanye ùgwù miri emi n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 42 : 42  Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti hapụrụ ọrụ ochie ya dị ka onye nkuzi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ chọtara ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1928, o guzobere otu n'ime klas ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mbụ na Naịjirịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere klọb maka ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama iji gbaa "imeziwanye onwe ha" ume, ka ọ na-ahazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị akwụkwọ.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 38 N'agbata afọ 1935 na 1936, di na nwunye ahụ mere ndokwa ịzụta ụgbọ ala ochie ma zigara ha ya site na England. Ransome-Kuti bụ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta na-anya ụgbọala.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 48 : 48  Ransome-Kuti na di ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dolupo (1926) na ụmụ nwoke [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye "Koye"]] (1927), [[Fela Kuti|Olufela "Fela"]] (1938), na [[Beko Ransome-Kuti|Bekololari "Beko"]] (1940).<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 47 & 49 : 47 & 49  === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ===   N'afọ 1932, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka guzobe otu ọgbakọ Ladies Abeokuta. [1] Klọb ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ebere, ịkwa akwa, isi nri na klas agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, [1] na ndị mbụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [1] sitere na klaasị etiti. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, otu ọ dị, klọb ahụ nọ na-atụgharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. N'ịbụ onye otu enyi ya na-agụghị akwụkwọ gbara ya ume, onye rịọrọ ya ka o nyere ya aka ịmụta ịgụ akwụkwọ, Ransome-Kuti malitere ịhazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa site na klọb, ma mesịa nweta nghọta ka ukwuu maka enweghị ahaghị n'etiti ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria chere ihu. [3] N'ịde banyere nnwere onwe nke ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ùgwù nyere ya, Ransome-Kuti kwuru na ezi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ga-ekpe ikpe site na "ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa n'azụ ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ... ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị na-eji tii, sugar, na ntụ ọka maka nri ụtụtụ" [4]. :: 174  N'afọ 1944, ọ malitere mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji kwụsị ndị ọchịchị obodo ịnara ụmụ nwanyị osikapa n'ahịa n'okpuru aghụghọ.[5] N'afọ 1946, a kpọgharịrị ọgbakọ ahụ aha otu ndị inyom Abeokuta (AWU), nke na-emepere ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na Abeokuta ugbu a. Òtù ahụ lekwasịrị anya ugbu a n'ịlụ ọgụ megide njikwa ọnụ ahịa na-ezighị ezi na ụtụ isi a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa, Ransome-Kuti dịka onyeisi oche AWU.[1]. Together with Grace Eniola Soyinka[2] (nwa nwanne nna ya na nne Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka),[3][4]:: 157  the AWU ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite na-anọchi anya ndị òtù 20,000, na-eme atụmatụ 100,000 ọzọ supporters.[5] N'ịgba mbọ ijikọ ụmụnwaanyị wee gbanarị otu n'otu, Ransome-Kuti na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọzọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-asụ asụsụ Yoruba ma na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nzukọ na mmemme. [6] N'afọ 1918, gọọmenti Abeokuta webatara ụtụ pụrụ iche nke chọrọ ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-atụ ụtụ isi malite n'afọ 15, afọ atọ tupu ụmụ nwoke emee mgbe ha dị afọ 18. [1] A na-enwe nrụgide na usoro ịnakọta ụtụ isi, ebe ndị ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-anapụ ụmụ nwanyị uwe ha n'ihi na ha na-agbalị ikpebi afọ ndụ ha, na-atụkwa ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mkpọrọ. [2] Site n'oge mgbasa ozi AWU na njedebe 1940s, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ echewo afọ iri atọ nke ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya na gọọmentị; nke a ghọrọ isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ AWU. [1] [[Faịlụ:Alake's_Palace,_Abeokuta,_Ogun.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Obí eze Alake na Abeokuta.]] Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ a ma ama nke Ransome-Kuti bịara mgbe ọ duziri AWU na ngagharị iwe megide ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Na Abeokuta, n'akụkụ ụtụ isi maka ego a na-enweta na ojiji mmiri, a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ahịa ịkwụ ụtụ isi pụrụ iche nke na-aga kpọmkwem na ndị nlekọta ahịa ma ọ bụ "parakoyis".<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 78 Alake [[Ladapo Ademola|Ademola nke Abụọ]], onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Abeokuta nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị site na Ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, tụọla ụtụ isi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e guzobere nchịkwa ala Egba na 1914. Mgbe arịrịọ dara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ka ha wepụ Alake dị ugbu a n'ọchịchị ma kwụsị ụtụ isi ahụ, Ransome-Kuti na AWU malitere ịkpọtụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ekesa arịrịọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịchọ itinye nrụgide na ndị ọchịchị, ndị otu AWU jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha n'ihu ọha, mee ogologo oge n'èzí obí Alake, ma hazie nyocha nke ndekọ ego nke Sole Native Authority System (SNA). Tinyere ebumnuche ha nke ịkwụsị ụtụ isi a na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị, ha chọrọ nnọchiteanya maka ụmụ nwanyị na kansụl SNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1947, ndị ọchịchị Abeokuta amalitela machibido ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe, na-agọnarị ha ikike dị mkpa. N'atụghị egwu, Ransome-Kuti na ndị otu ya kwupụtara na ha na-eme atụmatụ "picnics" na "ememme" kama, na-adọta ihe ruru 10,000 ndị sonyere na ngosi ha - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere esemokwu na ndị uwe ojii.[1]. : 81 Ransome-Kuti zụrụ ụmụnwaanyị ka ha na-esi edozi ite mmiri ndị a na-atụba ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị AWU na-akwụkwa ndị otu ya ụgwọ ka ha kwado nnochite anya iwu maka ndị ejidere.[1] : 81 Dị ka otu akụkọ si kwuo, mgbe otu onye isi obodo Britain tiri mkpu na Ransome-Kuti ka o mechie ụmụ nwanyị ya, ọ zara ya, "O nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ gị, ma a zụlitere gị! Ị ga-agwa nne gị okwu otú ahụ?" [1]: 84 Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kọwara ya dịka “Ọdụm Lisabi”. :  77 : 77 Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ngagharị iwe na ndị ọchịchị AWU dara n'isi n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1948 mgbe Alake tụnyere ụmụnwaanyị AWU na "ndị na-akpata nsogbu enweghị ike ịchịkwa" wee machibido Ransome-Kuti ịbanye n'obí maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ngwa ngwa ka nke ahụ mechara, ndị AWU gbochiri ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ eze ma jụ ikwe ka onye ọrụ mpaghara Britain bịara na nke ya pụọ. Ihe omume a kwụsịrị n'ọgụ mgbe Ransome-Kuti jidere wheel ụgbọ ala onye ọrụ mpaghara ma jụ ịhapụ ya "ruo mgbe ọ napụrụ aka ya"[1]. : 85 Ọmịiko ọhaneze tolitere n'ịkwado ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. Ná mmalite 1948, ndị òtù AWU nọgidere na-eme mkpesa, na-alụ ọgụ site na mkpesa, nnọkọ mgbasa ozi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ngosi. Ka emechara ngagharị iwe na ngwụcha Eprel nke afọ ahụ, Alake mechara zaghachi ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ, kwụsịtụrụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta kọmitii pụrụ iche ga-enyocha mkpesa AWU.[1]. : 86 : 86 Ndị AWU nwere ike ịchụpụ Alake nwa oge n'afọ 1949 site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. O mere nke a site na ngagharị iwe, ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, na onyinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, nakwa site n’ịbụ abụ mkparị ndị Yoruba n’èzí n’obí Alake dị ka ụdị mmechuihu ọha. [1] Ọrụ Ransome-Kuti na ndị AWU dọtara mmasị obodo, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abeokuta ka akọpụtara ihe omume ahụ, kamakwa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naịjirịa niile. [2] Onye odee Naijiria bụ Wole Soyinka ga-emesị kọọ mmetụta nke ngagharị iwe ndị a na 1981 memoir Ake: Afọ nke nwata. Ọgba aghara ahụ nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke ndị omebe iwu, gụnyere iwepụ ụtụ isi dị larịị, na nhọpụta nke Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ na otu kansụl oge na-achị mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe otu kansụl na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike dochie ya; nke a bụ nke mbụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnọchite anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara. [2] Ọ bụ ezie na AWU enwetala nnọchiteanya nwanyị na mpaghara, emeghị ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Abeokuta tinyere ụtụ isi mmiri ọhụrụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. A gụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụtụ isi mmiri kemgbe 1948. Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma mesịa jide ha, wee jide ha ọzọ mgbe ngagharị iwe malitere. E wepụghị ụtụ isi mmiri n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ruo n'afọ 1960, ya mere AWU jere ozi dị ka òtù dị mkpa iji tinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mba === N'afọ 1947, onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ sonye na ndị nnọchi anya NCNC asaa na London, England iji mee ngagharị iwe maka Iwu Richards nke afọ 1946. Iwu a, nke akpọrọ aha gọvanọ-ọchịchị Naijiria, Sir Arthur Richards, e mere ya iji mụbaa ụmụ amaala Naijiria na-etinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe ọ na-agbataghị ikike ndị ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị . Iwu ahụ jikwa ọtụtụ ndị Europe nọ na Executive Council site na usoro nhọpụta, kama ntuli aka ndị nnọchiteanya. Ransome-Kuti bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ; ha hapụrụ London na June 26, 1947. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA2-PA341|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor=Smith|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Lọndọn, Ransome-Kuti gwara ndị otu dị ka kọmitii nzuko omeiwu ụmụ nwanyị London na National Federation of Women's Institutes. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọchịchị colonial amanyela ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị, ma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba.[1] O dekwara edemede akpọrọ "Anyị nwere nha anya 'Ruo mgbe Briten bịara'" na Daily Worker, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị Yoruba nwere ihe onwunwe, na-azụ ahịa n'efu, ma nwee ikike, ruo mgbe ọchịchị colonial manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ dị ala n'ime ọha mmadụ.[2]. Echiche a na-etinye ya n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Cheryl Johnson Odim kwuru na-eme ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ụwa nke atọ. Alake na otu ndị inyom a ma ama akatọọla isiokwu a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4] Mgbe Western Provinces nke Naijiria zukọrọ n'afọ 1949 iji kparịta iwu ọhụrụ, Ransome-Kuti nọchitere anya Abeokuta ma bụrụ naanị nwanyị sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka siri ike maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na imegide usoro ntuli aka na-apụtaghị ìhè.[1] :  79 : 79 Na May 1949, Ransome-Kuti tụrụ aro ka e guzobe otu Nigerian Women's Union (NWU) iji kwalite ikike na nnwere onwe n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị AWU kwadoro atụmatụ ya, nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ngalaba Abeokuta nke NWU. [1] : 94 N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Ransome-Kuti mere njem nke ukwuu iji nyere aka guzobe alaka NWU n'obodo ukwu na obodo niile na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi dika onye isi NWU n'obodo ya bu Abeokuta. Ndị NWU gbasoro ebumnuche nke inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo kọleji ntuli aka, na ịkwado maka ezi nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] : 100-101  : 100-101 Ransome-Kuti bụ onye hibere pati NCNC, na 1951 ọ zọọrọ dịka onye NCNC na-azọ ọkwa maka ọgbakọ ọchịchị mana ọ garaghị nke ọma,[1] n'ihi na ụtụ isi pụrụiche nke ịtụ vootu pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ya - karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị - enweghị ike isonye. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ NCNC wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị NCNC na Western Region.[3] :  402 : 402 N'ime NCNC, Ransome-Kuti jere ozi dịka onye nhazi akụ na ụba maka kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe ọ na-edu otu ụmụ nwanyị pati na mpaghara ahụ; ọ bụ naanị onye otu nwanyị na-eje ozi n'ọrụ onye ndu.[1] Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nnọchiteanya nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ na-ekwuchitere Abeokuta n'oge mkparịta ụka dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ọchịchị General nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ iwu Naijiria site na 1948-1951.[2]. N'afọ 1953, Ransome-Kuti haziri nzukọ na Abeokuta iji kwurịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị 400 gara ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ ahụ. Ndị sonyere mechara guzobe Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of women's suffrage|date=2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-390-4|editor=Hannam|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251 251–253]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=44860746|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251}}</ref> FNWS mere mkpọsa maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, imeziwanye ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na ịmepụta ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nlekọta ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'oge mmalite afọ 1950, a họpụtara Ransome-Kuti na Western House of Chiefs, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Attoe|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gtHAQAAIAAJ&q=ransome|title=Margaret Ekpo: lioness in Nigerian politics|date=1993|publisher=ALF Publications|isbn=978-978-32319-1-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> e nyere ya [[Ọchịchị Naijiria|utu aha onye isi]] <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447|title=The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|others=Uglow, Jennifer S., Hinton, Frances., Hendry, Maggy.|isbn=1-55553-421-X|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447 447]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=41165272}}</ref> nke ''[[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Oloye]]'' nke ndị Yoruba na utu aha enyemaka nke ''Beere''. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'Lioness of Lisabi'|accessdate=July 14, 2025}} </ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Western House na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ọkwá n'Ụlọ Ndị Isi Naijiria ọ bụla n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kinni|first=Fongot Kini-Yen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54WoCgAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2015|isbn=978-9956-762-65-1|pages=803|chapter=Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vw4r.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluyemi|first=Oloyede|date=2016|title=Monitoring Participation of Women in Politics in Nigeria|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Finland_Oct2016/Documents/Nigeria_paper.pdf|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=United Nations Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị nkuzi nke Nigerian Union of Teachers . <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == '''Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe''' == N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1955, di ya, Israel Ransome-Kuti nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge. Ọnwụ di ya metụrụ Ransome-Kuti n'ahụ nke ukwuu, ebe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na ajụjụ ma ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji nwetakwuo oge ya.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 155-157 N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, n'akụkụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Ransome-Kuti malitere itinye oge na ego iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'Abeokuta - ọrụ nke sitere na nkwenye miri emi na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide nke ya na di ya kerịtara. <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 158–159 : 158–159  Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga ebe niile. Na kọntinent Africa, ọ malitere mmekọrịta siri ike na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị na Algeria, Egypt, na Ghana, [1] na nleta ya na mba ọzọ gụnyere njem na England, China, Soviet Union, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, na Poland.[2]. N'oge nleta ya na China na 1956, Ransome-Kuti kwuru okwu ihu ọha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na omenala Naijiria[1] wee zute Mao Zedong.[2] : 56 Ransome-Kuti nwere ọtụtụ echiche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ, [1] na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "African Socialist";[1] n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye ọchịchị Kọmunist, "ọ naghị atụ egwu ma ọ bụ chụọ ya site na ọchịchị Kọmunist".[3][4] :: 173  N'ihi na ọ gara China site na nkwado ego nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Otú ọ dị, Ransome-Kuti dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị Britain bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na WIDF kpọbatara ya ka ọ gbasaa echiche ndị Kọmunist. A jụrụ imeghari paspọtụ ya n'afọ na-esote.[3] : 151-152 N'afọ 1958, mgbe a kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bịa ogbako gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States, a jụrụ ya akwụkwọ visa US n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị kwenyere na o nwere "mmekọrịta ndị Kọmunist dị ukwuu". [5] Ọ bụ ezie na Ransome-Kuti nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị enyi a ma ama wee degara ndị ọrụ gọọmentị akwụkwọ mkpesa mkpesa, ọbụna na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi iji kwupụta na ọ bụghị onye Kọmunist, a leghaara arịrịọ ya anya. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Naijiria nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 ka e weghachiri paspọtụ Ransome-Kuti.[3] :  151–152 : 151–152 [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_and_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa.gif|alt=Image of Ransome-Kuti shaking hands with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria|thumb|Ransome-Kuti (n'aka ekpe) ekele [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], praịm minista mbụ nke Naịjirịa]] N'afọ 1959, mgbe a napụrụ Ransome-Kuti ohere nke abụọ ịzọ ọkwa NCNC, ọ zọọrọ onwe ya, mana mkpọsa ya kewara votu ma nyere onye na-emegide NCNC aka nweta oche. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ kagburu aha Ransome-Kuti.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu chọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị Commoners' People's Party, mana otu ahụ enwekwaghị ike, na-agbasa mgbe naanị otu afọ gasịrị.[2] N'oge a, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti kere National Council of Women's Societies na mgbalị iji dochie FNWS.[3] Mgbe nnwere onwe na 1960 gasịrị, Naijiria webatara ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ma nwoke ma nwanyị site n'iwu ọhụrụ ya. Northern Region nke Nigeria, nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Alakụba, enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka ozugbo (n'agbanyeghị na ọchịchị ndị agha mechara nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka na mpaghara ahụ na 1976). [1] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Afọ mmalite nke nnwere onwe nke Naijiria malitere n'ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha 1966 wetara mgbanwe nke ike, Ransome-Kuti chere na nke a bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma na nke dị mkpa maka mba ahụ, ma ọ katọrọ ime ihe ike nke sochiri mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị n'afọ ahụ.[1] O tinyere aka na otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), ịbụ onye isi ala alaka ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria kemgbe 1963.[1] Mgbe Naijiria nwechara onwe ya, Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga na Naịjirịa niile na-akwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ndị Pan-Africanist. Mgbe e gbusịrị Sharpeville na South Africa na 1960, ọ katọrọ ogbugbu ahụ n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nkwado ya na African National Congress, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machiri. [1] Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-ezighi ezi nye Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista mbụ nke Ghana. Nkrumah kwadoro usoro nhazi nke Ransome-Kuti dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite otu ndị inyom Ghana. [2] N'afọ 1965, Ransome-Kuti natara nsọpụrụ mba nke ịbụ onye otu Order of the Niger. Mahadum nke Ibadan nyere ya nzere doctorate nke iwu n'afọ 1968, <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref>:: 155  ma nata Lenin Peace Prize n'afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|author=Sansom|first=Ian|date=11 December 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=32|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa họpụtara Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Advisory Board of Education, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Federal Ministry of Education na iwebata ndị nkuzi si mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwa ya nwoke [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] kpaliri, onye gbanwere aha nna ya iji gosipụta ịtụfu mmetụta nke ndị Europe na-achị, Ransome-Kuti gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Anikulapo-Kuti" n'oge mmalite afọ 1970. Aha "Anikulapo" bụ okwu Yoruba ma enwere ike ịsụgharị ya ka ọ pụtara "onye na-achụ nta nke na-ebu ọnwụ n'ime akpa" ma ọ bụ "onye agha nke na-eburu nchebe siri ike".<ref name="Cheryl" />: 168 : 168  == Ọnwụ == N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ Anikulapo-Kuti, nwa ya nwoke bụ Fela, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike, bịara mara maka ịkatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naijiria n'ezoghị ọnụ. E jidere Fela ma tụọ ya obere oge na mbido 1970, ndị ọchịchị wakporo ụlọ ya na ihe onwunwe ya ọtụtụ oge. Iji gosi nlelị ya maka ikike nke Federation of Nigeria, ọ kpọrọ aha ala ya "Kalakuta Republic" [1]:: 168  wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya nwere ike ịgbakọta ma nọrọ oge n'atụghị egwu ndị ọchịchị. [2] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, ndị uweoji Naijiria jiri anyụike na gas anya mmiri wakporo ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị ya n'obodo, wee mee ka Fela nwee mmerụ ahụ dị egwu.[3] N'afọ 1976, Fela wepụtara album Zombie, bụ ebe o jiri ndị agha tụnyere igwe na-enweghị uche, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na album ahụ bụ ahịhịa ikpeazụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti Fela na gọọmentị. [2][4][4] Anikulapo-Kuti na-eleta nwa ya nwoke ugboro ugboro n'ogige ya, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ na 18 February 1977 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 ndị agha gbara gburugburu ma wakpoo ogige ahụ.[1] Mgbe ha banyere, ndị agha ahụ malitere ibibi ihe onwunwe ma wakpo ndị bi ebe ahụ. Egburu Fela na Bekolari ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu.[2] : 168–169 Anikulapo-Kuti si na windo ụlọ elu nke abụọ malie.[3] Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma mesịa daa n'ọkwa. Ọ nwụrụ na 13 Eprel 1978 site na mmerụ ahụ ya.[2] : 169-170 : 169-170 E liri Anikulapo-Kuti n'Abeokuta n'otu ili di ya. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bịara olili ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa mechiri ụlọ ahịa na ahịa n'ofe obodo ahụ iji gosi ọnwụ ya.[1] :: 170 ">: 171  Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria bipụtara ụtụ, na-akpọ onye ngagharị iwe ahụ "onye na-eme mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu" na "ọhụụ Pan-African"[1]: 170. N'otu afọ ncheta ọnwụ Anikulapo-Kuti, <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref>:: 171  Fela weere igbe ozu wee gaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 gaa Dodan Barracks na Lagos (n'oge ahụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa), na-ahapụ igbe ozu ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na mgbalị ime ihere gọọmentị <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/arts/music/armys-no-fan-but-singer-has-an-army-of-fans.html|title=Army's No Fan, but Singer Has an Army of Fans|author=Brooke|first=James|date=18 November 1988|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic|title=He was in a godlike state|author=Hannaford|first=Alex|date=25 July 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57C0d-Nl830C&pg=PA261|title=Culture + the State: Nationalisms (Critical Works from the Proceedings of the 2003 Conference at the University of Alberta)|author=Gabrielle Eva Marie Zezulka-Mailloux|publisher=CRC Studio|year=2003|isbn=978-1-551-9514-92}}</ref> A kọwapụtara mwakpo ahụ, ọnwụ ya, na mmegharị nke igbe ozu ahụ n'abụ ya "Igbe maka Onye isi ala". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/21-years-after-why-is-fela-remembered/|title=21 Years After, Why Is Fela Remembered?|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> == Usoro echiche na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ransome-Kuti kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa, nke ọ kọwara site na nkwenye ya na mmadụ nile, n'agbanyeghị okike, nwere ikike nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ụlọ, na enweghị ike nweta ikike ndị a n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike. [1] O kwuru na "ọ naghị atụ egwu, ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya, ọchịchị Kọmunist", n'agbanyeghị na o kwusiri ike na usoro echiche ya dị iche na echiche Soviet. Ụzọ Ransome-Kuti gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nhazi obodo, ịdị n'otu klaasị, na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Adam Mayer na-etinye Ransome-Kuti dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria siri ike, dịka ọbịbịa ya na-emegide ndị eze ukwu bụ ihe mmalite nke echiche ekpe nke malitere n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. [1] Ransome-Kuti na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. N'ime omume ya na ihe odide ya, ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị omenala Africa, na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị Africa. [1] Arụmụka a na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ wee jikọta Ransome-Kuti na ọdịnala sara mbara nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sub Saharan Africa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịkarị anya na ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ntọhapụ mba. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-elekarị Ransome-Kuti anya dị ka onye na-eme usoro usoro ihe omume nke na-edoghị anya ruo mgbe ọrụ ya gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, edemede Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" buru ụzọ chepụta echiche nwanyị Africa n'afọ 1985, agbanyeghị, ihe nketa Ransom-Kuti na-egosipụta otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute ikike mkpokọta karịa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ederede Catherine Obianju' Acholonu's 1995 Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism kwadoro usoro nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ime ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-azụ obodo; Ransome-Kuti kwuputara nke a site na nkwado ya na arụmụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ obodo, kwesịrị inwe nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Arụmụka ya bụ ma na mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke feminism na nne. [1] == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] N'afọOnye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] 2012, Central Bank of Nigeria tụrụ aro itinye onyinyo Ransome-Kuti na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ N5000 . N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, nwa nwa Ransome-Kuti, onye na-eti egwu Seun Kuti, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi na ọ hụrụ atụmatụ ahụ "dị egwu ikwu nke nta", n'ihi ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ n'ọnwụ nne nne ya.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti kwuru na ezinụlọ ya enwetụbeghị mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ e mere n'ogige ha, na nkwupụta gọọmentị na-ekwupụta na "otu puku ndị agha a na-amaghị ama" waporo Ransome-Kuti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/08/31/apologise-for-killing-my-grandmum-before-putting-her-face-on-naira-seun-kuti-tells-fg/|title=Apologise for killing my grandmum before putting her face on naira, Seun Kuti tells FG|date=31 August 2012|work=Channels Television|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Deola Sagoe]] gosipụtara Ransome-Kuti na ihe nkiri 2014 October 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/late-funmilayo-ransom-kuti-resurrects-in-new-movie-october-1/|title=Late Funmilayo Ransome Kuti resurrects in new movie…'1 October'|author=Mgolu|first=Charles|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=13 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]''<nowiki/>'afọ 2019, e ji Google Doodle nke onye Naijiria na-ese ihe nkiri [[Diana Ejaita]] mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/359508-google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-on-posthumous-birthday.html|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's on posthumous birthday|author=Jayne Augoye|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] duziri ihe nkiri, ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti'', nke na-akọ akụkọ Funmilayo; site n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta Grammar School ruo n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Cuti.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|publisher=Africa Research & Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite Best Overall Feature Film na Best Screenplay na 2023 Africa International Film Festival.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-442-2629-35|editor=Sheldon|chapter=Abeokuta Women's Union}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&pg=PA53|title=Women's History in Global Perspective, Volumes 2–3|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-0299-05}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], na [[Dele Odule]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/160896|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Na 17 Mee 2024, Tunde Babalola dekwara egwu egwu akpọrọ Funmilayo Ransome -Kuti. Dị ka ihe nkiri 2022, ọ na-egosi ndụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, malite n'afọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ma na-aga n'ihu na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Kuti. Ha abụọ chere ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu site n'iguzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta, nke butere ọgụ ike n'etiti ndị isi ọdịnala na ndị nwe ala na-emegide ịchụso ikpe ziri ezi na nha anya.[1]. Na 2025, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kahlil Joseph gosipụtara BLKNWS: Usoro & Ọnọdụ, ihe nkiri nnwale nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival. Emere ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 2025 wee gosipụta isi agwa aha ya bụ Funmi, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na aha ya bụ Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti. Ntinye ya na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe si na Josef chọpụtara na aha ya esonyeghị na mbata ezinụlọ ya na W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Encyclopedia. Enweghị ya na ederede agbakwunyere na fim ahụ dịka akụkụ nke ajụjụ ka ukwuu banyere ihe na onye e kpochapụrụ na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black, Joseph kwenyere na ọbịbịa ya abụghị ihe mberede, kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Byfield, Judith A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338582 "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Tax Revolt"]. ''Meridians'' '''3''' (2). JSTOR 40338582 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/frk_en.pdf ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Women's Union of Abeokuta'']. Ihe osise nke Alaba Onajin, edemede na ederede nke Obioma Ofoego, UNESCO, 2014 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUQ7uHJas4 Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na ndị isi Naijiria ndị ọzọ na London, England] na YouTube * Ihe ngosi banyere Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti nke Jad Abumrad (December 5, 2025) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rul4xnijs7c5vs8vfsf723ascc0jtoj 670961 670960 2026-07-02T00:44:31Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta */ 670961 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti''' MON[a] (onye amụrụ '''Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas'''; 25 Ọktoba 1900 - 13 Eprel 1978), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti''', bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na-emegide ndị eze ukwu, Pan-Africanist, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti gosikwara onwe ya dị ka onye African Socialist.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=http://archive.org/details/forwomennationfu0000john|title=For women and the nation : Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|date=1997|publisher=Urbana : University of Illinois Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-252-02313-2}}</ref>  A mụrụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti na [[Abeokuta]], na Ogun State, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ gara Abeokuta Grammar School.<ref name="lioness-lisabi">{{Cite web|author=Agunbiade|first=Tayo|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'lioness of Lisabi'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye toro eto. == '''Ọrụ''' == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, na-ahazi ụfọdụ n'ime klas mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na mba ahụ ma na-ahapụ klas ịgụ na ide maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala, na-atọ ntọala dị mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ogundipe-Leslie|first=Molara|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Re_creating_Ourselves/SfzFMvqCJ3IC?hl=en|title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations|date=1994|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-412-7|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, Ransome-Kuti tọrọ ntọala otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ma kwado maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na-achọ ka a na-anọchite anya ya n'ọchịchị ime obodo ma kwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi na-ezighi ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa. Ransome-Kuti duuru ngagharị iwe na nọdụ ọdụ nke ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị 10,000, na-amanye Alake na-achị ka ọ rituo obere oge na 1949. Ka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti na-abawanye, ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, na-aga nzukọ na isonyere ndị nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ iji kparịta ụkpụrụ iwu obodo. N'ịbụ onye na-eduga n'ichepụta otu ndị inyom Naijiria na Federation of Nigeria Women's Societies, ọ kwadoro ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ịtụ vootu wee bụrụ onye ama ama na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na 1953[1], ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Nigeria nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) na 1963.[2]. N'ọrụ ndị a, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka wulite njikọ dị n'etiti otu ntọhapụ nke Naijiria na netwọk nke ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya dọtakwara mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ imegharị paspọtụ ya na 1957 na United States jụrụ inye ya visa na 1958, ebubo abụọ a na ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ n'oge Agha Nzuzo.[3] Ransome-Kuti natara Lenin Peace Prize ma nye ya onye otu Order of the Niger maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ kwadoro nkatọ ụmụ ya na-akatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ na mwakpo ndị agha wakporo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. Ụmụ Ransome-Kuti gụnyere onye egwu [[Fela Kuti]] (onye a mụrụ Olufela Ransome-Cuti), dọkịta na onye na-eme ihe ike Beko Ransome-Suti, na Minista ahụike Olikoye Ransome-Muti. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas, na 25 Ọktoba 1900 na [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State, Nigeria, nke n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Nigeria Protectorate, Protectorate nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869-1954), onye so n'ezinụlọ Jibolu-Taiwo, na Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874-1956). <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 20 Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma na-ere ihe ọkụkụ nkwụ, ebe nne ya na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-emepụta ejiji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna Frances gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Obodo Saro, nke nwere ndị si Sierra Leone lọta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Afrịka bụbu ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma weghachite na Freetown tupu ha alaghachi Yorubaland na narị afọ nke 19. Nna ya mụrụ Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, onye a mụrụ na Freetown, Sierra Leone, na Abigail Fakemi, onye a mụrụ n'obodo Ilesa nke Yoruba. Nna nna Frances kacha mara amara bụ nne nne ya, Sarah Taiwo (nne Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), nwanyị Yoruba nke ndị ahịa ohu nwụchiri na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ya na Abeokuta. Di mbụ Sarah bụ Sobowale Thomas. Ụmụ Sarah nke Thomas na ndị di ya abụọ ọzọ - ndị Jibolu-Taiwos - ghọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na mpaghara ahụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na uto nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Abeokuta. A mụrụ nne Frances n'aka Isaac Adeosolu, onye si Abeokuta, na Harriet, nwa nwanyị Adeboye, onye si n'obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] oge ochie nke Ile-Ife. Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1897, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ na nwata tupu a mụọ Frances.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 19–23 : 19–23  [[Faịlụ:Abeokuta,_1929.png|alt=An aerial view of Abeokuta in 1929|thumb|Abeokuta na 1929]] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’oge ahụ ezinụlọ ndị Naijiria na-etinye nnukwu ego n’ịzụ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nne na nna Frances kweere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ.[1] : 28 Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar Abeokuta maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. [2] Na mbido, ụlọ akwụkwọ a ghere oghe maka naanị ụmụ nwoke, mana ọ nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ ya na 1914, Frances bụ onye izizi n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ isii debanyere aha maka nkuzi n'afọ ahụ.[1] : 28–29 Site na 1919 ruo 1922, ọ gara Wincham Hall School for Girls na Cheshire, England, [3] [4] ebe ọ mụtara okwu, egwu, ejiji, French na nka ụlọ dị iche iche. Tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ ma laghachi Abeokuta n'afọ 1922, ọ hapụrụ aha Ndị Kraịst ya bụ Frances na Abigail ma họrọ ịkpọ aha Yoruba ya bụ Funmilayo, nke pụtara "Chineke enyela m ọṅụ". [5][6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 20 Jenụwarị 1925, Funmilayo lụrụ Reverend [[Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti]], onye so n'ezinụlọ Ransome-Cuti.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 33 Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ọtụtụ afọ n'ihu Funmilayo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha abụọ zụlitere ọbụbụenyi wee soro na mbedo.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 29 Israel chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwenyesiri ike n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ na imeri nkewa agbụrụ na mpaghara. O mechara bụrụ onye guzobere ma Nigeria Union of Teachers na nke Nigerian Union of Students . <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJohnson-OdimMba1997">Johnson-Odim, Cheryl; [[Nina Emma Mba|Mba, Nina Emma]] (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC ''For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria'']. University of Illinois Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-252-06613-8|<bdi>0-252-06613-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 46-47 Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Funmilayo ga-adịru afọ 30 - ruo mgbe Israel nwụrụ - ma nwee mmetụta nke ịha nhata na nkwanye ùgwù miri emi n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 42 : 42  Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti hapụrụ ọrụ ochie ya dị ka onye nkuzi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ chọtara ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1928, o guzobere otu n'ime klas ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mbụ na Naịjirịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere klọb maka ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama iji gbaa "imeziwanye onwe ha" ume, ka ọ na-ahazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị akwụkwọ.<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 38 N'agbata afọ 1935 na 1936, di na nwunye ahụ mere ndokwa ịzụta ụgbọ ala ochie ma zigara ha ya site na England. Ransome-Kuti bụ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta na-anya ụgbọala.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 48 : 48  Ransome-Kuti na di ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dolupo (1926) na ụmụ nwoke [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye "Koye"]] (1927), [[Fela Kuti|Olufela "Fela"]] (1938), na [[Beko Ransome-Kuti|Bekololari "Beko"]] (1940).<ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref> : 47 & 49 : 47 & 49  === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ===   N'afọ 1932, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka guzobe otu ọgbakọ Ladies Abeokuta. [1] Klọb ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ebere, ịkwa akwa, isi nri na klas agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, [1] na ndị mbụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [1] sitere na klaasị etiti. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, otu ọ dị, klọb ahụ nọ na-atụgharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. N'ịbụ onye otu enyi ya na-agụghị akwụkwọ gbara ya ume, onye rịọrọ ya ka o nyere ya aka ịmụta ịgụ akwụkwọ, Ransome-Kuti malitere ịhazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa site na klọb, ma mesịa nweta nghọta ka ukwuu maka enweghị ahaghị n'etiti ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria chere ihu. [3] N'ịde banyere nnwere onwe nke ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ùgwù nyere ya, Ransome-Kuti kwuru na ezi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ga-ekpe ikpe site na "ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa n'azụ ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ... ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị na-eji tii, sugar, na ntụ ọka maka nri ụtụtụ" [4]. :: 174  N'afọ 1944, ọ malitere mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji kwụsị ndị ọchịchị obodo ịnara ụmụ nwanyị osikapa n'ahịa n'okpuru aghụghọ.[5] N'afọ 1946, a kpọgharịrị ọgbakọ ahụ aha otu ndị inyom Abeokuta (AWU), nke na-emepere ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na Abeokuta ugbu a. Òtù ahụ lekwasịrị anya ugbu a n'ịlụ ọgụ megide njikwa ọnụ ahịa na-ezighị ezi na ụtụ isi a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa, Ransome-Kuti dịka onyeisi oche AWU.[1]. Together with Grace Eniola Soyinka[2] (nwa nwanne nna ya na nne Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka),[3][4]:: 157  the AWU ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite na-anọchi anya ndị òtù 20,000, na-eme atụmatụ 100,000 ọzọ supporters.[5] N'ịgba mbọ ijikọ ụmụnwaanyị wee gbanarị otu n'otu, Ransome-Kuti na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọzọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-asụ asụsụ Yoruba ma na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nzukọ na mmemme. [6] N'afọ 1918, gọọmenti Abeokuta webatara ụtụ pụrụ iche nke chọrọ ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-atụ ụtụ isi malite n'afọ 15, afọ atọ tupu ụmụ nwoke emee mgbe ha dị afọ 18. [1] A na-enwe nrụgide na usoro ịnakọta ụtụ isi, ebe ndị ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-anapụ ụmụ nwanyị uwe ha n'ihi na ha na-agbalị ikpebi afọ ndụ ha, na-atụkwa ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mkpọrọ. [2] Site n'oge mgbasa ozi AWU na njedebe 1940s, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ echewo afọ iri atọ nke ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya na gọọmentị; nke a ghọrọ isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ AWU. [1] [[Faịlụ:Alake's_Palace,_Abeokuta,_Ogun.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Obí eze Alake na Abeokuta.]] Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ a ma ama nke Ransome-Kuti bịara mgbe ọ duziri AWU na ngagharị iwe megide ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Na Abeokuta, n'akụkụ ụtụ isi maka ego a na-enweta na ojiji mmiri, a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ahịa ịkwụ ụtụ isi pụrụ iche nke na-aga kpọmkwem na ndị nlekọta ahịa ma ọ bụ "parakoyis".<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 78 Alake [[Ladapo Ademola|Ademola nke Abụọ]], onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Abeokuta nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị site na Ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, tụọla ụtụ isi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e guzobere nchịkwa ala Egba na 1914. Mgbe arịrịọ dara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ka ha wepụ Alake dị ugbu a n'ọchịchị ma kwụsị ụtụ isi ahụ, Ransome-Kuti na AWU malitere ịkpọtụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ekesa arịrịọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịchọ itinye nrụgide na ndị ọchịchị, ndị otu AWU jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha n'ihu ọha, mee ogologo oge n'èzí obí Alake, ma hazie nyocha nke ndekọ ego nke Sole Native Authority System (SNA). Tinyere ebumnuche ha nke ịkwụsị ụtụ isi a na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị, ha chọrọ nnọchiteanya maka ụmụ nwanyị na kansụl SNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1947, ndị ọchịchị Abeokuta amalitela machibido ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe, na-agọnarị ha ikike dị mkpa. N'atụghị egwu, Ransome-Kuti na ndị otu ya kwupụtara na ha na-eme atụmatụ "picnics" na "ememme" kama, na-adọta ihe ruru 10,000 ndị sonyere na ngosi ha - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere esemokwu na ndị uwe ojii.[1]. : 81 Ransome-Kuti zụrụ ụmụnwaanyị ka ha na-esi edozi ite mmiri ndị a na-atụba ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị AWU na-akwụkwa ndị otu ya ụgwọ ka ha kwado nnochite anya iwu maka ndị ejidere.[1] : 81 Dị ka otu akụkọ si kwuo, mgbe otu onye isi obodo Britain tiri mkpu na Ransome-Kuti ka o mechie ụmụ nwanyị ya, ọ zara ya, "O nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ gị, ma a zụlitere gị! Ị ga-agwa nne gị okwu otú ahụ?" [1]: 84 Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kọwara ya dịka “Ọdụm Lisabi”. :  77 : 77 Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ngagharị iwe na ndị ọchịchị AWU dara n'isi n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1948 mgbe Alake tụnyere ụmụnwaanyị AWU na "ndị na-akpata nsogbu enweghị ike ịchịkwa" wee machibido Ransome-Kuti ịbanye n'obí maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ngwa ngwa ka nke ahụ mechara, ndị AWU gbochiri ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ eze ma jụ ikwe ka onye ọrụ mpaghara Britain bịara na nke ya pụọ. Ihe omume a kwụsịrị n'ọgụ mgbe Ransome-Kuti jidere wheel ụgbọ ala onye ọrụ mpaghara ma jụ ịhapụ ya "ruo mgbe ọ napụrụ aka ya"[1]. : 85 Ọmịiko ọhaneze tolitere n'ịkwado ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. Ná mmalite 1948, ndị òtù AWU nọgidere na-eme mkpesa, na-alụ ọgụ site na mkpesa, nnọkọ mgbasa ozi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ngosi. Ka emechara ngagharị iwe na ngwụcha Eprel nke afọ ahụ, Alake mechara zaghachi ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ, kwụsịtụrụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta kọmitii pụrụ iche ga-enyocha mkpesa AWU.[1]. : 86 : 86 Ndị AWU nwere ike ịchụpụ Alake nwa oge n'afọ 1949 site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. O mere nke a site na ngagharị iwe, ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, na onyinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, nakwa site n’ịbụ abụ mkparị ndị Yoruba n’èzí n’obí Alake dị ka ụdị mmechuihu ọha. [1] Ọrụ Ransome-Kuti na ndị AWU dọtara mmasị obodo, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abeokuta ka akọpụtara ihe omume ahụ, kamakwa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naịjirịa niile. [2] Onye odee Naijiria bụ Wole Soyinka ga-emesị kọọ mmetụta nke ngagharị iwe ndị a na 1981 memoir Ake: Afọ nke nwata. Ọgba aghara ahụ nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke ndị omebe iwu, gụnyere iwepụ ụtụ isi dị larịị, na nhọpụta nke Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ na otu kansụl oge na-achị mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe otu kansụl na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike dochie ya; nke a bụ nke mbụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnọchite anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara. [2] Ọ bụ ezie na AWU enwetala nnọchiteanya nwanyị na mpaghara, emeghị ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Abeokuta tinyere ụtụ isi mmiri ọhụrụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. A gụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụtụ isi mmiri kemgbe 1948. Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma mesịa jide ha, wee jide ha ọzọ mgbe ngagharị iwe malitere. E wepụghị ụtụ isi mmiri n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ruo n'afọ 1960, ya mere AWU jere ozi dị ka òtù dị mkpa iji tinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mba === N'afọ 1947, onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ sonye na ndị nnọchi anya NCNC asaa na London, England iji mee ngagharị iwe maka Iwu Richards nke afọ 1946. Iwu a, nke akpọrọ aha gọvanọ-ọchịchị Naijiria, Sir Arthur Richards, e mere ya iji mụbaa ụmụ amaala Naijiria na-etinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe ọ na-agbataghị ikike ndị ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị . Iwu ahụ jikwa ọtụtụ ndị Europe nọ na Executive Council site na usoro nhọpụta, kama ntuli aka ndị nnọchiteanya. Ransome-Kuti bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ; ha hapụrụ London na June 26, 1947. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA2-PA341|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor=Smith|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Lọndọn, Ransome-Kuti gwara ndị otu dị ka kọmitii nzuko omeiwu ụmụ nwanyị London na National Federation of Women's Institutes. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọchịchị colonial amanyela ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị, ma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba.[1] O dekwara edemede akpọrọ "Anyị nwere nha anya 'Ruo mgbe Briten bịara'" na Daily Worker, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị Yoruba nwere ihe onwunwe, na-azụ ahịa n'efu, ma nwee ikike, ruo mgbe ọchịchị colonial manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ dị ala n'ime ọha mmadụ.[2]. Echiche a na-etinye ya n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Cheryl Johnson Odim kwuru na-eme ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ụwa nke atọ. Alake na otu ndị inyom a ma ama akatọọla isiokwu a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4] Mgbe Western Provinces nke Naijiria zukọrọ n'afọ 1949 iji kparịta iwu ọhụrụ, Ransome-Kuti nọchitere anya Abeokuta ma bụrụ naanị nwanyị sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka siri ike maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na imegide usoro ntuli aka na-apụtaghị ìhè.[1] :  79 : 79 Na May 1949, Ransome-Kuti tụrụ aro ka e guzobe otu Nigerian Women's Union (NWU) iji kwalite ikike na nnwere onwe n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị AWU kwadoro atụmatụ ya, nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ngalaba Abeokuta nke NWU. [1] : 94 N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Ransome-Kuti mere njem nke ukwuu iji nyere aka guzobe alaka NWU n'obodo ukwu na obodo niile na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi dika onye isi NWU n'obodo ya bu Abeokuta. Ndị NWU gbasoro ebumnuche nke inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo kọleji ntuli aka, na ịkwado maka ezi nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] : 100-101  : 100-101 Ransome-Kuti bụ onye hibere pati NCNC, na 1951 ọ zọọrọ dịka onye NCNC na-azọ ọkwa maka ọgbakọ ọchịchị mana ọ garaghị nke ọma,[1] n'ihi na ụtụ isi pụrụiche nke ịtụ vootu pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ya - karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị - enweghị ike isonye. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ NCNC wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị NCNC na Western Region.[3] :  402 : 402 N'ime NCNC, Ransome-Kuti jere ozi dịka onye nhazi akụ na ụba maka kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe ọ na-edu otu ụmụ nwanyị pati na mpaghara ahụ; ọ bụ naanị onye otu nwanyị na-eje ozi n'ọrụ onye ndu.[1] Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nnọchiteanya nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ na-ekwuchitere Abeokuta n'oge mkparịta ụka dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ọchịchị General nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ iwu Naijiria site na 1948-1951.[2]. N'afọ 1953, Ransome-Kuti haziri nzukọ na Abeokuta iji kwurịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị 400 gara ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ ahụ. Ndị sonyere mechara guzobe Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of women's suffrage|date=2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-390-4|editor=Hannam|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251 251–253]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=44860746|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251}}</ref> FNWS mere mkpọsa maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, imeziwanye ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na ịmepụta ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nlekọta ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'oge mmalite afọ 1950, a họpụtara Ransome-Kuti na Western House of Chiefs, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Attoe|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gtHAQAAIAAJ&q=ransome|title=Margaret Ekpo: lioness in Nigerian politics|date=1993|publisher=ALF Publications|isbn=978-978-32319-1-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> e nyere ya [[Ọchịchị Naijiria|utu aha onye isi]] <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447|title=The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|others=Uglow, Jennifer S., Hinton, Frances., Hendry, Maggy.|isbn=1-55553-421-X|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447 447]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=41165272}}</ref> nke ''[[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Oloye]]'' nke ndị Yoruba na utu aha enyemaka nke ''Beere''. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'Lioness of Lisabi'|accessdate=July 14, 2025}} </ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Western House na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ọkwá n'Ụlọ Ndị Isi Naijiria ọ bụla n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kinni|first=Fongot Kini-Yen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54WoCgAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2015|isbn=978-9956-762-65-1|pages=803|chapter=Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vw4r.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluyemi|first=Oloyede|date=2016|title=Monitoring Participation of Women in Politics in Nigeria|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Finland_Oct2016/Documents/Nigeria_paper.pdf|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=United Nations Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị nkuzi nke Nigerian Union of Teachers . <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == '''Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe''' == N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1955, di ya, Israel Ransome-Kuti nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge. Ọnwụ di ya metụrụ Ransome-Kuti n'ahụ nke ukwuu, ebe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na ajụjụ ma ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji nwetakwuo oge ya.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 155-157 N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, n'akụkụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Ransome-Kuti malitere itinye oge na ego iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'Abeokuta - ọrụ nke sitere na nkwenye miri emi na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide nke ya na di ya kerịtara. <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 158–159 : 158–159  Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga ebe niile. Na kọntinent Africa, ọ malitere mmekọrịta siri ike na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị na Algeria, Egypt, na Ghana, [1] na nleta ya na mba ọzọ gụnyere njem na England, China, Soviet Union, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, na Poland.[2]. N'oge nleta ya na China na 1956, Ransome-Kuti kwuru okwu ihu ọha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na omenala Naijiria[1] wee zute Mao Zedong.[2] : 56 Ransome-Kuti nwere ọtụtụ echiche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ, [1] na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "African Socialist";[1] n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye ọchịchị Kọmunist, "ọ naghị atụ egwu ma ọ bụ chụọ ya site na ọchịchị Kọmunist".[3][4] :: 173  N'ihi na ọ gara China site na nkwado ego nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Otú ọ dị, Ransome-Kuti dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị Britain bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na WIDF kpọbatara ya ka ọ gbasaa echiche ndị Kọmunist. A jụrụ imeghari paspọtụ ya n'afọ na-esote.[3] : 151-152 N'afọ 1958, mgbe a kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bịa ogbako gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States, a jụrụ ya akwụkwọ visa US n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị kwenyere na o nwere "mmekọrịta ndị Kọmunist dị ukwuu". [5] Ọ bụ ezie na Ransome-Kuti nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị enyi a ma ama wee degara ndị ọrụ gọọmentị akwụkwọ mkpesa mkpesa, ọbụna na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi iji kwupụta na ọ bụghị onye Kọmunist, a leghaara arịrịọ ya anya. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Naijiria nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 ka e weghachiri paspọtụ Ransome-Kuti.[3] :  151–152 : 151–152 [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_and_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa.gif|alt=Image of Ransome-Kuti shaking hands with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria|thumb|Ransome-Kuti (n'aka ekpe) ekele [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], praịm minista mbụ nke Naịjirịa]] N'afọ 1959, mgbe a napụrụ Ransome-Kuti ohere nke abụọ ịzọ ọkwa NCNC, ọ zọọrọ onwe ya, mana mkpọsa ya kewara votu ma nyere onye na-emegide NCNC aka nweta oche. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ kagburu aha Ransome-Kuti.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu chọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị Commoners' People's Party, mana otu ahụ enwekwaghị ike, na-agbasa mgbe naanị otu afọ gasịrị.[2] N'oge a, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti kere National Council of Women's Societies na mgbalị iji dochie FNWS.[3] Mgbe nnwere onwe na 1960 gasịrị, Naijiria webatara ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ma nwoke ma nwanyị site n'iwu ọhụrụ ya. Northern Region nke Nigeria, nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Alakụba, enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka ozugbo (n'agbanyeghị na ọchịchị ndị agha mechara nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka na mpaghara ahụ na 1976). [1] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Afọ mmalite nke nnwere onwe nke Naijiria malitere n'ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha 1966 wetara mgbanwe nke ike, Ransome-Kuti chere na nke a bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma na nke dị mkpa maka mba ahụ, ma ọ katọrọ ime ihe ike nke sochiri mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị n'afọ ahụ.[1] O tinyere aka na otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), ịbụ onye isi ala alaka ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria kemgbe 1963.[1] Mgbe Naijiria nwechara onwe ya, Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga na Naịjirịa niile na-akwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ndị Pan-Africanist. Mgbe e gbusịrị Sharpeville na South Africa na 1960, ọ katọrọ ogbugbu ahụ n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nkwado ya na African National Congress, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machiri. [1] Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-ezighi ezi nye Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista mbụ nke Ghana. Nkrumah kwadoro usoro nhazi nke Ransome-Kuti dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite otu ndị inyom Ghana. [2] N'afọ 1965, Ransome-Kuti natara nsọpụrụ mba nke ịbụ onye otu Order of the Niger. Mahadum nke Ibadan nyere ya nzere doctorate nke iwu n'afọ 1968, <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref>:: 155  ma nata Lenin Peace Prize n'afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|author=Sansom|first=Ian|date=11 December 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=32|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa họpụtara Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Advisory Board of Education, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Federal Ministry of Education na iwebata ndị nkuzi si mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwa ya nwoke [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] kpaliri, onye gbanwere aha nna ya iji gosipụta ịtụfu mmetụta nke ndị Europe na-achị, Ransome-Kuti gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Anikulapo-Kuti" n'oge mmalite afọ 1970. Aha "Anikulapo" bụ okwu Yoruba ma enwere ike ịsụgharị ya ka ọ pụtara "onye na-achụ nta nke na-ebu ọnwụ n'ime akpa" ma ọ bụ "onye agha nke na-eburu nchebe siri ike".<ref name="Cheryl" />: 168 : 168  == Ọnwụ == N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ Anikulapo-Kuti, nwa ya nwoke bụ Fela, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike, bịara mara maka ịkatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naijiria n'ezoghị ọnụ. E jidere Fela ma tụọ ya obere oge na mbido 1970, ndị ọchịchị wakporo ụlọ ya na ihe onwunwe ya ọtụtụ oge. Iji gosi nlelị ya maka ikike nke Federation of Nigeria, ọ kpọrọ aha ala ya "Kalakuta Republic" [1]:: 168  wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya nwere ike ịgbakọta ma nọrọ oge n'atụghị egwu ndị ọchịchị. [2] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, ndị uweoji Naijiria jiri anyụike na gas anya mmiri wakporo ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị ya n'obodo, wee mee ka Fela nwee mmerụ ahụ dị egwu.[3] N'afọ 1976, Fela wepụtara album Zombie, bụ ebe o jiri ndị agha tụnyere igwe na-enweghị uche, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na album ahụ bụ ahịhịa ikpeazụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti Fela na gọọmentị. [2][4][4] Anikulapo-Kuti na-eleta nwa ya nwoke ugboro ugboro n'ogige ya, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ na 18 February 1977 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 ndị agha gbara gburugburu ma wakpoo ogige ahụ.[1] Mgbe ha banyere, ndị agha ahụ malitere ibibi ihe onwunwe ma wakpo ndị bi ebe ahụ. Egburu Fela na Bekolari ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu.[2] : 168–169 Anikulapo-Kuti si na windo ụlọ elu nke abụọ malie.[3] Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma mesịa daa n'ọkwa. Ọ nwụrụ na 13 Eprel 1978 site na mmerụ ahụ ya.[2] : 169-170 : 169-170 E liri Anikulapo-Kuti n'Abeokuta n'otu ili di ya. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bịara olili ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa mechiri ụlọ ahịa na ahịa n'ofe obodo ahụ iji gosi ọnwụ ya.[1] :: 170 ">: 171  Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria bipụtara ụtụ, na-akpọ onye ngagharị iwe ahụ "onye na-eme mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu" na "ọhụụ Pan-African"[1]: 170. N'otu afọ ncheta ọnwụ Anikulapo-Kuti, <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref>:: 171  Fela weere igbe ozu wee gaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 gaa Dodan Barracks na Lagos (n'oge ahụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa), na-ahapụ igbe ozu ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na mgbalị ime ihere gọọmentị <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/arts/music/armys-no-fan-but-singer-has-an-army-of-fans.html|title=Army's No Fan, but Singer Has an Army of Fans|author=Brooke|first=James|date=18 November 1988|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic|title=He was in a godlike state|author=Hannaford|first=Alex|date=25 July 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57C0d-Nl830C&pg=PA261|title=Culture + the State: Nationalisms (Critical Works from the Proceedings of the 2003 Conference at the University of Alberta)|author=Gabrielle Eva Marie Zezulka-Mailloux|publisher=CRC Studio|year=2003|isbn=978-1-551-9514-92}}</ref> A kọwapụtara mwakpo ahụ, ọnwụ ya, na mmegharị nke igbe ozu ahụ n'abụ ya "Igbe maka Onye isi ala". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/21-years-after-why-is-fela-remembered/|title=21 Years After, Why Is Fela Remembered?|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> == Usoro echiche na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ransome-Kuti kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa, nke ọ kọwara site na nkwenye ya na mmadụ nile, n'agbanyeghị okike, nwere ikike nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ụlọ, na enweghị ike nweta ikike ndị a n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike. [1] O kwuru na "ọ naghị atụ egwu, ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya, ọchịchị Kọmunist", n'agbanyeghị na o kwusiri ike na usoro echiche ya dị iche na echiche Soviet. Ụzọ Ransome-Kuti gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nhazi obodo, ịdị n'otu klaasị, na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Adam Mayer na-etinye Ransome-Kuti dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria siri ike, dịka ọbịbịa ya na-emegide ndị eze ukwu bụ ihe mmalite nke echiche ekpe nke malitere n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. [1] Ransome-Kuti na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. N'ime omume ya na ihe odide ya, ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị omenala Africa, na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị Africa. [1] Arụmụka a na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ wee jikọta Ransome-Kuti na ọdịnala sara mbara nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sub Saharan Africa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịkarị anya na ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ntọhapụ mba. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-elekarị Ransome-Kuti anya dị ka onye na-eme usoro usoro ihe omume nke na-edoghị anya ruo mgbe ọrụ ya gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, edemede Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" buru ụzọ chepụta echiche nwanyị Africa n'afọ 1985, agbanyeghị, ihe nketa Ransom-Kuti na-egosipụta otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute ikike mkpokọta karịa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ederede Catherine Obianju' Acholonu's 1995 Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism kwadoro usoro nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ime ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-azụ obodo; Ransome-Kuti kwuputara nke a site na nkwado ya na arụmụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ obodo, kwesịrị inwe nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Arụmụka ya bụ ma na mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke feminism na nne. [1] == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] N'afọOnye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] 2012, Central Bank of Nigeria tụrụ aro itinye onyinyo Ransome-Kuti na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ N5000 . N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, nwa nwa Ransome-Kuti, onye na-eti egwu Seun Kuti, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi na ọ hụrụ atụmatụ ahụ "dị egwu ikwu nke nta", n'ihi ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ n'ọnwụ nne nne ya.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti kwuru na ezinụlọ ya enwetụbeghị mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ e mere n'ogige ha, na nkwupụta gọọmentị na-ekwupụta na "otu puku ndị agha a na-amaghị ama" waporo Ransome-Kuti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/08/31/apologise-for-killing-my-grandmum-before-putting-her-face-on-naira-seun-kuti-tells-fg/|title=Apologise for killing my grandmum before putting her face on naira, Seun Kuti tells FG|date=31 August 2012|work=Channels Television|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Deola Sagoe]] gosipụtara Ransome-Kuti na ihe nkiri 2014 October 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/late-funmilayo-ransom-kuti-resurrects-in-new-movie-october-1/|title=Late Funmilayo Ransome Kuti resurrects in new movie…'1 October'|author=Mgolu|first=Charles|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=13 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]''<nowiki/>'afọ 2019, e ji Google Doodle nke onye Naijiria na-ese ihe nkiri [[Diana Ejaita]] mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/359508-google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-on-posthumous-birthday.html|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's on posthumous birthday|author=Jayne Augoye|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] duziri ihe nkiri, ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti'', nke na-akọ akụkọ Funmilayo; site n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta Grammar School ruo n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Cuti.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|publisher=Africa Research & Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite Best Overall Feature Film na Best Screenplay na 2023 Africa International Film Festival.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-442-2629-35|editor=Sheldon|chapter=Abeokuta Women's Union}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&pg=PA53|title=Women's History in Global Perspective, Volumes 2–3|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-0299-05}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], na [[Dele Odule]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/160896|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Na 17 Mee 2024, Tunde Babalola dekwara egwu egwu akpọrọ Funmilayo Ransome -Kuti. Dị ka ihe nkiri 2022, ọ na-egosi ndụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, malite n'afọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ma na-aga n'ihu na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Kuti. Ha abụọ chere ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu site n'iguzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta, nke butere ọgụ ike n'etiti ndị isi ọdịnala na ndị nwe ala na-emegide ịchụso ikpe ziri ezi na nha anya.[1]. Na 2025, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kahlil Joseph gosipụtara BLKNWS: Usoro & Ọnọdụ, ihe nkiri nnwale nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival. Emere ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 2025 wee gosipụta isi agwa aha ya bụ Funmi, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na aha ya bụ Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti. Ntinye ya na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe si na Josef chọpụtara na aha ya esonyeghị na mbata ezinụlọ ya na W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Encyclopedia. Enweghị ya na ederede agbakwunyere na fim ahụ dịka akụkụ nke ajụjụ ka ukwuu banyere ihe na onye e kpochapụrụ na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black, Joseph kwenyere na ọbịbịa ya abụghị ihe mberede, kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Byfield, Judith A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338582 "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Tax Revolt"]. ''Meridians'' '''3''' (2). JSTOR 40338582 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/frk_en.pdf ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Women's Union of Abeokuta'']. Ihe osise nke Alaba Onajin, edemede na ederede nke Obioma Ofoego, UNESCO, 2014 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUQ7uHJas4 Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na ndị isi Naijiria ndị ọzọ na London, England] na YouTube * Ihe ngosi banyere Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti nke Jad Abumrad (December 5, 2025) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hetacwgl4wyyy892p1i9llacftwa150 670962 670961 2026-07-02T00:47:15Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 670962 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti''' MON[a] (onye amụrụ '''Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas'''; 25 Ọktoba 1900 - 13 Eprel 1978), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti''', bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na-emegide ndị eze ukwu, Pan-Africanist, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti gosikwara onwe ya dị ka onye African Socialist.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=http://archive.org/details/forwomennationfu0000john|title=For women and the nation : Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|date=1997|publisher=Urbana : University of Illinois Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-252-02313-2}}</ref>  A mụrụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti na [[Abeokuta]], na Ogun State, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ gara Abeokuta Grammar School.<ref name="lioness-lisabi">{{Cite web|author=Agunbiade|first=Tayo|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'lioness of Lisabi'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye toro eto. == '''Ọrụ''' == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, na-ahazi ụfọdụ n'ime klas mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na mba ahụ ma na-ahapụ klas ịgụ na ide maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala, na-atọ ntọala dị mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ogundipe-Leslie|first=Molara|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Re_creating_Ourselves/SfzFMvqCJ3IC?hl=en|title=Re-creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations|date=1994|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-412-7|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, Ransome-Kuti tọrọ ntọala otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ma kwado maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na-achọ ka a na-anọchite anya ya n'ọchịchị ime obodo ma kwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi na-ezighi ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa. Ransome-Kuti duuru ngagharị iwe na nọdụ ọdụ nke ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị 10,000, na-amanye Alake na-achị ka ọ rituo obere oge na 1949. Ka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti na-abawanye, ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria, na-aga nzukọ na isonyere ndị nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ iji kparịta ụkpụrụ iwu obodo. N'ịbụ onye na-eduga n'ichepụta otu ndị inyom Naijiria na Federation of Nigeria Women's Societies, ọ kwadoro ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ịtụ vootu wee bụrụ onye ama ama na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ransome-Kuti ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na 1953[1], ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Nigeria nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) na 1963.[2]. N'ọrụ ndị a, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka wulite njikọ dị n'etiti otu ntọhapụ nke Naijiria na netwọk nke ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya dọtakwara mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ndị ọchịchị Britain jụrụ imegharị paspọtụ ya na 1957 na United States jụrụ inye ya visa na 1958, ebubo abụọ a na ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ n'oge Agha Nzuzo.[3] Ransome-Kuti natara Lenin Peace Prize ma nye ya onye otu Order of the Niger maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ kwadoro nkatọ ụmụ ya na-akatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asaa mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ na mwakpo ndị agha wakporo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. Ụmụ Ransome-Kuti gụnyere onye egwu [[Fela Kuti]] (onye a mụrụ Olufela Ransome-Cuti), dọkịta na onye na-eme ihe ike Beko Ransome-Suti, na Minista ahụike Olikoye Ransome-Muti. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas, na 25 Ọktoba 1900 na [[Abeokuta]], Ogun State, Nigeria, nke n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Southern Nigeria Protectorate, Protectorate nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869-1954), onye so n'ezinụlọ Jibolu-Taiwo, na Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874-1956). <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 20 Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma na-ere ihe ọkụkụ nkwụ, ebe nne ya na-eje ozi dị ka Onye na-emepụta ejiji.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna Frances gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Obodo Saro, nke nwere ndị si Sierra Leone lọta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Afrịka bụbu ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma weghachite na Freetown tupu ha alaghachi Yorubaland na narị afọ nke 19. Nna ya mụrụ Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, onye a mụrụ na Freetown, Sierra Leone, na Abigail Fakemi, onye a mụrụ n'obodo Ilesa nke Yoruba. Nna nna Frances kacha mara amara bụ nne nne ya, Sarah Taiwo (nne Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), nwanyị Yoruba nke ndị ahịa ohu nwụchiri na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ya na Abeokuta. Di mbụ Sarah bụ Sobowale Thomas. Ụmụ Sarah nke Thomas na ndị di ya abụọ ọzọ - ndị Jibolu-Taiwos - ghọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na mpaghara ahụ, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na uto nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Abeokuta. A mụrụ nne Frances n'aka Isaac Adeosolu, onye si Abeokuta, na Harriet, nwa nwanyị Adeboye, onye si n'obodo [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] oge ochie nke Ile-Ife. Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1897, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ nwụrụ na nwata tupu a mụọ Frances.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 19–23 : 19–23  [[Faịlụ:Abeokuta,_1929.png|alt=An aerial view of Abeokuta in 1929|thumb|Abeokuta na 1929]] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’oge ahụ ezinụlọ ndị Naijiria na-etinye nnukwu ego n’ịzụ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nne na nna Frances kweere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ agbọghọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ.[1] : 28 Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar Abeokuta maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. [2] Na mbido, ụlọ akwụkwọ a ghere oghe maka naanị ụmụ nwoke, mana ọ nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ ya na 1914, Frances bụ onye izizi n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ isii debanyere aha maka nkuzi n'afọ ahụ.[1] : 28–29 Site na 1919 ruo 1922, ọ gara Wincham Hall School for Girls na Cheshire, England, [3] [4] ebe ọ mụtara okwu, egwu, ejiji, French na nka ụlọ dị iche iche. Tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ ma laghachi Abeokuta n'afọ 1922, ọ hapụrụ aha Ndị Kraịst ya bụ Frances na Abigail ma họrọ ịkpọ aha Yoruba ya bụ Funmilayo, nke pụtara "Chineke enyela m ọṅụ". [5][6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 20 Jenụwarị 1925, Funmilayo lụrụ Reverend [[Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti]], onye so n'ezinụlọ Ransome-Cuti.<ref name="Cheryl" />: 33 Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ọtụtụ afọ n'ihu Funmilayo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha abụọ zụlitere ọbụbụenyi wee soro na mbedo.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 29 Israel chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwenyesiri ike n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ na imeri nkewa agbụrụ na mpaghara. O mechara bụrụ onye guzobere ma Nigeria Union of Teachers na nke Nigerian Union of Students . <ref name="Cheryl" />: 46-47 Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Funmilayo ga-adịru afọ 30 - ruo mgbe Israel nwụrụ - ma nwee mmetụta nke ịha nhata na nkwanye ùgwù miri emi n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 42 : 42  Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti hapụrụ ọrụ ochie ya dị ka onye nkuzi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ chọtara ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1928, o guzobere otu n'ime klas ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mbụ na Naịjirịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere klọb maka ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama iji gbaa "imeziwanye onwe ha" ume, ka ọ na-ahazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị akwụkwọ.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 38 N'agbata afọ 1935 na 1936, di na nwunye ahụ mere ndokwa ịzụta ụgbọ ala ochie ma zigara ha ya site na England. Ransome-Kuti bụ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta na-anya ụgbọala.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 48 : 48  Ransome-Kuti na di ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dolupo (1926) na ụmụ nwoke [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye "Koye"]] (1927), [[Fela Kuti|Olufela "Fela"]] (1938), na [[Beko Ransome-Kuti|Bekololari "Beko"]] (1940).<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 47 & 49 : 47 & 49  === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta ===   N'afọ 1932, Ransome-Kuti nyere aka guzobe otu ọgbakọ Ladies Abeokuta. [1] Klọb ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ebere, ịkwa akwa, isi nri na klas agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, [1] na ndị mbụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [1] sitere na klaasị etiti. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, otu ọ dị, klọb ahụ nọ na-atụgharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. N'ịbụ onye otu enyi ya na-agụghị akwụkwọ gbara ya ume, onye rịọrọ ya ka o nyere ya aka ịmụta ịgụ akwụkwọ, Ransome-Kuti malitere ịhazi klas maka ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa site na klọb, ma mesịa nweta nghọta ka ukwuu maka enweghị ahaghị n'etiti ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria chere ihu. [3] N'ịde banyere nnwere onwe nke ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ùgwù nyere ya, Ransome-Kuti kwuru na ezi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ga-ekpe ikpe site na "ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa n'azụ ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ... ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị na-eji tii, sugar, na ntụ ọka maka nri ụtụtụ" [4]. :: 174  N'afọ 1944, ọ malitere mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji kwụsị ndị ọchịchị obodo ịnara ụmụ nwanyị osikapa n'ahịa n'okpuru aghụghọ.[5] N'afọ 1946, a kpọgharịrị ọgbakọ ahụ aha otu ndị inyom Abeokuta (AWU), nke na-emepere ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na Abeokuta ugbu a. Òtù ahụ lekwasịrị anya ugbu a n'ịlụ ọgụ megide njikwa ọnụ ahịa na-ezighị ezi na ụtụ isi a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa, Ransome-Kuti dịka onyeisi oche AWU.[1]. Together with Grace Eniola Soyinka[2] (nwa nwanne nna ya na nne Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka),[3][4]:: 157  the AWU ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite na-anọchi anya ndị òtù 20,000, na-eme atụmatụ 100,000 ọzọ supporters.[5] N'ịgba mbọ ijikọ ụmụnwaanyị wee gbanarị otu n'otu, Ransome-Kuti na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọzọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-asụ asụsụ Yoruba ma na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nzukọ na mmemme. [6] N'afọ 1918, gọọmenti Abeokuta webatara ụtụ pụrụ iche nke chọrọ ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-atụ ụtụ isi malite n'afọ 15, afọ atọ tupu ụmụ nwoke emee mgbe ha dị afọ 18. [1] A na-enwe nrụgide na usoro ịnakọta ụtụ isi, ebe ndị ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-anapụ ụmụ nwanyị uwe ha n'ihi na ha na-agbalị ikpebi afọ ndụ ha, na-atụkwa ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mkpọrọ. [2] Site n'oge mgbasa ozi AWU na njedebe 1940s, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ echewo afọ iri atọ nke ụtụ isi na-enweghị ihe nnọchiteanya na gọọmentị; nke a ghọrọ isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ AWU. [1] [[Faịlụ:Alake's_Palace,_Abeokuta,_Ogun.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Obí eze Alake na Abeokuta.]] Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ a ma ama nke Ransome-Kuti bịara mgbe ọ duziri AWU na ngagharị iwe megide ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Na Abeokuta, n'akụkụ ụtụ isi maka ego a na-enweta na ojiji mmiri, a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ahịa ịkwụ ụtụ isi pụrụ iche nke na-aga kpọmkwem na ndị nlekọta ahịa ma ọ bụ "parakoyis".<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 78 Alake [[Ladapo Ademola|Ademola nke Abụọ]], onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Abeokuta nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị site na Ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, tụọla ụtụ isi n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e guzobere nchịkwa ala Egba na 1914. Mgbe arịrịọ dara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ka ha wepụ Alake dị ugbu a n'ọchịchị ma kwụsị ụtụ isi ahụ, Ransome-Kuti na AWU malitere ịkpọtụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ekesa arịrịọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịchọ itinye nrụgide na ndị ọchịchị, ndị otu AWU jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha n'ihu ọha, mee ogologo oge n'èzí obí Alake, ma hazie nyocha nke ndekọ ego nke Sole Native Authority System (SNA). Tinyere ebumnuche ha nke ịkwụsị ụtụ isi a na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị, ha chọrọ nnọchiteanya maka ụmụ nwanyị na kansụl SNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1947, ndị ọchịchị Abeokuta amalitela machibido ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe, na-agọnarị ha ikike dị mkpa. N'atụghị egwu, Ransome-Kuti na ndị otu ya kwupụtara na ha na-eme atụmatụ "picnics" na "ememme" kama, na-adọta ihe ruru 10,000 ndị sonyere na ngosi ha - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere esemokwu na ndị uwe ojii.[1]. : 81 Ransome-Kuti zụrụ ụmụnwaanyị ka ha na-esi edozi ite mmiri ndị a na-atụba ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị AWU na-akwụkwa ndị otu ya ụgwọ ka ha kwado nnochite anya iwu maka ndị ejidere.[1] : 81 Dị ka otu akụkọ si kwuo, mgbe otu onye isi obodo Britain tiri mkpu na Ransome-Kuti ka o mechie ụmụ nwanyị ya, ọ zara ya, "O nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ gị, ma a zụlitere gị! Ị ga-agwa nne gị okwu otú ahụ?" [1]: 84 Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kọwara ya dịka “Ọdụm Lisabi”. :  77 : 77 Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ngagharị iwe na ndị ọchịchị AWU dara n'isi n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1948 mgbe Alake tụnyere ụmụnwaanyị AWU na "ndị na-akpata nsogbu enweghị ike ịchịkwa" wee machibido Ransome-Kuti ịbanye n'obí maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ngwa ngwa ka nke ahụ mechara, ndị AWU gbochiri ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ eze ma jụ ikwe ka onye ọrụ mpaghara Britain bịara na nke ya pụọ. Ihe omume a kwụsịrị n'ọgụ mgbe Ransome-Kuti jidere wheel ụgbọ ala onye ọrụ mpaghara ma jụ ịhapụ ya "ruo mgbe ọ napụrụ aka ya"[1]. : 85 Ọmịiko ọhaneze tolitere n'ịkwado ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. Ná mmalite 1948, ndị òtù AWU nọgidere na-eme mkpesa, na-alụ ọgụ site na mkpesa, nnọkọ mgbasa ozi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ngosi. Ka emechara ngagharị iwe na ngwụcha Eprel nke afọ ahụ, Alake mechara zaghachi ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ, kwụsịtụrụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta kọmitii pụrụ iche ga-enyocha mkpesa AWU.[1]. : 86 : 86 Ndị AWU nwere ike ịchụpụ Alake nwa oge n'afọ 1949 site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. O mere nke a site na ngagharị iwe, ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, na onyinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, nakwa site n’ịbụ abụ mkparị ndị Yoruba n’èzí n’obí Alake dị ka ụdị mmechuihu ọha. [1] Ọrụ Ransome-Kuti na ndị AWU dọtara mmasị obodo, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Abeokuta ka akọpụtara ihe omume ahụ, kamakwa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naịjirịa niile. [2] Onye odee Naijiria bụ Wole Soyinka ga-emesị kọọ mmetụta nke ngagharị iwe ndị a na 1981 memoir Ake: Afọ nke nwata. Ọgba aghara ahụ nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke ndị omebe iwu, gụnyere iwepụ ụtụ isi dị larịị, na nhọpụta nke Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ na otu kansụl oge na-achị mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe otu kansụl na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike dochie ya; nke a bụ nke mbụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnọchite anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara. [2] Ọ bụ ezie na AWU enwetala nnọchiteanya nwanyị na mpaghara, emeghị ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Abeokuta tinyere ụtụ isi mmiri ọhụrụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. A gụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụtụ isi mmiri kemgbe 1948. Ransome-Kuti na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma mesịa jide ha, wee jide ha ọzọ mgbe ngagharị iwe malitere. E wepụghị ụtụ isi mmiri n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ruo n'afọ 1960, ya mere AWU jere ozi dị ka òtù dị mkpa iji tinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Funmilayo-Ransome-Kuti|title=Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigerian feminist and political leader|date=21 October 2019|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mba === N'afọ 1947, onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ sonye na ndị nnọchi anya NCNC asaa na London, England iji mee ngagharị iwe maka Iwu Richards nke afọ 1946. Iwu a, nke akpọrọ aha gọvanọ-ọchịchị Naijiria, Sir Arthur Richards, e mere ya iji mụbaa ụmụ amaala Naijiria na-etinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe ọ na-agbataghị ikike ndị ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị . Iwu ahụ jikwa ọtụtụ ndị Europe nọ na Executive Council site na usoro nhọpụta, kama ntuli aka ndị nnọchiteanya. Ransome-Kuti bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ; ha hapụrụ London na June 26, 1947. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA2-PA341|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|editor=Smith|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Lọndọn, Ransome-Kuti gwara ndị otu dị ka kọmitii nzuko omeiwu ụmụ nwanyị London na National Federation of Women's Institutes. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọchịchị colonial amanyela ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị, ma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba.[1] O dekwara edemede akpọrọ "Anyị nwere nha anya 'Ruo mgbe Briten bịara'" na Daily Worker, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị Yoruba nwere ihe onwunwe, na-azụ ahịa n'efu, ma nwee ikike, ruo mgbe ọchịchị colonial manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ dị ala n'ime ọha mmadụ.[2]. Echiche a na-etinye ya n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Cheryl Johnson Odim kwuru na-eme ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ụwa nke atọ. Alake na otu ndị inyom a ma ama akatọọla isiokwu a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4] Mgbe Western Provinces nke Naijiria zukọrọ n'afọ 1949 iji kparịta iwu ọhụrụ, Ransome-Kuti nọchitere anya Abeokuta ma bụrụ naanị nwanyị sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka siri ike maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na imegide usoro ntuli aka na-apụtaghị ìhè.[1] :  79 : 79 Na May 1949, Ransome-Kuti tụrụ aro ka e guzobe otu Nigerian Women's Union (NWU) iji kwalite ikike na nnwere onwe n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị AWU kwadoro atụmatụ ya, nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ngalaba Abeokuta nke NWU. [1] : 94 N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Ransome-Kuti mere njem nke ukwuu iji nyere aka guzobe alaka NWU n'obodo ukwu na obodo niile na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi dika onye isi NWU n'obodo ya bu Abeokuta. Ndị NWU gbasoro ebumnuche nke inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo kọleji ntuli aka, na ịkwado maka ezi nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] : 100-101  : 100-101 Ransome-Kuti bụ onye hibere pati NCNC, na 1951 ọ zọọrọ dịka onye NCNC na-azọ ọkwa maka ọgbakọ ọchịchị mana ọ garaghị nke ọma,[1] n'ihi na ụtụ isi pụrụiche nke ịtụ vootu pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ya - karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị - enweghị ike isonye. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ NCNC wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị NCNC na Western Region.[3] :  402 : 402 N'ime NCNC, Ransome-Kuti jere ozi dịka onye nhazi akụ na ụba maka kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe ọ na-edu otu ụmụ nwanyị pati na mpaghara ahụ; ọ bụ naanị onye otu nwanyị na-eje ozi n'ọrụ onye ndu.[1] Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nnọchiteanya nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ na-ekwuchitere Abeokuta n'oge mkparịta ụka dị mkpa na Nzukọ Ọchịchị General nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ iwu Naijiria site na 1948-1951.[2]. N'afọ 1953, Ransome-Kuti haziri nzukọ na Abeokuta iji kwurịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị 400 gara ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ ahụ. Ndị sonyere mechara guzobe Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of women's suffrage|date=2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-390-4|editor=Hannam|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251 251–253]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=44860746|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000hann/page/251}}</ref> FNWS mere mkpọsa maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, imeziwanye ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na ịmepụta ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nlekọta ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'oge mmalite afọ 1950, a họpụtara Ransome-Kuti na Western House of Chiefs, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Attoe|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gtHAQAAIAAJ&q=ransome|title=Margaret Ekpo: lioness in Nigerian politics|date=1993|publisher=ALF Publications|isbn=978-978-32319-1-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> e nyere ya [[Ọchịchị Naijiria|utu aha onye isi]] <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447|title=The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|others=Uglow, Jennifer S., Hinton, Frances., Hendry, Maggy.|isbn=1-55553-421-X|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/447 447]|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=41165272}}</ref> nke ''[[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Oloye]]'' nke ndị Yoruba na utu aha enyemaka nke ''Beere''. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/the-lioness-of-lisabi-who-ended-unfair-taxes-for-nigerian-women|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's 'Lioness of Lisabi'|accessdate=July 14, 2025}} </ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Western House na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere ọkwá n'Ụlọ Ndị Isi Naijiria ọ bụla n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kinni|first=Fongot Kini-Yen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54WoCgAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2015|isbn=978-9956-762-65-1|pages=803|chapter=Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vw4r.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluyemi|first=Oloyede|date=2016|title=Monitoring Participation of Women in Politics in Nigeria|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/Finland_Oct2016/Documents/Nigeria_paper.pdf|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=United Nations Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị nkuzi nke Nigerian Union of Teachers . <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == '''Mmachibido iwu njem na nnwere onwe''' == N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1955, di ya, Israel Ransome-Kuti nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge. Ọnwụ di ya metụrụ Ransome-Kuti n'ahụ nke ukwuu, ebe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na ajụjụ ma ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji nwetakwuo oge ya.<ref name="Cheryl" /> : 155-157 N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, n'akụkụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Ransome-Kuti malitere itinye oge na ego iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'Abeokuta - ọrụ nke sitere na nkwenye miri emi na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide nke ya na di ya kerịtara. <ref name="Cheryl" /> : 158–159 : 158–159  Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga ebe niile. Na kọntinent Africa, ọ malitere mmekọrịta siri ike na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị na Algeria, Egypt, na Ghana, [1] na nleta ya na mba ọzọ gụnyere njem na England, China, Soviet Union, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, na Poland.[2]. N'oge nleta ya na China na 1956, Ransome-Kuti kwuru okwu ihu ọha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na omenala Naijiria[1] wee zute Mao Zedong.[2] : 56 Ransome-Kuti nwere ọtụtụ echiche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ, [1] na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "African Socialist";[1] n'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye ọchịchị Kọmunist, "ọ naghị atụ egwu ma ọ bụ chụọ ya site na ọchịchị Kọmunist".[3][4] :: 173  N'ihi na ọ gara China site na nkwado ego nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Otú ọ dị, Ransome-Kuti dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị Britain bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na WIDF kpọbatara ya ka ọ gbasaa echiche ndị Kọmunist. A jụrụ imeghari paspọtụ ya n'afọ na-esote.[3] : 151-152 N'afọ 1958, mgbe a kpọrọ Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bịa ogbako gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States, a jụrụ ya akwụkwọ visa US n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị kwenyere na o nwere "mmekọrịta ndị Kọmunist dị ukwuu". [5] Ọ bụ ezie na Ransome-Kuti nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị enyi a ma ama wee degara ndị ọrụ gọọmentị akwụkwọ mkpesa mkpesa, ọbụna na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi iji kwupụta na ọ bụghị onye Kọmunist, a leghaara arịrịọ ya anya. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Naijiria nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 ka e weghachiri paspọtụ Ransome-Kuti.[3] :  151–152 : 151–152 [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_and_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa.gif|alt=Image of Ransome-Kuti shaking hands with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria|thumb|Ransome-Kuti (n'aka ekpe) ekele [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], praịm minista mbụ nke Naịjirịa]] N'afọ 1959, mgbe a napụrụ Ransome-Kuti ohere nke abụọ ịzọ ọkwa NCNC, ọ zọọrọ onwe ya, mana mkpọsa ya kewara votu ma nyere onye na-emegide NCNC aka nweta oche. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị otu ahụ kagburu aha Ransome-Kuti.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu chọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị Commoners' People's Party, mana otu ahụ enwekwaghị ike, na-agbasa mgbe naanị otu afọ gasịrị.[2] N'oge a, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ransome-Kuti kere National Council of Women's Societies na mgbalị iji dochie FNWS.[3] Mgbe nnwere onwe na 1960 gasịrị, Naijiria webatara ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ma nwoke ma nwanyị site n'iwu ọhụrụ ya. Northern Region nke Nigeria, nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Alakụba, enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka ozugbo (n'agbanyeghị na ọchịchị ndị agha mechara nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka na mpaghara ahụ na 1976). [1] [[Faịlụ:Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_graduate.png|thumb|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] Afọ mmalite nke nnwere onwe nke Naijiria malitere n'ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha 1966 wetara mgbanwe nke ike, Ransome-Kuti chere na nke a bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma na nke dị mkpa maka mba ahụ, ma ọ katọrọ ime ihe ike nke sochiri mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị n'afọ ahụ.[1] O tinyere aka na otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), ịbụ onye isi ala alaka ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria kemgbe 1963.[1] Mgbe Naijiria nwechara onwe ya, Ransome-Kuti gara n'ihu na-aga na Naịjirịa niile na-akwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ndị Pan-Africanist. Mgbe e gbusịrị Sharpeville na South Africa na 1960, ọ katọrọ ogbugbu ahụ n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nkwado ya na African National Congress, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machiri. [1] Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-ezighi ezi nye Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista mbụ nke Ghana. Nkrumah kwadoro usoro nhazi nke Ransome-Kuti dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite otu ndị inyom Ghana. [2] N'afọ 1965, Ransome-Kuti natara nsọpụrụ mba nke ịbụ onye otu Order of the Niger. Mahadum nke Ibadan nyere ya nzere doctorate nke iwu n'afọ 1968, <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expanding the boundaries of women's history : essays on women in the Third World|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33097-1|editor=Johnson-Odim|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144 144–157]|chapter=On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence|oclc=24912498|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/expandingboundar0000john/page/144}}</ref>:: 155  ma nata Lenin Peace Prize n'afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|author=Sansom|first=Ian|date=11 December 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=32|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa họpụtara Ransome-Kuti ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Advisory Board of Education, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Federal Ministry of Education na iwebata ndị nkuzi si mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|pages=176–178|chapter=Ransome-Kuti, Funmilayo|oclc=706025122}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwa ya nwoke [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] kpaliri, onye gbanwere aha nna ya iji gosipụta ịtụfu mmetụta nke ndị Europe na-achị, Ransome-Kuti gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Anikulapo-Kuti" n'oge mmalite afọ 1970. Aha "Anikulapo" bụ okwu Yoruba ma enwere ike ịsụgharị ya ka ọ pụtara "onye na-achụ nta nke na-ebu ọnwụ n'ime akpa" ma ọ bụ "onye agha nke na-eburu nchebe siri ike".<ref name="Cheryl" />: 168 : 168  == Ọnwụ == N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ Anikulapo-Kuti, nwa ya nwoke bụ Fela, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike, bịara mara maka ịkatọ ọchịchị ndị agha Naijiria n'ezoghị ọnụ. E jidere Fela ma tụọ ya obere oge na mbido 1970, ndị ọchịchị wakporo ụlọ ya na ihe onwunwe ya ọtụtụ oge. Iji gosi nlelị ya maka ikike nke Federation of Nigeria, ọ kpọrọ aha ala ya "Kalakuta Republic" [1]:: 168  wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya nwere ike ịgbakọta ma nọrọ oge n'atụghị egwu ndị ọchịchị. [2] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, ndị uweoji Naijiria jiri anyụike na gas anya mmiri wakporo ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị ya n'obodo, wee mee ka Fela nwee mmerụ ahụ dị egwu.[3] N'afọ 1976, Fela wepụtara album Zombie, bụ ebe o jiri ndị agha tụnyere igwe na-enweghị uche, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na album ahụ bụ ahịhịa ikpeazụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti Fela na gọọmentị. [2][4][4] Anikulapo-Kuti na-eleta nwa ya nwoke ugboro ugboro n'ogige ya, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ na 18 February 1977 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 ndị agha gbara gburugburu ma wakpoo ogige ahụ.[1] Mgbe ha banyere, ndị agha ahụ malitere ibibi ihe onwunwe ma wakpo ndị bi ebe ahụ. Egburu Fela na Bekolari ma merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu.[2] : 168–169 Anikulapo-Kuti si na windo ụlọ elu nke abụọ malie.[3] Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma mesịa daa n'ọkwa. Ọ nwụrụ na 13 Eprel 1978 site na mmerụ ahụ ya.[2] : 169-170 : 169-170 E liri Anikulapo-Kuti n'Abeokuta n'otu ili di ya. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bịara olili ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa mechiri ụlọ ahịa na ahịa n'ofe obodo ahụ iji gosi ọnwụ ya.[1] :: 170 ">: 171  Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Naijiria bipụtara ụtụ, na-akpọ onye ngagharị iwe ahụ "onye na-eme mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu" na "ọhụụ Pan-African"[1]: 170. N'otu afọ ncheta ọnwụ Anikulapo-Kuti, <ref name="Cheryl">{{Cite book|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1997|isbn=0-252-06613-8}}</ref>:: 171  Fela weere igbe ozu wee gaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 gaa Dodan Barracks na Lagos (n'oge ahụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa), na-ahapụ igbe ozu ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na mgbalị ime ihere gọọmentị <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/18/arts/music/armys-no-fan-but-singer-has-an-army-of-fans.html|title=Army's No Fan, but Singer Has an Army of Fans|author=Brooke|first=James|date=18 November 1988|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic|title=He was in a godlike state|author=Hannaford|first=Alex|date=25 July 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57C0d-Nl830C&pg=PA261|title=Culture + the State: Nationalisms (Critical Works from the Proceedings of the 2003 Conference at the University of Alberta)|author=Gabrielle Eva Marie Zezulka-Mailloux|publisher=CRC Studio|year=2003|isbn=978-1-551-9514-92}}</ref> A kọwapụtara mwakpo ahụ, ọnwụ ya, na mmegharị nke igbe ozu ahụ n'abụ ya "Igbe maka Onye isi ala". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/21-years-after-why-is-fela-remembered/|title=21 Years After, Why Is Fela Remembered?|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> == Usoro echiche na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ransome-Kuti kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa, nke ọ kọwara site na nkwenye ya na mmadụ nile, n'agbanyeghị okike, nwere ikike nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ụlọ, na enweghị ike nweta ikike ndị a n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike. [1] O kwuru na "ọ naghị atụ egwu, ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya, ọchịchị Kọmunist", n'agbanyeghị na o kwusiri ike na usoro echiche ya dị iche na echiche Soviet. Ụzọ Ransome-Kuti gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nhazi obodo, ịdị n'otu klaasị, na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Adam Mayer na-etinye Ransome-Kuti dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria siri ike, dịka ọbịbịa ya na-emegide ndị eze ukwu bụ ihe mmalite nke echiche ekpe nke malitere n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. [1] Ransome-Kuti na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ya na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. N'ime omume ya na ihe odide ya, ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị omenala Africa, na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị Africa. [1] Arụmụka a na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ wee jikọta Ransome-Kuti na ọdịnala sara mbara nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sub Saharan Africa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịkarị anya na ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ntọhapụ mba. [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-elekarị Ransome-Kuti anya dị ka onye na-eme usoro usoro ihe omume nke na-edoghị anya ruo mgbe ọrụ ya gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, edemede Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" buru ụzọ chepụta echiche nwanyị Africa n'afọ 1985, agbanyeghị, ihe nketa Ransom-Kuti na-egosipụta otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute ikike mkpokọta karịa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ederede Catherine Obianju' Acholonu's 1995 Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism kwadoro usoro nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ime ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-azụ obodo; Ransome-Kuti kwuputara nke a site na nkwado ya na arụmụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ obodo, kwesịrị inwe nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Arụmụka ya bụ ma na mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke feminism na nne. [1] == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] N'afọOnye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Cheryl Johnson-Odim na-ekwu na aha Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ka amara nke ọma na Nigeria na na "ọ dịghị nwanyị Naijiria ọzọ n'oge ya dị ka onye mba ma ọ bụ nwee [ụdị ahụ] mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na njikọ"[1]: 144  Onye na-akwado Naijiria bụ Hajiya Gambo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Margaret Ekpo abụọ aha ya bụ Ransome-Kuti, na mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ ha. Onye edemede nwanyị Naijiria-British bụ Amina Mama akọwapụtala mbọ Ransome-Kuti mere ka okwukwe na echiche nke onwe ya dị.[3] Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (onye mechara bụrụ Prime Minister nke Ghana) bụ Ransome-Kuti nwere mmụọ mmụọ siri ike na nhazi mmalite ya nke otu ndị inyom Ghana.[4] 2012, Central Bank of Nigeria tụrụ aro itinye onyinyo Ransome-Kuti na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ N5000 . N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, nwa nwa Ransome-Kuti, onye na-eti egwu Seun Kuti, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi na ọ hụrụ atụmatụ ahụ "dị egwu ikwu nke nta", n'ihi ọrụ gọọmentị rụrụ n'ọnwụ nne nne ya.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti kwuru na ezinụlọ ya enwetụbeghị mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ e mere n'ogige ha, na nkwupụta gọọmentị na-ekwupụta na "otu puku ndị agha a na-amaghị ama" waporo Ransome-Kuti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/08/31/apologise-for-killing-my-grandmum-before-putting-her-face-on-naira-seun-kuti-tells-fg/|title=Apologise for killing my grandmum before putting her face on naira, Seun Kuti tells FG|date=31 August 2012|work=Channels Television|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Deola Sagoe]] gosipụtara Ransome-Kuti na ihe nkiri 2014 October 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/late-funmilayo-ransom-kuti-resurrects-in-new-movie-october-1/|title=Late Funmilayo Ransome Kuti resurrects in new movie…'1 October'|author=Mgolu|first=Charles|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=13 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa ''[[October 1 (film)|Ọktoba 1]]''<nowiki/>'afọ 2019, e ji Google Doodle nke onye Naijiria na-ese ihe nkiri [[Diana Ejaita]] mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/359508-google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-on-posthumous-birthday.html|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's on posthumous birthday|author=Jayne Augoye|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/google-celebrates-funmilayo-ransome-kutis-119th-birthday-with-a-doodle/|title=Google celebrates Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's 119th birthday with a doodle|author=Daniel|first=Eniola|date=25 October 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] duziri ihe nkiri, ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti'', nke na-akọ akụkọ Funmilayo; site n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị mbụ na Abeokuta Grammar School ruo n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Cuti.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|publisher=Africa Research & Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-59221-209-3}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite Best Overall Feature Film na Best Screenplay na 2023 Africa International Film Festival.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-442-2629-35|editor=Sheldon|chapter=Abeokuta Women's Union}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&pg=PA53|title=Women's History in Global Perspective, Volumes 2–3|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-0299-05}}</ref> Ọ na-egosi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], na [[Dele Odule]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/160896|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Na 17 Mee 2024, Tunde Babalola dekwara egwu egwu akpọrọ Funmilayo Ransome -Kuti. Dị ka ihe nkiri 2022, ọ na-egosi ndụ Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, malite n'afọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Abeokuta Grammar School ma na-aga n'ihu na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Israel Ransome-Kuti. Ha abụọ chere ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu site n'iguzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị Abeokuta, nke butere ọgụ ike n'etiti ndị isi ọdịnala na ndị nwe ala na-emegide ịchụso ikpe ziri ezi na nha anya.[1]. Na 2025, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kahlil Joseph gosipụtara BLKNWS: Usoro & Ọnọdụ, ihe nkiri nnwale nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival. Emere ihe nkiri a na Nọvemba 2025 wee gosipụta isi agwa aha ya bụ Funmi, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na aha ya bụ Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti. Ntinye ya na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe si na Josef chọpụtara na aha ya esonyeghị na mbata ezinụlọ ya na W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Encyclopedia. Enweghị ya na ederede agbakwunyere na fim ahụ dịka akụkụ nke ajụjụ ka ukwuu banyere ihe na onye e kpochapụrụ na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black, Joseph kwenyere na ọbịbịa ya abụghị ihe mberede, kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Byfield, Judith A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338582 "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Tax Revolt"]. ''Meridians'' '''3''' (2). JSTOR 40338582 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/publications/frk_en.pdf ''Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Women's Union of Abeokuta'']. Ihe osise nke Alaba Onajin, edemede na ederede nke Obioma Ofoego, UNESCO, 2014 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUQ7uHJas4 Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na ndị isi Naijiria ndị ọzọ na London, England] na YouTube * Ihe ngosi banyere Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti nke Jad Abumrad (December 5, 2025) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8f14yr7r7jqq3wrjpb5kbvy6mlmlewb Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu 0 9220 670923 228674 2026-07-01T22:33:46Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346550022|Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu]]" 670923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu | image = So mezu.jpg | width = 150px | office1 = Chairman, [[Imo State]] [[Nigerian Peoples Party]] | termstart1 = June 1978 | termend1 = 1979 | predecessor1 = | office2 = Chairman, Imo Newspapers | termstart2 = 1980 | termend2 = 1981 | birth_date = April 30, 1941 | birth_place = [[Emekuku]], [[Owerri]], [[Imo State]], [[Nigeria]] | party = Congress for Progressive Change | spouse = [[Dr. Rose Mezu]] | education = B.A. in French, LL.B., M.A. & Ph.D in Romance Languages }} Dr Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu // ⓘ (amụrụ na Eprel 30, 1941) bụ onye edemede Naịjirịa, ọkà mmụta, onye na-eme ebere, na onye mbipụta akwụkwọ. Ọ tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa na ngwụcha afọ 1970. == Nzụlite == A mụrụ Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu n'abalị iri atọ nke ọnwa Eprel, afọ 1941, na Ezeogba, Emekuku, Owerri, Imo State. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta B.A. na French (1964) na ụmụ akwụkwọ na German na Philosophy na Georgetown University. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta LL.B. na afọ 1966 na La Salle Extension University, Chicago, na akara ugo mmụta M.A. (1966), Ph.D (1967) na asụsụ Romance na Mahadum Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mezu|first=Sebastian Okechukwu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OH8JwAACAAJ|title=Nigeria Ojukwu Azikiwe Biafra Beyond the Rising Sun|date=April 2013|publisher=Black Academy Press|isbn=978-0-87831-071-5|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba ofesi == Mgbe agha Biafra malitere na 1967, n'ihi nnabata nke onyinye bara uru ya na ngagharị iwe ya dịka nwa akwụkwọ nta na mba Amerịka, ebe o jiri aka ya tụgharịa akwụkwọ maka obodo ya gaa na asụsụ French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, a họpụtara Mezu dịka onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke gọọmentị Biafra na onye nnọchi anya na Abidjan, Ivory Coast, mgbe ọ dị afọ 27 site n'aka C. Odumegwu Ojukwu ma nye ya ọrụ na okwu gbasara ndị na-akpọ Francophone na Anglophone West Afrika Mezu so bụrụ onye guzobere na osote onye isi nke Biafra Historical Research Center, Paris, Julaị 1967 – Julaị 1968, onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya mba Biafra na France na Europe. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Biafra na ọkachamara na France na ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya udo dịka Ivory Coast (Onyeisiala Félix Houphouët-Boigny), Senegal, (Onyeisiala Leopold Sedar Senghor), Gabon (Onyeisiala Albert Bernard Bongo), ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Biafra na ọkachamara na French na ogbako udo dị iche iche na Niamey, Niger Republic (Onyeisiala Hamani Diori, 1968) na na Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia (Emperor Haile Selassie, 1968). == Ụlọ Mbipụta Black Academy == Na 1969, Mezu hiwere Black Academy Press, Inc, na Buffalo, New York,[1] otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ mbụ nke ndị isi ojii nwere nke setịpụrụ ihe ngosi maka ọmụmụ ihe Africana na 1960s na US. Black Academy Press ka bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ ojii kacha ogologo oge taa. == ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 1970, Mezu hiwere ngalaba Imo State nke Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) ma dịka odeakwụkwọ nke NPP, o tinyere ma nyere aka họpụta Gọvanọ Samuel Onunaka Sam Mbakwe na ndị ọzọ a ma ama. Mgbe NPP gara nke ọma na ntuli aka ahụ, Mezu ghọrọ Onyeisi oche nke Golden Breweries Limited (1979–80), na-emegharị ma na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmanya ahụ dịghachi ndụ n'oge mgbasawanye nke $50 nde; nakwa dịka onyeisi oche nke Imo State Newspapers Ltd ebe o mere ka onye Nigeria Statesman gbasaa kwa ụbọchị site na 50,000 ruo 150,000. Ọ bụ Onyeisi Mgbasa Ozi, Odeakwụkwọ pati na onye isi nhazi nke NPP, onye meriri nke ọma (ihe karịrị 80%) na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Imo Steeti, gọvanọ na onyeisiala na Naịjirịa na 1979. == Akwụkwọ edemede ahọpụtara == * The Philosophy of Pan-Africanism, onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press, 1965, 142 pp. * The Tropical Dawn (abụ), Baltimore, Maryland, 1966; Buffalo, NY: Black Academy Press, Inc., 1970, 60 p. * Leopold Sédar Senghor na nchekwa na ihe osise nke mmepeanya ndị isi ojii, Paris: Marcel Didier, 1968, 232 pp. * Black Leaders of the Centuries, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na Ram Desai. Buffalo: Black Academy Press, 1970, 302 peeji. * Behind the Rising Sun (akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere agha Biafra). London, William Heinemann, 1971, 242p; akwụkwọ mpịakọta (African Writers Series, No. 113) London, Heinemann Educational Books, 1972. * Modern Black Literature, onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Buffalo: Black Academy Press, 1971 * The Literary Works of Senghor, London Heinemann Educational Books, 1972, 121 pp. * Igbo Market Literature, onye nchịkọta. 5 mpịakọta, Buffalo: Black Academy Press, 1972, 4000 peeji. * The Meaning of Africa to Afro-Americans: A Comparative Study Of Race & Racism, onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Buffalo: Black Academy Press, 1972, 175 peeji. * ''Umu Ejima'' (Ụmụ ejima). Ntinye Igbo nke egwuregwu Latin ''Menaechmi'' nke Plautus. Owerri: Black Academy Press, 1975, 60 peeji. * ''Leopold Sedar Senghor'' London: Heinemann, 1973. * Ken Saro-Wiwa: The Life and Times, onye nchịkọta akụkọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edensibia == [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o9s1kcw2yoohwokqd66jbs4cbfqcxvi Maureen Mmadu 0 10182 671000 90318 2026-07-02T06:33:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maureen Nkeiruka Mmadu''' (amụrụ 7 Mee afọ 1975) Ọ bụ nwaafọ [[Naijiria|Naijiria bụ]] onye nchikwa na bọọlụ ma ọ bu bu midFielder. Dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọ na-anọchi anya Avaldsnes IL n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, otu Ngalaba nke mbụ dabere na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Norway]] . Ọ gbaraa ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọlụ na Toppserien nke Norway ya na Linköpings FC na QBIK na Swedish Damallsvenskan . == Ọrụ == O gwuburu ndi Klepp IL egwuregwu na Norwegian Toppserien . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]]|title=Ikidi og Mmadu har riktige lønnsbet|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/rogaland/sport_nrk_rogaland/1.247389|language=Norwegian|date=13 October 2005}}</ref> Mmadu gbara Kolbotn na Oslo, Norway maka oge 2010, wee nyere ha aka i nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na otu egwuregwu Toppserien . <ref>[http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/101112/I_played_for_Nigeria_while_my_mum_died 'I played for Nigeria while my mum died']</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ ya ka ọ na-egwuru Avaldsnes IL na asọmpi nke Oslo na 5 Febụwari afọ 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ |title=Lyn-Avaldsnes Final 5 February 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012 |archivedate=3 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803195339/http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ }}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ bụ onye otu na-ahụ maka Naịjirịa ma mee ihe karịrị otu narị egwuregwu maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa, <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=FIFA Women's Century Club|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/60/womenscenturyclub.pdf|date=25 August 2009}}</ref> gụnyere ịpụta ugboro anọ na FIFA World Cups wee sọọ mpi na 2000 na 2004 Summer Olympics . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Sports Reference|title=Maureen Mmadu Biography and Statistics|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mm/maureen-mmadu-1.html}}</ref> == Ebe m si nwete == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ivdvogjq48m1gppcaqs6i7h56t5rapa Module:Coordinates 828 10595 670724 660136 2026-07-01T16:40:59Z Ahecht 14587 Copy from sandbox. Implement parsing of coordinates from a single parameter. Feel free to roll back if there are unintended consequences. 670724 Scribunto text/plain --[[ This module is intended to replace the functionality of {{Coord}} and related templates. It provides several methods, including {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} : General function formatting and displaying coordinate values. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms }} : Simple function for converting decimal degree values to DMS format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec }} : Simple function for converting DMS format to decimal degree format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} : Export the link used to reach the tools ]] require('strict') local math_mod = require("Module:Math") local coordinates = {}; local isSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true); local current_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local page_name = mw.uri.encode( current_page.prefixedText, 'WIKI' ); local coord_link = 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=' .. page_name .. '&params=' --[[ Helper function, replacement for {{coord/display/title}} ]] local function displaytitle(coords) return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'indicator', args = { name = 'coordinates' }, content = '<span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: ' .. coords .. '</span>' } end --[[ Helper function, used in detecting DMS formatting ]] local function dmsTest(first, second) if type(first) ~= 'string' or type(second) ~= 'string' then return nil end local s = (first .. second):upper() return s:find('^[NS][EW]$') or s:find('^[EW][NS]$') end --[[ Wrapper function to grab args, see Module:Arguments for this function's documentation. ]] local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Coord' }) return coordinates[funcName](args, frame) end end --[[ Helper function, handle optional args. ]] local function optionalArg(arg, supplement) return arg and arg .. supplement or '' end --[[ Formats any error messages generated for display ]] local function errorPrinter(errors) local result = "" for i,v in ipairs(errors) do result = result .. '<strong class="error">Coordinates: ' .. v[2] .. '</strong><br />' end return result end --[[ Determine the required CSS class to display coordinates Usually geo-nondefault is hidden by CSS, unless a user has overridden this for himself default is the mode as specificied by the user when calling the {{coord}} template mode is the display mode (dec or dms) that we will need to determine the css class for ]] local function displayDefault(default, mode) if default == "" then default = "dec" end if default == mode then return "geo-default" else return "geo-nondefault" end end --[[ specPrinter Output formatter. Takes the structure generated by either parseDec or parseDMS and formats it for inclusion on Wikipedia. ]] local function specPrinter(args, coordinateSpec) local uriComponents = coordinateSpec["param"] if uriComponents == "" then -- RETURN error, should never be empty or nil return "ERROR param was empty" end if args["name"] then uriComponents = uriComponents .. "&title=" .. mw.uri.encode(coordinateSpec["name"]) end local geodmshtml = '<span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. '<span class="latitude">' .. coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] .. '</span> ' .. '<span class="longitude">' ..coordinateSpec["dms-long"] .. '</span>' .. '</span>' local lat = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] ) or 0 local geodeclat if lat < 0 then -- FIXME this breaks the pre-existing precision geodeclat = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-lat"]):sub(2) .. "°S" else geodeclat = (coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] or 0) .. "°N" end local long = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-long"] ) or 0 local geodeclong if long < 0 then -- FIXME does not handle unicode minus geodeclong = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-long"]):sub(2) .. "°W" else geodeclong = (coordinateSpec["dec-long"] or 0) .. "°E" end local geodechtml = '<span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. geodeclat .. ' ' .. geodeclong .. '</span>' local geonumhtml = '<span class="geo">' .. coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] .. '; ' .. coordinateSpec["dec-long"] .. '</span>' local inner = '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dms" ) .. '">' .. geodmshtml .. '</span>' .. '<span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span>' .. '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dec" ) .. '">'; if not args["name"] then inner = inner .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span></span>' else inner = inner .. '<span class="vcard">' .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span>' .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. args["name"] .. '</span>)</span></span></span>' end local stylesheetLink = 'Module:Coordinates' .. ( isSandbox and '/sandbox' or '' ) .. '/styles.css' return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = stylesheetLink } } .. '<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[' .. coord_link .. uriComponents .. ' ' .. inner .. ']</span>' .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]' end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees ]] local function convert_dec2dms_d(coordinate) local d = math_mod._round( coordinate, 0 ) .. "°" return d .. "" end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees and minutes ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dm(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60, 0 ); local m = coordinate % 60; coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees, minutes, and seconds ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dms(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60 * 60, 0 ); local s = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - s) / 60 ); local m = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) .. string.format( "%02d″", s ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal latitude or longitude to degrees, minutes, and seconds format based on the specified precision. ]] local function convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) local coord = tonumber(coordinate) local postfix if coord >= 0 then postfix = firstPostfix else postfix = secondPostfix end precision = precision:lower(); if precision == "dms" then return convert_dec2dms_dms( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "dm" then return convert_dec2dms_dm( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "d" then return convert_dec2dms_d( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; end end --[[ Convert DMS format into a N or E decimal coordinate ]] local function convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees_str, minutes_str, seconds_str) local degrees = tonumber(degrees_str) local minutes = tonumber(minutes_str) or 0 local seconds = tonumber(seconds_str) or 0 local factor = 1 if direction == "S" or direction == "W" then factor = -1 end local precision = 0 if seconds_str then precision = 5 + math.max( math_mod._precision(seconds_str), 0 ); elseif minutes_str and minutes_str ~= '' then precision = 3 + math.max( math_mod._precision(minutes_str), 0 ); else precision = math.max( math_mod._precision(degrees_str), 0 ); end local decimal = factor * (degrees+(minutes+seconds/60)/60) return string.format( "%." .. precision .. "f", decimal ) -- not tonumber since this whole thing is string based. end --[[ Checks input values to for out of range errors. ]] local function validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, source, strong ) local errors = {}; lat_d = tonumber( lat_d ) or 0; lat_m = tonumber( lat_m ) or 0; lat_s = tonumber( lat_s ) or 0; long_d = tonumber( long_d ) or 0; long_m = tonumber( long_m ) or 0; long_s = tonumber( long_s ) or 0; if strong then if lat_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end if long_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end --[[ #coordinates is inconsistent about whether this is an error. If globe: is specified, it won't error on this condition, but otherwise it will. For not simply disable this check. if long_d > 180 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees > 180 with hemisphere flag"}) end ]] end if lat_d > 90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees > 90"}) end if lat_d < -90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < -90"}) end if lat_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes >= 60"}) end if lat_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes < 0"}) end if lat_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds >= 60"}) end if lat_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds < 0"}) end if long_d >= 360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees >= 360"}) end if long_d <= -360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees <= -360"}) end if long_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes >= 60"}) end if long_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes < 0"}) end if long_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds >= 60"}) end if long_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds < 0"}) end return errors; end --[[ parseDec Transforms decimal format latitude and longitude into the structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDec( lat, long, format ) local coordinateSpec = {} local errors = {} if not long then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Missing longitude"}} elseif not tonumber(long) then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number: " .. long}} end errors = validate( lat, nil, nil, long, nil, nil, 'parseDec', false ); coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = lat; coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = long; local mode = coordinates.determineMode( lat, long ); coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = convert_dec2dms( lat, "N", "S", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{1}}}|N|S|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = convert_dec2dms( long, "E", "W", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{2}}}|E|W|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dec" end return coordinateSpec, errors end --[[ parseDMS Transforms degrees, minutes, seconds format latitude and longitude into the a structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDMS( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, lat_f, long_d, long_m, long_s, long_f, format ) local coordinateSpec, errors, backward = {}, {} lat_f = lat_f:upper(); long_f = long_f:upper(); -- Check if specified backward if lat_f == 'E' or lat_f == 'W' then lat_d, long_d, lat_m, long_m, lat_s, long_s, lat_f, long_f, backward = long_d, lat_d, long_m, lat_m, long_s, lat_s, long_f, lat_f, true; end errors = validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, 'parseDMS', true ); if not long_d then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Missing longitude" }} elseif not tonumber(long_d) then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number:" .. long_d }} end if not lat_m and not lat_s and not long_m and not long_s and #errors == 0 then if math_mod._precision( lat_d ) > 0 or math_mod._precision( long_d ) > 0 then if lat_f:upper() == 'S' then lat_d = '-' .. lat_d; end if long_f:upper() == 'W' then long_d = '-' .. long_d; end return parseDec( lat_d, long_d, format ); end end coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = lat_d.."°"..optionalArg(lat_m,"′") .. optionalArg(lat_s,"″") .. lat_f coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = long_d.."°"..optionalArg(long_m,"′") .. optionalArg(long_s,"″") .. long_f coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = convert_dms2dec(lat_f, lat_d, lat_m, lat_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{4}}}|{{{1}}}|0{{{2}}}|0{{{3}}}}} coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = convert_dms2dec(long_f, long_d, long_m, long_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{8}}}|{{{5}}}|0{{{6}}}|0{{{7}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dms" end return coordinateSpec, errors, backward end --[[ Check the input arguments for coord to determine the kind of data being provided and then make the necessary processing. ]] local function formatTest(args) local result, errors local backward, primary = false, false local function getParam(args, lim) local ret = {} for i = 1, lim do ret[i] = args[i] or '' end return table.concat(ret, '_') end if not args[1] then -- no lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Missing latitude"}} ) elseif not tonumber(args[1]) then -- bad lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Unable to parse latitude as a number:" .. args[1]}} ) elseif not args[4] and not args[5] and not args[6] then -- dec logic result, errors = parseDec(args[1], args[2], args.format) if not result then return errorPrinter(errors); end -- formatting for geohack: geohack expects D_N_D_E notation or D;D notation -- wikiminiatlas doesn't support D;D notation -- #coordinates parserfunction doesn't support negative decimals with NSWE result.param = table.concat({ math.abs(tonumber(args[1])), ((tonumber(args[1]) or 0) < 0) and 'S' or 'N', math.abs(tonumber(args[2])), ((tonumber(args[2]) or 0) < 0) and 'W' or 'E', args[3] or ''}, '_') elseif dmsTest(args[4], args[8]) then -- dms logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7], args[8], args.format) if args[10] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 9) elseif dmsTest(args[3], args[6]) then -- dm logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], nil, args[3], args[4], args[5], nil, args[6], args['format']) if args[8] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 7) elseif dmsTest(args[2], args[4]) then -- d logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], nil, nil, args[2], args[3], nil, nil, args[4], args.format) if args[6] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 5) else -- Error return errorPrinter({{"formatTest", "Unknown argument format"}}) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end result.name = args.name local extra_param = {'dim', 'globe', 'scale', 'region', 'source', 'type'} for _, v in ipairs(extra_param) do if args[v] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Parameter: "' .. v .. '=" should be "' .. v .. ':"' }) end end local ret = specPrinter(args, result) if #errors > 0 then ret = ret .. ' ' .. errorPrinter(errors) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end return ret, backward end --[[ Generate Wikidata tracking categories. ]] local function makeWikidataCategories(qid) local ret local qid = qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if mw.wikibase and current_page.namespace == 0 then if qid and mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625") and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1] then local snaktype = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1].mainsnak.snaktype if snaktype == 'value' then -- coordinates exist both here and on Wikidata, and can be compared. ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata' elseif snaktype == 'somevalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to unknown value' elseif snaktype == 'novalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to no value' end else -- We have to either import the coordinates to Wikidata or remove them here. ret = 'Coordinates not on Wikidata' end end if ret then return string.format('[[Category:%s]]', ret) else return '' end end --[[ Parse coordinates entered as a single string ]] local function text2coord(text) if type(text) ~= 'string' then return end local coords = {} local numTerms = 0 local parts local function assign(k, number, start, pos) if number then coords[start + pos - 1] = number if k == 1 then numTerms = pos elseif numTerms < pos then -- more terms in long than lat return false end elseif numTerms >= pos then -- more terms in lat than long return false end return true end text = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.text.trim(text:uupper()), "[*′″]", {['*'] = '°', ['′'] = "'", ['″'] = '"'}) for _, regex in ipairs({ "^([+%-%d.°'\"NS%s]+),%s*([+%-%d.°'\"EW%s]+)$", --split by commas "^([+%-%d.°'\"%s]+[NS])%s*([+%-%d.°'\"%s]+[EW])$", --split by N/S "^([+%-%d.°'%s]+\")%s*([+%-%d.°'%s]+\")$", --split by " "^([+%-%d.°%s]+')%s*([+%-%d.°%s]+')$", --split by ' "^([+%-%d.%s]+°)%s*([+%-%d.%s]+°)$", --split by ° "^([+%-%d.]+)%s+([+%-%d.]+)$" --split by space }) do local lat, long = string.match(text, regex) if lat and long then parts = {mw.text.trim(lat), mw.text.trim(long)} break end end if not parts then return end local SW = {"S", "W"} local NE = {"N", "E"} for k, v in ipairs(parts) do local number local start = k + numTerms -- Find or create N, S, E, and W local dir = v:match("([NSEW])$") if dir then v = v:sub(1,-2) elseif v:sub(1,1) == '-' then v = v:sub(2) dir = SW[k] else dir = NE[k] end -- attempt to convert text to number number = tonumber(v) if number then -- Single number, assign it to the position "start" in the "coords" array if not assign(k, number, start, 1) then return end -- attempt to convert dms to decimal elseif string.match(v, "°") then for pos, regex in ipairs({ "^%s*([+%-%d.]+)%s*°[^°]*$", --degrees "^[^°']+°%s*([%d.]+)%s*'[^°']*$", --minutes "^[^'\"]+'%s*([%d.]+)%s*\"[^'\"]*$" --seconds }) do -- Assign component to a position in the "coords" array determined -- by "start" and "pos", and increment "numTerms" if this is latitude if not assign(k, tonumber(string.match(v, regex)), start, pos) then return end end end if coords[start] == nil then return end coords[start + numTerms] = dir end return coords end --[[ link Simple function to export the coordinates link for other uses. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} ]] function coordinates.link(frame) return coord_link; end --[[ dec2dms Wrapper to allow templates to call dec2dms directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms | decimal_coordinate | positive_suffix | negative_suffix | precision }} decimal_coordinate is converted to DMS format. If positive, the positive_suffix is appended (typical N or E), if negative, the negative suffix is appended. The specified precision is one of 'D', 'DM', or 'DMS' to specify the level of detail to use. ]] coordinates.dec2dms = makeInvokeFunc('_dec2dms') function coordinates._dec2dms(args) local coordinate = args[1] local firstPostfix = args[2] or '' local secondPostfix = args[3] or '' local precision = args[4] or '' return convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) end --[[ Helper function to determine whether to use D, DM, or DMS format depending on the precision of the decimal input. ]] function coordinates.determineMode( value1, value2 ) local precision = math.max( math_mod._precision( value1 ), math_mod._precision( value2 ) ); if precision <= 0 then return 'd' elseif precision <= 2 then return 'dm'; else return 'dms'; end end --[[ dms2dec Wrapper to allow templates to call dms2dec directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec | direction_flag | degrees | minutes | seconds }} Converts DMS values specified as degrees, minutes, seconds too decimal format. direction_flag is one of N, S, E, W, and determines whether the output is positive (i.e. N and E) or negative (i.e. S and W). ]] coordinates.dms2dec = makeInvokeFunc('_dms2dec') function coordinates._dms2dec(args) local direction = args[1] local degrees = args[2] local minutes = args[3] local seconds = args[4] return convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees, minutes, seconds) end --[[ coord Main entry point for Lua function to replace {{coord}} Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | long }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | lat_flag | long | long_flag }} ... Refer to {{coord}} documentation page for many additional parameters and configuration options. Note: This function provides the visual display elements of {{coord}}. In order to load coordinates into the database, the {{#coordinates:}} parser function must also be called, this is done automatically in the Lua version of {{coord}}. ]] coordinates.coord = makeInvokeFunc('_coord') function coordinates._coord(args) if not tonumber(args[1]) then local parsed = text2coord(args[1]) if parsed then -- full lat/long entered as a single string for i = 2, #args do args[#parsed + i - 1] = args[i] end for i, v in ipairs(parsed) do args[i] = v end elseif not args[2] then -- look for coordinates from wikidata args[3] = args[1]; args[1] = nil local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject(args.qid) if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local precision = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision args[1] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude args[2] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude if precision then precision = -math_mod._round(math.log(precision)/math.log(10),0) args[1] = math_mod._round(args[1],precision) args[2] = math_mod._round(args[2],precision) end end end end local contents, backward = formatTest(args) local Notes = args.notes or '' local Display = args.display and args.display:lower() or 'inline' -- it and ti are short for inline,title and title,inline local function isInline(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed inline. return s:find('inline') ~= nil or s == 'i' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function isInTitle(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed in the title. return s:find('title') ~= nil or s == 't' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function coord_wrapper(in_args) -- Calls the parser function {{#coordinates:}}. return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#coordinates', in_args) or '' end local text = '' if isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end if isInTitle(Display) then -- Add to output since indicator content is invisible to Lua later on if not isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end text = text .. displaytitle(contents .. Notes) .. makeWikidataCategories(args.qid) end if not args.nosave then local page_title, count = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(), 1 if backward then local tmp = {} while not string.find((args[count-1] or ''), '[EW]') do tmp[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end tmp.count = count; count = 2*(count-1) while count >= tmp.count do table.insert(tmp, 1, (args[count] or '')); count = count-1 end for i, v in ipairs(tmp) do args[i] = v end else while count <= 9 do args[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end end if isInTitle(Display) and not page_title.isTalkPage and page_title.subpageText ~= 'doc' and page_title.subpageText ~= 'testcases' then args[10] = 'primary' end args.notes, args.format, args.display = nil text = text .. coord_wrapper(args) end return text end --[[ coord2text Extracts a single value from a transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord2text | {{Coord}} | parameter }} Valid values for the second parameter are: lat (signed integer), long (signed integer), type, scale, dim, region, globe, source ]] function coordinates._coord2text(coord,type) if coord == '' or type == '' or not type then return nil end type = mw.text.trim(type) if type == 'lat' or type == 'long' then local coordString = mw.ustring.match(coord,'[%.%d]+°[NS] [%.%d]+°[EW]') if not coordString then return nil end local result = mw.text.split(coordString, ' ') local negative if type == 'lat' then result, negative = result[1], 'S' else result, negative = result[2], 'W' end if not result then return nil end result = mw.text.split(result, '°') if not result[1] then return nil end if result[2] == negative then result[1] = '-'..result[1] end return result[1] else return mw.ustring.match(coord, 'params=.-_' .. type .. ':(.-)[ _]') end end function coordinates.coord2text(frame) return coordinates._coord2text(frame.args[1],frame.args[2]) or '' end --[[ coordinsert Injects some text into the Geohack link of a transclusion of {{Coord}} (if that text isn't already in the transclusion). Outputs the modified transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coordinsert | {{Coord}} | parameter:value | parameter:value | … }} Do not make Geohack unhappy by inserting something which isn't mentioned in the {{Coord}} documentation. ]] function coordinates.coordinsert(frame) -- for the 2nd or later integer parameter (the first is the coord template, as above) for i, v in ipairs(frame.args) do if i ~= 1 then -- if we cannot find in the coord_template the i_th coordinsert parameter e.g. region if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], (mw.ustring.match(frame.args[i], '^(.-:)') or '')) then -- find from the params= up to the first possibly-present underscore -- and append the i_th coordinsert parameter and a space -- IDK why we're adding a space but it does seem somewhat convenient frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args[1], '(params=.-)_? ', '%1_'..frame.args[i]..' ') end end end if frame.args.name then -- if we can't find the vcard class if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], '<span class="vcard">') then -- take something that looks like a coord template and add the vcard span with class and fn org class local namestr = frame.args.name frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-default">)(<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span><span[^<>]*>[^<>]*<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span></span>)(</span>)', '%1<span class="vcard">%2<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. namestr .. '</span>)</span></span>%3' ) -- then find anything from coordinates parameters to the 'end' and attach the title parameter frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(&params=[^&"<>%[%] ]*) ', '%1&title=' .. mw.uri.encode(namestr) .. ' ' ) end end -- replace the existing indicator with a new indicator using the modified content frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-inline[^"]*">(.+)</span>)\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-indicator%-%x+%-%-?QINU[^\127]*\127', function (inline, coord) return inline .. displaytitle(coord) end ) return frame.args[1] end return coordinates mgr040y9bhe26jrkzioi6ulvlqhvehy 670725 670724 2026-07-01T19:16:58Z King ChristLike 13051 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Coordinates]] 670724 Scribunto text/plain --[[ This module is intended to replace the functionality of {{Coord}} and related templates. It provides several methods, including {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} : General function formatting and displaying coordinate values. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms }} : Simple function for converting decimal degree values to DMS format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec }} : Simple function for converting DMS format to decimal degree format. {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} : Export the link used to reach the tools ]] require('strict') local math_mod = require("Module:Math") local coordinates = {}; local isSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true); local current_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local page_name = mw.uri.encode( current_page.prefixedText, 'WIKI' ); local coord_link = 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=' .. page_name .. '&params=' --[[ Helper function, replacement for {{coord/display/title}} ]] local function displaytitle(coords) return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'indicator', args = { name = 'coordinates' }, content = '<span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: ' .. coords .. '</span>' } end --[[ Helper function, used in detecting DMS formatting ]] local function dmsTest(first, second) if type(first) ~= 'string' or type(second) ~= 'string' then return nil end local s = (first .. second):upper() return s:find('^[NS][EW]$') or s:find('^[EW][NS]$') end --[[ Wrapper function to grab args, see Module:Arguments for this function's documentation. ]] local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Coord' }) return coordinates[funcName](args, frame) end end --[[ Helper function, handle optional args. ]] local function optionalArg(arg, supplement) return arg and arg .. supplement or '' end --[[ Formats any error messages generated for display ]] local function errorPrinter(errors) local result = "" for i,v in ipairs(errors) do result = result .. '<strong class="error">Coordinates: ' .. v[2] .. '</strong><br />' end return result end --[[ Determine the required CSS class to display coordinates Usually geo-nondefault is hidden by CSS, unless a user has overridden this for himself default is the mode as specificied by the user when calling the {{coord}} template mode is the display mode (dec or dms) that we will need to determine the css class for ]] local function displayDefault(default, mode) if default == "" then default = "dec" end if default == mode then return "geo-default" else return "geo-nondefault" end end --[[ specPrinter Output formatter. Takes the structure generated by either parseDec or parseDMS and formats it for inclusion on Wikipedia. ]] local function specPrinter(args, coordinateSpec) local uriComponents = coordinateSpec["param"] if uriComponents == "" then -- RETURN error, should never be empty or nil return "ERROR param was empty" end if args["name"] then uriComponents = uriComponents .. "&title=" .. mw.uri.encode(coordinateSpec["name"]) end local geodmshtml = '<span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. '<span class="latitude">' .. coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] .. '</span> ' .. '<span class="longitude">' ..coordinateSpec["dms-long"] .. '</span>' .. '</span>' local lat = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] ) or 0 local geodeclat if lat < 0 then -- FIXME this breaks the pre-existing precision geodeclat = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-lat"]):sub(2) .. "°S" else geodeclat = (coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] or 0) .. "°N" end local long = tonumber( coordinateSpec["dec-long"] ) or 0 local geodeclong if long < 0 then -- FIXME does not handle unicode minus geodeclong = tostring(coordinateSpec["dec-long"]):sub(2) .. "°W" else geodeclong = (coordinateSpec["dec-long"] or 0) .. "°E" end local geodechtml = '<span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">' .. geodeclat .. ' ' .. geodeclong .. '</span>' local geonumhtml = '<span class="geo">' .. coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] .. '; ' .. coordinateSpec["dec-long"] .. '</span>' local inner = '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dms" ) .. '">' .. geodmshtml .. '</span>' .. '<span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span>' .. '<span class="' .. displayDefault(coordinateSpec["default"], "dec" ) .. '">'; if not args["name"] then inner = inner .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span></span>' else inner = inner .. '<span class="vcard">' .. geodechtml .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / ' .. geonumhtml .. '</span>' .. '<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. args["name"] .. '</span>)</span></span></span>' end local stylesheetLink = 'Module:Coordinates' .. ( isSandbox and '/sandbox' or '' ) .. '/styles.css' return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = stylesheetLink } } .. '<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[' .. coord_link .. uriComponents .. ' ' .. inner .. ']</span>' .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]' end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees ]] local function convert_dec2dms_d(coordinate) local d = math_mod._round( coordinate, 0 ) .. "°" return d .. "" end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees and minutes ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dm(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60, 0 ); local m = coordinate % 60; coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal to degrees, minutes, and seconds ]] local function convert_dec2dms_dms(coordinate) coordinate = math_mod._round( coordinate * 60 * 60, 0 ); local s = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - s) / 60 ); local m = coordinate % 60 coordinate = math.floor( (coordinate - m) / 60 ); local d = coordinate % 360 .."°" return d .. string.format( "%02d′", m ) .. string.format( "%02d″", s ) end --[[ Helper function, convert decimal latitude or longitude to degrees, minutes, and seconds format based on the specified precision. ]] local function convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) local coord = tonumber(coordinate) local postfix if coord >= 0 then postfix = firstPostfix else postfix = secondPostfix end precision = precision:lower(); if precision == "dms" then return convert_dec2dms_dms( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "dm" then return convert_dec2dms_dm( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; elseif precision == "d" then return convert_dec2dms_d( math.abs( coord ) ) .. postfix; end end --[[ Convert DMS format into a N or E decimal coordinate ]] local function convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees_str, minutes_str, seconds_str) local degrees = tonumber(degrees_str) local minutes = tonumber(minutes_str) or 0 local seconds = tonumber(seconds_str) or 0 local factor = 1 if direction == "S" or direction == "W" then factor = -1 end local precision = 0 if seconds_str then precision = 5 + math.max( math_mod._precision(seconds_str), 0 ); elseif minutes_str and minutes_str ~= '' then precision = 3 + math.max( math_mod._precision(minutes_str), 0 ); else precision = math.max( math_mod._precision(degrees_str), 0 ); end local decimal = factor * (degrees+(minutes+seconds/60)/60) return string.format( "%." .. precision .. "f", decimal ) -- not tonumber since this whole thing is string based. end --[[ Checks input values to for out of range errors. ]] local function validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, source, strong ) local errors = {}; lat_d = tonumber( lat_d ) or 0; lat_m = tonumber( lat_m ) or 0; lat_s = tonumber( lat_s ) or 0; long_d = tonumber( long_d ) or 0; long_m = tonumber( long_m ) or 0; long_s = tonumber( long_s ) or 0; if strong then if lat_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end if long_d < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees < 0 with hemisphere flag"}) end --[[ #coordinates is inconsistent about whether this is an error. If globe: is specified, it won't error on this condition, but otherwise it will. For not simply disable this check. if long_d > 180 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees > 180 with hemisphere flag"}) end ]] end if lat_d > 90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees > 90"}) end if lat_d < -90 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude degrees < -90"}) end if lat_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes >= 60"}) end if lat_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude minutes < 0"}) end if lat_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds >= 60"}) end if lat_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "latitude seconds < 0"}) end if long_d >= 360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees >= 360"}) end if long_d <= -360 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude degrees <= -360"}) end if long_m >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes >= 60"}) end if long_m < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude minutes < 0"}) end if long_s >= 60 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds >= 60"}) end if long_s < 0 then table.insert(errors, {source, "longitude seconds < 0"}) end return errors; end --[[ parseDec Transforms decimal format latitude and longitude into the structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDec( lat, long, format ) local coordinateSpec = {} local errors = {} if not long then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Missing longitude"}} elseif not tonumber(long) then return nil, {{"parseDec", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number: " .. long}} end errors = validate( lat, nil, nil, long, nil, nil, 'parseDec', false ); coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = lat; coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = long; local mode = coordinates.determineMode( lat, long ); coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = convert_dec2dms( lat, "N", "S", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{1}}}|N|S|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = convert_dec2dms( long, "E", "W", mode) -- {{coord/dec2dms|{{{2}}}|E|W|{{coord/prec dec|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dec" end return coordinateSpec, errors end --[[ parseDMS Transforms degrees, minutes, seconds format latitude and longitude into the a structure to be used in displaying coordinates ]] local function parseDMS( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, lat_f, long_d, long_m, long_s, long_f, format ) local coordinateSpec, errors, backward = {}, {} lat_f = lat_f:upper(); long_f = long_f:upper(); -- Check if specified backward if lat_f == 'E' or lat_f == 'W' then lat_d, long_d, lat_m, long_m, lat_s, long_s, lat_f, long_f, backward = long_d, lat_d, long_m, lat_m, long_s, lat_s, long_f, lat_f, true; end errors = validate( lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, long_d, long_m, long_s, 'parseDMS', true ); if not long_d then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Missing longitude" }} elseif not tonumber(long_d) then return nil, {{"parseDMS", "Longitude could not be parsed as a number:" .. long_d }} end if not lat_m and not lat_s and not long_m and not long_s and #errors == 0 then if math_mod._precision( lat_d ) > 0 or math_mod._precision( long_d ) > 0 then if lat_f:upper() == 'S' then lat_d = '-' .. lat_d; end if long_f:upper() == 'W' then long_d = '-' .. long_d; end return parseDec( lat_d, long_d, format ); end end coordinateSpec["dms-lat"] = lat_d.."°"..optionalArg(lat_m,"′") .. optionalArg(lat_s,"″") .. lat_f coordinateSpec["dms-long"] = long_d.."°"..optionalArg(long_m,"′") .. optionalArg(long_s,"″") .. long_f coordinateSpec["dec-lat"] = convert_dms2dec(lat_f, lat_d, lat_m, lat_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{4}}}|{{{1}}}|0{{{2}}}|0{{{3}}}}} coordinateSpec["dec-long"] = convert_dms2dec(long_f, long_d, long_m, long_s) -- {{coord/dms2dec|{{{8}}}|{{{5}}}|0{{{6}}}|0{{{7}}}}} if format then coordinateSpec.default = format else coordinateSpec.default = "dms" end return coordinateSpec, errors, backward end --[[ Check the input arguments for coord to determine the kind of data being provided and then make the necessary processing. ]] local function formatTest(args) local result, errors local backward, primary = false, false local function getParam(args, lim) local ret = {} for i = 1, lim do ret[i] = args[i] or '' end return table.concat(ret, '_') end if not args[1] then -- no lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Missing latitude"}} ) elseif not tonumber(args[1]) then -- bad lat logic return errorPrinter( {{"formatTest", "Unable to parse latitude as a number:" .. args[1]}} ) elseif not args[4] and not args[5] and not args[6] then -- dec logic result, errors = parseDec(args[1], args[2], args.format) if not result then return errorPrinter(errors); end -- formatting for geohack: geohack expects D_N_D_E notation or D;D notation -- wikiminiatlas doesn't support D;D notation -- #coordinates parserfunction doesn't support negative decimals with NSWE result.param = table.concat({ math.abs(tonumber(args[1])), ((tonumber(args[1]) or 0) < 0) and 'S' or 'N', math.abs(tonumber(args[2])), ((tonumber(args[2]) or 0) < 0) and 'W' or 'E', args[3] or ''}, '_') elseif dmsTest(args[4], args[8]) then -- dms logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7], args[8], args.format) if args[10] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 9) elseif dmsTest(args[3], args[6]) then -- dm logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], args[2], nil, args[3], args[4], args[5], nil, args[6], args['format']) if args[8] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 7) elseif dmsTest(args[2], args[4]) then -- d logic result, errors, backward = parseDMS(args[1], nil, nil, args[2], args[3], nil, nil, args[4], args.format) if args[6] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Extra unexpected parameters'}) end if not result then return errorPrinter(errors) end result.param = getParam(args, 5) else -- Error return errorPrinter({{"formatTest", "Unknown argument format"}}) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end result.name = args.name local extra_param = {'dim', 'globe', 'scale', 'region', 'source', 'type'} for _, v in ipairs(extra_param) do if args[v] then table.insert(errors, {'formatTest', 'Parameter: "' .. v .. '=" should be "' .. v .. ':"' }) end end local ret = specPrinter(args, result) if #errors > 0 then ret = ret .. ' ' .. errorPrinter(errors) .. '[[Category:Pages with malformed coordinate tags]]' end return ret, backward end --[[ Generate Wikidata tracking categories. ]] local function makeWikidataCategories(qid) local ret local qid = qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if mw.wikibase and current_page.namespace == 0 then if qid and mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625") and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1] then local snaktype = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1].mainsnak.snaktype if snaktype == 'value' then -- coordinates exist both here and on Wikidata, and can be compared. ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata' elseif snaktype == 'somevalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to unknown value' elseif snaktype == 'novalue' then ret = 'Coordinates on Wikidata set to no value' end else -- We have to either import the coordinates to Wikidata or remove them here. ret = 'Coordinates not on Wikidata' end end if ret then return string.format('[[Category:%s]]', ret) else return '' end end --[[ Parse coordinates entered as a single string ]] local function text2coord(text) if type(text) ~= 'string' then return end local coords = {} local numTerms = 0 local parts local function assign(k, number, start, pos) if number then coords[start + pos - 1] = number if k == 1 then numTerms = pos elseif numTerms < pos then -- more terms in long than lat return false end elseif numTerms >= pos then -- more terms in lat than long return false end return true end text = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.text.trim(text:uupper()), "[*′″]", {['*'] = '°', ['′'] = "'", ['″'] = '"'}) for _, regex in ipairs({ "^([+%-%d.°'\"NS%s]+),%s*([+%-%d.°'\"EW%s]+)$", --split by commas "^([+%-%d.°'\"%s]+[NS])%s*([+%-%d.°'\"%s]+[EW])$", --split by N/S "^([+%-%d.°'%s]+\")%s*([+%-%d.°'%s]+\")$", --split by " "^([+%-%d.°%s]+')%s*([+%-%d.°%s]+')$", --split by ' "^([+%-%d.%s]+°)%s*([+%-%d.%s]+°)$", --split by ° "^([+%-%d.]+)%s+([+%-%d.]+)$" --split by space }) do local lat, long = string.match(text, regex) if lat and long then parts = {mw.text.trim(lat), mw.text.trim(long)} break end end if not parts then return end local SW = {"S", "W"} local NE = {"N", "E"} for k, v in ipairs(parts) do local number local start = k + numTerms -- Find or create N, S, E, and W local dir = v:match("([NSEW])$") if dir then v = v:sub(1,-2) elseif v:sub(1,1) == '-' then v = v:sub(2) dir = SW[k] else dir = NE[k] end -- attempt to convert text to number number = tonumber(v) if number then -- Single number, assign it to the position "start" in the "coords" array if not assign(k, number, start, 1) then return end -- attempt to convert dms to decimal elseif string.match(v, "°") then for pos, regex in ipairs({ "^%s*([+%-%d.]+)%s*°[^°]*$", --degrees "^[^°']+°%s*([%d.]+)%s*'[^°']*$", --minutes "^[^'\"]+'%s*([%d.]+)%s*\"[^'\"]*$" --seconds }) do -- Assign component to a position in the "coords" array determined -- by "start" and "pos", and increment "numTerms" if this is latitude if not assign(k, tonumber(string.match(v, regex)), start, pos) then return end end end if coords[start] == nil then return end coords[start + numTerms] = dir end return coords end --[[ link Simple function to export the coordinates link for other uses. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | link }} ]] function coordinates.link(frame) return coord_link; end --[[ dec2dms Wrapper to allow templates to call dec2dms directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dec2dms | decimal_coordinate | positive_suffix | negative_suffix | precision }} decimal_coordinate is converted to DMS format. If positive, the positive_suffix is appended (typical N or E), if negative, the negative suffix is appended. The specified precision is one of 'D', 'DM', or 'DMS' to specify the level of detail to use. ]] coordinates.dec2dms = makeInvokeFunc('_dec2dms') function coordinates._dec2dms(args) local coordinate = args[1] local firstPostfix = args[2] or '' local secondPostfix = args[3] or '' local precision = args[4] or '' return convert_dec2dms(coordinate, firstPostfix, secondPostfix, precision) end --[[ Helper function to determine whether to use D, DM, or DMS format depending on the precision of the decimal input. ]] function coordinates.determineMode( value1, value2 ) local precision = math.max( math_mod._precision( value1 ), math_mod._precision( value2 ) ); if precision <= 0 then return 'd' elseif precision <= 2 then return 'dm'; else return 'dms'; end end --[[ dms2dec Wrapper to allow templates to call dms2dec directly. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | dms2dec | direction_flag | degrees | minutes | seconds }} Converts DMS values specified as degrees, minutes, seconds too decimal format. direction_flag is one of N, S, E, W, and determines whether the output is positive (i.e. N and E) or negative (i.e. S and W). ]] coordinates.dms2dec = makeInvokeFunc('_dms2dec') function coordinates._dms2dec(args) local direction = args[1] local degrees = args[2] local minutes = args[3] local seconds = args[4] return convert_dms2dec(direction, degrees, minutes, seconds) end --[[ coord Main entry point for Lua function to replace {{coord}} Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | long }} {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord | lat | lat_flag | long | long_flag }} ... Refer to {{coord}} documentation page for many additional parameters and configuration options. Note: This function provides the visual display elements of {{coord}}. In order to load coordinates into the database, the {{#coordinates:}} parser function must also be called, this is done automatically in the Lua version of {{coord}}. ]] coordinates.coord = makeInvokeFunc('_coord') function coordinates._coord(args) if not tonumber(args[1]) then local parsed = text2coord(args[1]) if parsed then -- full lat/long entered as a single string for i = 2, #args do args[#parsed + i - 1] = args[i] end for i, v in ipairs(parsed) do args[i] = v end elseif not args[2] then -- look for coordinates from wikidata args[3] = args[1]; args[1] = nil local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject(args.qid) if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local precision = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision args[1] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude args[2] = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude if precision then precision = -math_mod._round(math.log(precision)/math.log(10),0) args[1] = math_mod._round(args[1],precision) args[2] = math_mod._round(args[2],precision) end end end end local contents, backward = formatTest(args) local Notes = args.notes or '' local Display = args.display and args.display:lower() or 'inline' -- it and ti are short for inline,title and title,inline local function isInline(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed inline. return s:find('inline') ~= nil or s == 'i' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function isInTitle(s) -- Finds whether coordinates are displayed in the title. return s:find('title') ~= nil or s == 't' or s == 'it' or s == 'ti' end local function coord_wrapper(in_args) -- Calls the parser function {{#coordinates:}}. return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#coordinates', in_args) or '' end local text = '' if isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end if isInTitle(Display) then -- Add to output since indicator content is invisible to Lua later on if not isInline(Display) then text = text .. '<span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt">' .. contents .. Notes .. '</span>' end text = text .. displaytitle(contents .. Notes) .. makeWikidataCategories(args.qid) end if not args.nosave then local page_title, count = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(), 1 if backward then local tmp = {} while not string.find((args[count-1] or ''), '[EW]') do tmp[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end tmp.count = count; count = 2*(count-1) while count >= tmp.count do table.insert(tmp, 1, (args[count] or '')); count = count-1 end for i, v in ipairs(tmp) do args[i] = v end else while count <= 9 do args[count] = (args[count] or ''); count = count+1 end end if isInTitle(Display) and not page_title.isTalkPage and page_title.subpageText ~= 'doc' and page_title.subpageText ~= 'testcases' then args[10] = 'primary' end args.notes, args.format, args.display = nil text = text .. coord_wrapper(args) end return text end --[[ coord2text Extracts a single value from a transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coord2text | {{Coord}} | parameter }} Valid values for the second parameter are: lat (signed integer), long (signed integer), type, scale, dim, region, globe, source ]] function coordinates._coord2text(coord,type) if coord == '' or type == '' or not type then return nil end type = mw.text.trim(type) if type == 'lat' or type == 'long' then local coordString = mw.ustring.match(coord,'[%.%d]+°[NS] [%.%d]+°[EW]') if not coordString then return nil end local result = mw.text.split(coordString, ' ') local negative if type == 'lat' then result, negative = result[1], 'S' else result, negative = result[2], 'W' end if not result then return nil end result = mw.text.split(result, '°') if not result[1] then return nil end if result[2] == negative then result[1] = '-'..result[1] end return result[1] else return mw.ustring.match(coord, 'params=.-_' .. type .. ':(.-)[ _]') end end function coordinates.coord2text(frame) return coordinates._coord2text(frame.args[1],frame.args[2]) or '' end --[[ coordinsert Injects some text into the Geohack link of a transclusion of {{Coord}} (if that text isn't already in the transclusion). Outputs the modified transclusion of {{Coord}}. IF THE GEOHACK LINK SYNTAX CHANGES THIS FUNCTION MUST BE MODIFIED. Usage: {{#invoke:Coordinates | coordinsert | {{Coord}} | parameter:value | parameter:value | … }} Do not make Geohack unhappy by inserting something which isn't mentioned in the {{Coord}} documentation. ]] function coordinates.coordinsert(frame) -- for the 2nd or later integer parameter (the first is the coord template, as above) for i, v in ipairs(frame.args) do if i ~= 1 then -- if we cannot find in the coord_template the i_th coordinsert parameter e.g. region if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], (mw.ustring.match(frame.args[i], '^(.-:)') or '')) then -- find from the params= up to the first possibly-present underscore -- and append the i_th coordinsert parameter and a space -- IDK why we're adding a space but it does seem somewhat convenient frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args[1], '(params=.-)_? ', '%1_'..frame.args[i]..' ') end end end if frame.args.name then -- if we can't find the vcard class if not mw.ustring.find(frame.args[1], '<span class="vcard">') then -- take something that looks like a coord template and add the vcard span with class and fn org class local namestr = frame.args.name frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-default">)(<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span><span[^<>]*>[^<>]*<span[^<>]*>[^<>]*</span></span>)(</span>)', '%1<span class="vcard">%2<span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">' .. namestr .. '</span>)</span></span>%3' ) -- then find anything from coordinates parameters to the 'end' and attach the title parameter frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(&params=[^&"<>%[%] ]*) ', '%1&title=' .. mw.uri.encode(namestr) .. ' ' ) end end -- replace the existing indicator with a new indicator using the modified content frame.args[1] = mw.ustring.gsub( frame.args[1], '(<span class="geo%-inline[^"]*">(.+)</span>)\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-indicator%-%x+%-%-?QINU[^\127]*\127', function (inline, coord) return inline .. displaytitle(coord) end ) return frame.args[1] end return coordinates mgr040y9bhe26jrkzioi6ulvlqhvehy Libraries in China 0 10747 670715 595719 2026-07-01T18:32:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:National Library of China inside HDR 1.jpg|thumb|N'ime Ọbá akwụkwọ mba China]] [[Usòrò:National Library of China - South House (1987).JPG|thumb|Otu akụkụ ọbá akwụkwọ mba China]] [[Usòrò:Communication university of china library.jpg|thumb|Otu ọba akwụkwọ na Mahadum China]] Ọbá akwụkwọ mbụ dị na '''China''' malitere n'oge nke usoro ndị eze Shang (nke a bụ na narị afọ nke iri na isii ruo nke iri na otu BC) dị ka ndị ọgụgụ isi a maara dị ka Shi (ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme) na Wu (ndị na -ajụ ase) si na irụ ọrụ aka pụta wee malite ọrụ pụrụ iche maka okike na ịgbasa omenala. N'ime akwụkwọ ọrụ ndị a jisiri ike bụ "akwụkwọ iwu obodo, usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị ikwu alaeze, ọkwa ewepụtara na iwu dị iche iche, na ndekọọ ihe omume dị mkpa na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Maka nkwenye na ntụnyere n'ọdịnihu, ha wuru ụlọ maka nkwakọba ihe iji debe ndekọ na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Iji gboo mkpa nke ihe na agbagwoju anya karịa na iji hụ na ọ dị mfe iji rụọ ọrụ, ha malitere ịchịkọta na nhazi ndekọ ndị ahụ n'usoro n'usoro. Ya mere, ọbá akwụkwọ mbụ nke China malitere otua. Ọtụtụ ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke juputara na ozi na ihe ọmụma nke pụtara ihe na etiti ọha mmadụ mere ka enwe echiche maka ichekwa na nchịkọta ihe ndị ahụ niile . N'ezie n'ezie, ọba akwụkwọ na ebe ndebe akwụkwọ izizi ndị mbụ sitere nkwekọrịta na nchịkọta nke ọma, usoro, na njikọta na ihe ọmụma" <ref>Hua, Xie Zhuo (1996). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25548455 Libraries and the development of culture in China.] "Libraries & Culture", No. 3/4, pp. 533.</ref> N'mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China, ndị ọkà mmụta nwere ọtụtụ ọba akwụkwọ nke onwe tinyere na ndị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro ndị eze wuru ọba akwụkwọ ebe ha n'edebe ihe ochie, edemede ka ha si achi tinyere akụ ha. Agbanyeghị nka, enweghị Ọbá akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke mbụ na China ruo ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu; ọbụlagodi mgbe ahụ, ọrụ ọbaakwụkwọ ji nwayọ too mgbe ahụ. Na afọ 1949 ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na China dị iri ise na ise, ha kacha dị na nnukwu ododo ndị nwere ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa ma dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. <ref name="Ref 1">{{Cite web|author=Zhixian Yi|title=History of Library Developments in China|url=http://library.ifla.org/143/1/164-yi-en.pdf|work=IFLA|publisher=IFLA|accessdate=5 March 2021|archivedate=8 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708100516/http://library.ifla.org/143/1/164-yi-en.pdf}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ntọala nke obodo China, gọọmentị na ndị isi agụmakwụkwọ gbalịsiri mbọ ike ịzụlite ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ wee mee ka ha dị na obodo niile. Iwu Nhazi Akwụkwọ Mba nke afọ 1957 nyere ikike ka e guzobe ụlọ ọba akwụkwọ mba abụọ, otu na Beijing ( Ọbá akwụkwọ mba China ) na nke ọzọ na Shanghai (Ọbá akwụkwọ Shanghai), na mpaghara itoolu nke nwere njikọ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọbá akwụkwọ ka dị ụkọ, ebe nke dị adị abataghị mmadụ ma n'eme naanị obere ihe. Mgbe obodo Chona nwere nghọta ma hụ na enweghị ọba akwụkwọ zuruoke ma dị nnukwu na akpọha chi aka elekere azu ma na egbochi mbọ iweta ọgbara ọhụrụ, ndị isi gọọmentị na mbido afọ 1980 nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na mmepe ọrụ ụlọ ọba akwụkwọ. Ha chọpụtara na ntinye ego na igba mbọ pụrụ iche na nke a bidoro rụpụta nnukwu ihe. Ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ mmụta ka elu iri anọ ndị China hiwerekwara ngalaba agụm akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ọba akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ngalaba sayensị ozi. Enwere ihe karịrị ọba akwụkwọ ọhaneze puku abụọ na narị atọ n'ime mpaghara nnukwu ogbe na China nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwee akwụkwọ nde narị abụọ na iri ise na isii. Na obere mpaghara obodo ndị nọ n'okpuru ọkwa nnukwu mpaghara obodo, enwere ebe ọdịbendị puku iri ise na atọ ndị nke nwere obere ọba akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ịgụ ihe. Ná ngwụsị afọ 2004, China nwere ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ya bụ puku abụọ, narị asaa na iri nke nwere nchịkọta akwụkwọ karịrị nde narị anọ. Na afọ 2011 enwere ọba akwụkwọ ọhaneze dị puku abụọ, narị itoolu na iri abụọ na ise na n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na China. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20120222_402786587.htm|title=Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development|date=22 February 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012|work=stats.gov.cn|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806094456/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20120222_402786587.htm|archivedate=6 August 2012}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ma ọ bụ kọleji, nchịkọta akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Peking na ọba akwụkwọ mahadum Zhejiang karịchasịrị. Netwọk ọbá akwụkwọ nke mba ahụ gụnyekwara ọba akwụkwọ nyocha sayensị, ọba akwụkwọ ndị otu azụmahịa, gbakwunyere ọba akwụkwọ na ụlọ ịgụ ihe ndị nke dị na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ngalaba ndị agha, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị, obodo, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. == Ọbá akwụkwọ mba == Ọbá akwụkwọ mba ahụ, National Library of China, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19981206041110/http://www.nlc.gov.cn/ Official site of the National Library of China.] Users can search database of books, periodicals, and statistical yearbooks.</ref> nwere nchịkọta akwụkwọ bara ụba, akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, maapụ, mbipụta, foto, ihe odide, microforms, teepu, na ihe e dere na ọla, okwute, ọkpụkpụ, na mbe dị iche iche. Ọbá akwụkwọ mba China, nke nwere nchịkọta akwụkwọ karịrị nde iri abụọ na isii, bụ ọbá akwụkwọ kacha ukwuu na [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọbá akwụkwọ nke a nwere nchịkọta akwụkwọ China kacha ukwuu n'ụwa niile. N'ime nchịkọta ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ, enwere ihe karịrị ọkpụkpụ eji agba afa puku iri atọ na ise, ọkpụkpụ na mbe nke ejiri mkpụrụedemede China oge ochie de ihe na ya. Ọbá akwụkwọ nke a nwekwara mpịakọta nke akwụkwọ otu nde na narị isii ejiri ụzọ ọdịnala mee nke, ihe karịrị akwụkwọ puku iri na isii sitere na Dunhuang Grottoes, mpịakọta nde iri na abụọ nke akwụkwọ asụsụ mba ọzọ, na ọtụtụ ọba data eletrọnik . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Benzin|first=Kate|title=National Library Of China – Largest In Asia|url=https://www.redduckpost.com/national-library-of-china-largest-in-asia/|accessdate=5 March 2021|work=Red Duck Post|date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ malitere ịnabata ntinye nke akwụkwọ gọọmentị mba na afọ 1916, wee bụrụ ebe nchekwa data mba; ma wee malite ịnabata ntinye nke akwụkwọ eletrọnịkị nke sitere n'ime obodo China na afọ 1987. Ọ bụkwa ebe esi enweta ISSN ( International Standard Serial Number ) na Network Information na China. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, National Library of China etolitela ma nwee ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ tinyere njikọ ha na ihe dị ka ọba akwụkwọ iri itoolu ndị ọzọ na gburugburu mba ahụ, na-agbakọ mbọ ọnụ n'ịkwalite mmepe na itinye n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ nke China. Akụkụ nke abụọ nke Ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ nke China nke atọrọ ntọala ya na njedebe nke afọ 2004, ka ezubere na a ga emechaa ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2007. Ọbá akwụkwọ a nke agbasara aka wee zube ga -enwe ike gboo mkpa nchekwa akwụkwọ maka afọ iri atọ sochirinụ. Ọbá akwụkwọ Dijitalụ nke a ga -eme ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ụlọ nchịkọta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ China kacha ukwuu n'ụwa na ntọala akụ dijitalụ, yana ntọala ọrụ netwọkụ kachasị elu na China. == Ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == Ọbá akwụkwọ ọchịchị obodo Shanghai, otu n'ime ọba akwụkwọ ọha kacha ibu na mba ahụ, nwere ihe karịrị nde asaa. N'ime nkea, ọfọrọ nke nta ka akwụkwọ n'asụsụ mba ọzọ rụo otu nde. Ọbá akwụkwọ Shanghai, nke amaara nke ọma n'ụlọ na mba ofesi, bụ ọbá akwụkwọ mpaghara China kacha ukwuu. N'ime mkpokọta ya, ihe karịrị otu nde, na narị asaa bụ akwụkwọ ochie bụkwara ihe kacha baa uru, gụnyere akwụkwọ puku abụọ na puku ise ndị nke dị ochie na -adịghị ahụkebe na mpịakọta otu narị na asaa puku asatọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ naanị mbipụta dị n'ụwa niile. Akwụkwọ kacha ochie malitere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ otu puku na narị ise gara aga. [[Usòrò:Wuhan University Library Front View.jpg|thumb|ọba akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wuhan, China]] Ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Peking weghaara mkpokọta ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Yanjing nke bụ otu n'ime ọba akwụkwọ mahadum kacha mma na mba ahụ na afọ 1950 ya n'etiti afọ 1980- ebe enwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ nde atọ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ dị n'asụsụ mba ọzọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime Ọbá akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ọhụụ na China. Ndị Kansụl Steeti kwadoro ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba izizi nke nchekwa akwụkwọ mgbe ochie nke mba, nke ga etolitela ka ọba akwụkwọ nyocha bara ụba, nke ọgbara ọhụrụ. <ref>Lib.pku.edu.cn. (2017). Overview and History | Beijing University Library. [online] Available at: http://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/portal/bggk/bgjs/lishiyange [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017].</ref> === Nnukwu ọba akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara === * Ọbá akwụkwọ Anhui安徽省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ ukwu na Beijing * Ọbá akwụkwọ Chongqing重庆市图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Fujian福建省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Gansu甘肃省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Guangdong广东省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ nke Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region广西壮族自治区图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Guizhou贵州省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Hainan海南省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Hebei河北省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Heilongjiang黑龙江省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Henan河南图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ mpaghara Hubei湖北省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Hunan湖南省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ nke mpaghara Mongolia Kwurula内蒙古自治区图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Jiangxi江西省图书馆 * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Jilin吉林省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ 辽宁省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Nanjing南京圖書館 * Ọbá akwụkwọ nke Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region宁夏回族自治区图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Qinghai青海省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Shaanxi陕西省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Shandong山东省图书馆 * Shanghai Library上海市图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Shanxi山西省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Sichuan四川省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Tianjin天津市图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Tibet Autonomous Region西藏自治区图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ nke Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region新疆自治区图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Yunnan云南省图书馆 * Ọbá akwụkwọ Zhejiang浙江省图书馆 == Hụkwa == * Ọbá akwụkwọ etiti Hong Kong * Nhazi ọkwa ọba akwụkwọ China (CLC) * Ebe ndebe ihe na ndị mmadụ Republic of China * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Ọbá akwụkwọ Boone * Omenala nke ndị mmadụ Republic of China * Mmụta na ndị mmadụ Republic of China == Ntụrụaka ==  {{reflist}} {{loc}}[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html] == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.las.ac.cn/ Ọbá akwụkwọ sayensị mba, ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nke China (中国科学院 国家 科学 图书馆)-na-] n'arụ ọrụ dị ka ọbá akwụkwọ dị mkpa na mba maka ịnakọta akụrụngwa ozi na ịnye ọrụ ozi na sayensị, ngalaba ọzụzụ, na mpaghara teknụzụ dị elu, maka ndị nyocha na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị China na maka ndị nyocha gburugburu mba ahụ. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120110852/http://www.sinolib.com/ Netwọk Ọbá akwụkwọ China - SinoLib.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071129222020/http://www.nstl.gov.cn/index.html Ọbá akwụkwọ Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ nke China] - na -enye ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị na teknụzụ. Kemgbe afọ 2002, a kwalitere saịtị ahụ iji nye ọrụ ọhụrụ, dịka katalọgụ ọha, katalọgụ oge, yana ndị ọkachamara na -agba izu. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520143240/http://www.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/english/ Ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Tsinghua] (in English) - Na -ewepụta peeji nke ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Tsinghua. Na -agụnye iwebata ọba akwụkwọ, ọrụ ya, ntuziaka onye ọrụ, nzaghachi, akụkọ, katalọgụ dị n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha weebụ, akụrụngwa elektrọnikị n'ime na karịa ọba akwụkwọ nke ahụ. Na -ahazi ọba akwụkwọ n'ịntanetị na China site na mpaghara dị iche iche. * [http://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/ Ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Peking] - Na -enye ohere site na ịntanetị maka katalọgụ ya ma nye ohere ịchọ n'asụsụ Bekee, Pinyin, na mkpụrụedemede China. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227031031/http://libweb.zju.edu.cn/newportal/en/index.htm Ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Zhejiang] - sistemụ ọba akwụkwọ ise nke na -enye ohere zuru oke na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum. Ọbá akwụkwọ ZJU bụkwa onye nchịkọta maka ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ China-America (CADAL). * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/ChinaMongoliaTeam.html#Chinese Ụlọ mkpokọta] akwụkwọ Chinese, Ọbá akwụkwọ nke US Congress oag0018cxpdm1p2jqqqutefz4calizh Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold 3 11338 671020 657775 2026-07-02T08:22:58Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan */ nkeji ohúrù 671020 wikitext text/x-wiki Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation. == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! Olugold, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) :Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) == Stefania Turkewich == Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) :Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) == [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] == Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) :Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]] * MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]]. * [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]! * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events. '''Coming up''': * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org]. * '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  <section end="content" /> </div> --13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24094585 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Activities''' * Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 & 13) [17] * Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1] * Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG 13) [2] '''News''' * Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3] * WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11] * The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG 13) [16] '''Resources''' * Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15] '''Research''' * Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7] * A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13] '''Videos''' * 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14] '''New WikiProjects''' * Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12] '''New Wikidata properties''' * Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4] * Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5] * DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8] * Probes And Drugs ID (SDG 3) [9] '''New Wikidata query examples''' * Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6] * Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10] '''Links''' * [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/ * [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27 * [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant * [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184 * [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189 * [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp * [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374 * [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198 * [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199 * [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR * [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620 * [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot * [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index * [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec * [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf * [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023 * [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022 This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24143847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values & Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]] [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]] * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. ** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. ** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. ** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. '''Coming up''': * '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. * '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. <section end="content" /> </div> --14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24275711 --> == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} :Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. * '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. * '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles & Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. '''Coming up:''' * '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.   * '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members. * '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November & December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   <section end="content" /> </div> --14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24476598 --> == A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24618444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Maachị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24664700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community. About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24726847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. * '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. * '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. '''Coming up''' * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange). * '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities intentions statement]]. * '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24745150 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]] * '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022. * '''What to read on Diff?''' ** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. ** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. '''Coming up:''' * '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. * '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24859561 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden. Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates:''' * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023. * '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles & Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. '''What’s coming up?''' * Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25016423 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust & Safety team. On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions. Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, <u>in case of new malfunctions</u> during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our "fix-it week". Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands. On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25213308 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions. On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]]. On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]]. On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25312292 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]] ''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.'' '''Updates:''' * '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages: ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] * [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. * [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. * Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. * MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May & June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''What’s coming up?''' * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] * [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. * [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general. * '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25275952 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25357486 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates''' * '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. * '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&list=LL&index=4 recording on YouTube]. * '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''Upcoming''' * '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: ** Tuesday, August 15 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy & Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325) *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326) ** Wednesday, August 16 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326) ** Thursday, 17 August *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310) * A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25458213 --> == Spam article == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of "no useful content, spam page" [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links. 2) [[Jhonnchefe]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube. 3) [[Faaxy]] Reason : Language (English) 4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 5) [[مسكنك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 6) [[إيجي سكاي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 7) [[أراتوك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]] Reason : Language (English) 2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram 3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram 5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]] Reason : Language (English) 6) [[Nitin Meena]] Reason : Language (English) 7) [[Kiddyong]] Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - "phone number, email adddress," also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article "Kiddyong The Naughty Kid"??? 7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized 8) [[King Media]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram 9) [[Yahya Moussa]] Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in "Arabic language" with "Self promotional links" 1) [[محمد عتال]] Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami 2) [[وسام شاهين]] Reason : Language (Arabic) 3) [[محمد جابر طه]] Reason : Language (Arabic) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons. ::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him. ::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article. :: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]]. ::Also thank you for your each responses. [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:07, 22 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25636326 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25669070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 5 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25703700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]]. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 27 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25714201 --> == Crosswiki spam == Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) :Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25809033 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit == [[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]] There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25837034 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25859261 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25909237 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:14, 1 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:37, 5 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:05, 19 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26057555 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:54, 26 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) == Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly "fix-it week", where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26262834 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 Maachị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26387944 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26401651 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26566985 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) == Hello I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) == Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]! Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]]. Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya. Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 == We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message. See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26780875 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26803534 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 Jụn 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments. We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ "MinT for Wiki Readers" na ịgbo Wiki. Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi. Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) == Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) :Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 Julaị 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27024810 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == First meet == Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27145131 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our "About" widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Septemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Pages nominated for deletion == Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them. 1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]] 2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]] 3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]] 4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]] 5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]] 6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]] 7 [[Henry Nwawuba]] 8 [[Francis Okaroh]] 9 [[Francis Arinze]] 10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]] 11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]] 12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]] 13 [[Emmanuel Okala]] 14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]] 15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]] 16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]] 17 [[Clarion Chukwura]] 18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]] 19 [[Chima Anyaso]] 20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]] 21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]] 22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]] 23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]] 24 [[Bruno Ibeh]] 25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]] 26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]] 27 [[Augustine Aniebo]] 28 [[Anyika Onuora]] 29 [[Jude Aneke]] 30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]] 31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]] 32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]] 33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]] 34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]] 35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]] 36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]] 37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]] 38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]] 39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]] 40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]] 41 [[Ugonna Anyora]] 42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] 43 [[Steve Eboh]] 44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]] 45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]] 46 [[Obinna Eregbu]] 47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]] 48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]] 49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]] 50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]] 51 [[Abba Moro]] 52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :) Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) == How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27638060 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page == Ndewo Goody, Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27757932 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27872982 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) == Hi, Olugold I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) == Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Would you join our editorial board? == Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration. [[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning == The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our "Function of the week" section, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28241947 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28271571 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]''' The Trust & Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward. The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy. Thank you!<section end="body"/> </div> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 Maachị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:39, 15 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[Ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|ṅkátá]]) 09:28, 1 Eprel 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) == Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) == do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28586963 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&Change finalist == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28628447 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mee 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28780680 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28806388 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 Jụn 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:56, 16 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:38, 23 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:38, 28 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 Julaị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 4 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28927185 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:46, 11 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 19 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:33, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29016422 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) == How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) :Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! == We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together. See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:26, 20 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29289969 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:46, 26 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29319712 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:55, 4 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:47, 9 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:04, 15 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29444338 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 21:10, 23 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29491948 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:48, 30 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Novemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:06, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:42, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:11, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:38, 27 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:02, 4 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays. The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29814552 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 16 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29902635 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 22 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 Maachị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) == Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], :How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) ::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30289284 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 Eprel 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> :Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mee 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) == Hello, Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) :hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) == Hi Olugold, My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits. I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond. That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster. Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. :Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can: :*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled :*Tag pages for deletion :*Suggest deletion :*Report problematic pages. :You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. ::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. :::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language. :::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30701693 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30724999 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> ghjyovn4e0fdi9vtz5xu5xdy73eyrjb John Paul Oulu 0 13310 671233 91427 2026-07-02T11:12:50Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Paul Oulu''' a makwaara dị ka Oulu GPO (nwụrụ n'afọ Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009) bụ onye Kenya na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Students Organization of Nairobi University (SONU); ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nairobi .<ref name="dn">{{Cite news|title=Activist laid to rest|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/545836/-/u353ff/-/|work=[[Daily Nation]]|date=2009-03-14|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ogbugbu ya n'afọ 2009 bụ ọrụ ya n'idekọ ogbugbu ndị uwe ojii.<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters">{{Cite web|title=Wikileaks writers killed in Kenya|publisher=Hawai`i Free Press/[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-03-09|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKEIehFU?url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|archivedate=2010-12-29}}</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite news|first=Tristan|author=McConnell|title=Rights activist Oscar Kamau Kingara shot dead in central Nairobi|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-03-07|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref name="times" /><ref name="Cry_of_Blood">{{Cite web|title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances|publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]|date=2008-09-25|url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref> == Ọrụ ruuru mmadụ == E nyere Oulu ọrụ dị mkpa banyere ọrụ nyocha n'azụ igbu ndị uwe ojii na Kenya, gụnyere ''The Cry of Blood - Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances'', nke WikiLeaks kwupụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe.<ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK">{{Cite web|author=WikiLeaks|authorlink=WikiLeaks|title=WikiLeaks wins Amnesty International 2009 Media Award|publisher=[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-06-02|url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKChLFQY?url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref><ref name="Cry_of_Blood">{{Cite web|title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances|publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]|date=2008-09-25|url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf "'The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-agbanwe Ozi Na-ahụ Maka Ịda|Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]. 2008-09-25. Archived from [http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK" /> == Ogbugbu == A gbagburu Oulu ma gbuo ya ógè ọ nọ ọdụ na okporo ụzọ na Nairobi n'ọnwa Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009, ya na onye ọka iwu na onye guzobere Oscar Foundation, Oscar Kamau Kingara.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|first=Tristan|author=McConnell|title=Rights activist Oscar Kamau Kingara shot dead in central Nairobi|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-03-07|accessdate=2009-04-02}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcConnell2009">McConnell, Tristan (2009-03-07). [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece "Rights activist Oscar Kamau Kingara shot dead in central Nairobi"]. ''[[The Times]]''. London. [https://www.webcitation.org/5vKFs7tQ7?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece Archived] from the original on 2010-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, WikiLeaks kpọrọ oku maka akụkọ ndị akaebe ma kọwaa Kingara na Oulu dị ka "Wikileaks-related senior human rights activists".<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters" /> == Leekwa == * Ihe ruuru mmadụ na Kenya == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} rixrk4ogice0aqqvuqfnkkdout8k876 671235 671233 2026-07-02T11:14:14Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Paul Oulu''' a makwaara dị ka Oulu GPO (nwụrụ n'afọ Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009) bụ onye Kenya na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Students Organization of Nairobi University (SONU); ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nairobi .<ref name="dn">{{Cite news|title=Activist laid to rest|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/545836/-/u353ff/-/|work=[[Daily Nation]]|date=2009-03-14|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ogbugbu ya n'afọ 2009 bụ ọrụ ya n'idekọ ogbugbu ndị uwe ojii.<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters">{{Cite web|title=Wikileaks writers killed in Kenya|publisher=Hawai`i Free Press/[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-03-09|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKEIehFU?url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|archivedate=2010-12-29}}</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite news|first=Tristan|author=McConnell|title=Rights activist Oscar Kamau Kingara shot dead in central Nairobi|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-03-07|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref name="times" /><ref name="Cry_of_Blood">{{Cite web|title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances|publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]|date=2008-09-25|url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref> == Ọrụ ruuru mmadụ == E nyere Oulu ọrụ dị mkpa banyere ọrụ nyocha n'azụ igbu ndị uwe ojii na Kenya, gụnyere ''The Cry of Blood - Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances'', nke WikiLeaks kwupụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe.<ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK">{{Cite web|author=WikiLeaks|authorlink=WikiLeaks|title=WikiLeaks wins Amnesty International 2009 Media Award|publisher=[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-06-02|url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKChLFQY?url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref><ref name="Cry_of_Blood">{{Cite web|title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances|publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]|date=2008-09-25|url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf "'The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-agbanwe Ozi Na-ahụ Maka Ịda|Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]. 2008-09-25. Archived from [http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK" /> == Ogbugbu == A gbagburu Oulu ma gbuo ya ógè ọ nọ ọdụ na okporo ụzọ na Nairobi n'ọnwa Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009, ya na onye ọka iwu na onye guzobere Oscar Foundation, Oscar Kamau Kingara.<ref name="times" /> Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, WikiLeaks kpọrọ oku maka akụkọ ndị akaebe ma kọwaa Kingara na Oulu dị ka "Wikileaks-related senior human rights activists".<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters" /> == Leekwa == * Ihe ruuru mmadụ na Kenya == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1mhybaqrmhxoidjlgc9lsgxfuz8pdbo 671236 671235 2026-07-02T11:14:51Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Paul Oulu''' a makwaara dị ka Oulu GPO (nwụrụ n'afọ Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009) bụ onye Kenya na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Students Organization of Nairobi University (SONU); ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nairobi .<ref name="dn">{{Cite news|title=Activist laid to rest|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/545836/-/u353ff/-/|work=[[Daily Nation]]|date=2009-03-14|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ogbugbu ya n'afọ 2009 bụ ọrụ ya n'idekọ ogbugbu ndị uwe ojii.<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters">{{Cite web|title=Wikileaks writers killed in Kenya|publisher=Hawai`i Free Press/[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-03-09|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKEIehFU?url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/main/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/502/Wikileaks-writers-killed-in-Kenya.aspx|archivedate=2010-12-29}}</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite news|first=Tristan|author=McConnell|title=Rights activist Oscar Kamau Kingara shot dead in central Nairobi|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5860870.ece|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-03-07|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref name="times" /><ref name="Cry_of_Blood">{{Cite web|title='The Cry of Blood' — Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances|publisher=[[Kenya National Commission on Human Rights]]/[[Enforced Disappearances Information Exchange Center]]|date=2008-09-25|url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKBp2oC5?url=http://www.ediec.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Kenia/KNCHR_REPORT_ON_POLICE.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref> == Ọrụ ruuru mmadụ == E nyere Oulu ọrụ dị mkpa banyere ọrụ nyocha n'azụ igbu ndị uwe ojii na Kenya, gụnyere ''The Cry of Blood - Report on Extra-Judicial Killings and Disappearances'', nke WikiLeaks kwupụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe.<ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK">{{Cite web|author=WikiLeaks|authorlink=WikiLeaks|title=WikiLeaks wins Amnesty International 2009 Media Award|publisher=[[WikiLeaks]]|date=2009-06-02|url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|accessdate=2010-12-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vKChLFQY?url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/WikiLeaks_wins_Amnesty_International_2009_Media_Award/|archivedate=2010-12-28}}</ref><ref name="Cry_of_Blood" /><ref name="WL_Kenya_2009_AIUK" /> == Ogbugbu == A gbagburu Oulu ma gbuo ya ógè ọ nọ ọdụ na okporo ụzọ na Nairobi n'ọnwa Machị n'ubochí isé, n'afọ 2009, ya na onye ọka iwu na onye guzobere Oscar Foundation, Oscar Kamau Kingara.<ref name="times" /> Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, WikiLeaks kpọrọ oku maka akụkọ ndị akaebe ma kọwaa Kingara na Oulu dị ka "Wikileaks-related senior human rights activists".<ref name="HawaiiFP_WLwriters" /> == Leekwa == * Ihe ruuru mmadụ na Kenya == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} kz6ja3o3whw8kfr3yhptxgw5hbyn4uh Eberechi Eze 0 13911 671178 138566 2026-07-02T10:46:56Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eberechi Oluchi Eze''' (a mụrụ ka ọnwa juun dị n'mkpụrụ ụbọchi n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteolu n'afọ 1998; a na-akpọ ya /əˈbɛərə-tʃi ˈɛzə/ ə-BAIR-ə-tchee EZ-ə) nwa Naijiria bi obodo oyibo eji igba bọọlụ mara. Ọnọdụ n'egwu bụ .[[:en:Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder|attacking midfielder]] maka otu [[:en:Premier_League|Premier League]] club na [[:en:Crystal_Palace_F.C.|Crystal Palace]]. [[Usòrò:Qpr2018eberechieeze001.jpg|thumb|Eberechj Eze]] == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Eze na Greenwich, Greater London na nne na nna Naijiria.<ref name="Eze The Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Fisher|first=Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/football-league-blog/2018/nov/14/eberechi-eze-qpr-championship-football-league-blog|title=Eberechi Eze: the young playmaker with the X factor at QPR|date=14 November 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-etolite, ọ tụgharịrị uche na ndụ ya, na-asị: "E nwere akụkụ dị mma [nke Greenwich] na akụkụ ndị na-adịghị mma. Etolitere m n'akụkụ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụghị ndụ kachasị mfe ma ị nweghị ọtụtụ ụmụaka ndị ọzọ gbara gị gburugburu. Ebe mbụ anyị ga-aga mgbe anyị gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ n'ime ụlọ. Anyị ga-anọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe nne na nna anyị kpọrọ anyị, na-adịghị eri nri, na-egwuri egwu ehihie na abalị. Enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ị ga-eme. Ma nke ahụ bụ ebe ịhụnanya si bịa. [N'oge ahụ], ị maghị na ọ bụ n'ezie otú ị na-amụta ọrụ gị. '<ref> name="Eze The Independent">{{Cite news|title=QPR's Eberechi Eze: 'I always dreamt of finally getting here. There was no other option'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/qpr-eberechi-eze-interview-profile-championship-transfer-efl-a9276126.html|work=The Independent|date=9 January 2020|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-etolite, arụsị bọọlụ ya bụ Ronaldinho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/2021/february/crystal-palaces-eberechi-eze-on-how-ronaldinho-inspired-him-to-entertain/|title=Eberechi Eze: How Ronaldinho videos inspired a south London showman|work=Crystal Palace F.C.|date=13 February 2021|accessdate=21 February 2021}}</ref> Eze zutere Bright Osayi-Samuel, onye otu ya n'oge ọ nọ na Queens Park Rangers, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma gbaa bọọlụ ọnụ n'otu otu mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title='He's like a brother to me' - QPR's Eberechi Eze opens up on relationship with Osayi-Samuel|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/qpr-eberechi-eze-opens-up-on-relationship-with-osayi-samuel/vj7an01bohwu13fis6g5nglo0|publisher=Goal.com|date=19 April 2020|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze malitere ọrụ bọọlụ ya na Arsenal tupu ahapụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ wee banye Otu Fulham na Reading.<ref name="Eze The Independent">{{Cite news|title=QPR's Eberechi Eze: 'I always dreamt of finally getting here. There was no other option'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/qpr-eberechi-eze-interview-profile-championship-transfer-efl-a9276126.html|work=The Independent|date=9 January 2020|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=England star lifts lid on being released by Arsenal and what he did to rebuild his career|url=https://www.football.london/arsenal-fc/news/england-star-lifts-lid-being-18162592|publisher=Football London|date=30 April 2020|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze wee pụta dị ka onye egwuregwu ntorobịa na Millwall, ebe o bịnyere aka n' akwụkwọ mmụta n'efu nke ga-an afọ abụọ na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2014/august/fitz-so-proud-as-young-lion-eze-gets-england-call/|title=Fitz so proud as young Lion Eze gets England call|publisher=Millwall F.C.|date=20 August 2014|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902200849/https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2014/august/fitz-so-proud-as-young-lion-eze-gets-england-call/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze gara n'ihu ngwa ngwa n'akụkụ U18 nakwa n' akụkụ ndi nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2015/october/report--millwall-u21s-1-0-colchester-united-u21s/|title=Report: Millwall U21s 1-0 Colchester United U21s|publisher=Millwall F.C.|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902192952/https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2015/october/report--millwall-u21s-1-0-colchester-united-u21s/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> A mara ọkwa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2016 na Eze ga-ahapụ Millwall na ngwụcha oge 2015 na 16 mgbe enyeghị ya akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ọkachamara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2016/april/fitzgerald-pays-tribute-to-departing-millwall-youngsters/|title=Fitzgerald pays tribute to departing Millwall youngsters|publisher=Millwall F.C.|date=5 April 2016|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902201419/https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2016/april/fitzgerald-pays-tribute-to-departing-millwall-youngsters/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eze Talksport">{{Cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/efl/533565/ebere-eze-exclusive-qpr-youngster-millwall-rejection-fan-criticism-steve-mcclaren-sacking/|title=Ebere Eze EXCLUSIVE: QPR youngster on Millwall rejection, criticism from his own fans, Steve McClaren's sacking and much more|author=Gallagher|first=Sean|date=27 April 2019|work=talkSPORT|accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Ndị Otu Queens Park Rangers === Site Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụm akwụkwọ na kọleji tupu ya enwee ihe ịga nke ọma na klọb Championship Queens Park Rangers (QPR), na-amasị onye nduzi teknụzụ nke klọb ahụ bụ Chris Ramsey.<ref name="Eze The Independent" /><ref name="Eze Talksport" /> Eze mechere mbinye aka ya na Queens Park Rangers ka ọnwa Ọgọst dị na mkpụrụ ụbọchị atọ n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qpr.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/qpr-eberechi-eze-qpr-under-21s-3223231.aspx|title=Eberechi Eze joins QPR under-21s|date=3 August 2016|work=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211325/http://www.qpr.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/qpr-eberechi-eze-qpr-under-21s-3223231.aspx|archivedate=4 November 2016}}</ref> N'ụbọchị asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2017, Eze gbara egwu bọọlụ nke mbụ ya na FA Cup megide Blackburn Rovers, na nkeji iri na asatọ tupu emerụ ya ahụ ma jiri Yeni Ngbakoto dochie ya. Egwuregwu ahụ mere ka QPR were ọkpụ abụọ merie .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38474818|title=Queens Park Rangers 1–2 Blackburn Rovers|date=7 January 2017|accessdate=30 June 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> O weegbatịkwuo bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ, nke butere ya ị nọ na ya afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-signs-new-qpr-deal/|title=Ebere Eze signs new QPR deal|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=6 January 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713103750/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-signs-new-qpr-deal/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Nke a bụ naanị ngosipụta ya n'afọ 2016 ruo 2017 maka oge nke ahụ. N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, Eze sonyeere ndị otu Wycombe Wanderers na League Two na mgbazinye ruo Jenụwarị 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/eze-joins-wycombe/|title=Ebere Eze joins Wycombe Wanderers on loan|author=Morrissey|first=Paul|date=30 August 2017|work=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|accessdate=30 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830135052/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/eze-joins-wycombe/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> O gosiri ebube ya na Wycombe Wanderers mgbe eji ya nochie anya onye ọzọ na nkeji iri asaa na iteolu, nke butere onye naba onye naba megide Newport County n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wycombe Wanderers held to a respectable 0-0 draw against in-form Newport County at Rodney Parade|url=https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/sport/15525790.wycombe-wanderers-held-to-a-respectable-0-0-draw-against-in-form-newport-county-at-rodney-parade/|publisher=Bucks Free Press|date=9 September 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Kemgbe ọ malitere na klọb ahụ, Eze ghọrọ onye otu mbụ na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ahụ, ebe ọ na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'etiti etiti.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gareth Ainsworth praised his side's character after coming from behind to beat Crewe Alexandra 3-2 at Adams Park|url=https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/sport/15560181.gareth-ainsworth-praised-his-sides-character-after-coming-from-behind-to-beat-crewe-alexandra-3-2-at-adams-park/|publisher=Bucks Free Press|date=27 September 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze gbara goolu mbụ ya n'ụbọchị asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, na-eme ka Wycombe merie Cambridge United.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/news/2017/october/match-report-for-cambridge-united-vs-wycombe-wanderers-on-07-oct-17/|title=Report: Cambridge 1-3 Wycombe|date=7 October 2017|work=Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|accessdate=25 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006222124/https://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/news/2017/october/match-report-for-cambridge-united-vs-wycombe-wanderers-on-07-oct-17/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Gool ya mere ka ha merie Cambridge United mere ka a họpụta ya maka ihe nrite Sky Bet League 2 Goal of the Month maka Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/news/2017/november/eze-nominated-for-goal-of-the-month/|title=Eze nominated for Goal of the Month|publisher=Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|date=10 November 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902205206/https://www.wycombewanderers.co.uk/news/2017/november/eze-nominated-for-goal-of-the-month/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> O mere ngosipụta ọgbụgba bọọlụ ya ugboro iri abụọ , nke a buteere ya nkwalite n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=QPR playmaker Ebere Eze hails Wycombe boss Gareth Ainsworth and hopes Wycombe get promoted to League One|url=https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/sport/16134385.qpr-playmaker-ebere-eze-hails-wycombe-boss-gareth-ainsworth-hopes-wycombe-get-promoted-league-one/|publisher=Bucks Free Press|date=3 April 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze gbaara Wycombe ugboro anọ ọzọ ma gosipụtakwa ebube ya tupu ọ laghachi na QPR na Jenụwarị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wycombe Wanderers 3–3 Cheltenham Town|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41703650|publisher=BBC Sport|date=28 October 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eze My London News">{{Cite news|title=Ian Holloway says he plans to build QPR attack around Ebere Eze as he returns from Wycombe Wanderers loan spell|url=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/football/football-news/ian-holloway-says-plans-build-14102223|publisher=My London News|date=2 January 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na QPR, Eze gosipụtara mgbe niile maka Ian Holloway, onye mere atụmatụ iji ya na ndị otu mbụ.<ref name="Eze My London News" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/season-a-great-learning-curve-for-eze/|title=Season a great learning curve for Eze|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=9 May 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902211340/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/season-a-great-learning-curve-for-eze/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya n'afọ 2017 na 6 Jenụwarị 2018 megide Milton Keynes Dons na agba nke atọ nke FA Cup, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya nkeji iri isii na otu, na mmeri otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/fixtures/first-team/2017/qpr-v-milton-keynes-dons/|title=Match Report: 0 Queens Park Rangers 1 MK Dons|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=6 January 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902211335/https://www.qpr.co.uk/fixtures/first-team/2017/qpr-v-milton-keynes-dons/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge 2017 na afọ 18, ọ gara n'ihu na-apụta ugboro iri na isii, na goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ bịara na 10 Machị 2018 megide Sunderland, naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/fixtures/first-team/2017/qpr-v-sunderland/|title=Match Report: QPR 1, Sunderland 0|date=10 March 2018|work=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|language=en|accessdate=25 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006225250/https://www.qpr.co.uk/fixtures/first-team/2017/qpr-v-sunderland/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Goolu nke abụọ Eze gbara maka QPR bịara na mmeri 410 n'ụlọ megide Norwich City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43536847|title=Queens Park Rangers 4–1 Norwich City|date=2 April 2018|work=BBC Sport|language=en-gb|accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> Tupu oge 2018 na 19, Holloway hapụrụ Queens Park Rangers ka oge gara aga gwụchara na onye nọchiri ya, Steve McClaren nyere Eze uwe 10 maka klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/qpr/football-eze-given-qprs-iconic-number-10-shirt|title=Eze given QPR's iconic number 10 shirt|date=25 July 2018|work=West London Sport|accessdate=25 March 2020}}</ref> Otu izu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na QPR, na-ejikọta ya na klọb ahụ ruo June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-signs-three-year-deal|title=Ebere Eze signs three-year QPR deal|author=Morrissey|first=Paul|date=7 August 2018|work=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|accessdate=30 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807114556/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-signs-three-year-deal/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze bidoro oge ahụ nke ọma mgbe ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya n'oge ahụ, na mmeri Sheffield United na 11 Ọgọst 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Queens Park Rangers 1–2 Sheffield United|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45066578|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2017|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze wee gbaa goolu abụọ n'usoro n'etiti 15 Septemba 2018 na 19 Septemba 2018 megide Bolton Wanderers na klọb mbụ ya, Millwall.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bolton Wanderers 1–2 Queens Park Rangers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45456097|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Kemgbe mmalite nke oge 2018 na 19, ọ nọgidere na-abụ onye otu mbụ na-eme egwuregwu n'akụkụ ahụ, na-aga n'ihu na-egwu n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'etiti etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/features/turn-around-total-eclipse-of-the-rs/|title=Turn Around: Total Eclipse of the R's|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=16 November 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904123927/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/features/turn-around-total-eclipse-of-the-rs/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> McClaren toro arụmọrụ ya, onye kwuru, sị: "Eze nwere nnukwu nkà mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na bọọlụ n'ihe gbasara inyere ndị otu ahụ aka ịgbachitere. Anyị na-arịọ ya ka o mee nke ahụ ma ọ dị mkpa ka o mee ya n'ihe gbasara mmepe ya. "<ref>{{Cite news|title=Eze praised for displays on the wing|url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/qpr/mcclaren-happy-with-eze-on-the-wing|publisher=West Lonndon Sport|date=3 September 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Eze wee setịpụ goolu abụọ n'egwuregwu abụọ n'etiti 20 Ọktoba 2018 na 23 Ọktobe 2018 megide Ipswich Town na Sheffield Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ipswich Town 0–2 Queens Park Rangers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45846343|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 October 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na 24 Nọvemba 2018 megide Stoke City, O setịpụrụ goolu abụọ maka Àngel Rangel, na 2o2 draw.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Stoke City 2–2 Queens Park Rangers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46244071|publisher=BBC Sport|date=24 November 2018|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Goolu nke anọ wee bịa na ụbọchị nke mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2019, na 2 draw megide Aston Villa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aston Villa 2–2 Queens Park Rangers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46677125|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 January 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge 2018 na 19, Eze hụrụ onwe ya n'oge na-adịghị anya n'oche ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The key reasons behind QPR's poor form in 2019 - and how they must address it|url=https://www.football.london/queens-park-rangers-fc/qpr-news-reasons-poor-form-15882857|publisher=Football London|date=25 February 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ gbara egwuregwu iri anọ na isii n'afọ 2018 na afọ iri na itoolu, gbaa bọọlụ ugboro anọ na asọmpi niile. N'egwuregwu mmeghe nke oge 2019-20, Eze gbara goolu mbụ ya n'oge ahụ, "na-agafe na Stoke City na-agbachitere iji mee ka Queen Park Rangers nwee mmeri okpukpu abụọ mgbe oge ahụ gasịrị", iji merie 2o1.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Stoke City 1–2 Queens Park Rangers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49135726|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 August 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Izu atọ ka e mesịrị na 24 Ọgọstụ 2019, ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ ya n'oge ahụ, yana ịtọlite goolu nke atọ nke egwuregwu ahụ, na mmeri 3 na 1 megide Wigan Athletic.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Queens Park Rangers 3–1 Wigan Athletic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49378600|publisher=BBC Sport|date=24 August 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Izu abụọ ka e mesịrị na 11 Septemba 2019, Eze gbara goolu nke atọ ya n'oge ahụ, yana ịmepụta goolu nke tatu nke Queen Park Rangers n'egwuregwu ahụ, na mmeri 3X2 megide Luton Town.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Queens Park Rangers 3–2 Luton Town|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49617721|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 September 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị, EFL na WhoScored.com kpọrọ ya Team of the Week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/r-s-star-in-efl-team-of-the-week/|title=R's star in EFL Team of the Week|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=16 September 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226004302/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/r-s-star-in-efl-team-of-the-week/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Kemgbe mmalite nke oge 201920, Eze nọgidere na-anọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya n'akụkụ ahụ ma na-egwuri egwu n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'etiti etiti n'okpuru njikwa ọhụrụ nke Mark Warburton.<ref name="Eze The Independent" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-on-ignoring-distractions/|title=Ebere Eze on ignoring distractions|publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C.|date=24 February 2020|accessdate=4 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313065502/https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/ebere-eze-on-ignoring-distractions/|archivedate=4 September 2020}}</ref> O wee gbaa goolu anọ ọzọ na ngwụcha afọ 2019, gụnyere agba abụọ megide Hull City na Preston North End.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Queens Park Rangers 4–2 Blackburn Rovers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49861216|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 October 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> Mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị, Warburton toro arụmọrụ ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Ebe bụ nnukwu nkà. Achọrọ m ka ọ nwee obi ụtọ na bọọlụ ya ma ọ ga-aghọta otú ịrụsi ọrụ ike achọrọ iji bulie talent o nwere. Ọ bụ nwata nwoke nwere nkà, na-egwuri egwu nke ọma maka anyị, na-agba goolu ma enwere m olileanya na ọ na-egwukwa egwu na ihu ya. "<ref>{{Cite news|title='Eze has no limits' - QPR boss Warburton raves about Nigerian wonderkid|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/eze-has-no-limits-qpr-boss-warburton-raves-about-nigerian/1s7or5mrhosbp1exuaww9xt3m7|publisher=Goal.com|date=8 December 2019|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Iko EFL ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Ndị Queens Park Rangers |201617 | rowspan="4" |Mmeri |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |1 |0 |- |2017 18 |16 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |17 |2 |- |201819 |42 |4 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |46 |4 |- |201920 |46 |14 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |48 |14 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !104 !20 !6 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |Ọdịdị !112 !20 |- |Wycombe Wanderers (onye a gbazitere) |2017 18 |Njikọ nke Abụọ |20 |5 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |2 {{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |22 |5 |- | rowspan="4" |Crystal Palace |2020 21 | rowspan="3" |Njikọ Premier |34 |4 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |36 |4 |- |2021 22 |13 |1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |17 |1 |- |202223 |6 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |7 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !53 !5 !5 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !60 !5 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ zuru ezu<references group="lower-alpha"/> !177 !30 !11 !0 !4 !0 !2 !0 !194 !30 |} == Ebensidee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m2sz1oo26eyfgq616a5zkjhu9i3g0m8 John Jea 0 14625 671100 90178 2026-07-02T10:12:27Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] John Jea (1773 - mgbe afọ 1817 gasịrị) bụ onye edemede, onye nkwusa, onye na-ekpochapụ ihe na onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke a maara nke ọma maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1811, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. A gbara Jea ohu site na nwata, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nnwere onwe ya n'afọ mgbe 1790s, ọ gara ma kwusaa ozi ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe. == Mmalite ndụ ya == A maara obere ihe banyere ndụ John Jea ma e wezụga ihe o dere na akụkọ ''ndụ'' ya, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. (1811). Jea kwuru na a mụrụ ya na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] n'afọ 1773 na nso [[Calabar]] na Bight of Biafra, nakwa na ndị ahịa ohu tọọrọ ya, nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya ma ree ya n'ohu na [[New York City]] mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ na ọkara.<ref>Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). ''Murder at Montpelier'', p. 185.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuputala obi abụọ banyere nkwupụta ndị a (ohere nke ezinụlọ Afrịka dum na-enwe ike ịlanarị njide na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị elu nke Middle Passage, mgbe ahụ a ga-ere ya n'otu onye nwe ya, dị oke ala), ma kwuo na ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị e chepụtara ma ọ bụ chọọ ha mma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}</ref> Di na nwunye Dutch, Oliver na Angelika Triebuen zụrụ Jea ma jide ya. Nna ya ukwu zigara ya na mbụ na ụka dị ka ntaramahụhụ, mana Jea ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma mee ya baptizim n'afọ 1780s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gafechara ọtụtụ ndị nwe ohu, Jea yiri ka o meela ka onye ikpeazụ kwenye na nnupụisi ya dị ka ohu kwesịrị ka a hapụ ya. Ụlọ ikpe tọhapụrụ ya na ndabere nke ịbụ onye kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, Onye Kraịst e mere baptizim n'agbanyeghị na ohu ya jụrụ na mbụ ịṅa ntị n'iwu ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jea|first=John|title=The Life, History and Unparalleled Suffering of John|location=New York|pages=32–33}}</ref> == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == N'afọ 1790s Jea gara Boston, New Orleans, South America, na mba Europe dị iche iche, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwusa na-ejegharị ejegharị na dị ka onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-esi nri ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> N'agbata afọ 1801 na 1805 ọ biri ma kwusaa ozi ọma na Liverpool, England.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Katie Donington, Ryan Hanley, Jessica Moody|title=Britain's History and Memory of Transatlantic Slavery: Local Nuances of a 'National Sin'|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1781383551|pages=50–51}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri na ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị na North America, East Indies, South America, West Indies na Ireland ruo afọ 1811, mgbe ndị agha France jidere ụgbọ mmiri ya.<ref name=":1" /> Jea nọrọ afọ anọ ka a na-ebugharị ya gburugburu ebe ugwu France tupu a tọhapụ ya na njedebe nke Agha Napoleonic.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, Jea biri na Portsea dị nso na Portsmouth na England, ebe o bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya na akwụkwọ abụ ya n'oge afọ nke 1810s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hodges|first=G.|title=Black Itinerants of the Gospel: The Narratives of John Jea and George White|publisher=Springer|year=2016|pages=30–38}}</ref> Ọ ka na-eme njem ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1817, mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na St. Helier na Jersey ebe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hanley|first=Ryan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108616997|title=Beyond Slavery and Abolition|date=2018-10-26|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61699-7|pages=145, 166|doi=10.1017/9781108616997}}</ref> Jea kọrọ na ọ lụrụ di ugboro atọ: nke mbụ ya na nwanyị Amerịka a na-akpọ Elizabeth, onye o kwuru na e gburu ya maka igbu nwa ha; mgbe ahụ ya na Charity, nwanyị Maltese nwụrụ; na n'ikpeazụ ya na Mary, nwanyị Irish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ya ndị e bipụtara == Jea bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ede uri n'Afrịka na Amerịka dere akụkọ ndụ ha.<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">''The Signifying Monkey'', by Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Oxford University Press, hardcover, p. 158.</ref> Edere akụkọ ndụ ya na Portsea n'etiti afọ 1815 na 1816, mana a maghị ya nke ọma ruo mgbe a chọtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 1983.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr" /> Henry Louis Gates Jr. ekwuola na akụkọ ndụ Jea na-emepụta "njikọ na-efu" n'etiti akụkọ ndị ohu nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, nke na-elekwasị anya na mgbapụta ime mmụọ, na mgbe e mesịrị akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke kwadoro ihe kpatara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic">''Pioneers of the Black Atlantic,'' ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Counterpoint Press, p. 23.</ref> Isiokwu okpukpe na-achịkwa akụkọ ndụ Jea. N'ezie, Jea na-akọwa nnweta ya nke ịgụ na ide n'ihi nleta ọrụ ebube nke mmụọ ozi, onye na-akụziri ya ịgụ Oziọma Jọn.<ref>John Jea, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jeajohn/menu.html ''The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher.''], 1811, p. 37.</ref> Ma a na-agwakọta isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkụ okpukpe ndị a, ọrụ ahụ na-ekwukwa mgbe niile na ịgba ohu bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị mkpa ka a kpochapụ. Gates na-akpọ ọrụ Jea "nke ikpeazụ n'ime nnukwu akụkọ ndụ ohu ojii 'dị nsọ'. "<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic" /> Jea bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụ a na-akpọ A Collection of Hymns . Ọ bụ ''John Jea'', African Preacher of the Gospel (1816) chịkọtara ma họrọ ya. O nwere egwu 334, gụnyere ịrị abụọ na itoolu nke Jea dere n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=2015-11-05|title=Make a Black Life, and Bid It Sing: Sacred Song in The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies|volume=31|issue=1|pages=147–173|doi=10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|issn=0898-9575}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} 78jyeisxjqxf3bkj83dk4afd77f9fow 671104 671100 2026-07-02T10:13:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] John Jea (1773 - mgbe afọ 1817 gasịrị) bụ onye edemede, onye nkwusa, onye na-ekpochapụ ihe na onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke a maara nke ọma maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1811, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. A gbara Jea ohu site na nwata, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nnwere onwe ya n'afọ mgbe 1790s, ọ gara ma kwusaa ozi ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe. == Mmalite ndụ ya == A maara obere ihe banyere ndụ John Jea ma e wezụga ihe o dere na akụkọ ''ndụ'' ya, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. (1811). Jea kwuru na a mụrụ ya na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] n'afọ 1773 na nso [[Calabar]] na Bight of Biafra, nakwa na ndị ahịa ohu tọọrọ ya, nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya ma ree ya n'ohu na [[New York City]] mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ na ọkara.<ref>Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). ''Murder at Montpelier'', p. 185.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuputala obi abụọ banyere nkwupụta ndị a (ohere nke ezinụlọ Afrịka dum na-enwe ike ịlanarị njide na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị elu nke Middle Passage, mgbe ahụ a ga-ere ya n'otu onye nwe ya, dị oke ala), ma kwuo na ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị e chepụtara ma ọ bụ chọọ ha mma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}</ref> Di na nwunye Dutch, Oliver na Angelika Triebuen zụrụ Jea ma jide ya. Nna ya ukwu zigara ya na mbụ na ụka dị ka ntaramahụhụ, mana Jea ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma mee ya baptizim n'afọ 1780s.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gafechara ọtụtụ ndị nwe ohu, Jea yiri ka o meela ka onye ikpeazụ kwenye na nnupụisi ya dị ka ohu kwesịrị ka a hapụ ya. Ụlọ ikpe tọhapụrụ ya na ndabere nke ịbụ onye kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, Onye Kraịst e mere baptizim n'agbanyeghị na ohu ya jụrụ na mbụ ịṅa ntị n'iwu ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jea|first=John|title=The Life, History and Unparalleled Suffering of John|location=New York|pages=32–33}}</ref> == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == N'afọ 1790s Jea gara Boston, New Orleans, South America, na mba Europe dị iche iche, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwusa na-ejegharị ejegharị na dị ka onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-esi nri ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> N'agbata afọ 1801 na 1805 ọ biri ma kwusaa ozi ọma na Liverpool, England.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Katie Donington, Ryan Hanley, Jessica Moody|title=Britain's History and Memory of Transatlantic Slavery: Local Nuances of a 'National Sin'|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1781383551|pages=50–51}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri na ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị na North America, East Indies, South America, West Indies na Ireland ruo afọ 1811, mgbe ndị agha France jidere ụgbọ mmiri ya.<ref name=":1" /> Jea nọrọ afọ anọ ka a na-ebugharị ya gburugburu ebe ugwu France tupu a tọhapụ ya na njedebe nke Agha Napoleonic.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, Jea biri na Portsea dị nso na Portsmouth na England, ebe o bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya na akwụkwọ abụ ya n'oge afọ nke 1810s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hodges|first=G.|title=Black Itinerants of the Gospel: The Narratives of John Jea and George White|publisher=Springer|year=2016|pages=30–38}}</ref> Ọ ka na-eme njem ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1817, mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na St. Helier na Jersey ebe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hanley|first=Ryan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108616997|title=Beyond Slavery and Abolition|date=2018-10-26|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61699-7|pages=145, 166|doi=10.1017/9781108616997}}</ref> Jea kọrọ na ọ lụrụ di ugboro atọ: nke mbụ ya na nwanyị Amerịka a na-akpọ Elizabeth, onye o kwuru na e gburu ya maka igbu nwa ha; mgbe ahụ ya na Charity, nwanyị Maltese nwụrụ; na n'ikpeazụ ya na Mary, nwanyị Irish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ya ndị e bipụtara == Jea bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ede uri n'Afrịka na Amerịka dere akụkọ ndụ ha.<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">''The Signifying Monkey'', by Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Oxford University Press, hardcover, p. 158.</ref> Edere akụkọ ndụ ya na Portsea n'etiti afọ 1815 na 1816, mana a maghị ya nke ọma ruo mgbe a chọtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 1983.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr" /> Henry Louis Gates Jr. ekwuola na akụkọ ndụ Jea na-emepụta "njikọ na-efu" n'etiti akụkọ ndị ohu nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, nke na-elekwasị anya na mgbapụta ime mmụọ, na mgbe e mesịrị akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke kwadoro ihe kpatara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic">''Pioneers of the Black Atlantic,'' ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Counterpoint Press, p. 23.</ref> Isiokwu okpukpe na-achịkwa akụkọ ndụ Jea. N'ezie, Jea na-akọwa nnweta ya nke ịgụ na ide n'ihi nleta ọrụ ebube nke mmụọ ozi, onye na-akụziri ya ịgụ Oziọma Jọn.<ref>John Jea, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jeajohn/menu.html ''The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher.''], 1811, p. 37.</ref> Ma a na-agwakọta isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkụ okpukpe ndị a, ọrụ ahụ na-ekwukwa mgbe niile na ịgba ohu bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị mkpa ka a kpochapụ. Gates na-akpọ ọrụ Jea "nke ikpeazụ n'ime nnukwu akụkọ ndụ ohu ojii 'dị nsọ'. "<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic" /> Jea bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụ a na-akpọ A Collection of Hymns . Ọ bụ ''John Jea'', African Preacher of the Gospel (1816) chịkọtara ma họrọ ya. O nwere egwu 334, gụnyere ịrị abụọ na itoolu nke Jea dere n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=2015-11-05|title=Make a Black Life, and Bid It Sing: Sacred Song in The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies|volume=31|issue=1|pages=147–173|doi=10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|issn=0898-9575}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} pf3ef38mekxz9suxo2fqgmyddjh5ke0 671107 671104 2026-07-02T10:14:26Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] John Jea (1773 - mgbe afọ 1817 gasịrị) bụ onye edemede, onye nkwusa, onye na-ekpochapụ ihe na onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke a maara nke ọma maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1811, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. A gbara Jea ohu site na nwata, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nnwere onwe ya n'afọ mgbe 1790s, ọ gara ma kwusaa ozi ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe. == Mmalite ndụ ya == A maara obere ihe banyere ndụ John Jea ma e wezụga ihe o dere na akụkọ ''ndụ'' ya, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. (1811). Jea kwuru na a mụrụ ya na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] n'afọ 1773 na nso [[Calabar]] na Bight of Biafra, nakwa na ndị ahịa ohu tọọrọ ya, nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya ma ree ya n'ohu na [[New York City]] mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ na ọkara.<ref>Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). ''Murder at Montpelier'', p. 185.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuputala obi abụọ banyere nkwupụta ndị a (ohere nke ezinụlọ Afrịka dum na-enwe ike ịlanarị njide na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị elu nke Middle Passage, mgbe ahụ a ga-ere ya n'otu onye nwe ya, dị oke ala), ma kwuo na ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị e chepụtara ma ọ bụ chọọ ha mma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}</ref> Di na nwunye Dutch, Oliver na Angelika Triebuen zụrụ Jea ma jide ya. Nna ya ukwu zigara ya na mbụ na ụka dị ka ntaramahụhụ, mana Jea ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma mee ya baptizim n'afọ 1780s.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gafechara ọtụtụ ndị nwe ohu, Jea yiri ka o meela ka onye ikpeazụ kwenye na nnupụisi ya dị ka ohu kwesịrị ka a hapụ ya. Ụlọ ikpe tọhapụrụ ya na ndabere nke ịbụ onye kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, Onye Kraịst e mere baptizim n'agbanyeghị na ohu ya jụrụ na mbụ ịṅa ntị n'iwu ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jea|first=John|title=The Life, History and Unparalleled Suffering of John|location=New York|pages=32–33}}</ref> == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == N'afọ 1790s Jea gara Boston, New Orleans, South America, na mba Europe dị iche iche, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwusa na-ejegharị ejegharị na dị ka onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-esi nri ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> N'agbata afọ 1801 na 1805 ọ biri ma kwusaa ozi ọma na Liverpool, England.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Katie Donington, Ryan Hanley, Jessica Moody|title=Britain's History and Memory of Transatlantic Slavery: Local Nuances of a 'National Sin'|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1781383551|pages=50–51}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri na ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị na North America, East Indies, South America, West Indies na Ireland ruo afọ 1811, mgbe ndị agha France jidere ụgbọ mmiri ya.<ref name=":1" /> Jea nọrọ afọ anọ ka a na-ebugharị ya gburugburu ebe ugwu France tupu a tọhapụ ya na njedebe nke Agha Napoleonic.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, Jea biri na Portsea dị nso na Portsmouth na England, ebe o bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya na akwụkwọ abụ ya n'oge afọ nke 1810s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hodges|first=G.|title=Black Itinerants of the Gospel: The Narratives of John Jea and George White|publisher=Springer|year=2016|pages=30–38}}</ref> Ọ ka na-eme njem ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1817, mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na St. Helier na Jersey ebe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hanley|first=Ryan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108616997|title=Beyond Slavery and Abolition|date=2018-10-26|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61699-7|pages=145, 166|doi=10.1017/9781108616997}}</ref> Jea kọrọ na ọ lụrụ di ugboro atọ: nke mbụ ya na nwanyị Amerịka a na-akpọ Elizabeth, onye o kwuru na e gburu ya maka igbu nwa ha; mgbe ahụ ya na Charity, nwanyị Maltese nwụrụ; na n'ikpeazụ ya na Mary, nwanyị Irish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaillant1999">Saillant, John (1999). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209 "Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816"]. ''Journal of American Studies''. '''33''' (3): 473–490 (pp. 475–482). [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0021875899006209|10.1017/s0021875899006209]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758 0021-8758] &#x2013; via JSTOR.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ya ndị e bipụtara == Jea bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ede uri n'Afrịka na Amerịka dere akụkọ ndụ ha.<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">''The Signifying Monkey'', by Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Oxford University Press, hardcover, p. 158.</ref> Edere akụkọ ndụ ya na Portsea n'etiti afọ 1815 na 1816, mana a maghị ya nke ọma ruo mgbe a chọtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 1983.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr" /> Henry Louis Gates Jr. ekwuola na akụkọ ndụ Jea na-emepụta "njikọ na-efu" n'etiti akụkọ ndị ohu nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, nke na-elekwasị anya na mgbapụta ime mmụọ, na mgbe e mesịrị akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke kwadoro ihe kpatara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic">''Pioneers of the Black Atlantic,'' ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Counterpoint Press, p. 23.</ref> Isiokwu okpukpe na-achịkwa akụkọ ndụ Jea. N'ezie, Jea na-akọwa nnweta ya nke ịgụ na ide n'ihi nleta ọrụ ebube nke mmụọ ozi, onye na-akụziri ya ịgụ Oziọma Jọn.<ref>John Jea, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jeajohn/menu.html ''The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher.''], 1811, p. 37.</ref> Ma a na-agwakọta isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkụ okpukpe ndị a, ọrụ ahụ na-ekwukwa mgbe niile na ịgba ohu bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị mkpa ka a kpochapụ. Gates na-akpọ ọrụ Jea "nke ikpeazụ n'ime nnukwu akụkọ ndụ ohu ojii 'dị nsọ'. "<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic" /> Jea bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụ a na-akpọ A Collection of Hymns . Ọ bụ ''John Jea'', African Preacher of the Gospel (1816) chịkọtara ma họrọ ya. O nwere egwu 334, gụnyere ịrị abụọ na itoolu nke Jea dere n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=2015-11-05|title=Make a Black Life, and Bid It Sing: Sacred Song in The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies|volume=31|issue=1|pages=147–173|doi=10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|issn=0898-9575}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} kf6lh1g34mss6ixcuvgbl1qteu8mdmx 671109 671107 2026-07-02T10:15:29Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] John Jea (1773 - mgbe afọ 1817 gasịrị) bụ onye edemede, onye nkwusa, onye na-ekpochapụ ihe na onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke a maara nke ọma maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1811, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. A gbara Jea ohu site na nwata, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nnwere onwe ya n'afọ mgbe 1790s, ọ gara ma kwusaa ozi ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe. == Mmalite ndụ ya == A maara obere ihe banyere ndụ John Jea ma e wezụga ihe o dere na akụkọ ''ndụ'' ya, Ndụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ahụhụ na-enweghị atụ nke John Jea, Onye Nkwusa nke Africa. (1811). Jea kwuru na a mụrụ ya na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] n'afọ 1773 na nso [[Calabar]] na Bight of Biafra, nakwa na ndị ahịa ohu tọọrọ ya, nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya ma ree ya n'ohu na [[New York City]] mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ na ọkara.<ref>Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). ''Murder at Montpelier'', p. 185.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuputala obi abụọ banyere nkwupụta ndị a (ohere nke ezinụlọ Afrịka dum na-enwe ike ịlanarị njide na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ dị elu nke Middle Passage, mgbe ahụ a ga-ere ya n'otu onye nwe ya, dị oke ala), ma kwuo na ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị e chepụtara ma ọ bụ chọọ ha mma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=1999|title=Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006209|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=3|pages=473–490 (pp. 475–482)|doi=10.1017/s0021875899006209|issn=0021-8758}}</ref> Di na nwunye Dutch, Oliver na Angelika Triebuen zụrụ Jea ma jide ya. Nna ya ukwu zigara ya na mbụ na ụka dị ka ntaramahụhụ, mana Jea ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma mee ya baptizim n'afọ 1780s.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gafechara ọtụtụ ndị nwe ohu, Jea yiri ka o meela ka onye ikpeazụ kwenye na nnupụisi ya dị ka ohu kwesịrị ka a hapụ ya. Ụlọ ikpe tọhapụrụ ya na ndabere nke ịbụ onye kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, Onye Kraịst e mere baptizim n'agbanyeghị na ohu ya jụrụ na mbụ ịṅa ntị n'iwu ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jea|first=John|title=The Life, History and Unparalleled Suffering of John|location=New York|pages=32–33}}</ref> == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == N'afọ 1790s Jea gara Boston, New Orleans, South America, na mba Europe dị iche iche, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwusa na-ejegharị ejegharị na dị ka onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-esi nri ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> N'agbata afọ 1801 na 1805 ọ biri ma kwusaa ozi ọma na Liverpool, England.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Katie Donington, Ryan Hanley, Jessica Moody|title=Britain's History and Memory of Transatlantic Slavery: Local Nuances of a 'National Sin'|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1781383551|pages=50–51}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri na ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị na North America, East Indies, South America, West Indies na Ireland ruo afọ 1811, mgbe ndị agha France jidere ụgbọ mmiri ya.<ref name=":1" /> Jea nọrọ afọ anọ ka a na-ebugharị ya gburugburu ebe ugwu France tupu a tọhapụ ya na njedebe nke Agha Napoleonic.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, Jea biri na Portsea dị nso na Portsmouth na England, ebe o bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya na akwụkwọ abụ ya n'oge afọ nke 1810s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hodges|first=G.|title=Black Itinerants of the Gospel: The Narratives of John Jea and George White|publisher=Springer|year=2016|pages=30–38}}</ref> Ọ ka na-eme njem ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1817, mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na St. Helier na Jersey ebe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hanley|first=Ryan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108616997|title=Beyond Slavery and Abolition|date=2018-10-26|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61699-7|pages=145, 166|doi=10.1017/9781108616997}}</ref> Jea kọrọ na ọ lụrụ di ugboro atọ: nke mbụ ya na nwanyị Amerịka a na-akpọ Elizabeth, onye o kwuru na e gburu ya maka igbu nwa ha; mgbe ahụ ya na Charity, nwanyị Maltese nwụrụ; na n'ikpeazụ ya na Mary, nwanyị Irish.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ya ndị e bipụtara == Jea bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ede uri n'Afrịka na Amerịka dere akụkọ ndụ ha.<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">''The Signifying Monkey'', by Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Oxford University Press, hardcover, p. 158.</ref> Edere akụkọ ndụ ya na Portsea n'etiti afọ 1815 na 1816, mana a maghị ya nke ọma ruo mgbe a chọtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 1983.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr" /> Henry Louis Gates Jr. ekwuola na akụkọ ndụ Jea na-emepụta "njikọ na-efu" n'etiti akụkọ ndị ohu nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, nke na-elekwasị anya na mgbapụta ime mmụọ, na mgbe e mesịrị akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke kwadoro ihe kpatara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic">''Pioneers of the Black Atlantic,'' ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Counterpoint Press, p. 23.</ref> Isiokwu okpukpe na-achịkwa akụkọ ndụ Jea. N'ezie, Jea na-akọwa nnweta ya nke ịgụ na ide n'ihi nleta ọrụ ebube nke mmụọ ozi, onye na-akụziri ya ịgụ Oziọma Jọn.<ref>John Jea, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jeajohn/menu.html ''The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher.''], 1811, p. 37.</ref> Ma a na-agwakọta isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkụ okpukpe ndị a, ọrụ ahụ na-ekwukwa mgbe niile na ịgba ohu bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị mkpa ka a kpochapụ. Gates na-akpọ ọrụ Jea "nke ikpeazụ n'ime nnukwu akụkọ ndụ ohu ojii 'dị nsọ'. "<ref name="Pioneers of the Black Atlantic" /> Jea bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụ a na-akpọ A Collection of Hymns . Ọ bụ ''John Jea'', African Preacher of the Gospel (1816) chịkọtara ma họrọ ya. O nwere egwu 334, gụnyere ịrị abụọ na itoolu nke Jea dere n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saillant|first=John|date=2015-11-05|title=Make a Black Life, and Bid It Sing: Sacred Song in The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies|volume=31|issue=1|pages=147–173|doi=10.1080/08989575.2016.1104896|issn=0898-9575}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} f4e2svokmg2d1gektwnf29tgckdkvim Jilali Gharbaoui 0 14668 670915 623247 2026-07-01T22:10:48Z Timzy D'Great 12485 670915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jilali Gharbaoui''' (1930–1971) bụ onye Morocco na-ese ihe na onye na-akpụ ihe sitere na Jorf El Melha . A na-ewere ya, ya na Ahmed Cherkaoui, onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Morocco. N'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe n'oge a na Morocco, abstraction ya dabere na brushstrokes na etụ ihe eji ete ihe si dị, na-emegide omenala Morocco.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-24|title=Composition|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/collection/composition-jilali-gharbaoui/|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Gharbaoui nwere nnukwu ọrịa uche ma nwụọ n'ihi igbu onwe ya na Paris n'afọ 1971. == Ndụ == Ọ malitere ịmụ nka na <nowiki><i id="mwFg">Academie des Arts</i></nowiki> na Fes.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ gara France na 1952.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Gharbaoui, Jilali|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00073106|accessdate=2021-07-23|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|language=en|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00073106}}</ref> Site n'enyemaka nke onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Ahmed Sefrioui, onye nduzi nke nka na Rabat, Gharbaoui nwere ike ịga ''École des Beaux-Arts'' na Paris.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ anọ wee rụọ ọrụ na ''Académie Julian'' naanị otu afọ.<ref name=":2" /> O mere enyi onye na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe Henri Michaux, ndị na-ese ihe Hans Hartung na Jean Dubuffet, na onye nkatọ nka Pierre Restany.<ref>{{Cite web|author=العرب|first=Al Arab|date=سبتمبر 13, 2015 01:00|title=الجيلالي الغرباوي الفنان الذي اخترع الحداثة الفنية في المغرب {{!}} فاروق يوسف|url=https://alarab.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8|accessdate=2021-07-27|work=صحيفة العرب|language=ar}}</ref> Site na onyinye sitere n'aka gọọmentị Ịtali, ọ biri na Rom site na 1958 ruo 1960, mgbe ọ laghachiri Morocco.<ref name=":2"/> N'oge a, ọ na-agakarị Paris maka ọrụ, na 1959, Pierre Restany webatara Gharbaoui na Salon Comparaisons.<ref name=":2" /> A na-anabatakarị ya na ebe obibi ndị mọnk na Toumliline, ebe o mepụtara ihe ịchọ mma mgbidi.<ref name=":2"/> N'oge ndụ ya, o gosipụtara na gburugburu Morocco na Egypt, France, Netherlands, United States, na Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jilali Gharbaoui|url=http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Jilali-Gharbaoui.aspx|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa|archivedate=2021-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722052729/http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Jilali-Gharbaoui.aspx}}</ref> Ihe osise ya pụtara na magazin ''Souffles-Anfas'' . A hụrụ ya ka ọ nwụrụ mgbe o gburu onwe ya na oche ọha na Champ de Mars na Paris na 1971.<ref name=":1" /> A kpọghachiri ozu ya ma lie ya na Fes N'afọ 1993, Arab World Institute dị na Paris mere ihe ngosi ngosi nke a raara nye ya.<ref name=":1"/> == Nka == Tupu ọ nabata abstraction na mmalite afọ 1950, Gharbaoui nwalere French Impressionism na German Expressionism. Dị ka Toni Maraini, "Ọrụ Gharbaoui na-elekwasị anya na mmegharị na ụjọ. Site na nsogbu chromatic na ike a na-akpaghị aka, ọ na-emepụta ohere na-anọpụ iche na ihe na-arụ ọrụ, na-egosipụta ihe. " Na ''Art in the Service of Colonialism'', Hamid Irbouh na-akọwa Gharbaoui na Ahmed Cherkaoui dị ka "bipictorialists" n'ụzọ dị iche na ndị nativists nke Casablanca School.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Irbouh|first=Hamid|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755607495|title=Art in the Service of Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-851-9}}</ref> Ebe ndị nativists, nke Farid Belkahia na-edu, chọrọ ịhapụ kpamkpam na nka French na Western, ndị bipictorialists gụnyere mmetụta Morocco na Western, na-arụ ọrụ iji dozie akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara Morocco postcolonial.<ref name=":3" /> == Ebensidee == <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] agx9mkk31lpuiwxm3y20w1onx2bzgoc John Ridley 0 14780 671265 91440 2026-07-02T11:33:24Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGray1999">Gray, Susan Kim, ed. (1999). ''Writers on Directors''. [[Akwụkwọ Watson-Guptill|Watson-Guptill Publications]]. p.&nbsp;66. <q>JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin</q></cite></ref><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john "Ridley, John | Encyclopedia.com"]. ''www.encyclopedia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3tbc8760r7tyvfm3kqfg72ebi8wuhz5 671267 671265 2026-07-02T11:34:26Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGray1999">Gray, Susan Kim, ed. (1999). ''Writers on Directors''. [[Akwụkwọ Watson-Guptill|Watson-Guptill Publications]]. p.&nbsp;66. <q>JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin</q></cite></ref><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gp7j7tzuds2xc54daprrcaf22rb0hd4 671268 671267 2026-07-02T11:35:11Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] efujg02wyiqtife6f0q1hgyyied12xr 671270 671268 2026-07-02T11:35:57Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iw33jwexj7gjh84ziy5dv8p2bbocury 671274 671270 2026-07-02T11:38:24Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3g74wja9bnbdnbxmwdong6lujbbqtqw 671279 671274 2026-07-02T11:39:51Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York . <ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" />N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rg8k531vyf0fe8sqh2qdf19nuswsntv 671282 671279 2026-07-02T11:40:39Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York . <ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" />N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChandler2008">Chandler, Kurt (January 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161650/http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter "How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer"]. ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]''. Archived from [http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter the original] on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bb5bg64rz6a7dh27z88xqzoj0zc8viz 671286 671282 2026-07-02T11:42:07Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Ridley'''<ref name="reardon">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound|title=John Ridley's Childhood Was Sunny, But His Novels Explore A Dark World|date=September 24, 1998|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=March 25, 2015|archivedate=January 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113004132/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-24/features/9809240308_1_fingers-novels-sound}}</ref> IV (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye America na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, nke a maara maka 12 Years a Slave, nke mere ka o rite Academy Award maka Best Adapted Screenplay .<ref name="Susan Kim Gray">{{Cite book|title=Writers on Directors|editor=Gray|publisher=[[Watson-Guptill Publications]]|year=1999|quote=JOHN RIDLEY Born 1965 Milwaukee, Wisconsin}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye okike na onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke usoro anthology American Crime . Ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkiri Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ridley na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a zụlitere ya site na afọ asaa na Mequon, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]], ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta anya, John Ridley, III, na nne ya, Terry Ridley, onye bụ onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka Milwaukee Public Schools.<ref name="Susan Kim Gray" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014" /><ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="reardon" /><ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008">{{Cite news|author=Chandler|first=Kurt|title=How to be a Famous Hollywood Writer|url=http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-HowtobeaFamousHollywoodWriter|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WUUM-Father-2014">{{Cite news|author=Bence|first=Susan|title=Oscar Winner John Ridley's Father Talks About Life Before Desegregation|url=http://wuwm.com/post/oscar-winner-john-ridleys-father-talks-about-life-desegregation|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[WUWM]] Milwaukee|date=4 March 2014|format=Audio}} Audio [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142240/http://cpa.ds.npr.org/wuwm/audio/2014/03/JOHN_RIDLEY_piece.mp3 archived] on January 28, 2015.</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ma bụrụ nwanne nke etiti.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ridley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Homestead High School na Mequon, Wisconsin n'afọ 1982.<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Ọ debara aha na Mahadum Indiana mana ọ gafere na Mahadum New York . <ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" />N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na asụsụ East Asia. Isiokwu ahụ anaghị emetụta ọrụ ya, mana ọ kpaliri mmasị ọgụgụ isi ya.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Ridley, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/ridley-john|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ridley bụ [[Onye Kraịst|Onye nke Kraịst]].<ref>Zeitchik, Steven, [http://www.pressherald.com/2016/08/21/a-ben-hur-for-our-time/ "A 'Ben-Hur' for our time"], ''Portland Press Herald'', August 21, 2016: "Downey and Burnett are staunch Catholics; Ridley is also a devout Christian, Huston and Bekmambetov, who was raised in a communist country, are more secular; Daniel and MGM principal Gary Barber are Jewish."</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Ridley nọrọ otu afọ na-ebi ma na-eme njem na Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia.com" /> Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri New York wee malite ime ihe nkiri na New York City, ọ pụtara na ''Late Night with David Letterman'' na ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> N'ịga Los Angeles na 1990, ọ malitere ide maka sitcoms telivishọn dị ka ''Martin'', ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', na The John Larroquette Show .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> Mgbe o dechara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya, ihe nkiri mpụ nke 1997 Cold Around the Heart, ya na Oliver Stone jikọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ridley, Stray Dogs (nke a na-ebipụtaghị mgbe Stone zụtara ikike) n'ime ihe nkiri 1997 Stone duziri ''U Turn'', nke ewepụtara obere oge karịa Cold Around the Heart .<ref name="ew" /> Ridley gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Love Is a Racket na Everybody Smokes in Hell . A gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Spoils of War n'ime ihe nkiri 1999 nke David O. Russell duziri a kpọrọ Three Kings . Russell na Ridley degharịrị edemede mbụ nke Ridley, Ridley natara otuto nke "akụkọ sitere n'aka", Russell, na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta, Warner Bros<ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref>. Ridley mechara bụrụ onye edemede na onye na-elekọta na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri mpụ nke NBC Third Watch . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''ndị'' ọzọ bụ ''The Drift'', Those Who Walk in Darkness, na A Conversation with the Mann .<ref name="MilwaukeeMag-Feature-2008" /> O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The American Way .<ref name="FreshAir-AmericanWay-2007">{{Cite news|author=Gross|first=Terry|title=A Disenchanted Look at 'The American Way'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9957776|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Fresh Air]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=May 2, 2007|format=Audio interview}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2010, ọ bụ onye nkọwa na onye na-ede blọgụ maka NPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/10643901/john-ridley|title=Stories By John Ridley|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Blọọgụ ya bụ Visible Man, egwuregwu maka Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/visibleman/2007/07/frequently_asked_questions_abo.html|title=FAQ for John Ridley's Visible Man|publisher=NPR|date=July 18, 2007|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, Ridley tinyere nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Universal Network Television.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adalian|first=Josef|date=2003-08-13|title=U TV makes home for 'Brother'|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/u-tv-makes-home-for-brother-1117890798/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri gụnyekwara 12 Years a Slave, ''Red Tails'', na Undercover Brother .<ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014" /> Ihe odide ya maka 12 Years a Slave meriri Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, na-eme Ridley [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye Afrịka]] nke abụọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ ebe Geoffrey S. Fletcher bu onye mbụ (maka Precious, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Push'' nke Sapphire).<ref name="NYTimes-12YASedit-2014">{{Cite news|author=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|title=What the Writer Had to Edit From '12 Years a Slave'|url=http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/what-the-writer-had-to-edit-from-12-years-a-slave/|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Cieply|first=Michael|title=A Landmark Oscar Win for '12 Years a Slave'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-Oscars-2014">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Chris|title=Oscars 2014: '12 Years a Slave' wins for adapted screenplay|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-mn-et-oscars-2014-12-years-a-slave-wins-for-best-adapted-screenplay-20140302-story.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Ridley na-emepe usoro telivishọn ABC nke metụtara onye Marvel Comics dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/17/marvel-john-ridley|title=Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project — exclusive|first=James|author=Hibbard|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a kagburu ọrụ ahụ n'ihi Marvel Television na-agbanye n'ime Marvel Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected|author=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586|archivedate=December 11, 2019|accessdate=December 11, 2019}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ma dee mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The American Way nke Blumhouse Productions mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=John Ridley To Write, Direct Blumhouse Superhero Film 'The American Way'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-american-way-john-ridley-superhero-movie-blumhouse-jason-blum-12-years-a-slave-1202365314/|work=Deadline|accessdate=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> Na June 4, 2018, a mara ọkwa na Ridley ga-eduzi ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ Robert Silverberg, Needle in a Timestack nke Bron Studios mepụtara. Ihe nkiri a ga-egosi ihe nkiri site na Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, na Orlando Bloom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|title=Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom & BRON Studios Join John Ridley's 'Needle In A Timestack'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/leslie-odom-jr-freida-pinto-cynthia-erivo-orlando-bloom-bron-studios-john-ridley-needle-in-a-timestack-1202403078/|work=Deadline|accessdate=June 5, 2018|date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, Ridley malitere ide ọtụtụ usoro maka DC Comics. Usoro a gụnyere usoro Batman ọhụrụ 'The Next Batman' dịka akụkụ nke ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ 'Future State', na usoro ise nke 'The Other History of the DC Universe' akụkọ dabeere na ederede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ndị dike DC America DC dị ka Black Lightning na Katana. Na Mee 2021, Marvel Comics kwupụtara na Ridley ga-ede Black Panther comics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gustines|first=George Gene|date=2021-05-18|title=Marvel Announces a New Black Panther Series|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/marvel-black-panther-john-ridley.html|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> == Esemokwu == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, n'oge ndị edemede Guild of America na-eme ihe megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ridley họọrọ ịbụ onye otu WGA dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-abụghị onye otu, ma ọ bụ "fi-core", na-eme ka o ruo eru ịnye ederede na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọgụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Seitzman|first=Michael|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/what-ficore-really-means_b_79819.html|title=What "Fi-Core" Really Means|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 4, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> N'ime op-ed nke e bipụtara na ''Los Angeles Times'', Ridley kwupụtara obi nkoropụ ya na ntụziaka ndị ọrụ ahụ mere na mkpochapụ nke WGA nke esemokwu dị n'ime: "Mgbe afọ iri na ise nke a gwara m ka m mechie ọnụ, nọdụ ala ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu echiche, ekpebiri m na anọghị m n'òtù ahụ. Òtù ahụ nwere ụzọ isi họrọ ịpụ. Emere m nhọrọ ahụ. '<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ridley|first=John|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oew-ridley8jan08-story.html|title=John Ridley goes fi-core|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Ridley maka 12 Years a Slave si otú a ghara iru eru maka onyinye Writers Guild of America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bitterness-of-wga-strike-echoed-in-exclusion-of-12-years-a-slave-1201039974/|title=Bitterness of WGA Strike Echoed in Exclusion of '12 Years a Slave'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=March 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ridley lụrụ nwunye Gayle, onye bụbu onye nlekọta edemede.<ref name="MKEJournalSent-12YAS-2014">{{Cite news|author=Dudek|first=Duane|title=Mequon native Ridley talks Oscar nominations for '12 Years A Slave'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/240477341.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=January 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ew">{{Cite news|title=John Ridley, Easy Writer|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,271057,00.html|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 8, 1999}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref>Ridley in {{Cite web|title=Oscar-Winner John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|first=Anne|author=Thompson|authorlink=Anne Thompson (film critic)|publisher=[[Indiewire.com]]|date=October 16, 2013|archivedate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134754/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/john-ridley-talks-writing-12-years-a-slave-and-directing-hendrix-biopic-all-is-by-my-side?page=1|quote=At the end of the year, when all these things are happening and you've got two kids, a lot of what you see gets determined by what gets put in front of you.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ! width="65" |Onye isi ! width="65" |Onye edemede ! width="65" |Onye Mmepụta !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''U Turn'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |ya na Oliver Stone dere |- |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' | {{no}} | {{yes|Story}} | {{no}} |akụkọ site, ihe nkiri nke David O. Russell |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Michael McCullers dere |- |2012 |''Red Tails'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Akụkọ nke Aaron McGruder dere |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Jimi: All Is by My Side'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | |- |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated- Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2016 |''Ben-Hur'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |nke Keith Clarke dere |- |2017 |''Let It Fall: Los Angeles 1982–1992'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} |Ihe nkiri |- |2021 |''Agịga n'ime oge'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | |- |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Writer !Producer !Creator !Notes |- |1993 |''Martin'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |3 episodes |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1995 |''The John Larroquette Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Co-producer}} | {{no}} |2 episodes |- |1996 |''The Show'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |Episode "Tom and Them" |- |1998 |''Team Knight Rider'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "E.M.P." |- |1999 |''Trinity'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Having Trouble with the Language" |- |1999–2004 |''Third Watch'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Consulting}} | {{no}} |8 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Platinum'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed episode "Peace" |- |''Static Shock'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Toys in the Hood" |- |2004 |''Justice League'' | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "Starcrossed: Part II" |- |2005 |''Barbershop: The Series'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} |Also developer;<br /><br />Directed 3 episodes, wrote 7 episodes |- |2009 |''The Wanda Sykes Show'' | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{no}} | |- |2015–2017 |''American Crime'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 5 episodes, wrote 8 episodes |- |2017 |''Guerrilla'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes|Executive}} | {{yes}} |Directed 3 episodes, wrote 5 episodes |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} |Episode "By Whatever Means Necessary" |- |TBA |''Five Days at Memorial'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |} '''Ihe nkiri o so wee mee''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Ihe omume |- |1993 |''Martin'' |Nwoke nwere ụgbọala (enweghị aha) |"Hollywood Swinging: Nkebi nke 2" |- |1994 |''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' |Ya onwe ya |"Will's Up a Dirt Road" |- |2016 |''Lady Dynamite'' |Ya onwe ya |"White Trash" |- |} === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Ihe nrite |- |1997 |''Ihuenyo n'obi'' |Urbanworld Film Festival Jury Prize for Best Director |- |1999 |''Ndị Eze Atọ'' |Nominated—Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell) Nominated—Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay (shared with David O. Russell)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |2002 |''Nwanne nzuzo'' |Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay |- |2013 |''Afọ iri na abụọ ohu'' |Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Black Reel Award for Best Screenplay Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Adapted Screenplay St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Adapted Screenplay NominatedAACTA International Award for Best Screenplay NominatedLondon Film Critics' Circle Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay NominatedSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best |- |2015–2017 |''Mpụ Amerịka'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Director in a Drama SeriesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |} == Ọrụ na mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36327295 Nkịta kpafuru akpafu]''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997. * Ridley, John. Love Is a Racket: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1998.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40142-8|978-0-375-40142-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41319941 Onye ọ bụla na-ese siga na Hel]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40143-5|978-0-375-40143-5]] * Ridley, John. A Conversation with the Mann: A Novel. New York: Warner Books, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52836-8|978-0-446-52836-8]] * Ridley, John. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50592041 The Drift]''. New York: Knopf, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41182-3|978-0-375-41182-3]] * Ridley, John. ''Ndị Na-eje Ije n'ọchịchịrị'' New York: Warner Books, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53093-4|978-0-446-53093-4]] * Ridley, John, na Patricia R. Floyd. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744536342 Ihe ọkụ na-enweghị ike ịgba ọkụ]''. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, 2011, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-456-10151-0|978-1-456-10151-0]] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise === * Ridley, John, na Ben Oliver. The Authority: Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA: WildStorm Productions, 2004. 978-1-401-20070-1 * Ridley, John. The Razor's Edge: Warblade #1-5. DC Comics. 2005. * Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, na Karl C. Akụkọ. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85812306 The American Way]''. La Jolla, Calif: WildStorm/DC Comics, 2007.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-401-21256-8|978-1-401-21256-8]] * Ridley, John, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Andrea Cucchi, na José Villarrubia. ''[https://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe-2020/the-other-history-of-the-dc-universe The Other History of the DC Universe]''. DC Comics, 2021. ISBN 978-1-779-51197-3 === Egwuregwu ogbo === * Ridley, John. Ten Thousand Years. 2005 (world premiere). === Ihe odide === * Ridley, John. "[http://www.esquire.com/features/essay/ESQ1206BLACKESSAY_108 The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger]." ''Esquire'', December 2006, Mpịakọta nke 146, Nke 6. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gennusa, Chris R. "John Ridley: Burnt Noir." ''Creative Screenwriting''. Winter 1997, v. 4 n.4, pp. 33–38 == Njikọ mpụga == * Archived pages of defunct official site: December 1, 2006 – March 1, 2007, January 8 – April 12, 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217022217/http://www.jridley.com/blog/? March 1] – August 28, 2007 (final archived page other than contact page). * {{IMDb name|725983|John Ridley}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/talent/john-ridley John Ridley] na DC Comics. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9comugho07wywv1anyt31ngtnuphb7k Letitia Huckaby 0 14959 670709 163730 2026-07-01T18:20:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carita Letitia Huckaby''' (née '''Jenkins''', amụrụ n'afọ 1972) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto nke na-emepụta ihe osise multimịdia na-ejikọta foto na akwa iji gosipụta akụkọ ezinụlọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Afrịka Amerịka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moderndallas.net/du_chau_leticia_huckaby_kirk_hopper.html|title=Du Chau + Letitia Huckaby|author=|first=|date=|work=ModernDallas.net|publisher=|accessdate=March 20, 2016|archivedate=April 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401161824/http://www.moderndallas.net/du_chau_leticia_huckaby_kirk_hopper.html}}</ref> == Nka == Ọrụ Huckaby gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'okwukwe, ezinụlọ na ihe nketa, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka oge maka ahụmịhe ndị Afrịka na Amerịka. Letitia na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oge gara aga na ugbu a, na ma ihe agbanweela ma ọ bụ nọgide na-adị otu. A na-etinye akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ime ọrụ ya, ma site na usoro na ihe anụ ahụ. Onye na-ese foto n'obi, ọrụ Letitia nke ọ bụla na-amalite site na ihe oyiyi ma na-agbanye ókè nke foto ka ọ na-arụpụta ihe. Iji omume ọdịnala n'ụzọ na-abụghị omenala na ebumnuche nke inye aka n'asụsụ ọhụụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinfolk House: Founders|url=https://kinfolkhouse.org/founders/|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2022-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807182745/https://kinfolkhouse.org/founders/}}</ref> Ngwakọta nke ihe iji kpughee isiokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ ihe atụ site na ihe ngosi ''Bayou Baroque'' nke afọ 2015 na-asọpụrụ ndị nọn na Sisters of the Holy Family Mother House na New Orleans, Louisiana. Ihe ndị ahụ na-egosi ndị nọn na-ese foto n'ihu akwa ndina nwere ụdị okooko osisi dị mgbagwoju anya, na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị ojii otu ịdị arọ dị egwu dị ka nke e gosipụtara na eserese okpukpe ndị okenye. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ ndị ahụ na-ekwughachi nzụlite ifuru nke ihe osise [[Kehinde Wiley]] nke oge a, mana ha na-eweta ntụgharị ụlọ na mbara ala dị larịị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myemail.constantcontact.com/UPCOMING-EXHIBITIONS--Lavar-Munroe-I-Letitia-Huckaby-I-Michael-Menchaca.html?soid=1100357195551&aid=E3ZiSlF3AUA|title=Upcoming Exhibitions|author=|first=|date=|work=ArtLeague Houston|publisher=|accessdate=March 20, 2016|archivedate=March 31, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174106/http://myemail.constantcontact.com/UPCOMING-EXHIBITIONS--Lavar-Munroe-I-Letitia-Huckaby-I-Michael-Menchaca.html?soid=1100357195551&aid=E3ZiSlF3AUA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artsblog.dallasnews.com/2015/05/artist-letitia-huckaby-explores-the-history-of-an-african-american-convent.html/|title=Artist Letitia Huckaby explores the history of an African-American convent|author=|first=|date=May 10, 2015|work=ArtsBlog Dallas News|publisher=|accessdate=March 20, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401211645/http://artsblog.dallasnews.com/2015/05/artist-letitia-huckaby-explores-the-history-of-an-african-american-convent.html/|archivedate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Huckaby nwetara BA na Journalism na Mahadum nke Oklahoma n'afọ 1994, BFA na-elekwasị anya na foto site na Art Institute of Boston n'afọ 2001, na MFA na Photography na Mahadum nke North Texas n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laitylodge.org/exhibits/letitia-sedrick-huckaby-call-and-response-2/|title=Letitia & Sedrick Huckaby: Call and Response|author=|first=|date=|work=Laity Lodge|publisher=|accessdate=March 20, 2016|archivedate=March 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170622/http://www.laitylodge.org/exhibits/letitia-sedrick-huckaby-call-and-response-2/}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Sedrick Huckaby ma bụrụ nne nke ụmụ atọ aha ha bụ Rising Sun, Halle Lujah, na Rhema Rain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arts.gov/NEARTS/2011v1-and-comers-arts/priorities-persistence|title=Priorities & Persistence: A Conversation with Sedrick and Letitia Huckaby|author=Crytzer Pierce|first=Christy|date=|work=National Endowment for the Arts|publisher=|accessdate=|archivedate=2020-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521164533/https://www.arts.gov/NEARTS/2011v1-and-comers-arts/priorities-persistence}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fxl7buosruyubzm58eev9k2t2rmgv7o Mandy La Candy 0 15023 670979 654149 2026-07-02T01:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mandy La Candy''' bụ nwanyị [[Canada]] transgender bi na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Deolu|date=2014-07-19|title=Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces, Follows Miss SaHHara's Steps|url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces-follows-miss-sahharas-steps.html|accessdate=2021-09-04|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-18|title=Another Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/man-woman-another-nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces/ck2113r|accessdate=2021-09-04|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-05|title=Meet Four Known Nigerian Transgenders (PHOTOS)|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/11/05/meet-four-known-nigerian-transgenders-photos/|accessdate=2021-09-07|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara Mandy ka '''Okwudili''' tupu ọ gbanwee onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Photos of Europe-based Nigerian Lady, Mandy La Candy Who Used to be a Man Turns Heads Online|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/42682/photos-of-europebased-nigerian-lady-mandy-la-candy.html|accessdate=2021-09-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=This Nigerian transgender looks hot and really sexy in new photos|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/nigerian-transgender-looks-hot-really-sexy-new-photos/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-17|title=Top Nigerian gays, lesbians, transgenders|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/non-conformists-top-nigerian-gays-lesbians-transgenders/r4dxdfg|accessdate=2021-09-09|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, o tinyere foto nke onwe ya na nwunye onye isi ala [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] Melania Trump, [[Donald Trump]], n'isiokwu a kpọrọ " ''akwụkwọ akụkọ ochie playboy'' ''" Ọ bụrụ na Melanie nwere foto ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịghọ nwanyị mbụ na-ele anya dị ka nke a, gịnị kpatara na m enweghị ike "'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-10|title=Nigerian transgender, Mandy Candy -If Trump's wife can dress nude and be the first lady, then I can|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy-if-trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-and-be-first-lady-then-i-can/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905185809/https://saharaweeklyng.com/nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy-if-trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-and-be-first-lady-then-i-can/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogbeche|first=Danielle|date=2016-11-10|title=If Trump's wife can dress nude and be first lady, then I can - Nigerian transgender, Mandy Candy|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/11/10/trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-first-lady-can-nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy/|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ndụ na Ọrụ == Mandy La Candy bụ onye sitere n’ezinọlụ ndị [[Ndị Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ma ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị Naịjirịa akọpụtakwala na ọ bi na mba ọzọ, gụnyere na Kanada na Yuropu. <ref name="Pulse2014">{{Cite news|title=Another Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=18 July 2014|url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/man-woman-another-nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces-2024080117161610921}}</ref> <ref name="InfoNG2014">{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces, Follows Miss SaHHara's Steps|work=Information Nigeria|date=19 July 2014|url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces-follows-miss-sahharas-steps.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere inweta nlebara anya n’aka mgbasa ozi n’afọ 2014 mgbe foto ya gbasara n’ọrụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na ma ụlọọrụ akụkọ Naịjirịa bipụtakwa ha n’ịntanetị. <ref name="Pulse2014"/> <ref name="InfoNG2014"/> Dị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi si kwuo, a maara Mandy La Candy dịka '''Okwudili''' tupu ọ gawa mba ọzọ ma mee mgbanwe okike. <ref name="Pulse2016">{{Cite news|title=This Nigerian transgender looks really sexy in new photos|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=11 October 2016|url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/gist/transformation-this-nigerian-transgender-looks-really-sexy-in-new-photos-2024080309473417335}}</ref> iyii4fnc61vdqp6jviuro5yi0346cw3 M. Ayodele Heath 0 15043 670925 638225 2026-07-01T22:51:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} M. Ayodele Heath bụ onye America na-ede abụ, onye na-ekwu okwu, na onye na-ede akụkọ ifo.   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ndụ ya == A mụrụ ya na Atlanta, M. Ayodele Heath gụrụ injinịa eletriki na Georgia Institute of Technology ma nwee MFA na Poetry site na New England College. Ọ bụ onye mmeri ugboro abụọ na Southeastern Regional Poetry Slam Individual Champion (1999, 2000) na onye mmeri iri n'otu n'otu na National Poetry Slam (1999). E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke uri, Otherness, n'afọ 2011 na Brick Road ebe mbiputa abụ .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brickroadpoetrypress.com/|title=Brick Road Poetry press|publisher=Brick Road Poetry press.|accessdate=September 21, 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye okike nke ụdị uri na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, ozu eletrik, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke anthology, Electronic Corpse: Poems from a Digital Salon (Svaha Paradox, 2014). == Ihe nrite == * 1999, 2000 Southeastern Regional Poetry Slam Onye mmeri n'otu n'otu * 2001 Onyinye onye na-ese ihe na-apụta site na Atlanta Bureau for Cultural Affairs * 2002, 2003 Fellowship, Summer Poetry na Idyllwild * 2005 Fellowship, Caversham Center for Writers & Artists, South Africa * 2007 McEver Visiting Chair in Writing na Georgia Institute of Technology * 2009 Dorothy Sargent Rosenberg Poetry Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorothyprizes.org/2009awards.htm|title=Dorothy Prizes Awarded for 2009|publisher=Dorothyprizes.org|date=August 29, 2009|accessdate=September 21, 2013|archivedate=September 23, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003241/http://www.dorothyprizes.org/2009awards.htm}}</ref> * 2010 Fellowship, Cave Canem Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=H|title=Cave Canem, Fellows – profiles|publisher=Cavecanempoets.org|accessdate=September 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062803/http://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=H|archivedate=September 23, 2013}}</ref> * 2011 RHINO Editors' Prize == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Electronic Corpse: Poems from a Digital Salon, poems (Svaha Paradox (2014)). * Otherness, poems (Brick Road Poetry Press, 2011). * uri Heath apụtawo na anthologies Poetry Slam: the Competitive Art of Performance Poetry (Manic D Press, 2000), My South: a People, a Place, a World All Its Own (Rutledge Hill Press, 2005), na ''The Southern Poetry Anthology'', Volume V (Texas Review Press, 2012). * uri Heath apụtawo n'ọtụtụ ''akwụkwọ'' akụkọ gụnyere ''Callaloo'', ''Chattahoochee Review'', ''Crab Orchard Review'', ''diode Poetry Journal'', ''Eclectic Literary Forum'', ''Mississippi Review'', ''Mythium'', New Millennium Writings, ''New York Quarterly'', Open City, na storySouth == Ihe nkiri / Vidiyọ == * 3-Minute Activists: the Soul of Slam (Mad Mouth Media, Cogitate Productions), ihe nkiri ogologo oge (2014). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 1), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 2), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 3), web video series (2011). * 28 Days of Poetry: Poets Make Black History (Week 4), web video series (2011). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   '''VIDIYỌ''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3UtqZKrl4Q/ nkuzi, "Poetry 2.0: Poems for a Digital Age," TEDxPeacthreeSalon] '''INTERVIEWS''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171501/http://dailydoseoflit.com/2014/07/07/three-questions-m-ayodele-heath/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, "Ajụjụ atọ," Extract(s): ọgwụ kwa ụbọchị nke ọkụ] * [https://soundcloud.com/stateofthereunion/a-southern-griot-and-his-craft Ajụjụ ọnụ, "A Southern Griot and His Craft," Steeti nke ReUnion] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190907/http://neighbornewspapers.com/view/full_story/21524939/article-Roots-Festival-brings-multitude-of-events-to-Roswell-for-12th-year?instance=all/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, Roswell Neighbor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120506213803/http://rhinopoetry.org/2012/02/09/i-just-let-the-poem-go-interview-with-m-ayodele-heath/ Ajụjụ ọnụ, RHINO Magazine] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9tscsvkjBc Ajụjụ ọnụ, FGTV's Writers in Focus] * [http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ac10/al_haiti_mah2.html Ajụjụ ọnụ, In Motion Magazine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306114547/http://m.clatl.com/atlanta/tongue-ties/Content?oid=1230563 Ajụjụ ọnụ, Creative Loafing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020305/http://www.magespell.com/podcast/BWDsh24.mp3 Ajụjụ ọnụ, na Business of Words] '''AKWỤKWỌ N’I''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004191536/http://www.writersforum.org/first_draft/review_archives.html/article/2011/06/09/otherness nyochaa, na Alabama Writers' Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723231433/http://oaklandwritingproject.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/elanfall2002.pdf isiokwu, Out Loud Poetry, Oakland Writing Project Newsletter] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914045557/http://www.collegiannews.com/2011/05/poetry-slam-a-fingersnapping-good-time/ isiokwu, Poetry Slam A Fingersnapping Good Time, The Collegian of Georgia Perimeter College] * [https://archive.today/20130125064751/http://www.gulfcoastnewstoday.com/people/features/article_9bbdcee0-a032-11e1-8c03-001a4bcf887a.html Isiokwu, Okwu ndị a na-ekwu na-ada na Fairhope] * [http://www.jacksonprogress-argus.com/news/2013/mar/13/spoken-word-event-draws-large-crowd/ isiokwu, Ihe omume okwu ọnụ na-adọta nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ, Jackson Progress-Argus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131107193928/http://www.artsatl.com/2013/04/review-36/ article, Review: Anthology Celebrates Georgia Poets, Jackson Progress-Argus] '''POEMS (TEXT)''' * [http://www.storysouth.com/poetry/2006/07/heath_tragic_mulatto.html abụ, The Tragic Mulatto, na storySouth] * [http://www.diodepoetry.com/v4n1/content/heath_ma.html 2 Poems, Dusk of the Afrikaner, A Brief History of Okra (Master's Take), na diode Poetry Journal] * uri, Ihe Nna m nyere m (nke m na-arịọghị), na akụkọ South [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] * [http://www.storysouth.com/spring2004/gospelqueenjames.html obere akụkọ, The Gospel According to Queen James, na storySouth] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321222838/http://rhinopoetry.org/poems/2011/heath.pdf uri, The Stuttering House Negro Diviner Speaks: Heath Plantation, 1863, na RHINO] * [http://www.muzzlemagazine.com/m-ayodele-heath.html Abụ, Praise Song for the Marvelous City, na Muzzle Magazine] '''AKWỤKWỌ AUDIO''' * [http://badilishapoetry.com/radio/m-ayodele-heath/ uri ọdịyo, Urban Percussions, na Badilisha Poetry Xchange] * [http://indiefeedpp.libsyn.com/m-ayodele-heath-urban-percussions uri ọdịyo, Urban Percussions, na IndieFeed Performance Poetry] * [http://indiefeedpp.libsyn.com/m-ayodele-heath-of-ash-and-dust uri ọdịyo, Of Ash & Dust: a Tribute to the Crew of STS-107, Space Shuttle Columbia, na Indiefeed Performance Poetry] * [http://thedigitalamericana.com/issues/index.html uri ọdịyo, Of Ash & Dust: a Tribute to the Crew of STS-107, Space Shuttle Columbia, na The Digital Americana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061307/http://fatcityreview.com/praisesong-for-the-marvelous-city-m-ayodele-heath/ uri ọdịyo, Praisesong for the Marvelous City, na Fat City Review] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6203cqk8yul57o5fyn4vcg8bbd8g8yr Malick Sidibé 0 15138 670965 623789 2026-07-02T00:54:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Malick Sidibé''' (1935 na 14 Eprel 2016) bụ onye Mali na-ese foto nke amaara maka ọmụmụ ojii na ọcha ya banyere ọdịbendị a ma ama n'afọ ndi 1960s na Bamako.<ref name="groves-guardian" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lequotidiendelart.com/quotidien_articles_detail.php?idarticle=8967|title=Disparition du photographe malien Malick Sidibé par Le Quotidien de l'Art|work=Le Quotidien de l'Art|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=2016-04-14}}</ref><ref name="groves-guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/15/malick-sidibe-dies-aged-80-malian-photographer-eye-of-bamako|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=16 April 2016|first=Nancy|author=Groves|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Malian photographer Malick Sidibé dies aged 80}}</ref><ref name="shakur-nyt"/><ref name="laurent-time">{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4295775/in-memoriam-malick-sidibe-1936-2016/|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=16 April 2016|first=Olivier|author=Laurent|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=In Memoriam: Malick Sidibé (1936 – 2016)}}</ref> Sidibé nwere ọrụ ogologo oge mịtara mkpụrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na Bamako, Mali, ọ bụkwa onye a ma ama na obodo ya. N'afọ 1994, o nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'obodo ọzọ n'abughi mali ma nweta otuto dị ukwuu maka foto ya nke e ji nlezianya dee. Ọrụ Sidibé abụrụla ihe a ma ama ma bụrụ nke a ma ama n'ụwa niile.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako"/> Ọrụ ya bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ nke e gosipụtara na Europe na United States. N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Golden Lion Award maka Lifetime Achievement na Venice Biennale, na-aghọ ma onye na-ese foto mbụ na onye Afrịka mbụ e nyere onyinye a.<ref name="gelder-nytimes">Lawrence van Gelder (11 June 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/11/arts/11arts.html "Malian Photographer Honored at Biennale"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref name="laurent-time" /><ref name="BBC-obit">BBC Staff (15 April 2016). {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36055060|title=Mali's pioneering photographer Malick Sidibe dies|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ọ natara gụnyere Hasselblad Award maka foto, International Center of Photography Infinity Award for Lifetime Achievement, na World Press Photo award.<ref name="hasselblad-foundation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hasselbladfoundation.org/wp/hasselblad-priset-2/previous-award-winners/|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=[[Hasselblad Foundation]]|title=Previous Award Winners|archivedate=2 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902061553/http://www.hasselbladfoundation.org/wp/hasselblad-priset-2/previous-award-winners/}}</ref><ref name="lensculture">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lensculture.com/articles/malick-sidibe-interview-with-malick-sidibe|title=Interview with Malick Sidibé|work=LensCulture|date=2008}}</ref><ref name="world-press-photo-2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2010/arts-and-entertainment/malick-sidib%C3%A9|accessdate=16 April 2016|publisher=[[World Press Photo]]|title=Arts and Entertainment, first prize singles|archivedate=19 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419192901/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2010/arts-and-entertainment/malick-sidib%C3%A9}}</ref> A na-enwe ọrụ Sidibé na nchịkọta nke The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC), J. Paul Getty Museum na Los Angeles, na Museum of Modern Art na New York.<ref name="caac">{{Cite web|url=http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48|accessdate=16 April 2016|publisher=[[The Contemporary African Art Collection]]|title=Malick Sidibé|archivedate=6 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072116/http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48}}</ref><ref name="getty">{{Cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/248996/malick-sidibe-femme-peul-du-niger-malian-print-1970-frame-2004/|accessdate=16 April 2016|publisher=[[J. Paul Getty Museum]]|title=Femme Peul du Niger}}</ref><ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/26555?locale=en|accessdate=16 April 2016|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]|title=Malick Sidibé: Malian, 1936–2016}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Malick_Sidibe's_studio_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Sidibé na Bamako na-egosi igwefoto na ngwá ọrụ ya]] A mụrụ Sidibé n'obodo Soloba, kilomita narị atọ site na Bamako, na Mali. Nna ya, onye na-azụ anụ, onye ọrụ ugbo, na onye na-achụ nta nke ọma aha ya bụ Kolo Barry Sidibé. Nna Malick chọrọ ka ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ, mana ọ gafere tupu ya enwee ike ịga mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. N'afọ 1955, onye na-ese foto Gérard Guillat bịara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-achọ nwa akwụkwọ iji chọọ ụlọ ọrụ ya mma, n'ikpeazụ o weere Sidibé n'ọrụ. Ọrụ ya masịrị Guillat ma o weere ya dị ka onye mmụta. Ọrụ mbụ Sidibé gụnyere ịhazi ngwá ọrụ, na ịnyefe mbipụta. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ mụtara ihe gbasara foto ka o wee na-enyere Guillat aka, ma mesịa were ndị ahịa ya. N'afọ 1957, Guillat mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ya, Sidibé malitekwara ise foto nke ndụ abalị Bamako.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako"/><ref name="Ready to Wear">Lamuniere, Michelle, Malick Sidibe, and Lia Brozga. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/35101 "Ready to Wear: A conversation with Malick Sidibe"], ''Transition'' 10, no. 4 (2001): 132–159.</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na foto akwụkwọ, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na omenala ndị ntorobịa nke isi obodo Mali.<ref name="auto">Martha Schwendener (27 February 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/nyregion/a-review-of-malick-sidibe-chemises-in-poughkeepsie.html The Young and the Rebellious: A Review of ‘Malick Sidibé: Chemises’ in Poughkeepsie] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> Sidibé na-ese foto na egwuregwu, osimiri, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị, kọntaktị, ọbụnakwa na-etinye aka mgbe ụmụ okorobịa ahụ na-eduhie ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="shakur-nyt"/><ref name="BBC-obit"/> Ọ bịara bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọmụmụ ojii na ọcha ya banyere ọdịbendị a ma ama na 1960s na Bamako. N'afọ ndị 1970, Sidibé tụgharịrị gaa n'ime ihe osise studiyo. Ihe omuma ya n'ise ihe bara uru: <blockquote>Dị ka iwu, mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ na studiyo ahụ, emere m ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. Dị ka m nwere ntọala n'ise ihe, enwere m ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na foto m. Achọghị m ka ndị m na-achị dị ka ndị a gbasiri agbasi. Aga m enye ha ọnọdụ nke mere ka ha nwee ihe dị ndụ.<ref name="lensculture"/></blockquote> N'afọ 1962, Sidibé meghere ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na mpaghara Bagadadji ma ọ bụ Bamako.<ref name="Ready to Wear"/> Sidibé gara n'ihu na-ese foto nke oriri na nkwari mberede na nnọkọ klọb nke obodo ahụ ruo n'afọ 1976. O kwuru na ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya n'ihi obere òtù klọb, ịrị elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igwefoto dị ọnụ ala, na uto nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ihe nkiri nke ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako">Touré, A. Chab, [https://aperture.org/blog/midnight-bamako/ "Midnight in Bamako: In search of the late Malick Sidibé and the rhythmic roots of his legendary photographs"], ''Aperture'', Issue 224.</ref> Sidibé gara n'ihu na-ese foto ojii na ọcha, foto ID, ma dozie igwefoto mebiri emebi na ụlọ ọrụ Bamako ya.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako" /> Ọ bụ ezie na Sidibé bụ onye a ma ama n'ógbè ahụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a kpọbataghị ya n'ime ụwa nka dị mma nke ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'afọ 1994 mgbe ya na onye nlekọta French André Magnin nwere ohere izute.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako" /> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a maara nke ọma nke Sidibé site n'oge ahụ bụ Nuit de Noel, Happy Club (''Christmas'' Eve, Happy Club) (1963), na-egosi di na nwunye na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị nwoke yi uwe, nwanyị yi uwe oriri ọdịda anyanwụ (ma ụkwụ ọtọ) na ha abụọ na-agba egwú, ikekwe, na egwu.<ref name="auto"/> Ọ bụkwa ihe oyiyi ndị dị ka ndị a kpughere otú ụdị foto Sidibé si ejikọta ya na egwu. Njikọ a bụ ihe Sidibé kwuru banyere ya n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ, kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="wordpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://musingsofagemini.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/malick-sidibe-janet-jackson/|title=Malick Sidibe & Janet Jackson|work=Musings of a Gemini Girl}}</ref> "Anyị nọ na-abanye n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ, ndị mmadụ chọkwara ịgba egwú. Egwu tọhapụrụ anyị. Na mberede, ụmụ okorobịa nwere ike ịbịaru ụmụ agbọghọ nso nso, jide ha n'aka ha. Tupu mgbe ahụ, anabataghị ya. Onye ọ bụla chọkwara ka e sere foto na-agba egwu nso."<ref name="BBC-obit" /> Ikekwe ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na Mali, dị ka ndị na-eti egwu Salif Keita na Ali Farka Touré, bịakwara n'uche mba ụwa na 1990s n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge ahụ ka a na-amata foto Mali.<ref>Martha Schwendener (8 February 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/nyregion/portraits-that-reveal-africas-vitality.html Portraits of a Continent's Vitality, Past and Present] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/16/malick-sidibe-1936-2016-an-appreciation-eye-of-bamako-obituary-nuit-noel-happy-club-1963|title=An appreciation: Malick Sidibé, 1936–2016|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|authorlink=|work=The Guardian|date=16 April 2016}}</ref> {| class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 90%; background:beige; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" | style="text-align: left;" | : "N'ime afọ 1960 na '70s, na foto ndị na-ese onyinyo, ndị siri ike, ndị ojii na ndị na-acha ọcha, Sidibé weghaara ike na ọṅụ nke West Africa na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa. Karịsịa, ọ nụchara anụcha n'asụsụ obodo nke ụdị: uwe brash, ihe ndị na-emegide onwe ha, ụmụ agbọghọ na-ejikọta okpu isi ha na onyinyo anya nwamba ha, obere ụmụaka na-eyi uwe agbụrụ zuru oke na ihe na-acha ihu, ndị na-agba egwú na-agbapụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha. Nzukọ, klọb, ebe a na-agba egwú bụ ntọala ya, ebe ndị mmadụ na-abịa ịhụ ma na-eyi uwe. Site n'etiti abalị ruo n'isi ụtụtụ, Sidibé na-agagharị n'obodo ahụ, na-aga oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na-agba ọtụtụ narị etiti kwa ngwụsị izu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.com/13426666/malick-sidibe-obituary-mali-photographer-global-style/|title=Malick Sidibé, Mali Documentary and Style Photographer, 1936–2016|author=Rebecca Bengal|work=Vogue|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2016-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620193339/http://www.vogue.com/13426666/malick-sidibe-obituary-mali-photographer-global-style/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align: right;" | |} Sidibé jiri ọkụ ọkụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọhịa, mana ọ bụ naanị ọkụ tungsten n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri. O jiri igwefoto Afga 6 x 6 nwere bellows wee see agbamakwụkwọ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ, na Foca Sport 24 x 36 maka ọrụ ya. A maara ya dị ka onye mara mma nke ukwuu ma na-agwa ndị ahịa ya ihe ọchị iji mee ka ha nwee ahụ iru ala mgbe ha na-ese foto.<ref name="Midnight in Bamako"/> Vidio mmeri Grammy nke egwu Janet Jackson nke afọ 1997 "Got 'til It's Gone" ji ụgwọ siri ike maka ụdị foto Sidibé, vidiyo ahụ na-akwụ ụtụ maka otu oge (n'oge 1960s na '70s) nke foto Sidibée nyere aka ide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jezebel.com/malick-sidibe-iconic-malian-photographer-has-died-1771194412|title=Malick Sidibé, Iconic Malian Photographer, Has Died|author=Hillary Crosley Coker|work=Jezebel|date=15 April 2016|accessdate=15 June 2022|archivedate=19 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819025242/https://jezebel.com/malick-sidibe-iconic-malian-photographer-has-died-1771194412}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/04/memoriam|title=In memoriam|date=16 April 2016|work=The Economist}}</ref><ref name="mbphoto.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbphoto.com/artists/58-malick-sidib/biography/|title=Malick Sidibé|work=M+B Photo}}</ref> Nke a bụ oge mgbe French Sudan (na mgbe ahụ Mali Federation) nwetara nnwere onwe ha pụọ n'ọchịchị [[France]] na 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf|title=Mali country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|date=January 2005}} ''This article is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Oge ọhụrụ a (mgbe 1960 gasịrị) ka ndị na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche gosipụtara dị ka post-colonial (na post-apartheid) ịmụrụ anya nke uche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-enwe mmasị n'ọrụ Sidibé kwenyere na o jidere ọṅụ na ihe ịtụnanya nke ịmụrụ anya a, nakwa na a na-ahụ ya na ihu, ihe nkiri, na ihe oyiyi ndị o nyere aka mee ka ha dị.<ref name="wordpress.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.craveonline.com/art/977713-master-photographer-malick-sidibe-dead-80|title=Master Photographer Malick Sidibé Dead at 80|work=CraveOnline}}</ref><ref name="okayafrica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/news/malick-sidibe-iconic-malian-photographer/|title=Malick Sidibé's Work Will Live On After Death|work=Okayafrica|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193443/http://www.okayafrica.com/news/malick-sidibe-iconic-malian-photographer/|archivedate=7 May 2016}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta Sidibé kpọmkwem site na vidiyo [[Inna Modja|Inna Modjaʹs]] 2015 maka egwu ya "Tombouctou," ka a na-ese ya na ụlọ ọrụ foto Sidibé.<ref name="shakur-nyt">{{Cite news|url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/11/malick-sidib-creative-force-of-african-culture/?_r=0|date=11 April 2016|accessdate=16 April 2016|first=Fayemi|author=Shakur|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Malick Sidibé: Creative Force of African Culture}}</ref><ref name="okayafrica.com" /> N'afọ 2006, Tigerlily Films mere ihe ngosi akpọrọ ''Dolce Vita Africana'' banyere Sidibé, na-ese ya na ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ya na Bamako, na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya (na ndị na-ese foto n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ma na-agwa ya okwu banyere ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2013/dolce-vita-africana/|title=Dolce Vita Africana|work=African Film Festival Inc.}}</ref> Sidibé ghọrọ onye Afrịka mbụ na onye na-ese foto mbụ e nyere Golden Lion Award maka Lifetime Achievement na Venice Biennale na 2007. Robert Storr, onye nduzi nka nke ihe ngosi ahụ, kwuru, sị: Ọ dịghị onye na-ese ihe n'Afrịka mere ihe karịrị iji kwalite ogo foto na mpaghara ahụ, tinye aka na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, mee ka ebe nchekwa ihe oyiyi dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ mee ka anyị mata mgbanwe nke omenala Africa na ọkara nke senchiri afọ nke ịrị abụọ na mmalite nke senchiri nke iri abụọ na otu karịa Malick Sidibé.<ref name="gelder-nytimes" /> Sidibé nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu ọrịa shuga na Bamako.<ref name="economist.com"/><ref name="laurent-time"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/arts/malick-sidibe-photographer-known-for-social-reportage-in-mali-dies-at-80.html|title=Malick Sidibé, Photographer Known for Social Reportage in Mali, Dies at 80|author=Grimes|first=William|date=2016-04-15|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2016-04-27}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ụmụ iri na asaa na ndị nwunye atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/arts/malick-sidibe-photographer-known-for-social-reportage-in-mali-dies-at-80.html?_r=0|title=Malick Sidibé, Photographer Known for Social Reportage in Mali, Dies at 80|accessdate=2018-10-30|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ Sidibé bipụtara === * ''Malick Sidibé'' Nke André Magnin dezigharịrị. Site na mmeghe nke Magnin, na edemede nke Sibidé ("Studio Malick"), Youssouf Doumbia, ("Ambiance totale avec Garrincha!"), Panka Dembelé ("Twist ọzọ!"), na Boubacar 'Kar Kar' Traoré ("Elvis dị ndụ!"Ọ dị iche iche Gụnyere CD egwu anọ nke Kar Kar. * ''Malick Sidibé, Photographe: "vues de dos" photographies''. Akwụkwọ edemede nke okike, Mali. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782912415189|9782912415189]]. Na ederede nke Amadou Chab Touré. peeji 24. * ''Malick Sidibe: Photographs: Hasselblad Award 2003.'' Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center; Göttingen: Steidl, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783882439731|9783882439731]]. Site n'okwu mmalite nke Gunilla Knape, edemede nke Manthia Diawara, "The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown", na ederede nke ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sidibé site n'aka André Magnin. E bipụtara ya n'oge ngosi Malick Sidibé: 2003 Hasselblad Award Winner nke emere na Hasselblada Center, Göteborg, Sweden, 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malick Sidibé : photographs.|oclc=55012477}}</ref> * ''Malick Sidibé: Uwe elu''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783865215239|9783865215239]]. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi gosipụtara na Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam na Musée Nicệphore Niépce, Chalon-sur-Saône.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chemises|oclc=229995192}}</ref> * ''Malick Sidibe'' Wilsele, Belgium: Exhibitions International, 2008. Site na Foundation Zinsou.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9057791048|978-9057791048]]. * ''Bagadadji'' [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782952809924|9782952809924]]. Site na edemede nke Florian Ebner, "La scène de Bagadadji". Foto nke ndị bi na Bagadadji, Bamako, nke e sere n'etiti 1964 na 1976. ** Nsụgharị asụsụ Bekee. ** Nsụgharị asụsụ French. ** Nsụgharị asụsụ German. * ''Nghọta''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782952809955|9782952809955]] N'asụsụ French. Foto ndị e sere na Brittany, France, n'ime izu atọ na July 2006. * ''Malick Sidibé: La Bie en Rose''. Edere ya na ederede site na Laura Incardona na Laura Serani.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-8836617166|978-8836617166]]. * ''Malick Sidibé: The Portrait of Mali (Sinetica Landscape)''. [Nke Laura Incardona, Laura Serani, na Sabrina Zannier dezigharịrị.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-8857211251|978-8857211251]]. Ihe odide n'asụsụ Bekee, French na Italian. * ''Malick Sidibé: Au Village'' [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2351371329|978-2351371329]]. Ihe odide nke Brigitte Ollier. Foto ndị e sere n'obodo Sidibé nke Soloba n'ime afọ 50. N'asụsụ French. * ''Malick Sidibé''. fr:Foto Poche No. 145. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-330-01229-8|978-2-330-01229-8]]. Site na mmeghe nke Laura Serani. === Akwụkwọ ndị Sidibé === * ''Photographes de Bamako: de 1935 à nos jou''r. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2909571218|978-2909571218]]. Foto nke Sidibé, Mountaga Dembélé, Seydou Keïta, Félix Diallo, Sakaly, AMAP, Alioune Bâ, Emmanuel Daou, Abdourahmane Sakaly, na ndị ọzọ. Site na ederede nke Érika Nimis. Na French na Bekee. * In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780810968950|9780810968950]]. Site na mmeghe nke Clare Bell na edemede nke [[Okwui Enwezor]], [[Olu Oguibe]], na Octavio Zaya. Foto nke Sidibé, Cornélius Yao Azaglo Augustt, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé, Zarina Bhimji, Gordon Bleach, Nabil Boutros, Cloete Breytenbach, Salla Casset, Mody Sory Diallo, Mohammed Dib, Kamel Dridi, Touhami Ennadre, Mathew Faji, [[Rotimi Fani-Kayode]], [[Samuel Fosso]], Jellel Gili, Meïssa Gaye, Christian.Ramablabo, David Gold Gally, Na Naj, Gaj, Peter Gaj, Naj, Naj. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi e mere na Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, May São September, 1996. * Klọb nke Bamako: 9 Machị-16 Eprel 2000. Houston, TX: Rice University Art Gallery, 2000.  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45496053 45496053]. Foto nke Sidibé, Emile Guebehi, Koffi Kouakou, na Coulibaly Siaka Paul. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi. * Ị mara mma dị ka nke ahụ: Foto nke Seydou Keita na Malick Sidibe. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0300091885|978-0300091885]]. Nke Michelle Lamuniere dezigharịrị. * Samuel Fosso, Seydou Keïta, Malick Sidibé: Portraits of Pride: West African Portrait Photography. Katalog / Moderna Museet 318. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9171006776|978-9171006776]] Foto nke Sibidé, Samuel Fosso, na Seydou Keïta. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi e mere na Moderna Museet, Stockholm, September October 2002; Norskt Fotomuseum, March Oprel 2003. Na Swedish na Bekee. * African Art Now: Masterpieces Site na Jean Pigozzi Collection. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0890902950|978-0890902950]] Site n'aka André Magnin, Alison de Lima Greene, Alvia J. Wardlaw, na Thomas McEvilley. Ihe osise, foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe osise ntinye site na ndị omenkà 33. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi nke ọrụ sitere na The Contemporary African Art Collection nke emere na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. * The Poetics of Cloth: African Textiles, Recent Art. New York: Grey Art Gallery, Mahadum New York, 2008.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780615220833|9780615220833]]. Nke Lynn Gumpert dezigharịrị. Na edemede nke Kofi Anyidoho, Lynn Gumpert, na John Picton, na onyinye nke Jennifer S. Brown, Lydie Diakhaté, Janet Goldner, Lynn Gumper, John Picton na Doran H. Ross. Nkọwa nke ihe osise, ihe a tụrụ atụ, vidiyo na foto site na Sidibé, El Anatsui, Samuel Cophis, Viye Diba, Sokari Douglas Camp, Groupe Bogolan Kasobane, Abdoulaye Konate, Rachid Koraichi, Atta Kwami, Grace Ndiritu, Nike Okundaye, Owusu-Ankomah, Yinka Shonibare, Nontsbind "Lolo" Veleko, Rikki Wemega-Kwawu, na Sue Williamson. "E bipụtara ya n'oge ngosi e mere na Grey Art Gallery, Septemba 16-Dec. 6, 2008."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The poetics of cloth : African textiles, recent art|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|oclc=271451627}}</ref> * Events of the Self: Portraiture na Social Identity: Foto Africa nke oge a site na Walther Collection. Burlafingen, Germany: The Walther Collection; Göttingen, Germany - Steidl, 2010.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783869301570|9783869301570]] Ọ bụ Okwui Enwezor dezigharịrị ya. Na ederede nke Willis E. Hartshorn na Artur Walther, [[Okwui Enwezor]], Gabriele Conrath-Scholl, Virginia Heckert, [[Chika Okeke-Agulu]], Deborah Willis ("Malick Sidibé ́: ihu nke anya azụ"), Santu Mofokeng, na Kobena Mercer. Foto nke Sibidé, Sammy Baloji, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé, Yto Barrada, Bernd na Hilla Becher, Candice Breitz, Allan deSouza, Theo Eshetu, [[Rotimi Fani-Kayode]], Samuel Fosso, [[David Goldblatt]], Kay Hassan, [[Romuald Hazoumè]], Pieter Hugo, Seydou Keïta, Maha Maamoun, Boubacar Touré Mandémory, Salem, Santu Mofhai, Zwelethu Mthethwa, Zenti Muct, Zyu, James Ingili, Juki, Mik Mik Mik Mikt, Jameski, Mur Mur Mur Mur. N'asụsụ Bekee na nsụgharị German. E bipụtara ya iji soro ihe ngosi na Burlafingen, Germany, June 2010. * Ihe niile na-agagharị: Foto site na 60s na 70s. [[London]]: Barbican Art Gallery, 2012.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780946372393|9780946372393]] Nke Kate Bush na Gerry Badger dezigharịrị. Site na ederede nke Bush ("Ihe ọ bụla na-agagharị"), Badger ("Mmụọ nke oge, mmụọ nke ebe: ọhụụ nke foto na 1960s na 1970s"), Gavin Jantjes ("Ernest Cole"), Sean O'Hagan ("The unreal everyday: William Eggleston's America" na "Against detachment: Bruce Davidson's photographs of America n'oge Civil Rights), Tanya Bar Bar Bar Barson ("Ybirciela Iturbide: a matter of complicity"), T.J. Dhail ("N's Mer Mer Mer Merkhenhenhenhensky n's Merk"), ("N'India"), ("N'y Men Men Men Men"), ("Nke's New Mur Mur Mur Murkleyleyleyley Maley Maleyley Mahad"), ("N"), ("Micher na Mahad"), "N's Men"), ("Mich Mahad Mahad Maley Mahad Mahark"), James Mahad Ma Mahad Malad Mahad Majar Mahad Ma"), ("N"), ("NN's Mahad Macher Mahad Maziri Mahad Mailander Mahad Ma"). Foto nke Sidibé, David Goldblatt, [[Ernest Cole (photographer)|Ernest Cole]], William Eggleston, Bruce Davidson, Graciela Iturbide, Sigmar Polke, Boris Mikhailov, Shomei Tomatsu, Larry Burrows, Li Zhensheng, na Raghubir Singh. E bipụtara ya n'oge ngosi ''ihe'' ngosi ahụ Everything was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s, nke Kate Bush haziri, Septemba 2012- Jenụwarị 2013 na Barbican Art Gallery, Barbican Centre, London. * ''Foto foto Mali''. New Platz, New York: Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, 2013.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780615510941|9780615510941]]. Foto nke Sidibé na Seydou Keïta, El Hadj Hamidou Maïga, Abdourahmane Sakaly, na El Hadj Tijani Àdìgún Sitou. Site na ederede nke Daniel Leers. "E bipụtara n'oge ngosi Malian Portrait Photography na ngosi site na Jenụwarị 23 eprel 14, 2013 na North Gallery nke Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art na Mahadum Steeti nke New York na New Paltz. "<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malian portrait photography|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|oclc=840267063}}</ref> * ''Afriphoto nke Abụọ'' Nchịkọta Afriphoto, Mpịakọta nke 58. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782350460079|9782350460079]]. Mpịakọta nke 5 bụ nke Sidibé, mpịakọta 6 bụ nke Bill Akwa Bétotè, mpịaka nke 7 bụ nke Omar D, na mpịakgolo nke 8 bụ nke Fouad Hamza Tibin na Mohamed Yahia Issa. Ọ bụ Corinne Julien dezigharịrị ya. Na ederede nke Guy Hersant, Jacques Matinet, na Claude Iverné. N'asụsụ French. === Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara banyere Sidibé === * Foto nke Anima: Fotografia Africana. Barcelona: La Caixa Foundation, 1997.  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50666491 50666491] Site na Sélim Benattiam, Cristina de Borbón, na Rosa Casamada. Na Catalan na Bekee. Ndepụta ihe ngosi. Site n'enyemaka nke Mounira Khemir, "De una Punta a otra de Africa. Impresonas Fotograficas". * Afọ 1960 na Bamako: Malick Sidibé na James Brown. Akwụkwọ Series on the Arts, Culture, and Society, Paper No. 11. Nke Manthia Diawara dere. New York: Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, 2001.  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47999579 47999579]. Banyere Sidibé na James Brown.<ref group="n">The text can be read [https://web.archive.org/web/20210201202243/http://warholfoundation.org/grant/paper11/paper.html here within the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts website].</ref> * Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire, Mpịakọta nke 4, Nke 2/3. New York: Mahadum New York, 2002. Gụnyere edemede nke Manthia Diawara, The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé na James Brown. * Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads na Global Performance na Popular Culture. Ann Arbor: Mahadum nke Michigan, 2005. Nke Harry J. Elam, Jr., na Kennell Jackson Jr. dezigharịrị . Gụnyere isi nke Manthia Diawara, "The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown. == Onyinye == * 2003: Hasselblad Award maka foto<ref name="hasselblad-foundation"/> * 2007: Golden Lion Award maka ihe ọ rụzuru na ndụ ya, Venice Biennale<ref name="gelder-nytimes"/> * 2008: Onyinye Infinity maka Ihe Achievement, International Center of Photography (ICP), New York<ref name="lensculture"/> * 2010: Ihe nrite foto nke World Press nke mbụ, nka na ntụrụndụ<ref name="world-press-photo-2010"/> == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Malick_Sidibe's_studio.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta ọjọọ Sidibé, na ụlọ ọrụ ya na Bamako]] A na-enwe ọrụ Sidibé na nchịkọta ọha na eze ndị a: * Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago, Chicago, Illinois<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malick Sidibé|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/111968/malick-sidibe|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en}}</ref> * The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) nke Jean Pigozzi, Geneva<ref name="caac"/> * J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA<ref name="getty"/> * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Oge A, New York<ref name="moma"/> * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/in-and-out-of-the-studio In and Out of the Studio: Photographic Portraits from West Africa] ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art''</ref> * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Malick_Sidib%C3%A9#works|title=Malick Sidibé|work=SFMOMA}}</ref> * Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.artbma.org/2014/10/bma-voices-the-boxer/|title=BMA Voices: The Boxer.|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2019-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311173950/http://blog.artbma.org/2014/10/bma-voices-the-boxer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/artists/malick-sidibe/|title=Malick Sidibe - Jack Shainman Gallery}}</ref> * Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL<ref name="mbphoto.com"/> * Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Harlem (New York)<ref name="mbphoto.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidib-untitled |title=Permanent Collection: ''Untitled, c. 1974''{{!}} The Studio Museum in Harlem |accessdate=2022-06-15 |archivedate=2016-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609202827/http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidib-untitled }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidibe-groupe-de-barbus |title=Permanent Collection: ''Groupe de Barbus''{{!}} The Studio Museum in Harlem |accessdate=2022-06-15 |archivedate=2016-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222018/http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidibe-groupe-de-barbus }}</ref> * High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA<ref name="mbphoto.com" /> * International Center of Photography, New York<ref name="mbphoto.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/nuit-de-no%C3%ABl|title=Nuit de Noël|work=International Center of Photography}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/malick-sidib%C3%A9?all/all/all/all/0|title=Malick Sidibé|work=International Center of Photography}}</ref> * Moderna Museet, Stockholm<ref name="mbphoto.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/2011/02/15/fantastiska-donationer-av-fotokonst/|title=Fantastic donations of photographic art|work=Moderna Museet i Stockholm|date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/moderna-museet-co-enkehuset/information-about-keita-sidibe-and-fosso/|title=Keita, Sidibé and Fosso|work=Moderna Museet i Stockholm}}</ref> * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Museum of Fine Arts Houston Collections|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/14274/malick-sidibe/objects|accessdate=June 13, 2020}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi o mere naanị ya === * 1995: Malick Sidibé: Bamako 1962 1910-1976, Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris<ref name="galeriedujour.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.galeriedujour.com/artistes/malicksidibe/BIO-MALICK-SIDIBE_2016.pdf|title=Galerie du jour agnès b.: Les artistes: Malick Sidibé|work=Galerie du jour agnès|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=3 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603081525/http://www.galeriedujour.com/artistes/malicksidibe/BIO-MALICK-SIDIBE_2016.pdf}}</ref> * 1999: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 1999: ''Malick Sidibé''. ''Foto'', Dany Keller Galerie, Munich<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danykellergalerie.de/archiv/archiv_index.htm|title=Dany Keller Galerie - Archiv|work=danykellergalerie.de|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 1999: ''Cool Cats na Twist Club'', Australian Centre for Photography, Sydney, Australia * 2000: Centre d'Art Contemporain Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2001: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Italy<ref name="afronova.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afronova.com/artists/malick-sidibe-2/|title=Malick Sidibé|work=Afronova Gallery|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2022-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132017/https://www.afronova.com/artists/malick-sidibe-2/}}</ref> * 2001: Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Netherlands<ref name="afronova.com" /> * 2002: HackelBury Fine Art Limited, London [citation needed] * 2003: Hasselblad Center, Gothenburg Museum of Art, Gothenbourg, Sweden<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2004: CAV Coimbra Visual Arts Centre, Coimbra, Portugal<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2004: Ebe ndebe ihe ochie maka Fotokunst, Brandts Klaedefabrik, Odense, Denmark<ref name="afronova.com" /> * 2005: Foto: 1960 na 2004, Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibition103.html|title=Malick Sidibe / Photographs: 1960–2004 :: JACK SHAINMAN GALLERY|first=Jack Shainman gallery. Designed by StudioRadia. Web-development by Unlabeled|author=studio.|work=www.jackshainman.com|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=16 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205616/http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibition103.html}}</ref> * 2007: ''Malick Sidibé''. ''Ọ'' bụ Pas Ma Faute, Museum of Last Arts, Paris * 2007: ''Malick Sidibé''. Los Sabena Club, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=42|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|work=www.gallery51.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2008: ''Malick Sidibé''. ''Uwe'', Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2009: ''Malick Sidibé''. Bamako Nights, Musée Nicéphore Niépce, Chalon sur Saône, France<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museeniepce.com/index.php?/exposition/exposition-passee/Malick-Sidibe|title=musée Nicéphore Niépce – Malick Sidibé|work=www.museeniepce.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: "Studio Malick", Tristan Hoare, London<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hoare, Tristan|url=http://tristanhoaregallery.co.uk/app/uploads/2016/10/1814-Malick-Sidibe%CC%81.pdf|title=L'oeil de Bamako|publisher=1841 Magazine|accessdate=22 June 2017|archivedate=4 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804221410/http://tristanhoaregallery.co.uk/app/uploads/2016/10/1814-Malick-Sidibe%CC%81.pdf}}</ref> * 2011: ''Malick Sidibé''. ''Anya Bamako'', M+B Gallery, Los Angeles, CA<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2015: ''Studio Malick''. Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Bretagne na Montparnasse, Frac Bretagne, Kansụl Ógbè na SNCF<ref name="galeriedujour.com" /> * 2014: ''Malick Sidibé'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2014/malick-sidibe/|title=MALICK SIDIBE, MARCH 28 – APRIL 26, 2014|work=www.jackshainman.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''Ọ dị oke egwu ebe a''! Site na Malick Sidibé, FIFTY ONE TOO, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=248&exhibitionid=129|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery - Exhib. Fifty One Too - past|work=www.gallery51.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: ''Malick Sidibé''. The Eye of Modern Mali, Somerset House, London Ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na UK.<ref name="somerset-house">{{Cite web|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/malick-sidibe|title=Malick Sidibé: The Eye of Modern Mali|publisher=[[Somerset House]]|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/27/exhibition-of-malick-sidibe-photography-to-open-in-london|date=27 July 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016|first=Mark|author=Brown|work=The Guardian|title=Exhibition of Malick Sidibé photography to open in London}}</ref><ref name="somerset-house" /> === Ihe ngosi na ememme === * 1995: Seydou Keita & Malick Sidibe: Foto si Mali, Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland * 1996: Ndụ abụọ, Anya abụọ, Fondation Cartier maka nka nke oge a, Paris, France * 1996: By Night, Fondation Cartier maka nka nke oge a, Paris, France * 1999: 6th International İstanbul Biennial 1999, International Istanbul Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey * 2000: Africa: Oge gara aga, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=10|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|work=www.gallery51.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2001 na 2003: ''Ị mara mma dị ka nke ahụ'': The Portrait of Photographs of Seydou Keïta and Malick Sidibé, Fogg Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA; UCLA Hammer Museum, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach FL; National Portrait Gallery, London; Williams College Museum of Art. Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA<ref name="afronova.com"/> * 2004: Foto: Ihe owuwu, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3100|title=Photography: Inaugural Installation – MoMA|work=The Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2004: ''Mkpụrụ na Mgbọrọgwụ'', The Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/seeds-and-roots-selections-the-permanent-collection|title=The Studio Museum in Harlem|work=www.studiomuseum.org|accessdate=2018-10-30|archivedate=2017-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623151935/https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/seeds-and-roots-selections-the-permanent-collection}}</ref> * 2005: ''African Art Now - Masterpieces'' si na Jean Pigozzi Collection, National Museum of African Art, Washington, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/intro1.html|title=National Museum of African Art – African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection – Introduction|work=africa.si.edu|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028064155/https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/intro1.html}}</ref> * 2007: Gịnị mere Africa ji? Ọrụ nke ndị na-ese foto 13 gụnyere Sidibé, Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, Bodys Isek Kingelez, Chéri Samba, Makonde Lilanga, na Keita Seydou, Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin, Italy.<ref name="afronova.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinacoteca-agnelli.it/visit/1218/why-africa-la-collezione-pigozzi/|title=Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli Why Africa? La collezione Pigozzi|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2022-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119193846/https://www.pinacoteca-agnelli.it/visit/1218/why-africa-la-collezione-pigozzi/}}</ref> * 2009: Masters of Photography, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=67|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery - Exhib. Fifty One - past|work=www.gallery51.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2009: Ụfọdụ ''agbụrụ'', Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction|title=Some Tribes|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: Ntinye ịma mma na omenala ndị Africa America, Art Gallery nke Hamilton, Hamilton, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artgalleryofhamilton.com/ex_archive10.php|title=Exhibition Archive – Art Gallery of Hamilton|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: Otu nrọ bara uru: Foto Africa 1960 2010 , BOZAR Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bozar.be/fr/activities/2566-un-reve-utile|title=Un rêve utile|work=BOZAR|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=24 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063026/https://www.bozar.be/fr/activities/2566-un-reve-utile}}</ref> * 2010: Na-anọchite anya: ''Ihe'' oyiyi nke African American Culture In Contemporary Art, Hagedorn Foundation Gallery, Atlanta, USA * 2010: ''Akụkọ Africa'', Marrakech Art Fair, Marramech<ref name="afronova.com" /> * 2011: Paris Photo, Grand Palais, The Walther Collection<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/nov/13/paris-photo-review-eggleston-arbus|title=Paris Photo 2011 – review: Grand Palais, Paris|date=12 November 2011|accessdate=18 April 2016|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|authorlink=}}</ref> * 2012: Afrika, hin und zurück, Museum Folkwang, Essen<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museum-folkwang.de/nl/aktuelles/ausstellungen/archiv/afrika-hin-und-zurueck.html|title=Afrika, hin und zurück - Museum Folkwang|first=BOROS.INTERAKTIV|author=GmbH|work=Museum Folkwang|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=5 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101220/https://www.museum-folkwang.de/nl/aktuelles/ausstellungen/archiv/afrika-hin-und-zurueck.html}}</ref> * 2012: ''Anya'' ihu na-agbanwe agbanwe nke foto foto, Istanbul Modern, Istanbul, Turkey<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/gaze-changing-face-of-portrait-photography_948.html|title=Gaze – Changing Face of Portrait Photography - İstanbul Modern|first=ISTANBUL MODERN, ISTANBUL MUSEUM OF MODERN|author=ART|work=www.istanbulmodern.org|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2012: Ihe niile na-agagharị: Foto sitere na 60s na 70s, Barbican Centre,<ref name="afronova.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbican.org.uk/artgallery/event-detail.asp?ID=13613|title=Barbican - Everything Was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s|work=barbican.org.uk}}</ref> * 2014: Back to Front, Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe|title=Mariane Ibrahim Gallery – Back to Front, J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibe|work=marianeibrahim.com|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=7 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115102/http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe}}</ref> * 2014: Ebe a bụ Africa, Château de Penthes, Pregny-Chambésy, France<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/|title=Ici l'Afrique|work=www.penthes.ch|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=21 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202332/http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/}}</ref> * 2015: The Pistil's waitz, Gallery Fifty One, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=116|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|work=gallery51.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2015: ''Ime Africa''. Otu ''Kọntinent'' nke Nhazi Oge A, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makingafrica.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/exposicion/#la-exposicion-02|title=Making Africa – Museo Guggenheim Bilbao|work=Making Africa – Museo Guggenheim Bilbao|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''Ndụ''!!, Obodo mba nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbata, Paris, France<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/agenda/2016-07/vivre|title=VIVRE !! - Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration|work=www.histoire-immigration.fr|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''Banyere Africa'': Contemporary Art na Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/|title=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art|work=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=12 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164322/http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/}}</ref> * 2017: ''Akụkọ'' azụ, Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marianeibrahim.com/artists/back-stories|title=Mariane Ibrahim Gallery – BACK STORIES|work=marianeibrahim.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: ''Il Cacciatore Bianco'' / The White Hunter, FM Centro per l'Art Contemporanea, Milan, Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmcca.it/it/scheda-mostra/eve/26-il-cacciatore-bianco-the-white-hunter/|title=Scheda mostra|work=www.fmcca.it|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: Rhona Hoffman 40 Afọ: Akụkụ 3. ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'', Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siebrenv.easycgi.com/rhoffmangallery.com/exhibition.asp?exid=624|title=Rhona Hoffman Gallery|work=siebrenv.easycgi.com|accessdate=5 October 2017|archivedate=5 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151552/http://siebrenv.easycgi.com/rhoffmangallery.com/exhibition.asp?exid=624}}</ref> * 2020: Site na Lens Africa: Foto ndịda Sahara site na Museum's Collections, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum’s Collection|url=https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|accessdate=14 June 2020|work=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|archivedate=9 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030155/https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri na ngosiputa telivishọn == * Malick Sidibé: onyinyo nke onye na-ese ihe dị ka onye na-ede foto (2006).  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68907552 68907552]. Ọ bụ Susan Vogel duziri ya maka National Museum of Mali / Prince Street Pictures. Ọ bụ Vogel, Samuel Sidbe, na Catherine de Clippel mepụtara ya. Ajụjụ ọnụ na Sidibé site na Jean-Paul Colleyn. N'asụsụ French na ndepụta okwu Bekee. * ''Dolce Vita Africana'' (2008, Tigerlily Films). 62 nkeji. Ọ bụ Cosima Spender duziri ya. Nke Natasha Dack, Nikki Parrott, na Spender mepụtara. Ihe ngosi banyere Sidibé, na banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mali dịka a gwara ya site n'aka ndị ọ na-ese foto. Na Bamanankan na French. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro BBC4 nke ''Storyville'' na Machị 2008. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] DVD na broshuọ. Ihe nkiri nke Thomas Glaser, ederede nke Gaël Teicher.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782351371558|9782351371558]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ dị na French na ndepụta okwu French na Bekee, ederede dịkwa na French. == Ihe edeturu == <references group="n" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHi4TG1SwFU Malick Sidibé]" nke Douglas Sloan (6-min. vidiyo) * [http://www.artnet.com/artist/15531/malick-sidibe.html <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Malick Sidibe"</nowiki>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627033416/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1259 <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Malick Sidibé: Foto jupụtara na egwu"</nowiki>] * [http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48 Nchịkọta nka nke oge a nke Africa, Geneva] * Sidibé na Jack Shainman Gallery [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0vn61dh1nxuplpb7xtwtmruybcsp63r Marguerite van Eeden 0 15176 670988 199629 2026-07-02T02:40:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marguerite van Eeden''' (amụrụ n'ubochí isii n'ọnwa Juun) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese foto na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marguerite Van Eeden - which role is right for you, auditions, dreaded crying scenes & side-hustles|url=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/novieguide-podcast/marguerite-van-eeden-which-WkudxFwqyC2/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Listen Notes|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nkè ọma màkà ọrụ ihe nkiri ya n'asụsụ Afrikaans na ''Vaselinetjie''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Morkel|first=Graye|title=Vaselinetjie|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/movies/reviews/vaselinetjie-20170912|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Channel|language=en-US}}</ref> na ''Vergeet'' My Nie .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Feel the love|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/The-Lowvelder/20200211/281646782142743|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == N'ịbụ onye si Cape, van Eeden tolitere na [[Botswana]]. Ọ gàrà ụlọ akwụkwọ óbíbí na La Rochelle Girls' High School na Paarl, na-abanye afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rooirose.co.za/marguerite-van-eeden-vertel-ons-van-vaselinetjie/|title=Marguerite van Eeden vertel ons van Vaselinetjie|date=22 September 2017|accessdate=19 November 2021|language=af}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popspeaking.com/2020/02/06/the-unforgettable-marguerite-van-eeden-in-vergeet-my-nie/|title=The unforgettable Marguerite van Eeden in Vergeet My Nie|date=6 February 2020|accessdate=19 November 2021|archivedate=19 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119070059/https://popspeaking.com/2020/02/06/the-unforgettable-marguerite-van-eeden-in-vergeet-my-nie/}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ ma agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Stellenbosch .<ref name="APM">{{Cite web|title=APM: Marguerite van Eeden|url=https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/marguerite-van-eeden-700/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Artistes Personal Management|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118172239/https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/marguerite-van-eeden-700/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Van Eeden bịanyere aka na MPM Acting Agency. O bu ụzọ pụta na ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi Coca-Cola ma mee ihe nkiri telivishọn izizi ya na ọrụ ọbịa n'afọ 2016 nke usoro mpụ ''Die Byl'' .<ref name="Eeden">{{Cite web|author=Adams|first=Maryam|date=2021-08-09|title=Meet leading lady Marguerite van Eeden|url=https://www.matiemedia.org/meet-leading-lady-marguerite-van-eeden/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=MatieMedia|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'ime afọ izizi ya na mahadum na Stellenbosch, a tụbara Van Eeden n'ọrụ isi nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nkè afọ 2017 ''Vaselinetjie'', nke e mere ka akwụkwọ akụkọ 2004 nke otu aha ahụ site n'aka onye edemede Namibia Anoeschka von Meck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Growing up after apartheid|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/weekend-argus-sunday-edition/20170924/282394104634706|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ malitere igwu Anita na usoro ''Sara'' se Geheim, onye ọ ga-egwuri egwu ugboro ugboro maka oge abụọ, na ụdị onye na-eto eto nke Milan Murray na usoro Waterfront.<ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Marguerite van Eeden: TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=17870&sr=1|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2018 ruo afọ 2020, Van Eeden pụtara na ógè atọ nkè ''Fynskrif'' dị ka Alex Kruger . Van Eeden pụtara dị ka Mardaleen Coetzer n'afọ 2020 Afrikaans romcom ''Vergeet'' my nie, nke mere ka o nweta ihe nrite na màkà Best Actress na Silver Screen Film Festival (Silwerskermfees).<ref name="Eeden"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Zietsman|first=Gabi|title=Vergeet My Nie|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/movies/reviews/vergeet-my-nie-20200130|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Channel|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="APM"/> N'af''ọ'' 2021, ọ sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke kykNET Afgrond dị ka Hannelie Fourie .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=Marguerite van Eeden oor ‘Afgrond’, fotografie en ’n see-uitsig in Seepunt|url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/televisie/marguerite-van-eeden-oor-afgrond-fotografie-en-n-see-uitsig-in-seepunt/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Maroela Media|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, Van Eeden kwere onye egwu Danie du Toit nkè otu égwu Afrikaans bụ Spoegwolf nkwa ọlụlụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Vergeet My Nie' actress and Spoegwolf singer madly in love in February!|url=https://www.jacarandafm.com/breakfast-martin-bester/vergeet-my-nie-actress-and-spoegwolf-singer-madly-love-february/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Jacaranda FM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nel|first=Carryn-Ann|title=Spoegwolf-lid en ‘Vaselinetjie’-aktrise is uitmekaar|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kunste/celebs/spoegwolf-lid-en-vaselinetjie-aktrise-is-uitmekaar-20180709|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Netwerk24|language=af-ZA}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2017 |''Ọdịiche nke Mmasị'' |Elani |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |2017 |''Vaselinetjie'' |Vaselinetjie / Helena Bosman | |- |2019 |''Moffie'' |Hailey | |- |2020 |''Vergeet nwa nwanne m nwanyị'' |Mardaleen Coetzer | |- |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2016 |''Die Byl'' |Zelda / Monica Waters |Ihe omume 2 |- |2017 |''Sara na Geheim'' |Anita |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge afọ 1) |- |2017 |''Kern'' |Stella na-eto eto | |- |2017 |''Ọgwụgwụ Dị Oké Mkpa'' |Melanie | |- |2018 |''Fynskrif'' |Alex Kruger |Ọrụ bụ isi (oge afọ 3) |- |2018 |''Nwụrụ Spreeus'' |Marianne |Ihe omume: "Ebe ọ nwụrụ Bure" |- |2019 |''Nri Ndị Na-ehi Ehicha Anya'' |Jane |Ihe nkiri telivishọn |- |2021 |''Ọ na-agbada'' |Hannelie Fourie | |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|8350914}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220813145952/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=17870 Marguerite van Eeden] na TVSA [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ibk33igrjrlo897iflp37if9jnyveo1 John Meyer (artist) 0 15254 671142 91322 2026-07-02T10:32:50Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Meyer''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí na àtó n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1942 na Bloemfontein South Africa) bụ onye na-ese ihe nà South Africa.<ref name=":A">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|work=|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> O gosipụtara nkè ukwuu nà South Africa na mbá ofesi na-ahụ màkà ọdịdị ala na foto (gụnyere foto nke ndị Nobel laureates [[Nelson Mandela]] na FW De Klerk na onye na-eme ihe nkiri piano Vladimir Horowitz) n'ụdị foto-realist. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka ịdaba n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụdị akụkọ" ebe ihe osise na-abụkarị akụkụ nke usoro (na-abụkarị atọ ruo isii) nkè ihe nkiri ógè. O gosipụtara nà Slater Memorial Museum (Connecticut) na Everard Read Gallery (Johannesburg).<ref name=":A" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226014758/http://www.johnmeyerpaintings.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://www.everard-read-capetown.co.za/artist/JOHN_MEYER/biography/ Akụkọ ndụ, Everard Read Gallery Cape Town] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lzo4q6mf3c4k6e7iuo6ofqt2kn0rhbw Mbissine Thérèse Diop 0 15718 671281 142760 2026-07-02T11:40:15Z Johnnybam 24488 671281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Le fils d'Ousmane Sembène et Mbissine Thérèse Diop (cropped).JPG|birth_date={{birth year and age|1949}}|birth_place=[[Dakar|Dakar, Senegal]]|occupation={{hlist|Actress|seamstress}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Mbissine Thérèse Diop''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1949) bụ onye Senegal na-eme ihe nkiri nke a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dịka Diouana na ihe nkiri Ousmane Sembène nke afọ 1966 Black Girl (La noire de...), nke a na-ekwukarị dịka otu n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke ihe nkiri Afrịka na-aga n'ihu na-eto mba ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Interview: Mbissine Thérèse Diop - Film Comment|date=2015-10-05|work=Film Comment|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Diop na obodo Dakar, Senegal nye nna onye Alakụba na nne onye Katọlik. Diop bụ onye kasị okenye n'ezinụlọ ya, ya na nna nna ya biri ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, mgbe ahụ ọ laghachiri Dakar. Diop biri na Corsica mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ebe onye na-elekọta ya mere ka ọ mara Josephine Baker.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Diop enweghị mmasị n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'ime ihe nkiri, kama ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịchụso ọrụ na akwa, ọkachasị dịka onye na-eji parachute arịgo. Ntuziaka nke enyi ya mere ka Diop chee echiche nke ọma banyere ime ihe nkiri na nka, ma mee ka Diop bịakwute Josephine Baker. Mgbe akwụkwọ ozi gasịrị, Baker kpọrọ Diop ka ọ gaa leta ya na France, mana Diop jụrụ n'ihi ụgwọ. Diop na-agakarị na Cine-Club na Dakar, ebe a kpughere ya ihe nkiri French na American, ma mesịa debanye aha na Ecole des Arts de Dakar mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ebe ọ gara ọmụmụ abalị ma mụọ n'okpuru onye na-eme ihe nkiri French Robert Fontaine (onye mechara mee ihe nkiri na Black Girl). Diop rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-akwa akwa n'ehihie. === Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị === N'afọ 2020, Diop pụtara na ''ihe'' nkiri Cuties dịka onye isi obodo. Ihe nkiri ahụ enwetala otuto na esemokwu. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0228027}} {{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t6wbbws5k72c2slva131uu62f7toe1u Mahmoud Larnaout 0 15875 670951 178620 2026-07-02T00:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mahmoud Larnaout''' (1945-December 25, 2012) bụ [[Tunisia|onye obodo Tunisia]] na-eme ihe ọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès du comédien Mahmoud Larnaout|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/10255-deces-du-comedien-mahmoud-larnaout|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=Leaders|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisie : Décès de Mahmoud Larnaout {{!}} Tekiano :: TeK'n'Kult|url=https://www.tekiano.com/2012/12/25/tunisie-deces-de-mahmoud-larnaout/|accessdate=2020-12-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Tunis, Larnaout bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwuregwu. A mụrụ ya na mpaghara Bab Souika nke Tunis, ọ malitere na ihe nkiri na ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum. Ebe ọ sonyeere ndị otu El Teatro nke Taoufik Jebali, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu dịka Present by proxy, The Plank of Miracles, ''Al-Ghoul'', yana ''Klem Ellil'' na ''Fhemt Ella'' nke Taoufica Jebali. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọgbọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri ndị ntorobịa na, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Raouf Basti, [[Raouf Ben Amor|RaouF Ben Amor]], na Raja Farhat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=Mahmoud Larnaout -|url=http://repertoire-artistestunisiens.com/mahmoud-larnaout/|accessdate=2020-12-17|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2019-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411152308/http://repertoire-artistestunisiens.com/mahmoud-larnaout/}}</ref> O mekwara ihe nkiri dị iche iche - gụnyere Making of nke Nouri Bouzid na usoro telivishọn, gụnyere ''Dar Lekhlaa'' na ''Njoum Ellil''. Larnaout bụ onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri Le Mondial n' obodo Tunis, na ikike a ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii nhazi nke Carthage Film Festival ọtụtụ ugboro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=32ème édition des Journées Cinématographiques de Carthage JCC 2021|url=https://www.jcctunisie.org/|work=www.jcctunisie.org|accessdate=30 May 2021|archivedate=12 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212043031/https://www.jcctunisie.org/}}</ref> N'akụkụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ya, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-echekwa ego. == Ihe nkiri == * 2006 : Nhazi nke Nouri Bouzid * 2011 : Black Gold nke Jean-Jacques Annaud * 2011 : The Masseur (ihe nkiri nke 2011) n'ihi na ọ bụ Anouar Lahouar dere The Masseur == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ Mpụga pụga == * Mahmoud Larnaout at IMDb f0hiyfd3xgw76wm14cy0as14urc99ei Gaston Kaboré 0 16436 670968 91146 2026-07-02T01:03:23Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ fixed reference error 670968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gaston Kaboré''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1951) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabé]] na onye dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke Burkina Faso.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso gets new film school|work=[[BBC]]|date=2005-03-01|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4305449.stm|accessdate=2008-02-11}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4305449.stm "Burkina Faso gets new film school"]. ''[[BBC]]''. 2005-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> O ritere ihe nrite maka ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Wend Kuuni'' na ''Buud Yam'' . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kaboré n'afọ 1951 na Bobo-Dioulasso na Upper Volta .<ref name="AI">{{Cite book|author=Eke|first=Maureen N.|title=African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema|publisher=[[Africa World Press]]|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]|year=2000|pages=31–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C|isbn=0-86543-819-6|oclc=43083199}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEkeKenneth_W._HarrowEmmanuel_Yewah2000">Eke, Maureen N.; Kenneth W. Harrow; Emmanuel Yewah (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C ''African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema'']. [[Trenton, New Jersey]]: [[Africa World Press]]. pp.&nbsp;31–39. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-86543-819-6|<bdi>0-86543-819-6</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43083199 43083199].</cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sorbonne na Paris, [[France]], na-enweta ikikere ya na Maîtrise (Master's) degrees.<ref name="AI">{{Cite book|author=Eke|first=Maureen N.|title=African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema|publisher=[[Africa World Press]]|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]|year=2000|pages=31–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C|isbn=0-86543-819-6|oclc=43083199}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ megide Africa site n'aka ndị na-achị ya maka Maîtrise ya, a dọtara Kaboré na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere n'oge a nke, o chere, nọgidere na-agbasa ụdị echiche dị otú ahụ.<ref name="AI" /> Iji ghọtakwuo "asụsụ nke ihe nkiri", o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri ESEC. Na mbụ, ọ na-ezube iji ihe nkiri mee ihe dị ka ihe na-agbasa ihe ọmụma akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ nwee mmasị na ihe nkiri maka onwe ya. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Film Production n'afọ 1976.<ref name="AI" /> Ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Centre National du Cinéma . Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Wend Kuuni'' bụ naanị ihe nkiri nke abụọ e mepụtara na Burkina Faso.<ref name="BBC" />Ọrụ ya maka ihuenyo, na-elekwasị anya na ihe nketa ime obodo nke mba ya, enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa, gụnyere onyinye César nke France. N'afọ 1997, o ritere ihe nrite mbụ na 15th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) na ihe nkiri ''Buud Yam'' .<ref name="AI">{{Cite book|author=Eke|first=Maureen N.|title=African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema|publisher=[[Africa World Press]]|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]|year=2000|pages=31–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C|isbn=0-86543-819-6|oclc=43083199}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEkeKenneth_W._HarrowEmmanuel_Yewah2000">Eke, Maureen N.; Kenneth W. Harrow; Emmanuel Yewah (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C ''African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema'']. [[Trenton, New Jersey]]: [[Africa World Press]]. pp.&nbsp;31–39. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-86543-819-6|<bdi>0-86543-819-6</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43083199 43083199].</cite></ref> Site n'afọ 1985 ruo afọ 1997 ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI).<ref name="UN">{{Cite web|title=Interview with...Gaston Kaboré|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24900&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|accessdate=2008-02-11}} </ref> Kemgbe afọ 2005, o nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ, Imagine, na Ouagadougou nke na-azụ ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="UN" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Wend Kuuni'' (1983) * ''Zan Boko'' (1988) * ''Rabi'' (1992) * ''Ìhè na Ụlọ Ọrụ'' (1995) * ''Buud Yam'' (1997) == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank (2002). [[iarchive:questioningafric00ukad_0/page/109|Gaston Kaboré]] Ajụjụ African Cinema: Mkparịta ụka na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. peeji nke 10910120.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8166-4005-X|0-8166-4005-X]]. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0434095}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c176lcf0e7qqw0adcdeln7i9y381f2r 670969 670968 2026-07-02T01:06:00Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ fixed reference error 670969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gaston Kaboré''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1951) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabé]] na onye dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke Burkina Faso.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|title=Burkina Faso gets new film school|work=[[BBC]]|date=2005-03-01|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4305449.stm|accessdate=2008-02-11}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4305449.stm "Burkina Faso gets new film school"]. ''[[BBC]]''. 2005-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> O ritere ihe nrite maka ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Wend Kuuni'' na ''Buud Yam'' . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kaboré n'afọ 1951 na Bobo-Dioulasso na Upper Volta .<ref name="AI">{{Cite book|author=Eke|first=Maureen N.|title=African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema|publisher=[[Africa World Press]]|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]|year=2000|pages=31–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C|isbn=0-86543-819-6|oclc=43083199}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEkeKenneth_W._HarrowEmmanuel_Yewah2000">Eke, Maureen N.; Kenneth W. Harrow; Emmanuel Yewah (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jHhfkH8GD18C ''African Images: Recent Studies and Text in Cinema'']. [[Trenton, New Jersey]]: [[Africa World Press]]. pp.&nbsp;31–39. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-86543-819-6|<bdi>0-86543-819-6</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43083199 43083199].</cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sorbonne na Paris, [[France]], na-enweta ikikere ya na Maîtrise (Master's) degrees.<ref name="AI" /> Mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ megide Africa site n'aka ndị na-achị ya maka Maîtrise ya, a dọtara Kaboré na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere n'oge a nke, o chere, nọgidere na-agbasa ụdị echiche dị otú ahụ.<ref name="AI" /> Iji ghọtakwuo "asụsụ nke ihe nkiri", o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri ESEC. Na mbụ, ọ na-ezube iji ihe nkiri mee ihe dị ka ihe na-agbasa ihe ọmụma akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ nwee mmasị na ihe nkiri maka onwe ya. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Film Production n'afọ 1976.<ref name="AI" /> Ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Centre National du Cinéma . Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Wend Kuuni'' bụ naanị ihe nkiri nke abụọ e mepụtara na Burkina Faso.<ref name="BBC" />Ọrụ ya maka ihuenyo, na-elekwasị anya na ihe nketa ime obodo nke mba ya, enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa, gụnyere onyinye César nke France. N'afọ 1997, o ritere ihe nrite mbụ na 15th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) na ihe nkiri ''Buud Yam'' .<ref name="AI" /> Site n'afọ 1985 ruo afọ 1997 ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI).<ref name="UN">{{Cite web|title=Interview with...Gaston Kaboré|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24900&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|accessdate=2008-02-11}} </ref> Kemgbe afọ 2005, o nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ, Imagine, na Ouagadougou nke na-azụ ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="UN" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Wend Kuuni'' (1983) * ''Zan Boko'' (1988) * ''Rabi'' (1992) * ''Ìhè na Ụlọ Ọrụ'' (1995) * ''Buud Yam'' (1997) == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank (2002). [[iarchive:questioningafric00ukad_0/page/109|Gaston Kaboré]] Ajụjụ African Cinema: Mkparịta ụka na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. peeji nke 10910120.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8166-4005-X|0-8166-4005-X]]. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0434095}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 74ki4hhitmqnrzka11i94610zboaawt Lornah Kiplagat 0 16447 670902 194410 2026-07-01T20:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lornah Kiplagat''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1974) bụ onye Dutch ọkachamara na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge. A mụrụ ya na Kabiemit, Rift Valley Province, [[Kenya]] wee bịa [[Netherlands]] na afọ 1999. O nwetara nwa amaala Dutch n'afọ 2003 ma na-asọ mpi maka Netherlands kemgbe ahụ. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ọ bụghị naanị ihe omume okporo ụzọ kamakwa na cross country na track and field. Ọ gbara ọsọ na afọ 2004, 2008 na 2012 Summer Olympics, bụ onye nwetara ọla edo na afọ 2007 na IAAF World Cross Country Championships, ma were utu aha atọ na-aga n'ihu na World Road Running Championship site na 2006 ruo 2008. Na marathon, o nwere oge kachasị mma nke 2:22:22 awa ma merie nnukwu agbụrụ na Rotterdam, Amsterdam na Osaka. Ọ na-ejide ihe ndekọ okporo ụzọ ụwa ugbu a karịa kilomita 5 na kilomita 10. Oge kachasị mma ya karịa kilomita 20 na ọkara marathon bụ ihe ndekọ ụwa site na afo 2007 ruo 2011 ma bụrụ oge nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ. Akụkụ nke ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ nke ọma, ndị ikwu ya gụnyere Sylvia Kibet, [[Hilda Kibet]] na Susan Sirma.<ref>Running Times Magazine, May 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150946/http://runningtimes.com/Print.aspx?articleID=7793 Lornah – Inventing Herself and a Better World]</ref><ref>Daily Nation, 9 August 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180917224644/https://www.nation.co.ke/magazines/lifestyle/-/1214/454254/-/view/printVersion/-/bqk6md/-/index.html Ex-Kenyans seek to outshine ex-country mates in Olympics]</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ dị elu a ma ama na Iten Kenya. Ebe etiti ahụ dị mita 2400 n'elu oke osimiri. Ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị na-agba ọsọ ntụrụndụ si n'akụkụ ụwa niile na-eleta HATC kwa afọ maka ọzụzụ. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere akara egwuregwu nke ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ n'Afrịka nke a na-akpọ ''Lornah''. == Ọrụ == Kiplagat na-eme nke ọma mgbe ọ gbara ọsọ maka Kenya. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Falmouth Road Race na Peachtree Road Race. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006 ọ ka bụ naanị nwanyị mere nke a, mana o mere ya ugboro atọ n'usoro (2000, 2001 na 2002) na oge nke anọ na 2005.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kenya/links.html Lornah Kiplagat and the High Altitude Training Center], ''pbs.org''</ref> N'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ ọ rụzuru bụ Amsterdam Marathon, Rotterdam Marathon, Osaka Ladies Marathon na Los Angeles Marathon. N'afọ 1999, Kiplagat kwagara Netherlands; afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ nwetara nwa amaala Dutch nke nyere ya na afọ ohere ịgba ọsọ maka Netherlands site na 2003. N'otu afọ ahụ, o belatara ihe ndekọ marathon Dutch ruo 2:23.43 n'oge New York City Marathon. O sonyekwara na 2004 Summer Olympics, ebe o mechara nke ise na 10,000m. Afọ 2005 bụ nke gara nke ọma maka Kiplagat: ọ meriri ọlaọcha na afo 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships wee were aha na afo 2005 European Cross Country Championships, ihe omume nke mere ka ọ malite ịhọrọ dị ka onye egwuregwu Dutch nke afọ. Na 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships ọ mechara nke abụọ na [[Japan]], merie ọlaọcha. O mechakwara bụrụ onye nke ise na 10,000m na 2006 European Athletics Championships. O meriri na afo 2007 World Cross Country Championship nke emere na Mombasa, Kenya. Na mbido, na Febụwarị 2007, ọ sonyere na asọmpi Kenyan Cross Country Championships dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu a kpọrọ òkù wee merie asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihu ndị isi n'etiti ndị obodo ya.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/WXC07/news/Kind=2/newsId=37536.html Kenyan Cross Country Championships report] ''IAAF.com''</ref> N'ịmeri asọmpi ndị a, ọ meriri ihe ịma aka niile nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], nke onye na-agbachitere Tirunesh Dibaba, onye mmeri dị mkpirikpi Gelete Burka, na onye nwetara ọla nchara abụọ site na 2006, Meselech Melkamu. Ha mechiri: Dibaba, nke abụọ, Melkamu, nke atọ, Burka, nke anọ. E wezụga ihe ndekọ Dutch maka marathon, Kiplagat nwekwara ihe ndekọ ụwa anọ. N'ọsọ okporo ụzọ 5 kilomita ọ gbara ọsọ ahụ na 14:47, ebe ọ belatara ihe ndekọ nke ya na 10 kilomita nke 50.54 site na sekọnd abụọ ruo 50.50 n'afọ 2006 Dam tot Damloop, nke ọ merikwara na afọ 2002.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311100258/http://www.nu.nl/news/827166/40/Wereldrecord_voor_Kiplagat_in_Zaandam.html Wereldrecord voor Kiplagat in Zaandam], ''nu.nl'', 17 September 2006</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2007, Kiplagat setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke 1:06:25 na World Road Running Championships na Udine, Ịtali, mgbe ọ na-agbachitere aha mbụ ọ meriri na afọ 2006. O mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa nke ya nke kilomita 20 n'ụzọ, na-agba ọsọ 1:02:57. Otú ọ dị, Paula Radcliffe agbaala ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ na Great North Run na 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/WRU07/news/kind=2/newsid=42061.html#updated+10625+world+half+marathon+record+kiplagat+udine|title=IAAF: News {{!}} iaaf.org|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2018-05-02}}</ref> A chụpụrụ Kiplagat n'afọ 2009 niile wee laghachi na asọmpi site na mmeri na Runner's World Zandvoort Circuit Run na Machị na afọ 2010.<ref>Laarhuis, Andra (28 March 2010). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=56331.html Kiplagat makes successful return after injury ]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 28 March 2010.</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba, ọ gbara ọsọ na Dam tot Damloop ma bụrụ onye nke abụọ n'azụ nwa nwanne ya nwanyị Hilda Kibet, jiri oge 52:03. Ọ laghachiri na ihe omume marathon maka afo 2011 London Marathon wee mechaa ọsọ mbụ ya n'ime afọ anọ, na-abịa nke iri na asatọ na oge nke 2:27:57 awa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ n'ebe dị anya site na podium ma ghara inweta oge iru eru nke World Championship, o weere asọmpi ahụ dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma na-esote oge ndị merụrụ ahụ gara aga. Ọ meziwanyere na afo 2011 Amsterdam Marathon, gafere akara mgbe 2:25:52 awa gasịrị iji nweta ọnọdụ nke atọ, aha mba Dutch, na oge iru eru nke afo 2012 Summer Olympics. N'agbanyeghị na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkeji anọ karịa onye mmeri (Tiki Gelana), o kwuru, sị: "Abụ m nwanyị kachasị nwee obi ụtọ na Amsterdam, ma eleghị anya n'ụwa niile".<ref>van Hemert, Wim (16 October 2011). [http://www.iaaf.org/LRR11/news/newsid=62731.html Chebet sizzles sub-2:06, course record for Gelana in Amsterdam]. IAAF. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.</ref> Lornah Kiplagat bụ onye guzobere akara egwuregwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Africa maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụsi ọrụ ike a na-akpọ "Lornah"www.lornahsports.com. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere High Altitude Training Centre (HATC) a ma ama na Iten Kenya, ebe ndị na-eme egwuregwu si n'akụkụ ụwa niile na-aga ọzụzụ. == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * Greifenseelauf (1997) * Boilermaker Road Race (1997, 1998) * Los Angeles Marathon (1997, 1998) * Tilburg Ten Miles (1997, 2000, 2004) * Amsterdam Marathon (1999) * City-Pier-City Loop (2000) * Dam tot Damloop (2000, 2002, 2006) * Peachtree Road Race (2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006) * Falmouth Road Race (2000, 2001, 2002, 2005) * Glasgow Women's 10K (ugboro asaa: 2000X2006)<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/5002982.stm Kiplagat triumphs in record 10k ]. [[BBC Sport]] (21 May 2006). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.</ref> * 20 van Alphen (2001) * World's Best 10K (2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) * Osaka Ladies Marathon (2002) * Egmond Half Marathon (2003) * New York Mini 10K (2003, 2005, 2006, 2007) * 2004 Summer Olympics 10,000 m (5th) * 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championship, Edmonton (ọlaọcha) * 2005 European Cross Country Championship, Tilburg (ọlaedo) * 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championship, Debrecen (ọlaedo) * 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championship, Fukuoka (ogologo ọsọ) (ọlaọcha) * 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championship, Udine (ọlaedo) * Ụsọ mmiri gaa na Beacon (2005) * Steamboat Classic (2006) * Singelloop Utrecht (2007) * Montferland Run (2008) == Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya == * Okporo ụzọ 5 kilomita: 14:47 * Okporo ụzọ 10 kilomita: 30:32 * 10 Mile: 50:50 * Okporo ụzọ 20 kilomita: 62:57 * Ọkara marathon: 66:25 * Marathon: 2:22:22 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == www.lornahsports.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210102093832/http://www.lornah.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180917224645/http://www.lornahkiplagatfoundation.nl/index2.htm Ntọala Lornah Kiplagat] * Lornah Kiplagat at World Athletics [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8lp9tyfv29jqye2gb8r3zfiszqsw0la Mahmoud Hemida 0 16566 670950 145265 2026-07-02T00:13:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mahmoud Hemida''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na Disemba 7, 1953, na Cairo) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nilefm.com/undefined/article/2079/mahmoud-hemida-wins-best-actor-award-at-kazan-international-muslim-film-festival|title=Mahmoud Hemida Wins Best Actor At Kazan International Muslim Film Festival {{!}} NileFM {{!}} EGYPT'S#1 FOR HIT MUSIC|author=Kijamii|work=nilefm.com|accessdate=2019-11-12|archivedate=2019-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061550/https://nilefm.com/undefined/article/2079/mahmoud-hemida-wins-best-actor-award-at-kazan-international-muslim-film-festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/|title=Mahmoud Hemida - Egypt Today|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.el-balad.com/2400457|title=Mahmoud Hemida’s film 'Ward Masmom' to premiere on November 28|work=Sada El Balad|accessdate=2019-11-12|archivedate=2019-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061549/http://en.el-balad.com/2400457}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/344423/Arts--Culture/Film/Mahmoud-Hemeida-president-of-honour-of-th-Luxor-Af.aspx|title=Mahmoud Hemeida president of honour of 9th Luxor African Film Festival - Film - Arts & Culture|work=Ahram Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/middle-east-films-oscars/|title=Middle Eastern Films to Root for at the Academy Awards 2020|date=2019-09-10|work=Vogue Arabia|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri Mahmoud malitere site na arụmọrụ na telivishọn n'afọ 1986, ọ natara ọrụ mbụ ya na usoro TV site n'aka onye nduzi Ahmed Khadr, ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere mmasị na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Egypt masịrị arụmọrụ ya.. Mgbe ahụ, o sonyere na usoro (Harat Al Shurafa) na (Al Wassiyah) na (Abyad W Eswed) n'akụkụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Salah Zulfikar n'afọ 1989, arụmọrụ ya na usoro ikpeazụ ahụ nwetara otuto na otuto maka nkà ya ma gosipụta mmalite nke ịrị elu ya dịka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairo360.com/article/film/this-egyptian-film-is-participating-in-a-number-of-international-festivals/|title=This Egyptian Film Is Participating in a Number of International Festivals|date=2019-03-19|work=Cairo 360 Guide to Cairo, Egypt|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> Mmalite nke ọrụ ihe nkiri Mahmoud malitere site na ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkụ Ahmed Zaki na ihe nkiri (Al Embrator) n'afọ 1990. Mahmoud guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke wepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Á Á Á Ájá Al Shayytan Ájá. Mahmoud guzobere magazin (ntụrụndụ) nke akpọrọ ŌAl Fann Al Sabeaaʹ nke bụ magazin Arabic mbụ, ihe nkiri, nke e biri ebi ka ọ bụrụ nke pụrụ iche na ụlọ ọrụ Cinema na Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cairowestmag.com/39th-cairo-international-film-festival-awards-ceremony/mahmoud-hmeda/|title=Mahmoud Hemida|work=Cairo West Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Albatrik, maka mmepụta nka na ọrụ ihe nkiri nke mepụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ya, na ụfọdụ n'etiti ha dịka ndị isi mmepụta maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinando.com/en/Company/albatrik_art_productions_133088/Detail|title=ALBATRIK ART PRODUCTIONS|work=cinando.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ha kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ha bụ ŌJanet El shyateen, nke ndị nkatọ nwere ekele. N'otu afọ ahụ, o guzobere "El-Momthel" Studio site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọkachamara maka ọzụzụ na ịkwado nkà ọhụrụ == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" |+ |2020 |Ngwunye Ịsa Ahụ |Omar - 60 |- |2018 |Ụgbọ mmiri Karmouz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/302199/Arts--Culture/Film/Art-Alert-New-releases-in-Egyptian-cinemas-for-Eid.aspx|title=Art Alert: New releases in Egyptian cinemas for Eid Al-Fitr - Film - Arts & Culture|work=Ahram Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> | |- |2018 |Ward Masmum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/dakota-johnson-lynne-ramsay-daniel-bruhl-marrakech-jury-roma-green-book-galas-1202504660/|title=Dakota Johnson, Lynne Ramsay Among Marrakech Film Festival Jury; ‘Roma’, ‘Green Book’ Among Galas|author=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=2018-11-19|work=Deadline|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> | |- |2018 |Sery Lelghaya | |- |2018 |Turab el Mass | |- |2017 |Youm Min el Ayam |Jaber |- |2017 |Fotocopies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2017/09/25/feature/culture/el-gouna-film-festival-launches-with-grand-ambitions/|title=El Gouna Film Festival launches with grand ambitions|work=Mada Masr|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> | |- |2017 |Saher karwan |Ward Masmoum |- |2016 |Yom Lel Seta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/67780/Kamla-Abu-Zekri-s-Yom-Lel-Setat-to-screen-in|title=Kamla Abu Zekri's 'Yom Lel Setat' to screen in Canada on April 3|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2017/09/20/day-women-wins-grand-prize-african-cinema-festival/|title=A Day for Women wins Grand Prize in African Cinema Festival|date=2017-09-20|work=Daily News Egypt|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113041143/https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2017/09/20/day-women-wins-grand-prize-african-cinema-festival/}}</ref> |Ahmed |- |2015 |Ndị ikom Dahr iwe |Adham |- |2015 |Regata |Sari |- |2015 |Ot W Far |Abbas El-Ot (Wazir el Dakhlia) |- |2015 |Nawara |Osama |- |2015 |Ahwak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/eid-al-adha-movie-season-lacks-lead-movie-stars/|title=AEid Al-Adha movie season lacks lead movie stars|work=www.egyptindependent.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |Hamza |- |2009 |Ehky Ya Shahrzad |Adham |- |2009 |Youm Ma Ebe Obibi |Yusuf |- |2009 |Dokan Shehata |Hagag |- |2009 |Laylat El Baby Doll |El-Lwaa Mohsen |- |2008 |Asef 3Al Ez3Ag |Saladin |- |2006 |Malek W Kitaba |Dr. Mahmoud |- |2004 |Alexandria - New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicman.com/00pic/6439.html|title=Alexandria-New York (2004) - (dir: Youssef Chahine) Egyptian film poster F, EX $55 *|work=www.musicman.com|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113043108/https://www.musicman.com/00pic/6439.html}}</ref> |Yehia |- |2004 |Baheb El Cima |Adly |- |2000 |Al-Abwab Al-Moghlaka |Mansour |- |1999 |Al-Akhar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/el-akhar|title=EL AKHAR|work=Festival de Cannes|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> | |- |1999 |Amn Dawlat |Kamal |- |1999 |JanetEl.Shyateen |Tabl / Munir Rasmy |- |1998 |Dantella |Hossam |- |1997 |Al-Masir<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/76854/destiny|title=Destiny (Al Massir - Le Destin) {{!}} Film {{!}} The Guardian|date=2008-07-21|work=www.theguardian.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |El Khalifa |- |1996 |Eghtial | |- |1996 |Afarit El-Asphalt |O kwuru |- |1995 |Abu Zeid Zamano |Abu Zeid |- |1995 |Qalil Min Alhob Kathir Min Aloanf | |- |1995 |El Ragol El Thalth |Rustem |- |1995 |Imra'A Hazat Aarsh Mesr |Mustafa Abdel Hamid |- |1994 |Ọdọ Mmiri El Farawla |Dove Fadel Al-Suhaji |- |1994 |Souq El Nssa |Ahmed (Onye Nnyocha) |- |1994 |Kart Ahmar |Dr. Mohsen |- |1994 |Al Mohager<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb37ad329|title=Mahmoud Hemida|work=BFI|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> |Minahar |- |1993 |Youm Har Gdn |Diaa |- |1993 |El Basha |Yusuf (Joe) |- |1993 |Bawabat Iblis |Na'naah |- |1993 |Enthar Bel-Ta3A |Ibrahim |- |1993 |Al-Thaaleb |Kamal |- |1993 |Disko Disko |Essam |- |1993 |Fursan Akher Zaman |Magdy Hassanein |- |1993 |Al-Ghaarkana |Saad |- |1993 |L3B M3A Ashrar |Farhan hazeen (Farfour) |- |1993 |Fares El-Madina |Ụgbọ njem |- |1993 |Maganino |Dr. Adam |- |1993 |Al Zeab |Taher |- |1992 |Raghba Motawahesha |O kwuru Ghazal |- |1992 |Emraa Ayla Lelsokot |Shukri Abdul Aziz (Onye nta akụkọ) |- |1992 |Al-Shariss |Hammam |- |1992 |Samara El-Amir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stepfeed.com/12-egyptian-films-inspired-by-hollywood-7500|title=12 Egyptian films inspired by Hollywood|author=Shawky|first=Sarah Ahmed|date=2017-05-18|work=StepFeed|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-13|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113043106/https://stepfeed.com/12-egyptian-films-inspired-by-hollywood-7500}}</ref> |Ali Galal |- |1991 |Kpachara anya n'Onye Nwanyị A |Abbas |- |1991 |Assr El Qowa |Morsi Nofal |- |1991 |Al Feraa 12 | |- |1991 |Kaid Al Awalem |Hosni |- |1991 |Al Masateel |Samir |- |1990 |Onye Imbrator |Abraham |- |1990 |Sayedat Al-Qahira | |- |1986 |Al Awbash | |} == Ihe nkiri TV == * Nna Nna Chineke: 2017 - Zain Al Attar * Ihe nketa nke ifufe: 2013 - Ibrahim Tayeb * Abụ n'elu Àkwà Mmiri nke Olileanya * Ihe nrite: 1990 - Khawaja Taki * Ojii na ọcha: 1989 * M ise M ise: 1987 * Al-Shorafa Lane: 1986 * Al - Azhar Al - Sharif Lighthouse nke Islam: 1982 - Bilal * Ahmed bin Majid: 1980 - ọrụ mbụ ya * Mana ịhụnanya: Dr Alaa Tambouli * Nwoke na ụgbọ okporo ígwè * Pụọ n'ebe ahụ == Onyinye == {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Afọ''' !'''Ememme''' !'''Ihe nrite''' !'''Ihe nkiri''' |- |1994 |Emume ihe nkiri kwa afọ |Egwuregwu |Pasha |- |1995 |Egyptian Cinema Art Association |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Nwoke nke atọ |- |1996 |Emume ihe nkiri mba Ijipt |Ihe nkiri |Asphalt puck |- |1999 |Emume ihe nkiri mba Cairo |Mmepụta |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |1999 |Alexandria International Film Festival |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2000 |Emume ihe nkiri mba nke isii nke Ijipt |Mmepụta na nnọchiteanya |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2003 |Ememme Mba Nile nke Tetouan |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Paradaịs Ekwensu |- |2005 |Film Art Association "Egyptian Academy Awards" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Alexandria - New York |- |2005 |Emume Mba nke iri na otu nke ihe nkiri Egypt |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Ahụrụ m ihe nkiri n'anya |- |2006 |Ememme Mba Nile nke Muscat |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2006 |Emume ihe nkiri mba nke iri na abụọ nke Ijipt |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2007 |Ememme Katọlik na Cairo |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Eze na ederede |- |2018 |Kazan International Muslim Film Festival |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/57416/Mahmoud-Hemeida-wins-Best-Actor-Award-at-Kazan-Film-Festival|title=Mahmoud Hemeida wins Best Actor Award at Kazan Film Festival|work=EgyptToday|accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kazan-mfmk.com/en/news/news/award-winners-of-the-14th-kazan-muslim-film-festival/|title=Award Winners of the 14th Kazan Muslim Film Festival|work=kazan-mfmk.com|accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> |Fotocopies |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0375990}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ibmpow7xszsh1ngd1v3me9rgoej0036 John Nzenze 0 16928 671217 91400 2026-07-02T11:05:27Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Nzenze''' (1940 - 30 Mee 2020) bụ onye egwu si [[Kenya]].<ref name="obit">{{Cite web|work=Mwakilishi.com|date=30 May 2020|url=http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/entertainment-news/2020-05-30/legendary-kenyan-twist-singer-john-nzenze-is-dead|title=Legendary Kenyan Twist Singer John Nzenze is Dead|first=John|author=Wanjohi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601170030/http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/entertainment-news/2020-05-30/legendary-kenyan-twist-singer-john-nzenze-is-dead|archivedate=1 June 2020}}</ref> Ọ na-egosipụta ụdị ịgba egwú twist.<ref name="holds">Daily Nation, 14 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/610868/-/uk9py3/-/index.html At 70, Nzenze still holds on to his guitar]</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime abụ ya kachasị ewu ewu bụ "Angelike" (nke e wepụtara na 1961), "Julieta Rudi Tuone" na "Habari za Nairobi" (Nairobi twist Ир).<ref name="holds" /><ref name="glory">Daily Nation, 5 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/607242/-/ujrwja/-/index.html Three sing their way to glory]</ref> == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:John Nzenze 6283289.JPG|thumb]] O sitere n'ebo Luhya na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kenya. Nzenze gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St Peter. Ọ malitere iji ụbọ akwara nna ya na-akpọ egwu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, mana mgbe ọ matara oge ole ọ nọrọ na-akpọ ya, nna ya rere ụbọ akwara ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Norfolk Hotel na Nairobi. N'oge ahụ, ya na Daudi Kabaka sonyeere, onye ya na ya dekọrọ egwu atọ - "Safari Tanganyika", "Bachelor Boy" na "Nyumba za Tobacco". Ọ bụ Jambo Records wepụtara egwu ndị a wee bụrụ ndị a ma ama.<ref name="holds">Daily Nation, 14 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/610868/-/uk9py3/-/index.html At 70, Nzenze still holds on to his guitar]</ref> Ọ gara [[Japan]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] na mba dị iche iche dị n'ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. N'afọ 1968 ọ nọchitere anya Kenya na All African Music Festival na [[Algeria]], na-emecha na onye nke atọ. N'ihi ya, onye isi ala Jomo Kenyatta nabatara ya na ndị otu '''Air Fiesta Matata''' ya, Emperor Haile Selassie kpọrọ ya ka o mee ihe ngosi na [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="holds">Daily Nation, 14 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/610868/-/uk9py3/-/index.html At 70, Nzenze still holds on to his guitar]</ref> N'afọ na-esote, ndị otu ahụ so Miles Davis rụọ ọrụ na [[Jémanị|Germany]], onye nwere mmasị n'òtù ahụ ma hazie njem America. N'afọ 1971, BBC World Service nyere ha onyinye Best Band in Africa Nzenze hapụrụ otu ya n'afọ 1972, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gara na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe niile na ndị njem nleta na Panafric Hotel ma mesịa kpọọ egwu na ụgbọ mmiri ndị njem nlegharị anya.<ref>The Guardian, 27 July 2001: [https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4228456,00.html 'If I didn't save this music no one else would']</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Westlife Club na Kakamega, ọ ka na-eme egwu n'oge ọnwụ ya.<ref name="glory">Daily Nation, 5 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/607242/-/ujrwja/-/index.html Three sing their way to glory]</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu ụlọ ọrụ nke Music Copyright Society of Kenya.<ref name="glory" /> N'afọ 2009, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ anọ nke Kenya na-eme ihe ngosi nke onye isi ala Mwai Kibaki nyere ya onyinye Head of State Commendation. Ndị ọzọ bụ John Katana (onye ndú egwu Them Mushrooms), David Ndung'u na Conrad Karukenya (aka Tiger Power).<ref name="glory">Daily Nation, 5 June 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/607242/-/ujrwja/-/index.html Three sing their way to glory]</ref> Nzenze nwụrụ na 30 Mee 2020, otu ọnwa mgbe a wasịrị ya afọ.<ref name="obit" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * John Nzenze discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|9664599}} 26sgimq3pl8n6cf6g39u2fvsrzhdmqx Elmo De Witt 0 17044 671069 90397 2026-07-02T09:58:11Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Z'''Elmo De Witt''' (nke nwụrụ n'afọ 2011) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0212438/|title=Elmo de Witt|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ya gụnyere ''Debbie'' (1965), The Last Lion (1972), ''Ter Wille van'' Christen (1975), ''Grensbasis 13'' (1979) na You Must Be Joking! (1986). Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ọrụ ya were ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ, site na 1959 ruo 1992. Keyan Tomaselli na-ewere ya dị ka onye nduzi Afrikaans bụ ndị "mere ihe nkiri nke na-emegide onyinyo "ugbo" nke Afrikaner". == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Satanskoraal'' (1959) * Hoor my lied (1967) * ''Geheim van Nantes'' (1969) * ''Freddie'' nọ n'ịhụnanya (1971) * ''Ọdụm Ikpeazụ'' (1973) * ''Onye Dị Gị'' (1978) * ''Ị'' Ga-abụ Onye Na-achị Egwu (1986) * ''Onye iro A Na-adịghị Ahụ Anya'' (1991) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0212438}} cdeylma1va6fwsi8bg096w6kj9vnkyt John Moutoussamy 0 17452 671176 81494 2026-07-02T10:46:48Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Moutoussamy|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1922|birth_place=|death_date={{death year and age|1995|1922}}|death_place=|nationality=American|education=[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]|occupation=Architect|known for=|boards=|spouse=Elizabeth Hunt|children=3, including [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]]|parents=|relatives=[[Arthur Ashe]] (son-in-law)|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:JOHNSON_PUBLISHING_COMPANY_ON_MICHIGAN_AVENUE_IN_CHICAGO_THE_BLACK_OWNED_FIRM_PUBLISHES_EBONY,_JET,_BLACK_WORLD..._-_NARA_-_556249.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ JPC na 820 S. Michigan Avenue na Chicago (nke Moutoussamy chepụtara), 1973]] '''John Warren Moutoussamy''' (1922 ruo 1995), bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ụlọ isi ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na etiti Chicago, Illinois. Ọ bụ onye Afrịk-Amerịka mbụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ iji chepụta ụlọ dị elu na Chicago. == Oge ọ malitere == Moutoussamy nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Illinois Institute of Technology na 1948, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Mies van der Rohe .<ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite news|author=Fazzare|first=Elizabeth|title=Barrier-Breaking African American Architects We Should Be Celebrating|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/barrier-breaking-african-american-architects|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Architectural Digest|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moutoussamy chepụtara ụlọ isi ụlọ ọrụ 1971 maka ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na Michigan Avenue na Chicago, nke ka bụ naanị ụlọ dị elu nke dị n'etiti Chicago nke onye Afrịka Amerịka rụrụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Dị ka Architectural Digest si kwuo, "N'ime ihe owuwu a na-ekpuchi na nkume, mgbidi ndị mara mma na kapet psychedelic na-ewepụta ike, na-eme emume omenala na azụmahịa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name="Architectural Digest" /> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ụlọ ahụ ọnọdụ National Historic Landmark. N'afọ 2019, usoro nke ịgbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi malitere, ka ọ na-ejigide ihe ịrịba ama maka magazin ''Ebony'' na ''Jet'' nke dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed" /> Moutoussamy rụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Chicago, gụnyere Richard J. Daley College, Olive Harvey College, Harry S. Truman College, ụlọ Chicago Urban League, na ụlọ elu ejima Regents Park dị okpukpu 36 na mpaghara Hyde Park nke Chicago.<ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreund2019">Freund, Sara (February 15, 2019). [https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago "10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects"]. ''Curbed''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ebony 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCF6ndyIkFMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=July 1983|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ewu ụlọ nwere mmekọrịta na nnukwu ọrụ, Dubin Dubin Black & Moutoussamy.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum Loyola Chicago na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> O mere ụlọ maka onwe ya na 361 East 89th Place, n'ebe ndịda Chatham, Chicago.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRehbein2015">Rehbein, Krisann (November 19, 2015). [https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/ "At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff""]. ''Newcity Design''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Moutoussamy lụrụ Elizabeth Hunt, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ, John Moutoussamic, Claude Moutoussamia na Jeanne Marie Moutoussamie-Ashe.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth (Hunt) Moutoussamy|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=elizabeth-moutoussamy-hunt&pid=16749697&|work=Legacy|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]] bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ lụrụ onye na-egwu tenis Arthur Ashe site na 1977 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 1951–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moutoussamy-ashe-jeanne-1951|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1995, e mere emume olili ozu na St Thomas the Apostle, e lie ya na ili ozu St Mary, Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 62h037qeyz32lskucbce5kxkwnbtsod 671183 671176 2026-07-02T10:48:50Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Moutoussamy|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1922|birth_place=|death_date={{death year and age|1995|1922}}|death_place=|nationality=American|education=[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]|occupation=Architect|known for=|boards=|spouse=Elizabeth Hunt|children=3, including [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]]|parents=|relatives=[[Arthur Ashe]] (son-in-law)|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:JOHNSON_PUBLISHING_COMPANY_ON_MICHIGAN_AVENUE_IN_CHICAGO_THE_BLACK_OWNED_FIRM_PUBLISHES_EBONY,_JET,_BLACK_WORLD..._-_NARA_-_556249.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ JPC na 820 S. Michigan Avenue na Chicago (nke Moutoussamy chepụtara), 1973]] '''John Warren Moutoussamy''' (1922 ruo 1995), bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ụlọ isi ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na etiti Chicago, Illinois. Ọ bụ onye Afrịk-Amerịka mbụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ iji chepụta ụlọ dị elu na Chicago. == Oge ọ malitere == Moutoussamy nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Illinois Institute of Technology na 1948, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Mies van der Rohe .<ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite news|author=Fazzare|first=Elizabeth|title=Barrier-Breaking African American Architects We Should Be Celebrating|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/barrier-breaking-african-american-architects|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Architectural Digest|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moutoussamy chepụtara ụlọ isi ụlọ ọrụ 1971 maka ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na Michigan Avenue na Chicago, nke ka bụ naanị ụlọ dị elu nke dị n'etiti Chicago nke onye Afrịka Amerịka rụrụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Dị ka Architectural Digest si kwuo, "N'ime ihe owuwu a na-ekpuchi na nkume, mgbidi ndị mara mma na kapet psychedelic na-ewepụta ike, na-eme emume omenala na azụmahịa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name="Architectural Digest" /> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ụlọ ahụ ọnọdụ National Historic Landmark. N'afọ 2019, usoro nke ịgbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi malitere, ka ọ na-ejigide ihe ịrịba ama maka magazin ''Ebony'' na ''Jet'' nke dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed" /> Moutoussamy rụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Chicago, gụnyere Richard J. Daley College, Olive Harvey College, Harry S. Truman College, ụlọ Chicago Urban League, na ụlọ elu ejima Regents Park dị okpukpu 36 na mpaghara Hyde Park nke Chicago.<ref name="Curbed" /><ref name="Ebony 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCF6ndyIkFMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=July 1983|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ewu ụlọ nwere mmekọrịta na nnukwu ọrụ, Dubin Dubin Black & Moutoussamy.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum Loyola Chicago na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> O mere ụlọ maka onwe ya na 361 East 89th Place, n'ebe ndịda Chatham, Chicago.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRehbein2015">Rehbein, Krisann (November 19, 2015). [https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/ "At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff""]. ''Newcity Design''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Moutoussamy lụrụ Elizabeth Hunt, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ, John Moutoussamic, Claude Moutoussamia na Jeanne Marie Moutoussamie-Ashe.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth (Hunt) Moutoussamy|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=elizabeth-moutoussamy-hunt&pid=16749697&|work=Legacy|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]] bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ lụrụ onye na-egwu tenis Arthur Ashe site na 1977 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 1951–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moutoussamy-ashe-jeanne-1951|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1995, e mere emume olili ozu na St Thomas the Apostle, e lie ya na ili ozu St Mary, Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 4dd8ubfxwxwthp8fwczjebkxqbi3v9m 671196 671183 2026-07-02T10:54:49Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Moutoussamy|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1922|birth_place=|death_date={{death year and age|1995|1922}}|death_place=|nationality=American|education=[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]|occupation=Architect|known for=|boards=|spouse=Elizabeth Hunt|children=3, including [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]]|parents=|relatives=[[Arthur Ashe]] (son-in-law)|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:JOHNSON_PUBLISHING_COMPANY_ON_MICHIGAN_AVENUE_IN_CHICAGO_THE_BLACK_OWNED_FIRM_PUBLISHES_EBONY,_JET,_BLACK_WORLD..._-_NARA_-_556249.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ JPC na 820 S. Michigan Avenue na Chicago (nke Moutoussamy chepụtara), 1973]] '''John Warren Moutoussamy''' (1922 ruo 1995), bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ụlọ isi ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na etiti Chicago, Illinois. Ọ bụ onye Afrịk-Amerịka mbụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ iji chepụta ụlọ dị elu na Chicago. == Oge ọ malitere == Moutoussamy nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Illinois Institute of Technology na 1948, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Mies van der Rohe .<ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite news|author=Fazzare|first=Elizabeth|title=Barrier-Breaking African American Architects We Should Be Celebrating|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/barrier-breaking-african-american-architects|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Architectural Digest|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moutoussamy chepụtara ụlọ isi ụlọ ọrụ 1971 maka ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na Michigan Avenue na Chicago, nke ka bụ naanị ụlọ dị elu nke dị n'etiti Chicago nke onye Afrịka Amerịka rụrụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Dị ka Architectural Digest si kwuo, "N'ime ihe owuwu a na-ekpuchi na nkume, mgbidi ndị mara mma na kapet psychedelic na-ewepụta ike, na-eme emume omenala na azụmahịa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name="Architectural Digest" /> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ụlọ ahụ ọnọdụ National Historic Landmark. N'afọ 2019, usoro nke ịgbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi malitere, ka ọ na-ejigide ihe ịrịba ama maka magazin ''Ebony'' na ''Jet'' nke dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed" /> Moutoussamy rụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Chicago, gụnyere Richard J. Daley College, Olive Harvey College, Harry S. Truman College, ụlọ Chicago Urban League, na ụlọ elu ejima Regents Park dị okpukpu 36 na mpaghara Hyde Park nke Chicago.<ref name="Curbed" /><ref name="Ebony 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCF6ndyIkFMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=July 1983|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ewu ụlọ nwere mmekọrịta na nnukwu ọrụ, Dubin Dubin Black & Moutoussamy.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum Loyola Chicago na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> O mere ụlọ maka onwe ya na 361 East 89th Place, n'ebe ndịda Chatham, Chicago.<ref name="Newcity Design" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Moutoussamy lụrụ Elizabeth Hunt, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ, John Moutoussamic, Claude Moutoussamia na Jeanne Marie Moutoussamie-Ashe.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth (Hunt) Moutoussamy|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=elizabeth-moutoussamy-hunt&pid=16749697&|work=Legacy|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]] bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ lụrụ onye na-egwu tenis Arthur Ashe site na 1977 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 1951–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moutoussamy-ashe-jeanne-1951|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1995, e mere emume olili ozu na St Thomas the Apostle, e lie ya na ili ozu St Mary, Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ovnjmgcr0lgtoc8mth2ank8z2nimnj8 671201 671196 2026-07-02T11:00:52Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Moutoussamy|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1922|birth_place=|death_date={{death year and age|1995|1922}}|death_place=|nationality=American|education=[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]|occupation=Architect|known for=|boards=|spouse=Elizabeth Hunt|children=3, including [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]]|parents=|relatives=[[Arthur Ashe]] (son-in-law)|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:JOHNSON_PUBLISHING_COMPANY_ON_MICHIGAN_AVENUE_IN_CHICAGO_THE_BLACK_OWNED_FIRM_PUBLISHES_EBONY,_JET,_BLACK_WORLD..._-_NARA_-_556249.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ JPC na 820 S. Michigan Avenue na Chicago (nke Moutoussamy chepụtara), 1973]] '''John Warren Moutoussamy''' (1922 ruo 1995), bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ụlọ isi ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na etiti Chicago, Illinois. Ọ bụ onye Afrịk-Amerịka mbụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ iji chepụta ụlọ dị elu na Chicago. == Oge ọ malitere == Moutoussamy nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Illinois Institute of Technology na 1948, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Mies van der Rohe .<ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite news|author=Fazzare|first=Elizabeth|title=Barrier-Breaking African American Architects We Should Be Celebrating|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/barrier-breaking-african-american-architects|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Architectural Digest|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moutoussamy chepụtara ụlọ isi ụlọ ọrụ 1971 maka ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na Michigan Avenue na Chicago, nke ka bụ naanị ụlọ dị elu nke dị n'etiti Chicago nke onye Afrịka Amerịka rụrụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Dị ka Architectural Digest si kwuo, "N'ime ihe owuwu a na-ekpuchi na nkume, mgbidi ndị mara mma na kapet psychedelic na-ewepụta ike, na-eme emume omenala na azụmahịa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name="Architectural Digest" /> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ụlọ ahụ ọnọdụ National Historic Landmark. N'afọ 2019, usoro nke ịgbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi malitere, ka ọ na-ejigide ihe ịrịba ama maka magazin ''Ebony'' na ''Jet'' nke dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed" /> Moutoussamy rụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Chicago, gụnyere Richard J. Daley College, Olive Harvey College, Harry S. Truman College, ụlọ Chicago Urban League, na ụlọ elu ejima Regents Park dị okpukpu 36 na mpaghara Hyde Park nke Chicago.<ref name="Curbed" /><ref name="Ebony 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCF6ndyIkFMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=July 1983|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ewu ụlọ nwere mmekọrịta na nnukwu ọrụ, Dubin Dubin Black & Moutoussamy.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum Loyola Chicago na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> O mere ụlọ maka onwe ya na 361 East 89th Place, n'ebe ndịda Chatham, Chicago.<ref name="Newcity Design" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Moutoussamy lụrụ Elizabeth Hunt, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ, John Moutoussamic, Claude Moutoussamia na Jeanne Marie Moutoussamie-Ashe.<ref name="Jet 1995" /><ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth (Hunt) Moutoussamy|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=elizabeth-moutoussamy-hunt&pid=16749697&|work=Legacy|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]] bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ lụrụ onye na-egwu tenis Arthur Ashe site na 1977 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 1951–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moutoussamy-ashe-jeanne-1951|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1995, e mere emume olili ozu na St Thomas the Apostle, e lie ya na ili ozu St Mary, Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1995">Johnson Publishing Company (May 22, 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Jet"]. ''Jet : 2004''. Johnson Publishing Company: 15. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 5ya3bems22v1vyvtpuct75i4qut73zf 671204 671201 2026-07-02T11:01:40Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Moutoussamy|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1922|birth_place=|death_date={{death year and age|1995|1922}}|death_place=|nationality=American|education=[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]|occupation=Architect|known for=|boards=|spouse=Elizabeth Hunt|children=3, including [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]]|parents=|relatives=[[Arthur Ashe]] (son-in-law)|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:JOHNSON_PUBLISHING_COMPANY_ON_MICHIGAN_AVENUE_IN_CHICAGO_THE_BLACK_OWNED_FIRM_PUBLISHES_EBONY,_JET,_BLACK_WORLD..._-_NARA_-_556249.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ JPC na 820 S. Michigan Avenue na Chicago (nke Moutoussamy chepụtara), 1973]] '''John Warren Moutoussamy''' (1922 ruo 1995), bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịmepụta ụlọ isi ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na etiti Chicago, Illinois. Ọ bụ onye Afrịk-Amerịka mbụ na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ iji chepụta ụlọ dị elu na Chicago. == Oge ọ malitere == Moutoussamy nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Illinois Institute of Technology na 1948, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Mies van der Rohe .<ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite news|author=Fazzare|first=Elizabeth|title=Barrier-Breaking African American Architects We Should Be Celebrating|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/barrier-breaking-african-american-architects|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Architectural Digest|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moutoussamy chepụtara ụlọ isi ụlọ ọrụ 1971 maka ụlọ ọrụ Johnson Publishing Company na Michigan Avenue na Chicago, nke ka bụ naanị ụlọ dị elu nke dị n'etiti Chicago nke onye Afrịka Amerịka rụrụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed">{{Cite news|author=Freund|first=Sara|title=10 notable Chicago projects designed by black architects|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/maps/black-architects-design-architecture-chicago|accessdate=November 19, 2019|work=Curbed|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Dị ka Architectural Digest si kwuo, "N'ime ihe owuwu a na-ekpuchi na nkume, mgbidi ndị mara mma na kapet psychedelic na-ewepụta ike, na-eme emume omenala na azụmahịa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name="Architectural Digest" /> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ụlọ ahụ ọnọdụ National Historic Landmark. N'afọ 2019, usoro nke ịgbanwe ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi malitere, ka ọ na-ejigide ihe ịrịba ama maka magazin ''Ebony'' na ''Jet'' nke dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Architectural Digest" /><ref name="Curbed" /> Moutoussamy rụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Chicago, gụnyere Richard J. Daley College, Olive Harvey College, Harry S. Truman College, ụlọ Chicago Urban League, na ụlọ elu ejima Regents Park dị okpukpu 36 na mpaghara Hyde Park nke Chicago.<ref name="Curbed" /><ref name="Ebony 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCF6ndyIkFMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=July 1983|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ewu ụlọ nwere mmekọrịta na nnukwu ọrụ, Dubin Dubin Black & Moutoussamy.<ref name="Newcity Design">{{Cite news|author=Rehbein|first=Krisann|title=At Home in Chatham: A Bounty of Mid-Century Modern on the South Side, Where the African-American Elite Once "Strutted Their Stuff"|url=https://design.newcity.com/2015/11/19/at-home-in-chatham-a-bounty-of-mid-century-modern-on-the-south-side-where-the-african-american-elite-once-strutted-their-stuff/|accessdate=December 3, 2019|work=Newcity Design|date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum Loyola Chicago na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|journal=Jet : 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=December 3, 2019|date=May 22, 1995|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> O mere ụlọ maka onwe ya na 361 East 89th Place, n'ebe ndịda Chatham, Chicago.<ref name="Newcity Design" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Moutoussamy lụrụ Elizabeth Hunt, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ, John Moutoussamic, Claude Moutoussamia na Jeanne Marie Moutoussamie-Ashe.<ref name="Jet 1995" /><ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth (Hunt) Moutoussamy|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=elizabeth-moutoussamy-hunt&pid=16749697&|work=Legacy|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe]] bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ lụrụ onye na-egwu tenis Arthur Ashe site na 1977 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 1951–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moutoussamy-ashe-jeanne-1951|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1995, e mere emume olili ozu na St Thomas the Apostle, e lie ya na ili ozu St Mary, Chicago.<ref name="Jet 1995" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 529s96oppfpn7z29zhth6nfzm438cyo John E. Dowell Jr. 0 17790 671039 92050 2026-07-02T09:08:15Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Edward Dowell Jr'''. (amụrụ na Machị 25, 1941 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]) bụ onye America na-ebi akwụkwọ, etcher, lithographer, painter, na prọfesọ nké óbìbì akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dowell na Philadelphia, ma too n'ụlọ óbíbí n'ebe ahụ. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nyochara nka site na iṅomi ọrụ na Lone Ranger comics.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple, ebe ónyé na-ese ihe Rudolf Staffel duziri ya.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThomas_Riggs1997">Thomas Riggs, ed. (1997). ''St. James Guide to Black Artists''. St. James Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781558622203|<bdi>9781558622203</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ zụkwara nkà obibi akwụkwọ ya na Tamarind Institute na Los Angeles, CA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Forman|first=Nessa|date=1978|title=Philadelphia is Still Print City — Dowell Painting: Read it as Music, Read it as Dance, Read it as Art|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe ngosi Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, na Jackson Pollock<ref name="Riggs" /> na ndị egwu jazz dị ka Miles Davis, Archie Shepp, na Cecil Taylor.<ref name="PAF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/dowell-71.pdf|title=Photographs of the President's House Archeological Site: A joint project of the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park|publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum|date=July 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Dowell nke ọma màkà ọrụ ndị metụtara egwu.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThomas_Riggs1997">Thomas Riggs, ed. (1997). ''St. James Guide to Black Artists''. St. James Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781558622203|<bdi>9781558622203</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ngosi ányá nke uri na egwu, ọkachasị jazz.<ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, o lekwasịrị anya na nka metụtara okpukpe voodoo. Ọrụ ndị a sitere n'ike mmụọ na mmụọ voodoo. Dowell enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye màkà ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye [[James Van Der Zee]] site na Brandywine Workshop, na enyemaka site na National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/|title=Brandywine Workshop|publisher=Brandywine Workshop|accessdate=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ppsdry91vcwgrp16uxjgqeova01k59u 671040 671039 2026-07-02T09:09:03Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Edward Dowell Jr'''. (amụrụ na Machị 25, 1941 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]) bụ onye America na-ebi akwụkwọ, etcher, lithographer, painter, na prọfesọ nké óbìbì akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dowell na Philadelphia, ma too n'ụlọ óbíbí n'ebe ahụ. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nyochara nka site na iṅomi ọrụ na Lone Ranger comics.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple, ebe ónyé na-ese ihe Rudolf Staffel duziri ya.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ zụkwara nkà obibi akwụkwọ ya na Tamarind Institute na Los Angeles, CA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Forman|first=Nessa|date=1978|title=Philadelphia is Still Print City — Dowell Painting: Read it as Music, Read it as Dance, Read it as Art|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe ngosi Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, na Jackson Pollock<ref name="Riggs" /> na ndị egwu jazz dị ka Miles Davis, Archie Shepp, na Cecil Taylor.<ref name="PAF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/dowell-71.pdf|title=Photographs of the President's House Archeological Site: A joint project of the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park|publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum|date=July 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Dowell nke ọma màkà ọrụ ndị metụtara egwu.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThomas_Riggs1997">Thomas Riggs, ed. (1997). ''St. James Guide to Black Artists''. St. James Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781558622203|<bdi>9781558622203</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ngosi ányá nke uri na egwu, ọkachasị jazz.<ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, o lekwasịrị anya na nka metụtara okpukpe voodoo. Ọrụ ndị a sitere n'ike mmụọ na mmụọ voodoo. Dowell enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye màkà ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye [[James Van Der Zee]] site na Brandywine Workshop, na enyemaka site na National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/|title=Brandywine Workshop|publisher=Brandywine Workshop|accessdate=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 769akktl4dnompw3ideit2pairp107w 671042 671040 2026-07-02T09:11:36Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Edward Dowell Jr'''. (amụrụ na Machị 25, 1941 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]) bụ onye America na-ebi akwụkwọ, etcher, lithographer, painter, na prọfesọ nké óbìbì akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dowell na Philadelphia, ma too n'ụlọ óbíbí n'ebe ahụ. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nyochara nka site na iṅomi ọrụ na Lone Ranger comics.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple, ebe ónyé na-ese ihe Rudolf Staffel duziri ya.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ zụkwara nkà obibi akwụkwọ ya na Tamarind Institute na Los Angeles, CA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Forman|first=Nessa|date=1978|title=Philadelphia is Still Print City — Dowell Painting: Read it as Music, Read it as Dance, Read it as Art|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe ngosi Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, na Jackson Pollock<ref name="Riggs" /> na ndị egwu jazz dị ka Miles Davis, Archie Shepp, na Cecil Taylor.<ref name="PAF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/dowell-71.pdf|title=Photographs of the President's House Archeological Site: A joint project of the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park|publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum|date=July 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Dowell nke ọma màkà ọrụ ndị metụtara egwu.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ngosi ányá nke uri na egwu, ọkachasị jazz.<ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, o lekwasịrị anya na nka metụtara okpukpe voodoo. Ọrụ ndị a sitere n'ike mmụọ na mmụọ voodoo. Dowell enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye màkà ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye [[James Van Der Zee]] site na Brandywine Workshop, na enyemaka site na National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/|title=Brandywine Workshop|publisher=Brandywine Workshop|accessdate=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l5x7z8kqu5zgzkw2dsbwyhe48u9207n 671043 671042 2026-07-02T09:12:24Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Edward Dowell Jr'''. (amụrụ na Machị 25, 1941 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]) bụ onye America na-ebi akwụkwọ, etcher, lithographer, painter, na prọfesọ nké óbìbì akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dowell na Philadelphia, ma too n'ụlọ óbíbí n'ebe ahụ. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nyochara nka site na iṅomi ọrụ na Lone Ranger comics.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple, ebe ónyé na-ese ihe Rudolf Staffel duziri ya.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ zụkwara nkà obibi akwụkwọ ya na Tamarind Institute na Los Angeles, CA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Forman|first=Nessa|date=1978|title=Philadelphia is Still Print City — Dowell Painting: Read it as Music, Read it as Dance, Read it as Art|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe ngosi Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, na Jackson Pollock<ref name="Riggs" /> na ndị egwu jazz dị ka Miles Davis, Archie Shepp, na Cecil Taylor.<ref name="PAF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/dowell-71.pdf|title=Photographs of the President's House Archeological Site: A joint project of the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park|publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum|date=July 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Dowell nke ọma màkà ọrụ ndị metụtara egwu.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ngosi ányá nke uri na egwu, ọkachasị jazz.<ref name="ArtOfPrint" /> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, o lekwasịrị anya na nka metụtara okpukpe voodoo. Ọrụ ndị a sitere n'ike mmụọ na mmụọ voodoo. Dowell enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye màkà ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye [[James Van Der Zee]] site na Brandywine Workshop, na enyemaka site na National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/|title=Brandywine Workshop|publisher=Brandywine Workshop|accessdate=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm "John E. Dowell - Make It Short"]. Art of the Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n9a7phojid1voiesn3z6ra25v5uyabp 671044 671043 2026-07-02T09:13:10Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Edward Dowell Jr'''. (amụrụ na Machị 25, 1941 na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]) bụ onye America na-ebi akwụkwọ, etcher, lithographer, painter, na prọfesọ nké óbìbì akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple.<ref name="Riggs">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|editor=Thomas Riggs|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=9781558622203}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/dowell_john_makeitshort.htm|title=John E. Dowell - Make It Short|publisher=Art of the Print|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dowell na Philadelphia, ma too n'ụlọ óbíbí n'ebe ahụ. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nyochara nka site na iṅomi ọrụ na Lone Ranger comics.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple, ebe ónyé na-ese ihe Rudolf Staffel duziri ya.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ zụkwara nkà obibi akwụkwọ ya na Tamarind Institute na Los Angeles, CA, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ebi akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Forman|first=Nessa|date=1978|title=Philadelphia is Still Print City — Dowell Painting: Read it as Music, Read it as Dance, Read it as Art|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe ngosi Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, na Jackson Pollock<ref name="Riggs" /> na ndị egwu jazz dị ka Miles Davis, Archie Shepp, na Cecil Taylor.<ref name="PAF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/dowell-71.pdf|title=Photographs of the President's House Archeological Site: A joint project of the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park|publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum|date=July 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Dowell nke ọma màkà ọrụ ndị metụtara egwu.<ref name="Riggs" /> Ọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ngosi ányá nke uri na egwu, ọkachasị jazz.<ref name="ArtOfPrint" /> Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, o lekwasịrị anya na nka metụtara okpukpe voodoo. Ọrụ ndị a sitere n'ike mmụọ na mmụọ voodoo. Dowell enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye màkà ọrụ ya, gụnyere onyinye [[James Van Der Zee]] site na Brandywine Workshop, na enyemaka site na National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandywineworkshopandarchives.org/|title=Brandywine Workshop|publisher=Brandywine Workshop|accessdate=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArtOfPrint" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b09wyvqwltxry2qrn3zgdql43jka6kq Meskerem Assefa 0 18607 671026 209464 2026-07-02T08:35:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Meskerem Assefa Legesse Wondimagegn''' (amụrụ na 20 Septemba na afọ1985 na Robe, Arsi) bụ onye Ethiopia na-agba ọsọ n'etiti na ogologo oge.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091834/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/as/meskerem-assefa-1.html Meskerem Assefa]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2013-02-18.</ref> Ọ nochitere anya Etiopia na 2008 na 2012 London Olympics.<ref name=":0" /> O nwere ihe kachasị mma nke onwe ya gụnyere 4:02.12 nkeji maka mita 1,500, 8:46.37 nkeji maka mita 3000 na 2:25:11 awa maka marathon. Meskerem na-asọ mpi karịsịa na 1500 m. Ọ bụ onye sonyere nke ugboro abụọ na World Championships in Athletics ma bụrụ onye nwetara ọlaọcha na 2008 African Championships in Atletics. Meskerem malitere ịgba ọsọ n'etiti n'afọ 2001 ma mgbe ọ nọ na [[Oregon]] n'afọ 2003 ọ gbara ọsọ 800 mita kacha mma nke 2:01.11 nkeji na 1500 mita kacha mma ya nke 4:03.96. Ọ bi na United States ruo n'afọ 2007.<ref name="IAAFBio"/> Mmeri o meriri na All-Ethiopian Games na [[Addis Ababa]] na onye nke abụọ na Ethiopian Athletics Championships wetara ya ọnọdụ dị mma na 2007 All-Africa Games, ebe ọ nọ na ọnọdụ nke anọ na ọsọ nke 4:09.83 nkeji.<ref>Negash, Elshadai (2007-03-13). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/daba-and-mergia-take-5000m-victories-in-all-e Daba and Mergia take 5000m victories in All-Ethiopian Games]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref><ref>Negash, Elshadai (2007-05-07). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/burka-romps-to-1500m-victory-ethiopian-cham Burka romps to 1500m victory – Ethiopian Champs, Final Day]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> N'afọ na eso nke gara gara o wetara ihe nrite mbụ ya dị elu bụ ya bụ onye nwetara ọlaọcha n'azụ [[Gelete Burka]] na 1500 m na 2008 African Championships in Athletics .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021713/http://amharic.voanews.com/content/a-53-2008-05-02-voa1-93030749/1459930.html African Athletics Championships DAY 3: Ethiopia Dominates 1,500 Meters]. VoaNews (2008-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref><ref>Powell, David (2008-05-02).[http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/montsho-takes-4983-400m-victory-in-addis-abab Montsho takes 49.83 400m victory in Addis Ababa – African Championships day 3]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> N'okporo ụzọ egwuregwu Brazil, o nwere mmeri atọ na-aga n'ihu gụnyere nkeji 2:02.12 kacha mma na 800m na [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130407134158/http://www.iaaf.biz/gp08/results/eventCode=4148/sex=W/discCode=800/result.html 2008 Gold Meeting Rio de Atletismo]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Ọsọ kachasị mma ya na 1500m n'oge ahụ bụ 4:05.67 nkeji, nke bịara na nzukọ na Jerez de la Frontera.<ref name="IAAFBio"/> A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Etiopia na 2008 Summer Olympics, mana e wepụrụ ya na agba nke mbụ nke okpomọkụ. Onye nke abụọ na asọmupi mba ahụ mere ka o keta nnukwu ọnọdụ na 2009 World Championships in Athletics. Ọ gafere agba nke mbụ, mana ọ malitereghị na ọkara ikpeazụ. 1500m kacha mma ya n'afọ ahụ (4:05.99) bụ na Prefontaine Classic na Eugene, Oregon, ọ setịpụkwara 3000m kacha mma nke nkeji 8:46.37 na Meeting Lille Metropole.<ref name="IAAFBio">[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/meskerem-assefa#progression Meskerem Assefa]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref><ref>Ouma, Mark (2009-07-01). [http://www.africanathletics.org/?p=225 Anim, Kikaya, Assefa triumph in Lille]. African Athletics. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Nnukwu asọmupi ya nke afọ 2010 bụ African Championships, ebe ọ bụ onye nke ise n'elu 1500 m.<ref name="IAAFBio" /> N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ahụ, ọ malitere ịpụ site n'etiti etiti gaa n'ịgba ọsọ dị anya: ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na Le Mans Cross Country, setịpụrụ oge mita 5000 nke nkeji 15:03.49 maka nke atọ na GE Galan, merie Cooper River Bridge Run na ọsọ nke nkeji 32:31 maka 10K, ma nwee njedebe nke atọ na Carlsbad 5000 na Crescent City Classic 5K road races.<ref>[http://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=44051&Season=2010&Odd=0 Meskerem Assefa]. Tilastopaja. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma na agbụrụ dị ogologo, Meskerem lekwasịrị anya na 1500 m na afọ 2011 wee nweta oru nsonaazụ kachasị mma ya. Ọ gbara ọsọ kachasị mma nke 4:03.63 nkeji maka nke abụọ na Colorful Daegu Championships Meeting, wee meziwanye nke a ruo 4:02.12 nkeji dị ka onye nke abụọ na nzukọ Golden Gala IAAF Diamond League.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514202145/http://www.world-challenge.org/news/322-four-world-leads-wins-for-oliver-harper-felix-dix- Four world leads, wins for Oliver, Harper, Felix, Dix in Daegu]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref><ref>Ouma, Mark (2011-05-27). [http://www.africanathletics.org/?p=817 Adamu set world junior record]. African Athletics. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ 4:06.32 maka ọnọdụ nke abụọ ọzọ na nzukọ Brazzaville wee bụrụ nke asaa na ọsọ nke 4:04.48 nkeji na ọkwa kachasị elu Herculis zutere. Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na Kalkidan Gezahegne n'etiti ndị na-agba ọsọ Ethiopia n'afọ ahụ.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/middlelong/1500-metres/outdoor/women/senior/2011 1500 Metres – women – senior – outdoor – 2011]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> A họpụtara ya ọzọ ka ọ nọchite anya Etiopia n'ọkwa ụwa, mana e wepụrụ ya na okpomọkụ nke 2011 World Championships in Athletics.<ref name="IAAFBio"/> Ọ nọkwa n'ọnọdụ nke anọ na 1500 m na 2011 All-Africa Games, na-agwụcha n'elu ikpo okwu. Na mbido afọ 2012 ọ gbara ọsọ kachasị mma n'ime ụlọ nke 4:07.65 nkeji maka 1500 m na 8:53.18 nkeji maka 3000 m.<ref name="IAAFBio"/> N'èzí, oge kachasị mma ya bịara na Daegu, ebe ọ kwughachiri ọnọdụ ya nke afọ gara aga, na-abịa nke abụọ na 4:06.52 nkeji.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/article3429948.ece Justin Gatlin fires United States to a sprint sweep]. ''The Hindu'' (2012-08-18). Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Egwuregwu Olympic nke abụọ Meskerem sochiri na 2012 London Games, mana ọzọ ọ nweghị ọganihu gafere okpomọkụ nke 1500 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/assefa-meskerem-1095402/|title=Meskerem Assefa|work=[[2012 Summer Olympics]]|accessdate=8 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722215914/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/assefa-meskerem-1095402/|archivedate=22 July 2012}}</ref> Mgbe egwuregwu Olimpik gaferer, ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na asọmupi DécaNation. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 351octbtrvwci1vi1688yjdhl5bsz2q Mealie bread 0 18937 671216 85810 2026-07-02T11:05:19Z Johnnybam 24488 671216 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Mealie_bread02.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mealie_bread02.jpg/220px-Mealie_bread02.jpg|thumb|Achịcha nri.]] Mealie bread ma ọ bụ sweetcorn bread bụ ụdị nri South Africa. Ọ bụ [[Achicha|achịcha]] na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji ọka a na-eme ka ọ dị ọkụ sie, nke a na-etinye n'ime ya ma na-eri ya mgbe ọ ka na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọkụ. A na-eji nri eme achịcha, nke bụ ụdị ọka nke Afrịka.<ref name="Unwin Grant 2012 p. 84">{{Cite book|author=Unwin|first=M.|title=Swaziland:|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|series=Bradt Guides|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84162-400-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udKYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|language=it|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-etinye ya n'ime ite cocoa, na-etinye ihe, wee tinye ya na ite ahụ.<ref name="TSAC">{{Cite book|author=Van Wyk|first=M.|title=Traditional South African Cooking|publisher=International Pub Marketing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-77007-407-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abmTKV1E-TwC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Na [[Eswatini]], ọ bụ nri a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Unwin|first=M.|title=Swaziland:|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|series=Bradt Guides|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84162-400-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udKYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|language=it}}</ref> == Nri Achịcha (Isinkwa Sombila na Swati) == Achịcha Mealie bụ nri ọdịnala na Eswatini, mba dị n'etiti Mozambique na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Customs and Cuisine of The Kingdom of eSwatini (formerly Swaziland)|url=https://togetherwomenrise.org/customsandcuisine/customs-and-cuisine-of-the-kingdom-of-eswatini-formerly-swaziland/|publisher=Together Women Rise|accessdate=28 August 2021}}</ref> Ọ na-ewe nkeji iri abụọ (20) ruo na nke iri atọ na ise (35) iji kwadebe na nkeji iri atọ (30) ruo nke iri anọ na ise (45) iji sie. === Uru nri na-edozi ahụ nke dị na achịcha Mealie === * Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ihe bara ọgaranya nke vitamin na ihe ndị na-egosi ihe; ọ nwere 26 chemical elements.<ref name="medigoo">{{Cite web|title=Maize: Benefits, Side Effects, Calories and More|url=https://www.medigoo.com/uncategorized/maize-benefits-side-effects-calories-and-more/|publisher=medigoo.com|accessdate=28 August 2021}}</ref> * Mkpụrụ ọka na-atọ ụtọ na-eme ka shuga dị n'ọbara ma na-ejigide ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ n'oge nchekwa. * A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ agbari carbohydrates ya dị mgbagwoju anya wee nye ike na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Not just delicious, corn is also loaded with health benefits!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/not-just-delicious-corn-is-also-loaded-with-health-benefits/photostory/67882552.cms?picid=67882582|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=28 August 2021}}</ref> === Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke nri nri nri === * For people with a tendency for thrombosis and blood clotting maize may be harmful. * Eating large portions of boiled corn may provoke headache and stomach disorder. * Canned corn should not be prepared with the liquid containing remnants of the metal can.<ref name="medigoo" /> == Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ya na usoro nhazi ya nile == N'ime South Afrika na karịsịa Eswatini usoro nkwadebe ahụ agbanwebeghị kemgbe afọ otú puku, narị asatọ na iri ano (1840). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ihe ndị e ji mee ya |- |1 1/2 iko ọka a kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ, gbazee |- |Àkwá 2 |- |2 Tbsp butter, gbazere agbaze |- |1 iko ntụ ọka |- |2 tsp na-eme achịcha |- |2 Tbsp shuga |- |1/2 tsp nnu |} === Ụzọ e Si Nkwadebe === # Gbanye ọkụ n'ọkụ ahụ ruo 350 °F (180 ) ma tinye mmanụ n'osisi achịcha. # Gwakọta 1 iko ọka, àkwá, na bọta a gbazere agbaze ọnụ ruo mgbe ngwakọta siri ike. Tinye iko ọka 1/2 fọdụrụnụ ma pịa ngwakọta ahụ otu ugboro ma ọ bụ abụọ ọzọ. # Gwakọta ntụ ọka, ntụ, shuga, na nnu. # Iji nnukwu spoon, jikọta ihe ndị kpọrọ nkụ na ngwakọta ọka ruo mgbe ngwakọta siri ike. # Tinye ya na efere achịcha gị ma sie ya maka nkeji iri atọ na ise. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == 8t81scplyktk4gfay9le7qx9pn7chfz Blessing Nwagba 0 19655 671021 442827 2026-07-02T08:26:44Z Anastesia chi 23720 671021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Blessing Okwuchi Nwagba bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu Abia Steeti House of Assembly dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze na ahụike na-anọchite anya Aba North Constituency. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka [[Naijiria|mmekọrịta]] mmadụ na ibe ya site na ọrụ na onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Belzy Pharmaceuticals, Belzy Farms, Belzy Fashion na Fulfillment International Academy and College. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe onye == Blessing Nwagba si Mbutu Umuojioma Ogbu, Abia Steeti Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Clements Skull Mbutu Umuojioma Ogbu, Federal Government College, Odogbolu na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Sc. na sociology na 1983. O nwetara Ph.D. ya na sociology (mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa ndị ọrụ) na Mahadum Port Harcourt, 2014. Ọ lụrụ Israel Nwagba, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ si Osusu-Aba, Abia Steeti, ha nwekwara ụmụ anọ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1991, Nwagba malitere ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nlekọta maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha na eze na kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo Aba. Ọ bụ n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị ka e kere Aba North site na kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo Aba nke oge ahụ. O mechara bụrụ onye otu Education Authority nke Aba North LGA ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ime iwu na ọkwa praịmarị ma na-ahụkwa maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarịa na Aba North. Ọ gara n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum, Ibadan n'afọ 2009 ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu mmadụ asaa nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa, Umaru Musa YarAdua, meghere iji mee ka ntụziaka nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Abia Steeti House of Assembly na-anọchite anya Aba North Constituency. N'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ bụ Onye isi oche Kọmitii na-ahụ maka azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nakwa Onye isi oche nke Women Affairs. N'oge a, ọ mepụtara usoro iwu nke dugara itinye ego n'èzí n'ime Abia, na-ahụ na akọwapụtara iwu nke ọma maka ọrụ ha. Ụlọ ọrụ nnwale ndị a na-ahụ maka gụnyere Nigerian Bottling Company, Nigerian Breweries, Starline Paper Mills na Guinness. O duziri ọtụtụ mmega ahụ iji nyochaa mmejuputa iwu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na ahịa dịka ahịa Ubani Ibeku, na ahịa ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ kwadokwara iwu steeti Abia na nkwado ụlọ ọrụ maka nkwarụ nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu ọ bụ ezie na Gọvanọ anabataghị ya. Ọ kwadoro iwu steeti Abia banyere ikike di ya nwụrụ, nyere aka na arụmụka banyere iwu ọha na eze na nke onwe a tụpụtara ma mee ka ọ bụrụ iwu. Ọ nyekwara ntụziaka maka mmata steeti na nke gọọmentị etiti maka isi ihe ịma aka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe owuwu ndị bi na Aba na-eche ihu gbasara mbuze, mmebi okporo ụzọ na ahịa, na mmebi zuru oke na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. Ọ kpọrọ oku ka e dozie ụzọ Ariaria International Market na Ukwu Mango (okporo ụzọ nnukwu azụmahịa). Ọ rịọkwara ka gọọmentị etiti tinye aka na mmebi nke Eziama, weghachite ohere ịbanye na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọ haziri ndị na-ege ntị n'ihu ọha na itinye aka na iwu na ihe omume ndina n'ike nke Mahadum Abia State n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011. Mgbe ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ iwu ya maka oge nke abụọ na Machị 2016, Nwagba bụ naanị nwanyị omeiwu laghachiri n'ụlọ ahụ ka e kenyere ya ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche Kọmitii Ụlọ na Women Affairs, Social Welfare, na Health. Ọ kwadoro iwu gbasara genotype na ntinye ọbara na kaadị njirimara iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ. Ọ tụkwara aro iwu maka ime ka iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na ndị na-ebu ora nmawu na steeti Abia. N'ụzọ nnọchiteanya ya dị ike ma na-emeghachi omume, Hon Blessing Nwagba emeela ka ụlọ South-East / South-South nke Assembly mee ihe gbasara atụmatụ ebe a na-azụ anụ na ọrụ nke ndị na-azụ atụrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ. Ọ kwagara otu ihe ahụ na Abia Steeti House of Assembly na-egbochi egwu ehi na mkpa ọ dị ịjụ iwu ahụ maka ịmepụta na ịchịkwa ụzọ ịta ahịhịa / ebe nchekwa na National Assembly. Ọ dọtakwara uche ASEPA n'ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu n'okporo ụzọ Osusu, Aba na mgbalị ịmepụta ụzọ ọzọ n'ihi iwu ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'okpero ụzọ Faulks. == Ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa na nke na-enweghị uru == Nwagba sonyere na ọzụzụ nke ndị omeiwu nke mba Afrịka iri na Côte d'Ivoire n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o gosipụtara map ụzọ maka nnọchite anya Naịjirịa maka iwepụ ihe mgbochi iwu na nke ikike mmadụ iji nweta ndị isi mmadụ na ozi na nleta na ọrịa nmawu. Ọ haziri ma bụrụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmemme ahụike maka ndị bi na Abia na ndị dọkịta mba ọzọ site na Rapha Hans Foundation na USA ebe a na-enye ọgwụgwọ na ịwa ahụ n'efu na mpaghara ọrịa shuga, ọbara mgbali elu, na ophthalmology. Na June 23, 2017, o nyere ọrụ nlekọta anya n'efu ma nye ndị otu ya iko ọgụgụ, ọgwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ n'oge nzukọ ụlọ nzukọ obodo ya. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Total Blessing Foundation, otu ọrụ ebere maka agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Nwagba enwetala ihe karịrị iri ise nsọpụrụ na onyinye. N'afọ 2012, St. Matthew Anglican Church, Aba nyere ya onyinye Women of Worth. N'afọ 2014, e nyere ya Odo Abia, nsọpụrụ nke abụọ kachasị elu e nyere ụmụ nwanyị na steeti Abia, nke a na-enye kwa afọ site na nkwekọrịta steeti, maka idu ndú, ọrụ, na mmetụta na mmepe nke steeti ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyekwara ya knighthood nke Order of St Mary nke Anglican Diocese nke Aba. A nabatara ya dị ka onye otu Aba Sports Club 1929 na 2009. == Ọrụ == * ''Africka Journal of Social Sciences'', 2014 Mpịakọta nke 4, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1, (183-191); Nwagba, Blessing Okwuchi An Nyocha nke Mmetụta Sociological na Mmepe nke Ihe ịma aka Nchebe na Naịjirịa. Ihe gbasara njem nleta na itinye ego na mba ọzọ na Niger Delta. * Ph.D. thesis: Department of Sociology, University of Port Harcourt, September 2014. Nwagba, Blessing OkwuchichichiʹSocial Insecurity na Tourism Development na Niger Delta Region nke Nigeria. * M.Sc. thesis: Ngalaba nke Sociology, Mahadum nke Port Harcourt, Septemba 1986. Nwagba, Ngọzi Okwuchi Mmetụta na Ịrụ Aka nke Obere na Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ na Aba. * B.Sc. thesis: Department of Sociology, Mahadum Lagos, August 1983. Nwagba Blessing Okwuchi- a comparative study of the degree of aspiration and frustration of the urban self-employed poor in Lagos and Calabar. == Ndemsibia == <references /> * South-East, South-South jụrụ iwu ịta ahịhịa n'ihu National Assembly, The Guardian, 18 July 2016, natara na August 10, 2017 * Know Your Candidates [permanent dead link] chọtara na August 11, 2017 * [https://www.google.com.ng/search?q=blessing+nwagba&rlz=1C1AVNG_enNG626NG630&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7tNDJ1NvVAhXkJJoKHdCXBqQQsAQISA&biw=1137&bih=681 Foto nke Blessing Nwagba] nwetara na August 11, 2017 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200209033140/http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/the-legislative/ ndị omeiwu] natara n'August 12, 2017 * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201411031784.html All Africa Archive] natara na August 12, 2017 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134750/http://www.factnewsonline.com/news/detail.php?id=1198&title=Winners-of-Abia-House-of-Assembly-PDP-Primaries Akụkọ Eziokwu] e nwetara na August 14, 2017 {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwagba, Blessing }} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1959]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 4wbeovef1oo2sha8zjwqe6gnzw4749w 671022 671021 2026-07-02T08:28:17Z Anastesia chi 23720 /* Ndemsibia */ 671022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Blessing Okwuchi Nwagba bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu Abia Steeti House of Assembly dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, ọdịmma ọha na eze na ahụike na-anọchite anya Aba North Constituency. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka [[Naijiria|mmekọrịta]] mmadụ na ibe ya site na ọrụ na onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Belzy Pharmaceuticals, Belzy Farms, Belzy Fashion na Fulfillment International Academy and College. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe onye == Blessing Nwagba si Mbutu Umuojioma Ogbu, Abia Steeti Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Clements Skull Mbutu Umuojioma Ogbu, Federal Government College, Odogbolu na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Sc. na sociology na 1983. O nwetara Ph.D. ya na sociology (mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa ndị ọrụ) na Mahadum Port Harcourt, 2014. Ọ lụrụ Israel Nwagba, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ si Osusu-Aba, Abia Steeti, ha nwekwara ụmụ anọ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1991, Nwagba malitere ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nlekọta maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha na eze na kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo Aba. Ọ bụ n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị ka e kere Aba North site na kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo Aba nke oge ahụ. O mechara bụrụ onye otu Education Authority nke Aba North LGA ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ime iwu na ọkwa praịmarị ma na-ahụkwa maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarịa na Aba North. Ọ gara n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum, Ibadan n'afọ 2009 ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu mmadụ asaa nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa, Umaru Musa YarAdua, meghere iji mee ka ntụziaka nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Abia Steeti House of Assembly na-anọchite anya Aba North Constituency. N'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ bụ Onye isi oche Kọmitii na-ahụ maka azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nakwa Onye isi oche nke Women Affairs. N'oge a, ọ mepụtara usoro iwu nke dugara itinye ego n'èzí n'ime Abia, na-ahụ na akọwapụtara iwu nke ọma maka ọrụ ha. Ụlọ ọrụ nnwale ndị a na-ahụ maka gụnyere Nigerian Bottling Company, Nigerian Breweries, Starline Paper Mills na Guinness. O duziri ọtụtụ mmega ahụ iji nyochaa mmejuputa iwu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na ahịa dịka ahịa Ubani Ibeku, na ahịa ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ kwadokwara iwu steeti Abia na nkwado ụlọ ọrụ maka nkwarụ nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu ọ bụ ezie na Gọvanọ anabataghị ya. Ọ kwadoro iwu steeti Abia banyere ikike di ya nwụrụ, nyere aka na arụmụka banyere iwu ọha na eze na nke onwe a tụpụtara ma mee ka ọ bụrụ iwu. Ọ nyekwara ntụziaka maka mmata steeti na nke gọọmentị etiti maka isi ihe ịma aka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe owuwu ndị bi na Aba na-eche ihu gbasara mbuze, mmebi okporo ụzọ na ahịa, na mmebi zuru oke na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. Ọ kpọrọ oku ka e dozie ụzọ Ariaria International Market na Ukwu Mango (okporo ụzọ nnukwu azụmahịa). Ọ rịọkwara ka gọọmentị etiti tinye aka na mmebi nke Eziama, weghachite ohere ịbanye na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọ haziri ndị na-ege ntị n'ihu ọha na itinye aka na iwu na ihe omume ndina n'ike nke Mahadum Abia State n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011. Mgbe ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ iwu ya maka oge nke abụọ na Machị 2016, Nwagba bụ naanị nwanyị omeiwu laghachiri n'ụlọ ahụ ka e kenyere ya ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche Kọmitii Ụlọ na Women Affairs, Social Welfare, na Health. Ọ kwadoro iwu gbasara genotype na ntinye ọbara na kaadị njirimara iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ. Ọ tụkwara aro iwu maka ime ka iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na ndị na-ebu ora nmawu na steeti Abia. N'ụzọ nnọchiteanya ya dị ike ma na-emeghachi omume, Hon Blessing Nwagba emeela ka ụlọ South-East / South-South nke Assembly mee ihe gbasara atụmatụ ebe a na-azụ anụ na ọrụ nke ndị na-azụ atụrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ. Ọ kwagara otu ihe ahụ na Abia Steeti House of Assembly na-egbochi egwu ehi na mkpa ọ dị ịjụ iwu ahụ maka ịmepụta na ịchịkwa ụzọ ịta ahịhịa / ebe nchekwa na National Assembly. Ọ dọtakwara uche ASEPA n'ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu n'okporo ụzọ Osusu, Aba na mgbalị ịmepụta ụzọ ọzọ n'ihi iwu ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'okpero ụzọ Faulks. == Ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa na nke na-enweghị uru == Nwagba sonyere na ọzụzụ nke ndị omeiwu nke mba Afrịka iri na Côte d'Ivoire n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o gosipụtara map ụzọ maka nnọchite anya Naịjirịa maka iwepụ ihe mgbochi iwu na nke ikike mmadụ iji nweta ndị isi mmadụ na ozi na nleta na ọrịa nmawu. Ọ haziri ma bụrụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmemme ahụike maka ndị bi na Abia na ndị dọkịta mba ọzọ site na Rapha Hans Foundation na USA ebe a na-enye ọgwụgwọ na ịwa ahụ n'efu na mpaghara ọrịa shuga, ọbara mgbali elu, na ophthalmology. Na June 23, 2017, o nyere ọrụ nlekọta anya n'efu ma nye ndị otu ya iko ọgụgụ, ọgwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ n'oge nzukọ ụlọ nzukọ obodo ya. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Total Blessing Foundation, otu ọrụ ebere maka agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Nwagba enwetala ihe karịrị iri ise nsọpụrụ na onyinye. N'afọ 2012, St. Matthew Anglican Church, Aba nyere ya onyinye Women of Worth. N'afọ 2014, e nyere ya Odo Abia, nsọpụrụ nke abụọ kachasị elu e nyere ụmụ nwanyị na steeti Abia, nke a na-enye kwa afọ site na nkwekọrịta steeti, maka idu ndú, ọrụ, na mmetụta na mmepe nke steeti ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyekwara ya knighthood nke Order of St Mary nke Anglican Diocese nke Aba. A nabatara ya dị ka onye otu Aba Sports Club 1929 na 2009. == Ọrụ == * ''Africka Journal of Social Sciences'', 2014 Mpịakọta nke 4, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1, (183-191); Nwagba, Blessing Okwuchi An Nyocha nke Mmetụta Sociological na Mmepe nke Ihe ịma aka Nchebe na Naịjirịa. Ihe gbasara njem nleta na itinye ego na mba ọzọ na Niger Delta. * Ph.D. thesis: Department of Sociology, University of Port Harcourt, September 2014. Nwagba, Blessing OkwuchichichiʹSocial Insecurity na Tourism Development na Niger Delta Region nke Nigeria. * M.Sc. thesis: Ngalaba nke Sociology, Mahadum nke Port Harcourt, Septemba 1986. Nwagba, Ngọzi Okwuchi Mmetụta na Ịrụ Aka nke Obere na Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ na Aba. * B.Sc. thesis: Department of Sociology, Mahadum Lagos, August 1983. Nwagba Blessing Okwuchi- a comparative study of the degree of aspiration and frustration of the urban self-employed poor in Lagos and Calabar. == Edensibịa == <references /> * South-East, South-South jụrụ iwu ịta ahịhịa n'ihu National Assembly, The Guardian, 18 July 2016, natara na August 10, 2017 * Know Your Candidates [permanent dead link] chọtara na August 11, 2017 * [https://www.google.com.ng/search?q=blessing+nwagba&rlz=1C1AVNG_enNG626NG630&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7tNDJ1NvVAhXkJJoKHdCXBqQQsAQISA&biw=1137&bih=681 Foto nke Blessing Nwagba] nwetara na August 11, 2017 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200209033140/http://www.abiastate.gov.ng/news/the-legislative/ ndị omeiwu] natara n'August 12, 2017 * [http://allafrica.com/stories/201411031784.html All Africa Archive] natara na August 12, 2017 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134750/http://www.factnewsonline.com/news/detail.php?id=1198&title=Winners-of-Abia-House-of-Assembly-PDP-Primaries Akụkọ Eziokwu] e nwetara na August 14, 2017 {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwagba, Blessing }} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1959]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 7d2yymtxhf69ses6izkdh2xanpn37gc Signal Alliance Technology Holding 0 20051 670692 214169 2026-07-01T13:20:25Z ~2026-37686-28 64017 /* Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka */ 670692 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |Signal Alliance Technology Holding | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Signal_Alliance_Technology_Holding_Logo.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Type | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Privately held company|Private]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Industry | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Information Technology]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founder | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Collins Onuegbu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">[[Lagos]], [[Abuja, Nigeria]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Platform as a service|Platform Service & Delivery]] * [[Data management|Data Analytics]] * [[Enterprise IT management|Enterprise Management]] * [[IT infrastructure|IT Infrastructure]] * [[Managed Services]] * [[Product licensing application|Cloud Advisory Support]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<span class="url">[http://www.sathng.com/ www.sathng.com]</span> |} '''Signal Alliance Technology Holding''' bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka teknụzụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na Naịjirịa nwere ahụmịhe na ọrụ [[Nka na Uzu|teknụzụ]] ụlọ ọrụ, site na Cloud Technology, Infrastructure & Service Management, Data & AI, IT Security, Managed / Outsourced Services na ọrụ Enterprise Software. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Signal Alliance Technology Holding n'afọ 1996 wee malite ọrụ ya n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sathng.com/who-we-are/ |title=Corporate Website - Who we are |accessdate=2022-09-21 |archivedate=2022-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922112344/https://sathng.com/who-we-are/ }}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere dị ka Signal Alliance, ọrụ ya bụ ahịa nke mgbanwe netwọk tupu ọ gbasaa ọrụ ya n'ime ọrụ ngwanrọ. Na úbọchị mbụ nke ọnwaJulaị 2021, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbara afọ iri abụo na ise, na Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbanwere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Holding - Signal Alliance Technology Holding - nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka atọ e guzobere iji gboo mkpa nke ndị ahịa ya na-eto eto ma gbasaa ikike ya na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Signal Alliance Limited Celebrates Its Silver Jubilee, Transitions into Holding Company with New Identity|url=https://businessday.ng/sponsored/article/signal-alliance-limited-celebrates-its-silver-jubilee-transitions-into-holding-company-with-new-identity/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915023439/https://businessday.ng/sponsored/article/signal-alliance-limited-celebrates-its-silver-jubilee-transitions-into-holding-company-with-new-identity/}}</ref> Signal Alliance Technology Holding bụ onye mmekọ Microsoft Gold Certified Partner nyere ikike ire ngwaahịa Microsoft ma nye nkwado teknụzụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ gafee Naịjirịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụkwa onye mmekọ Cisco nke na-enye ngwọta teknụzụ Cisco. Dabere na [[Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] na [[Abuja]], ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere [https://sathng.com/clients/ ndị ahịa] gafere ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ onwe na nke ọha na eze na Naịjirịa, gụnyere FMCG, nkwukọrịta, Pharmaceutical, Finance, Logistics, Health, Government, NGO na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebipụtakwa akụkọ banyere isiokwu ndị metụtara IT ma nye ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere malware site na mgbasa ozi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020255/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/business/microsoft-partner-issues-ransomware-advisory/198021.html ''Daily Trust''</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka == * [https://www.cloudsa-africa.com Cloudsa] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172253/https://sathng.com/cloudsa/ '''Cloudsa'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ igwe ojii nke Afrịka na-enye ndụ igwe ojii na ọrụ njikwa mgbanwe maka azụmaahịa gafee Afrịka * Signal Alliance Consulting - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172256/https://sathng.com/signal-alliance-consulting/ '''Signal Alliance consulting'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndụmọdụ, mgbanwe dijitalụ, nnyefe teknụzụ na ọrụ nkuchi * Sasware - [http://saswarenigeria.com '''Sasware'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ Venture nke na-etinye ego na teknụzụ na azụmaahịa teknụzụ. == Ikike Microsoft == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala Microsoft Gold Competencies iri na ise na Silver Competencies abụọ gụnyere Enterprise Resource Planning, Data & Analytics, Application Integration, Project and Portfolio Management, Cloud Productivity, Enterprise Mobility Management na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. == Microsoft Advanced Specializations == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ọtụtụ [https://news.microsoft.com/en-cee/2021/02/17/advanced-specialization-a-label-for-expertise-success-and-partnership/ Microsoft Advanced Specializations] na-ekpuchi - Nchebe Egwu, Nchịkwa Nkwado & Mgbanwe, Ịkpọ maka Microsoft Teams, Nzukọ & Ụlọ Nzukọ maka Microsoft Tems, Identity & Access Management, Ntinye Ọrụ na Nchebe Ozi / Gọọmenti. == Cisco Specializations == Signal Alliance Technology Holding bụ onye mmekọ Cisco mbụ na West Africa iji nweta Cisco Customer Experience Specialization. O nwekwara Cisco Advanced Specializations na: * Nkwekọrịta Ihe owuwu * Ihe owuwu Data Center * Ihe owuwu netwọk ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe owuwu Nchebe == Onyinye == * Microsoft Partner of the Year (Nigeria) 2011<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIGNAL ALLIANCE Wins 2011 Microsoft Country Partner Of The Year Award – Tekedia|url=https://www.tekedia.com/signal-alliance-wins-2011-microsoft-country-partner-year-award/|work=Tekedia|publisher=Ejiofor Agada}}</ref> * Microsoft Partner of the Year (Nigeria) 2015-2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance, MainOne win Microsoft partners award - Vanguard News|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/signal-alliance-mainone-win-microsoft-partners-award/|work=Vanguard News|publisher=Emeka Aginam|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> * Cloud Productivity Partner nke Afọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance gets Cisco’s recognition|url=http://punchng.com/signal-alliance-gets-ciscos-recognition/|work=PUNCH|publisher=Editor at Punch}}</ref> * Cisco Global Winner Circle Corner 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance recognised on Cisco's 2016 winner circle - BusinessDay : News you can trust|url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/signal-alliance-recognised-ciscos-2016-winner-circle/|work=BusinessDay|publisher=Jumoke Akiyode|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=21 September 2022|archivedate=4 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104112613/http://www.businessdayonline.com/signal-alliance-recognised-ciscos-2016-winner-circle/}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0xyki94nmonxxw0qpytqkh8mc13ds32 670693 670692 2026-07-01T13:53:30Z ~2026-37686-28 64017 670693 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |Signal Alliance Technology Holding | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Signal_Alliance_Technology_Holding_Logo.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Type | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Privately held company|Private]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Industry | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Information Technology]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founder | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Collins Onuegbu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">[[Lagos]], [[Abuja, Nigeria]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="plainlist"> * [[Platform as a service|Platform Service & Delivery]] * [[Data management|Data Analytics]] * [[Enterprise IT management|Enterprise Management]] * [[IT infrastructure|IT Infrastructure]] * [[Managed Services]] * [[Product licensing application|Cloud Advisory Support]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<span class="url">[http://www.sathng.com/ www.sathng.com]</span> |} '''Signal Alliance Technology Holding''' bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka teknụzụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na Naịjirịa nwere ahụmịhe na ọrụ [[Nka na Uzu|teknụzụ]] ụlọ ọrụ, site na Cloud Technology, Infrastructure & Service Management, Data & AI, IT Security, Managed / Outsourced Services na ọrụ Enterprise Software. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Signal Alliance Technology Holding n'afọ 1996 wee malite ọrụ ya n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sathng.com/who-we-are/ |title=Corporate Website - Who we are |accessdate=2022-09-21 |archivedate=2022-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922112344/https://sathng.com/who-we-are/ }}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere dị ka Signal Alliance, ọrụ ya bụ ahịa nke mgbanwe netwọk tupu ọ gbasaa ọrụ ya n'ime ọrụ ngwanrọ. Na úbọchị mbụ nke ọnwaJulaị 2021, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbara afọ iri abụo na ise, na Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbanwere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Holding - Signal Alliance Technology Holding - nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka atọ e guzobere iji gboo mkpa nke ndị ahịa ya na-eto eto ma gbasaa ikike ya na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Signal Alliance Limited Celebrates Its Silver Jubilee, Transitions into Holding Company with New Identity|url=https://businessday.ng/sponsored/article/signal-alliance-limited-celebrates-its-silver-jubilee-transitions-into-holding-company-with-new-identity/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915023439/https://businessday.ng/sponsored/article/signal-alliance-limited-celebrates-its-silver-jubilee-transitions-into-holding-company-with-new-identity/}}</ref> Signal Alliance Technology Holding bụ onye mmekọ Microsoft Gold Certified Partner nyere ikike ire ngwaahịa Microsoft ma nye nkwado teknụzụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ gafee Naịjirịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụkwa onye mmekọ Cisco nke na-enye ngwọta teknụzụ Cisco. Dabere na [[Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] na [[Abuja]], ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere [https://sathng.com/clients/ ndị ahịa] gafere ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ onwe na nke ọha na eze na Naịjirịa, gụnyere FMCG, nkwukọrịta, Pharmaceutical, Finance, Logistics, Health, Government, NGO na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebipụtakwa akụkọ banyere isiokwu ndị metụtara IT ma nye ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere malware site na mgbasa ozi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020255/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/business/microsoft-partner-issues-ransomware-advisory/198021.html ''Daily Trust''</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka == * [https://www.cloudsa-africa.com/ SATH Cloud] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172253/https://sathng.com/cloudsa/ '''SATH Cloud'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ igwe ojii nke Afrịka na-enye ndụ igwe ojii na ọrụ njikwa mgbanwe maka azụmaahịa gafee Afrịka * Signal Alliance Consulting - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220921172256/https://sathng.com/signal-alliance-consulting/ '''Signal Alliance consulting'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndụmọdụ, mgbanwe dijitalụ, nnyefe teknụzụ na ọrụ nkuchi * Sasware - [http://saswarenigeria.com '''Sasware'''] bụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ Venture nke na-etinye ego na teknụzụ na azụmaahịa teknụzụ. == Ikike Microsoft == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala Microsoft Gold Competencies iri na ise na Silver Competencies abụọ gụnyere Enterprise Resource Planning, Data & Analytics, Application Integration, Project and Portfolio Management, Cloud Productivity, Enterprise Mobility Management na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. == Microsoft Advanced Specializations == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ọtụtụ [https://news.microsoft.com/en-cee/2021/02/17/advanced-specialization-a-label-for-expertise-success-and-partnership/ Microsoft Advanced Specializations] na-ekpuchi - Nchebe Egwu, Nchịkwa Nkwado & Mgbanwe, Ịkpọ maka Microsoft Teams, Nzukọ & Ụlọ Nzukọ maka Microsoft Tems, Identity & Access Management, Ntinye Ọrụ na Nchebe Ozi / Gọọmenti. == Cisco Specializations == Signal Alliance Technology Holding bụ onye mmekọ Cisco mbụ na West Africa iji nweta Cisco Customer Experience Specialization. O nwekwara Cisco Advanced Specializations na: * Nkwekọrịta Ihe owuwu * Ihe owuwu Data Center * Ihe owuwu netwọk ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe owuwu Nchebe == Onyinye == * Microsoft Partner of the Year (Nigeria) 2011<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIGNAL ALLIANCE Wins 2011 Microsoft Country Partner Of The Year Award – Tekedia|url=https://www.tekedia.com/signal-alliance-wins-2011-microsoft-country-partner-year-award/|work=Tekedia|publisher=Ejiofor Agada}}</ref> * Microsoft Partner of the Year (Nigeria) 2015-2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance, MainOne win Microsoft partners award - Vanguard News|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/signal-alliance-mainone-win-microsoft-partners-award/|work=Vanguard News|publisher=Emeka Aginam|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> * Cloud Productivity Partner nke Afọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance gets Cisco’s recognition|url=http://punchng.com/signal-alliance-gets-ciscos-recognition/|work=PUNCH|publisher=Editor at Punch}}</ref> * Cisco Global Winner Circle Corner 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signal Alliance recognised on Cisco's 2016 winner circle - BusinessDay : News you can trust|url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/signal-alliance-recognised-ciscos-2016-winner-circle/|work=BusinessDay|publisher=Jumoke Akiyode|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=21 September 2022|archivedate=4 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104112613/http://www.businessdayonline.com/signal-alliance-recognised-ciscos-2016-winner-circle/}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} px2ayeh6nh2bxjy3kich13dih1y8k2b Mbum language 0 20839 671272 98700 2026-07-02T11:36:52Z Johnnybam 24488 671272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Mbum|states=[[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]]|speakers=137,000|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Vorta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Savannas languages|North]]|fam5=[[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa–Ubangi]]}} [[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code]] [[Category:Language articles without reference field]] '''Mbum'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbum language, pronunciation and language|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mbum.htm|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=omniglot.com}}</ref> Proper (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Mboum''', Buna, Mboumtiba na Wuna) bụ asụsụ Adamawa u-Ubangi nke Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbum|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/mbum|accessdate=2022-05-15|work=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 137,000 na-asụ ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], [[Chad]] na [[Central African Republic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Mbum people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/mbum.html|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WALS Online - Language Mbum|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mbm|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=wals.info}}</ref> Ndị Mbum bi na Cameroon, Central African Republic, na Chad na-asụ asụsụ Mbum. Ọ bụ ezie na amabeghị ebe ha si malite, ụfọdụ kwenyere na ndị Mbum bụ otu n'ime agbụrụ mbụ na mpaghara Adamawa. Mbum nke Tibati na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị nna ochie nke ndị Tikar, ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị Mboum. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na-arụrịta ụka banyere nkwenkwe a bụ́ ndị kwenyere na òtù ndị ọzọ tinyere onwe ha na ndị Tikar na ndị Kirdi dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji nye nkwado ha na-azọrọ na ha na-ekwu na usoro ọmụmụ. Prọfesọ na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ David Zeitlyn nyochara echiche nke mmalite Tikar nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Eldridge Mohammadou. N'ịchọpụta echiche mmalite ndị ahụ, Zeitlyn kwuru na "Isi ajụjụ a na-ajụ bụ mmalite nke ndị guzobere usoro ndị eze na ụlọ ọrụ obí eze nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tikar dị iche iche. Olee otuto ole a ga-enye na nkwupụta nke Mbum sitere? Iji zaa nke a, a ghaghị ịtụle ihe akaebe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọdịnala ọnụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeitlyn|first=David|date=1995|title=Eldridge Mohammadou on Tikar Origins|journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford|volume=26|issue=1|pages=100–102}}</ref> Ndị Mbum na ndị Dii nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya, na nke nọgidere ruo ogologo oge, nke na ndị si n'èzí na-esikarị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. <ref name=":0" />Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ìgwè abụọ ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Alakụba Fulani, bụ ndị a na-ekwu na ha lụrụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị Mbum na Dii ka jisiri ike ijide nkwenkwe ime mmụọ ọdịnala ha ruo na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Mbum ghọrọ ndị [[Àlakụ̀ba|Alakụba]], ebe Dii ghọrọ ndị Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite book|author=DeLancey|first=Mark Dike|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2010|isbn=978-0810837751|location=Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK|pages=283-284|language=English}}</ref> Mbum bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị. ''ALCAM'' (2012) na-ewere ''Mbum'', ''Larang'', ''Pana'' na ''Gbata'' dị ka asụsụ anọ dị iche iche ma nwee njikọ chiri anya. Pana (nke a na-asụkwa na Chad), Karang, Kali-dek na Kuo bụ ụdị ọwụwa anyanwụ nke nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche iche.<ref name="ALCAM2012">{{Cite book|editor=Binam Bikoi|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}}</ref> N'ebe ndịda, a na-asụ ''Gbata'' n'akụkụ ugwu nke mpaghara Bélabo na ngalaba Lom-et-Djerem, Eastern Region. N'ebe ahụ, a na-asụ ya na Woutchaba na Deng-Deng, nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Sanaga, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="ALCAM2012">{{Cite book|editor=Binam Bikoi|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBinam_Bikoi2012">Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). ''Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)'' &#x5B;''Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon''&#x5D;. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol.&nbsp;1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789956796069|<bdi>9789956796069</bdi>]].</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]] [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Blench (2006) weere Gbete (Gbata) dị ka asụsụ dị iche. A na-asụ LiMbum na South West karịsịa na Donga Mantung na gburugburu Nkambe na Ndu Sub Divisions. 0cdbbeywzk5g98e0v2q0jah4cib9k0p 671273 671272 2026-07-02T11:38:02Z Johnnybam 24488 671273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Mbum|states=[[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]]|speakers=137,000|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Vorta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Savannas languages|North]]|fam5=[[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa–Ubangi]]}} [[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code]] [[Category:Language articles without reference field]] '''Mbum'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbum language, pronunciation and language|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mbum.htm|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=omniglot.com}}</ref> Proper (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Mboum''', Buna, Mboumtiba na Wuna) bụ asụsụ Adamawa u-Ubangi nke Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbum|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/mbum|accessdate=2022-05-15|work=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 137,000 na-asụ ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], [[Chad]] na [[Central African Republic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Mbum people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/mbum.html|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WALS Online - Language Mbum|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mbm|accessdate=2022-05-14|work=wals.info}}</ref> Ndị Mbum bi na Cameroon, Central African Republic, na Chad na-asụ asụsụ Mbum. Ọ bụ ezie na amabeghị ebe ha si malite, ụfọdụ kwenyere na ndị Mbum bụ otu n'ime agbụrụ mbụ na mpaghara Adamawa. Mbum nke Tibati na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị nna ochie nke ndị Tikar, ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị Mboum. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na-arụrịta ụka banyere nkwenkwe a bụ́ ndị kwenyere na òtù ndị ọzọ tinyere onwe ha na ndị Tikar na ndị Kirdi dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji nye nkwado ha na-azọrọ na ha na-ekwu na usoro ọmụmụ. Prọfesọ na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ David Zeitlyn nyochara echiche nke mmalite Tikar nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Eldridge Mohammadou. N'ịchọpụta echiche mmalite ndị ahụ, Zeitlyn kwuru na "Isi ajụjụ a na-ajụ bụ mmalite nke ndị guzobere usoro ndị eze na ụlọ ọrụ obí eze nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tikar dị iche iche. Olee otuto ole a ga-enye na nkwupụta nke Mbum sitere? Iji zaa nke a, a ghaghị ịtụle ihe akaebe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọdịnala ọnụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeitlyn|first=David|date=1995|title=Eldridge Mohammadou on Tikar Origins|journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford|volume=26|issue=1|pages=100–102}}</ref> Ndị Mbum na ndị Dii nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya, na nke nọgidere ruo ogologo oge, nke na ndị si n'èzí na-esikarị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. <ref name=":0" />Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ìgwè abụọ ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Alakụba Fulani, bụ ndị a na-ekwu na ha lụrụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị Mbum na Dii ka jisiri ike ijide nkwenkwe ime mmụọ ọdịnala ha ruo na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Mbum ghọrọ ndị [[Àlakụ̀ba|Alakụba]], ebe Dii ghọrọ ndị Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite book|author=DeLancey|first=Mark Dike|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2010|isbn=978-0810837751|location=Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK|pages=283-284|language=English}}</ref> Mbum bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị. ''ALCAM'' (2012) na-ewere ''Mbum'', ''Larang'', ''Pana'' na ''Gbata'' dị ka asụsụ anọ dị iche iche ma nwee njikọ chiri anya. Pana (nke a na-asụkwa na Chad), Karang, Kali-dek na Kuo bụ ụdị ọwụwa anyanwụ nke nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche iche.<ref name="ALCAM2012">{{Cite book|editor=Binam Bikoi|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}}</ref> N'ebe ndịda, a na-asụ ''Gbata'' n'akụkụ ugwu nke mpaghara Bélabo na ngalaba Lom-et-Djerem, Eastern Region. N'ebe ahụ, a na-asụ ya na Woutchaba na Deng-Deng, nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Sanaga, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="ALCAM2012" />Blench (2006) weere Gbete (Gbata) dị ka asụsụ dị iche. A na-asụ LiMbum na South West karịsịa na Donga Mantung na gburugburu Nkambe na Ndu Sub Divisions. eyvcwvb4gijdw9ydkyev7rybv7lrauq Emily Greene Balch 0 22188 671146 194246 2026-07-02T10:34:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|thumb|Emily Greene Balch]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Emily Greene Balch''' bụ onye amụrụ na, (Jenụwarị 8, 1867 ruo Jenụwarị 9, 1961) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye na-ahụ n'udo. Balch jikọtara ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Wellesley College na mmasị ogologo oge na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, ọrụ ụmụaka, na mbata na ọpụpụyana ọrụ obibi iji bulie ndị mbata dara ogbenye ma belata mpụ ụmụaka. Ọ banyere n'ime udo na mmalite Agha Ụwa Mbụ na afọ 1914, wee malite iso Jane Addams nke Chicago rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) nke dị na [[Switzerland]], nke o ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na afọ 1946.<ref name="Clark1987">{{Cite book|author=Judith Freeman Clark|title=Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryMqAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-022658-7}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Balch n'ezinụlọ Yankee a ma ama na Jamaica Plain, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], agbata obi nke Boston, nwa nwanyị nke Francis V. na Ellen (née Noyes) Balch.<ref name="Clark1987">{{Cite book|author=Judith Freeman Clark|title=Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryMqAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-022658-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJudith_Freeman_Clark1987">Judith Freeman Clark (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryMqAAAAYAAJ ''Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century'']. Prentice Hall. p.&nbsp;88. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-13-022658-7|<bdi>978-0-13-022658-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na-aga nke ọma na otu oge odeakwụkwọ nke United States Senator Charles Sumner.<ref>1870 United States Federal Census</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College na afọ 1889 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ ma lekwasị anya na akụ na ụba. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris ma bipụta nyocha ya dị ka Public Assistance of the Poor in [[France]] (1893). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ụlọ na Boston tupu o kpebie ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/2001047/|title=Emily Greene Balch, Pioneering Peacemaker|author=Abbott|first=Margery Post|date=1 June 2001|work=Friends Journal|language=en|accessdate=2022-05-24}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Chicago, na Mahadụ Berlin, wee malite ịkụzi na Wellesley College na afọ 1896. O lekwasịrị anya na mbata, oriri, na ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba na Wellesley, mgbe onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Katharine Coman gbara arụkwaghịm, onye guzobere Ngalaba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/04/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article|title=Farewell dinner to Miss Coman|date=4 May 1913|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e buliri Balch n'ọkwa site na osote prọfesọ ruo prọfesor nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/30/archives/new-wellesley-dean-miss-alice-vinton-walte-chosen-by-the-board-of.html|title=New Wellesley dean|date=30 March 1913|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> Balch jere ozi n'ọtụtụ kọmitii steeti, dị ka kọmitii mbụ na ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke Women's Trade Union League, nke kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ndị so n'òtù ndị ọrụ. O bipụtara nnukwu nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Our Slavic Fellow Citizens na afọ 1910. Ọ bụ onye na-eme udo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye sonyere na Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Henry Ford na Mediation. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịdebanye aha na iwu nledo, ma na-akwado nnwere onwe obodo nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche. Ya na Jane Addams rụkọtara ọrụ na Women's Peace party na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html|title=UI Press {{!}} Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton {{!}} Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results|author=Hamilton|first=Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice|work=www.press.uillinois.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-27}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye isi oche nke Wellesley, o dere na anyị kwesịrị ịgbaso "ụzọ Jizọs". Echiche ime mmụọ ya bụ na akụ na ụba America "dị anya na ụkpụrụ Jizọs nke anyị na-ekwupụta".<ref>Mercedes Moritz Randall, ''Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch, Nobel Peace Laureate, 1946'' (1964) pp. 364, 378.</ref> Wellesley College kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na 1919. Balch jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Nation, magazin a ma ama nke nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Balch si na Unitarianism gbanwee ma ghọọ Quaker na 1921. O kwuru, sị, "Okpukpe yiri m otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na ndụ, otu n'etiti ihe mgbagwoju anya, nke kachasị baa ọgaranya na nke na-akpali akpali nke echiche mmadụ na ịkọ nkọ... ahụmịhe okpukpe na echiche chọrọ ìhè kwa ụbọchị na ìhè anyanwụ na ịkọrọ ndị ọzọ nke o yiri m ka ọ dị obere... Ofufe Quaker n'ụzọ kachasị mma yiri ka ọ na-enye m ohere maka ụdị ịkekọrịta a n'enweghị mmetọ. "<ref>Randall, ''Improper Bostonian'', p. 60</ref> Ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ rụzuru ka na-amalite, ka ọ ghọrọ onye ndú America nke òtù udo mba ụwa. N'afọ 1919, Balch rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na International Congress of Women. Ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ma dabere na Geneva. Njikọ ahụ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ ya, na-elekọta ọrụ nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ na agụmakwụkwọ udo ma mepụta alaka ọhụrụ n'ihe karịrị mba 50. Ọ kwadoro na Njikọ Mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ gbasara nchịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ụgbọelu, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na iwepụ ngwá agha. N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwadoro mmeri ndị Allied ma ọ katọghị mbọ agha ahụ, mana ọ kwadoro ikike nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche.<ref>Suzanne Niemeyer, editor, ''Research Guide to American Historical Biography: vol. IV'' (1990) pp. 1806–14</ref> == Ihe nrite Nobel ==   Ọ bụ Florence Paton, Cyril Dumpleton, Cairine Wilson, John Herman Randall, Stanley Knowles, Rudolf Schümperli, John Sturge Stephens, W. J. M. van Eysinga, Lucy Noel-Buxton, Judah Leon Magnes, Agnus MacInnis, Lucas Middleton na ndị prọfesọ iwu iri na isii na ndị omeiwu Finland họpụtara ya.<ref name="Nobel 651">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=651|title=Nomination%20Archive|date=April 1, 2020|work=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> O ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke 1946 maka ọrụ ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). O nyere òkè ya nke ego mmeri ahụ na WILPF. Okwu nnabata ya gosipụtara okwu nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mbọ maka udo mba ụwa.<ref name="Nobel" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Balch alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri itoolu na anọ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nwetara nrite Nobel * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo * Okporo ụzọ Ihe Nketa Ụmụ nwanyị nke Boston == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nyncAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182&dq=emily+greene+balch+biography&hl=en&ei=FlIGTa6IB4L78AbIwaXnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false Emily Greene Balch], Public Assistance of the Poor in France, Mpịakọta nke 8, Nke 4 & 5, Mbipụta nke American Economic Association. * Emily Greene Balch, "A Study of Conditions of City Life: with Special Reference to Boston, A Bibliography", 1903, peeji 13 * Our Slavic Fellow Citizens By Emily Greene Balch, 1910, peeji 536. * Women at the Hague: the International Congress of Women and its Results, site na Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, na Alice Hamilton. 171 peeji, New York: MacMillan, 1915. * Approaches to the Great Settlement By Emily Greene Balch, Pauline Knickerbocker Angell, 351 peeji, bipụtara 1918. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Alonso|first=Harriet Hyman|title=Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=1993|isbn=0815602693|oclc=25508750}} * {{Cite book|author=Foster|first=Catherine|title=Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom|publisher=University of Georgia Press|date=1989|isbn=0820310921|oclc=18051898|url=https://archive.org/details/womenforallseaso00fost}} * {{Cite book|author=Gwinn|first=Kristen E.|title=Emily Greene Balch: The Long Road to Internationalism|publisher=University of Illinois Press|date=2010|isbn=9780252090158|oclc=702844599}} * {{Cite book|author=McDonald|first=Lynn|title=Women Theorists on Society and Politics|date=1998|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario, Canada|isbn=0-88920-290-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Nichols|first=Christopher McKnight|title=Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2011|isbn=9780674061187|oclc=754841336}} * {{Cite book|author=Randall|first=Mercedes M.|title=Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch|publisher=Twayne Publishers|date=1964|oclc=779059266}}, scholarly biography* * {{Cite book|editor=Randall|title=Beyond Nationalism: The Social Thought of Emily Greene Balch|date=1972|publisher=Twayne|location=New York}} * Solomon, Barbara Miller. "Balch, Emily Greene," na Barbara Sicherman na Carol Hurd Green, eds. ''Ndị inyom America'' a ma ama: Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ, A Biographical Dictionary (1980) peeji nke 41 *   == Njikọ mpụga == * Emily Greene Balch on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, April 7, 1948 ''Toward Human Unity or Beyond Nationalism'' * Otuto nye Emily Greene Balch site n'aka John Dewey, peeji nke 149150 na Later Works of John Dewey Mpịakọta 17. E bipụtara ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1946 peeji nke 2. {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926-1950}}{{1946 Nobel Prize winners}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] csh0i2a4ufwsptysv28meb4xe6gq1sz 671148 671146 2026-07-02T10:34:54Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ */ 671148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|thumb|Emily Greene Balch]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Emily Greene Balch''' bụ onye amụrụ na, (Jenụwarị 8, 1867 ruo Jenụwarị 9, 1961) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye na-ahụ n'udo. Balch jikọtara ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Wellesley College na mmasị ogologo oge na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, ọrụ ụmụaka, na mbata na ọpụpụyana ọrụ obibi iji bulie ndị mbata dara ogbenye ma belata mpụ ụmụaka. Ọ banyere n'ime udo na mmalite Agha Ụwa Mbụ na afọ 1914, wee malite iso Jane Addams nke Chicago rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) nke dị na [[Switzerland]], nke o ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na afọ 1946.<ref name="Clark1987">{{Cite book|author=Judith Freeman Clark|title=Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryMqAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-022658-7}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Balch n'ezinụlọ Yankee a ma ama na Jamaica Plain, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], agbata obi nke Boston, nwa nwanyị nke Francis V. na Ellen (née Noyes) Balch.<ref name="Clark1987" /> Nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na-aga nke ọma na otu oge odeakwụkwọ nke United States Senator Charles Sumner.<ref>1870 United States Federal Census</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College na afọ 1889 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ ma lekwasị anya na akụ na ụba. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris ma bipụta nyocha ya dị ka Public Assistance of the Poor in [[France]] (1893). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ụlọ na Boston tupu o kpebie ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/2001047/|title=Emily Greene Balch, Pioneering Peacemaker|author=Abbott|first=Margery Post|date=1 June 2001|work=Friends Journal|language=en|accessdate=2022-05-24}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Chicago, na Mahadụ Berlin, wee malite ịkụzi na Wellesley College na afọ 1896. O lekwasịrị anya na mbata, oriri, na ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba na Wellesley, mgbe onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Katharine Coman gbara arụkwaghịm, onye guzobere Ngalaba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/04/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article|title=Farewell dinner to Miss Coman|date=4 May 1913|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e buliri Balch n'ọkwa site na osote prọfesọ ruo prọfesor nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/30/archives/new-wellesley-dean-miss-alice-vinton-walte-chosen-by-the-board-of.html|title=New Wellesley dean|date=30 March 1913|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> Balch jere ozi n'ọtụtụ kọmitii steeti, dị ka kọmitii mbụ na ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke Women's Trade Union League, nke kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ndị so n'òtù ndị ọrụ. O bipụtara nnukwu nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Our Slavic Fellow Citizens na afọ 1910. Ọ bụ onye na-eme udo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye sonyere na Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Henry Ford na Mediation. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịdebanye aha na iwu nledo, ma na-akwado nnwere onwe obodo nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche. Ya na Jane Addams rụkọtara ọrụ na Women's Peace party na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html|title=UI Press {{!}} Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton {{!}} Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results|author=Hamilton|first=Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice|work=www.press.uillinois.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-27}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye isi oche nke Wellesley, o dere na anyị kwesịrị ịgbaso "ụzọ Jizọs". Echiche ime mmụọ ya bụ na akụ na ụba America "dị anya na ụkpụrụ Jizọs nke anyị na-ekwupụta".<ref>Mercedes Moritz Randall, ''Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch, Nobel Peace Laureate, 1946'' (1964) pp. 364, 378.</ref> Wellesley College kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na 1919. Balch jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Nation, magazin a ma ama nke nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Balch si na Unitarianism gbanwee ma ghọọ Quaker na 1921. O kwuru, sị, "Okpukpe yiri m otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na ndụ, otu n'etiti ihe mgbagwoju anya, nke kachasị baa ọgaranya na nke na-akpali akpali nke echiche mmadụ na ịkọ nkọ... ahụmịhe okpukpe na echiche chọrọ ìhè kwa ụbọchị na ìhè anyanwụ na ịkọrọ ndị ọzọ nke o yiri m ka ọ dị obere... Ofufe Quaker n'ụzọ kachasị mma yiri ka ọ na-enye m ohere maka ụdị ịkekọrịta a n'enweghị mmetọ. "<ref>Randall, ''Improper Bostonian'', p. 60</ref> Ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ rụzuru ka na-amalite, ka ọ ghọrọ onye ndú America nke òtù udo mba ụwa. N'afọ 1919, Balch rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na International Congress of Women. Ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ma dabere na Geneva. Njikọ ahụ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ ya, na-elekọta ọrụ nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ na agụmakwụkwọ udo ma mepụta alaka ọhụrụ n'ihe karịrị mba 50. Ọ kwadoro na Njikọ Mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ gbasara nchịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ụgbọelu, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na iwepụ ngwá agha. N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwadoro mmeri ndị Allied ma ọ katọghị mbọ agha ahụ, mana ọ kwadoro ikike nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche.<ref>Suzanne Niemeyer, editor, ''Research Guide to American Historical Biography: vol. IV'' (1990) pp. 1806–14</ref> == Ihe nrite Nobel ==   Ọ bụ Florence Paton, Cyril Dumpleton, Cairine Wilson, John Herman Randall, Stanley Knowles, Rudolf Schümperli, John Sturge Stephens, W. J. M. van Eysinga, Lucy Noel-Buxton, Judah Leon Magnes, Agnus MacInnis, Lucas Middleton na ndị prọfesọ iwu iri na isii na ndị omeiwu Finland họpụtara ya.<ref name="Nobel 651">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=651|title=Nomination%20Archive|date=April 1, 2020|work=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> O ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke 1946 maka ọrụ ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). O nyere òkè ya nke ego mmeri ahụ na WILPF. Okwu nnabata ya gosipụtara okwu nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mbọ maka udo mba ụwa.<ref name="Nobel" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Balch alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri itoolu na anọ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nwetara nrite Nobel * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo * Okporo ụzọ Ihe Nketa Ụmụ nwanyị nke Boston == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nyncAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182&dq=emily+greene+balch+biography&hl=en&ei=FlIGTa6IB4L78AbIwaXnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false Emily Greene Balch], Public Assistance of the Poor in France, Mpịakọta nke 8, Nke 4 & 5, Mbipụta nke American Economic Association. * Emily Greene Balch, "A Study of Conditions of City Life: with Special Reference to Boston, A Bibliography", 1903, peeji 13 * Our Slavic Fellow Citizens By Emily Greene Balch, 1910, peeji 536. * Women at the Hague: the International Congress of Women and its Results, site na Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, na Alice Hamilton. 171 peeji, New York: MacMillan, 1915. * Approaches to the Great Settlement By Emily Greene Balch, Pauline Knickerbocker Angell, 351 peeji, bipụtara 1918. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Alonso|first=Harriet Hyman|title=Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=1993|isbn=0815602693|oclc=25508750}} * {{Cite book|author=Foster|first=Catherine|title=Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom|publisher=University of Georgia Press|date=1989|isbn=0820310921|oclc=18051898|url=https://archive.org/details/womenforallseaso00fost}} * {{Cite book|author=Gwinn|first=Kristen E.|title=Emily Greene Balch: The Long Road to Internationalism|publisher=University of Illinois Press|date=2010|isbn=9780252090158|oclc=702844599}} * {{Cite book|author=McDonald|first=Lynn|title=Women Theorists on Society and Politics|date=1998|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario, Canada|isbn=0-88920-290-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Nichols|first=Christopher McKnight|title=Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2011|isbn=9780674061187|oclc=754841336}} * {{Cite book|author=Randall|first=Mercedes M.|title=Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch|publisher=Twayne Publishers|date=1964|oclc=779059266}}, scholarly biography* * {{Cite book|editor=Randall|title=Beyond Nationalism: The Social Thought of Emily Greene Balch|date=1972|publisher=Twayne|location=New York}} * Solomon, Barbara Miller. "Balch, Emily Greene," na Barbara Sicherman na Carol Hurd Green, eds. ''Ndị inyom America'' a ma ama: Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ, A Biographical Dictionary (1980) peeji nke 41 *   == Njikọ mpụga == * Emily Greene Balch on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, April 7, 1948 ''Toward Human Unity or Beyond Nationalism'' * Otuto nye Emily Greene Balch site n'aka John Dewey, peeji nke 149150 na Later Works of John Dewey Mpịakọta 17. E bipụtara ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1946 peeji nke 2. {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926-1950}}{{1946 Nobel Prize winners}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mxeim3pwtwjtdcrgg4dv0n045ngrgto 671149 671148 2026-07-02T10:35:24Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe nrite Nobel */ 671149 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|thumb|Emily Greene Balch]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Emily Greene Balch''' bụ onye amụrụ na, (Jenụwarị 8, 1867 ruo Jenụwarị 9, 1961) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye na-ahụ n'udo. Balch jikọtara ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Wellesley College na mmasị ogologo oge na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, ọrụ ụmụaka, na mbata na ọpụpụyana ọrụ obibi iji bulie ndị mbata dara ogbenye ma belata mpụ ụmụaka. Ọ banyere n'ime udo na mmalite Agha Ụwa Mbụ na afọ 1914, wee malite iso Jane Addams nke Chicago rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) nke dị na [[Switzerland]], nke o ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na afọ 1946.<ref name="Clark1987">{{Cite book|author=Judith Freeman Clark|title=Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryMqAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-022658-7}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Balch n'ezinụlọ Yankee a ma ama na Jamaica Plain, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], agbata obi nke Boston, nwa nwanyị nke Francis V. na Ellen (née Noyes) Balch.<ref name="Clark1987" /> Nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na-aga nke ọma na otu oge odeakwụkwọ nke United States Senator Charles Sumner.<ref>1870 United States Federal Census</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College na afọ 1889 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ ma lekwasị anya na akụ na ụba. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris ma bipụta nyocha ya dị ka Public Assistance of the Poor in [[France]] (1893). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ụlọ na Boston tupu o kpebie ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/2001047/|title=Emily Greene Balch, Pioneering Peacemaker|author=Abbott|first=Margery Post|date=1 June 2001|work=Friends Journal|language=en|accessdate=2022-05-24}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Chicago, na Mahadụ Berlin, wee malite ịkụzi na Wellesley College na afọ 1896. O lekwasịrị anya na mbata, oriri, na ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba na Wellesley, mgbe onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Katharine Coman gbara arụkwaghịm, onye guzobere Ngalaba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/04/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article|title=Farewell dinner to Miss Coman|date=4 May 1913|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e buliri Balch n'ọkwa site na osote prọfesọ ruo prọfesor nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/30/archives/new-wellesley-dean-miss-alice-vinton-walte-chosen-by-the-board-of.html|title=New Wellesley dean|date=30 March 1913|accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref> Balch jere ozi n'ọtụtụ kọmitii steeti, dị ka kọmitii mbụ na ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke Women's Trade Union League, nke kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ndị so n'òtù ndị ọrụ. O bipụtara nnukwu nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Our Slavic Fellow Citizens na afọ 1910. Ọ bụ onye na-eme udo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye sonyere na Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Henry Ford na Mediation. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịdebanye aha na iwu nledo, ma na-akwado nnwere onwe obodo nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche. Ya na Jane Addams rụkọtara ọrụ na Women's Peace party na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html|title=UI Press {{!}} Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton {{!}} Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results|author=Hamilton|first=Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice|work=www.press.uillinois.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-27}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye isi oche nke Wellesley, o dere na anyị kwesịrị ịgbaso "ụzọ Jizọs". Echiche ime mmụọ ya bụ na akụ na ụba America "dị anya na ụkpụrụ Jizọs nke anyị na-ekwupụta".<ref>Mercedes Moritz Randall, ''Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch, Nobel Peace Laureate, 1946'' (1964) pp. 364, 378.</ref> Wellesley College kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na 1919. Balch jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Nation, magazin a ma ama nke nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Balch si na Unitarianism gbanwee ma ghọọ Quaker na 1921. O kwuru, sị, "Okpukpe yiri m otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na ndụ, otu n'etiti ihe mgbagwoju anya, nke kachasị baa ọgaranya na nke na-akpali akpali nke echiche mmadụ na ịkọ nkọ... ahụmịhe okpukpe na echiche chọrọ ìhè kwa ụbọchị na ìhè anyanwụ na ịkọrọ ndị ọzọ nke o yiri m ka ọ dị obere... Ofufe Quaker n'ụzọ kachasị mma yiri ka ọ na-enye m ohere maka ụdị ịkekọrịta a n'enweghị mmetọ. "<ref>Randall, ''Improper Bostonian'', p. 60</ref> Ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ rụzuru ka na-amalite, ka ọ ghọrọ onye ndú America nke òtù udo mba ụwa. N'afọ 1919, Balch rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na International Congress of Women. Ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ma dabere na Geneva. Njikọ ahụ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ ya, na-elekọta ọrụ nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ na agụmakwụkwọ udo ma mepụta alaka ọhụrụ n'ihe karịrị mba 50. Ọ kwadoro na Njikọ Mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ gbasara nchịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ụgbọelu, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na iwepụ ngwá agha. N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwadoro mmeri ndị Allied ma ọ katọghị mbọ agha ahụ, mana ọ kwadoro ikike nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche.<ref>Suzanne Niemeyer, editor, ''Research Guide to American Historical Biography: vol. IV'' (1990) pp. 1806–14</ref> == Ihe nrite Nobel ==   Ọ bụ Florence Paton, Cyril Dumpleton, Cairine Wilson, John Herman Randall, Stanley Knowles, Rudolf Schümperli, John Sturge Stephens, W. J. M. van Eysinga, Lucy Noel-Buxton, Judah Leon Magnes, Agnus MacInnis, Lucas Middleton na ndị prọfesọ iwu iri na isii na ndị omeiwu Finland họpụtara ya.<ref name="Nobel 651">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=651|title=Nomination%20Archive|date=April 1, 2020|work=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> O ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke 1946 maka ọrụ ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). O nyere òkè ya nke ego mmeri ahụ na WILPF. Okwu nnabata ya gosipụtara okwu nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mbọ maka udo mba ụwa. == Ndụ onwe onye == Balch alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri itoolu na anọ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nwetara nrite Nobel * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo * Okporo ụzọ Ihe Nketa Ụmụ nwanyị nke Boston == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nyncAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182&dq=emily+greene+balch+biography&hl=en&ei=FlIGTa6IB4L78AbIwaXnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false Emily Greene Balch], Public Assistance of the Poor in France, Mpịakọta nke 8, Nke 4 & 5, Mbipụta nke American Economic Association. * Emily Greene Balch, "A Study of Conditions of City Life: with Special Reference to Boston, A Bibliography", 1903, peeji 13 * Our Slavic Fellow Citizens By Emily Greene Balch, 1910, peeji 536. * Women at the Hague: the International Congress of Women and its Results, site na Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, na Alice Hamilton. 171 peeji, New York: MacMillan, 1915. * Approaches to the Great Settlement By Emily Greene Balch, Pauline Knickerbocker Angell, 351 peeji, bipụtara 1918. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Alonso|first=Harriet Hyman|title=Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=1993|isbn=0815602693|oclc=25508750}} * {{Cite book|author=Foster|first=Catherine|title=Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom|publisher=University of Georgia Press|date=1989|isbn=0820310921|oclc=18051898|url=https://archive.org/details/womenforallseaso00fost}} * {{Cite book|author=Gwinn|first=Kristen E.|title=Emily Greene Balch: The Long Road to Internationalism|publisher=University of Illinois Press|date=2010|isbn=9780252090158|oclc=702844599}} * {{Cite book|author=McDonald|first=Lynn|title=Women Theorists on Society and Politics|date=1998|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario, Canada|isbn=0-88920-290-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Nichols|first=Christopher McKnight|title=Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2011|isbn=9780674061187|oclc=754841336}} * {{Cite book|author=Randall|first=Mercedes M.|title=Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch|publisher=Twayne Publishers|date=1964|oclc=779059266}}, scholarly biography* * {{Cite book|editor=Randall|title=Beyond Nationalism: The Social Thought of Emily Greene Balch|date=1972|publisher=Twayne|location=New York}} * Solomon, Barbara Miller. "Balch, Emily Greene," na Barbara Sicherman na Carol Hurd Green, eds. ''Ndị inyom America'' a ma ama: Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ, A Biographical Dictionary (1980) peeji nke 41 *   == Njikọ mpụga == * Emily Greene Balch on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, April 7, 1948 ''Toward Human Unity or Beyond Nationalism'' * Otuto nye Emily Greene Balch site n'aka John Dewey, peeji nke 149150 na Later Works of John Dewey Mpịakọta 17. E bipụtara ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1946 peeji nke 2. {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926-1950}}{{1946 Nobel Prize winners}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jmad8ztltuz2njhg8advmvztyyp47e7 Edith Mary Bataringaya 0 22395 671301 496909 2026-07-02T11:48:20Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Edith Mary Bataringaya|image=Edith Mary Bataringaya, 1964.jpg|caption=|birth_date=1929|birth_place=[[Kabale]], [[Western Region, Uganda|Western Region]], [[Uganda Protectorate]]|death_date=1977|death_place=[[Mbarara]], Uganda|death_cause=Burned, execution|body_discovered=Land owned by the Bataringaya family in [[Mbarara]], Uganda|resting_place=[[Mbarara]], Uganda|nationality=[[Ugandan]]|occupation=Activist|known_for=Activism, Founding the Ugandan Women's Union and the Uganda Council of Women, Political Execution of [[Idi Amin]], Wife of [[Basil Kiiza Bataringaya]] <!---deprecated param. | home_town = Bugongi Hill --->|spouse=[[Basil Kiiza Bataringaya]]|parents=Reverend Kaijuka of Bugongi Hill|children={{plainlist| * Dr. Geoffrey Basil Bataringaya * Basil Bataringaya Jr. * Grace Bataringaya * Kenneth Bataringaya * Jackie Bataringaya * Janette Bataringaya * Juliet Wavamunno * Dr. Aisha Bataringaya-Ssekalala }}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Edith Mary Bataringaya''' née Kaijuka na afọ 1992, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a ma ama na ''onye'' ndọrọ ndọrọ nke [[Uganda]] na-eme mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Ugandan Women's Union na Uganda Council of Women n'akụkụ Rhoda Kalema na Theresa Mbire.<ref name="uah-group">{{Cite web|url=http://ugandansatheart.blogspot.com/2014/02/uah-group-of-ugandans-in-israel-during.html|title=A group of Ugandans in Israel during the 1967 war!|date=12 February 2014|work=Ugandans at Heart|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110182350/http://ugandansatheart.blogspot.com/2014/02/uah-group-of-ugandans-in-israel-during.html|archivedate=10 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Basil Kiiza Bataringaya onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda a ma ama na Uganda mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glentwood|first=Garth|date=July 1973|title=Obote and Amin: Change and Continuity in Modern Uganda Politics|journal=African Affairs|volume=72|issue=288|pages=237–255|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096383}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere ndi ya == A mụrụ Edith Mary Kaijuka na afọ 1929 na Kabale, obodo dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Uganda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mulerasfireplace.com/kihanga-boys-primary-school-remembering-my-headmasters-my-teachers-and-the-buildings/|title=Kihanga Boys Primary School: Remembering my headmasters, my teachers and the buildings|author=Mulera|first=Muniini K|date=17 April 2016|work=Mulera's Fireplace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110181612/https://mulerasfireplace.com/kihanga-boys-primary-school-remembering-my-headmasters-my-teachers-and-the-buildings/|archivedate=10 January 2019}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Reverend Kaijuka, onye ụkọchukwu a ma ama na Chọọchị nke Uganda na onye nkuzi si n'obodo dị nso nke Bugongi Hill.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya == Edith Mary Kaijuka lụrụ Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, nwa Marko Kiiza onye isi Ssaza nke Bunyaruguru, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Edith Mary Bataringaye.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1300054/basil-bataringaya-father-opposition-cross-overs|title=Basil Bataringaya, the father of opposition cross-overs|author=Vision Reporter|date=7 March 2012|work=New Vision|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref> N'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya nọ na-aga akwụkwọ, na Government Teacher Training College of Uganda (TTC) na Mahadum Makerere na Kampala, Uganda.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in East Africa 1965–1966|author=Wilson|first=E. G.|publisher=Marco Publishers|year=1966|location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in East Africa 1967–1968|publisher=Marco Publishers|year=1968|location=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]}}</ref> Basil Kiiza Bataringaya ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na Uganda n'oge na-adịghị anya. Bataringaya gbara ọsọ dị ka onye otu Democratic Party nke Uganda maka oche omeiwu maka Ankole District na Kansụl Iwu nke Uganda na gọọmentị mgbanwe n'etiti oge ọchịchị Uganda Protectorate na [[Uganda|Republic of Uganda]] na ntuli aka mbụ nke mba Uganda, ntuli aka nke March na afọ nke 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parliamentwatch.ug/a-look-at-the-history-of-ugandas-parliament/|title=A look at the History of Uganda's Parliament|author=Okello|first=Isaac|year=2016|work=Parliament Watch Your Eye on Parliament|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109180951/http://parliamentwatch.ug/a-look-at-the-history-of-ugandas-parliament/|archivedate=9 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye ndú nke ndị mmegide n'oge ọchịchị Apollo Milton Obote ma nyere aka guzobe ọrụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ndị ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Uganda.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Mazrui|first=Ali|date=Summer 1970|title=Leadership in Africa: Obote of Uganda|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|pages=538–564|doi=10.1177/002070207002500306}}</ref> Basil Kiiza Bataringaya si na Democratic Party of Uganda gaa na Apollo Milton Obote's Uganda People's Congress party n'ala nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda na mbido ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Uganda.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/Uganda-s-political-defections-over-the-past-50-years/-/691260/2057974/-/format/xhtml/-/qgp9dj/-/index.html|title=Uganda's political defections over the past 50 years|author=Lubega|first=Henry|date=11 March 2018|work=The Daily Monitor|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref> Basil Kiiza Bataringaya ghọrọ Minista dị ike nke Internal Affairs ma nweta ntụkwasị obi nke Praịm Minista Apollo Milton Obote ngwa ngwa, ma nweta ebe n'ime obere ndị ndụmọdụ a tụkwasịrị obi nke Obote ma nweta nnukwu akwụkwọ iwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị minista kachasị ike na gọọmentị Obote. Edith Mary Bataringaya ghọrọ onye nwere mmetụta na ọchịchị bu Mazi Apollo Milton Obote na-esote ọpụpụ Basil Kiiza Bataringaaya na ịrịgo n'ọkwa Minista nke Internal Affairs. Ọ na-agakarị di ya na njem mba ofesi na-anọchite anya Uganda, na-anọchi anya Uganda ma na-atụle ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi na onye guzobere Kansụl Ụmụ nwanyị nke [[Uganda]] na ndị nnọchi anya mba ofesi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://dl.library.ucla.edu/islandora/object/edu.ucla.library.specialCollections.latimes:2714|title=Uganda politician Basil K. Bataringaya and wife, Edith Mary with Mr. and Mrs. Frank Klock at Disneyland, 1964|work=Los Angeles Times Photographs Collection|accessdate=9 January 2019|publisher=University of the City of Los Angeles}}</ref> Ọ gara United States of America ma zute ndị otu mba United States Department of State na mgbakwunye na ileta Disneyland.<ref name=":8" /> == Ịgba mbọ ya == Edith Mary Bataringaya bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ na-arụ dị ka di na nwunye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu. Bataringaya malitere Uganda Women's Union na Uganda Council of Women n'akụkụ Rhoda Kalema na Theresa Mbire.<ref name="uah-group">{{Cite web|url=http://ugandansatheart.blogspot.com/2014/02/uah-group-of-ugandans-in-israel-during.html|title=A group of Ugandans in Israel during the 1967 war!|date=12 February 2014|work=Ugandans at Heart|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110182350/http://ugandansatheart.blogspot.com/2014/02/uah-group-of-ugandans-in-israel-during.html|archivedate=10 January 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, n'okpuru nduzi nke Bataringaya, Kansụl Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uganda mere mkpebi na-agba ume na a ga-edekọ iwu gbasara alụmdi na nwunye, ịgba alụkwaghịm, na ihe nketa n'ụdị ederede ma kpọsaa ya na mba niile maka ịhazi omenala na omume ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke nnwere onwe, kansụl a mekwara ka e mee mgbanwe iwu nke ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị niile ikike inwe ihe onwunwe ma nọgide na-elekọta ụmụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na alụmdi na nwunye ha agwụ.<ref name="cs">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html Uganda country study]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (December 1990). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Ọrụ nke Kansụl Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uganda n'okpuru nduzi nke Bataringaya dugara na mgbanwe na Iwu Ịgba Ọgba Ọgba Agha nke Uganda, na-eduga na ederede ederede nke Iwu Ịgba Agha na-enye ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ohere hà nhata maka ịgba alụkwaghịm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/249|title=Divorce Act|author=Uganda Legal Information Institute|publisher=Uganda Legal Information Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321041238/https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/consolidated-act/249|archivedate=21 March 2019|accessdate=20 March 2019}}</ref> == Ọnwụ ya == Di Edith Mary Bataringaya bụ Basil Kiiza Bataringaaya duziri mgbalị ijide Idi Amin, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Uganda mbụ gọọmentị [[Idi Amin]] ọhụrụ jidere.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Bataringaya-risked-arrest-Amin/688334-3113094-5lfp9j/index.html|title=How Bataringaya risked to arrest Amin|author=Mugabe|first=Faustin|date=12 March 2016|work=The Daily Monitor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110042400/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Bataringaya-risked-arrest-Amin/688334-3113094-5lfp9j/index.html|archivedate=10 January 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a tara Bataringaya ahụhụ ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ na Makindye Prison.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JKdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|title=In Idi Amin's Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda|author=Decker|first=Alicia C.|date=15 November 2014|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Athens, OH|isbn=978-0-8214-4502-0|language=en}}</ref> E zigara Bataringaya na mpụga obodo Mbarara, ebe e gburu ya na ndụ.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkSP9XUIAKsC&pg=PA100|title=Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes|author=Mutibwa|first=Phares Mukasa|date=1992|publisher=Africa World Press|location=Trenton, NJ|isbn=978-0-86543-357-1|language=en}}</ref> A na-egosipụta isi ya e bepụrụ egbupụ n'elu osisi, ma na-agagharị gburugburu obodo Mbarara ruo mgbe e gosipụtara isi ya e gbupụrụ egbupụ na ogige ndị agha Mbarara.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|year=1975|title=Amin's Death Roll|journal=[[Transition Magazine|Transition]]|volume=49|issue=49|pages=17–27}}</ref> Edith Mary Bataringaya ghọrọ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na-azụlite ụmụ ya asatọ naanị ya n'ala Bataringaye na Mbarara, wee ghọọ onye a ma ama na-eyi egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Idi Amin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pastoralists in Violent Defiance of the State: The case of the Karimojong in Northeastern Uganda|author=Olowo Onyango|first=Eria|publisher=Dissertation for the degree philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen|year=2010|location=University of Bergen}}</ref> E gburu Bataringaya n'onwe ya n'afọ 1977 n'oge Idi Amin mechara kpochapụ ya, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Juma Bashir, gọvanọ nke Western Province of Uganda.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkSP9XUIAKsC&pg=PA100|title=Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes|author=Mutibwa|first=Phares Mukasa|date=1992|publisher=Africa World Press|location=Trenton, NJ|isbn=978-0-86543-357-1|language=en}}</ref> E mechara chọta ozu ya ọkụ n'ala dị na Mbarara nke ezinụlọ Bataringaya.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Memories.|author=Stokes|first=Brigid|publisher=Daughters of Mary and Joseph|location=Mbarara, Uganda}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ụmụ ya asatọ bụrụ ụmụ mgbei. Ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke, Dr. Emmanuel Kaijuka zụlitere ha nille == Ndụ onwe onye ya == === Ezinụlọ ya === Edith Mary na Basil Kiiza Bataringaya nwere ụmụ asatọ, Dr. Geoffrey Basil Bataringaye, Basil Batiringaya Jr., Grace Bataringay, Kenneth Bataringayo, Jackie Bataringaia, Janette Bataringayan, Juliet Wavamunno, na Dr. Aisha Bataringalalaya-Sseka. Ụmụaka ahụ ghọrọ ụmụ mgbei na afọ 1977 ka ndị nne na nna abụọ ahụ nwụrụ site n'aka ọchịchị [[Idi Amin|Amin]]. Nwanne Edith Mary Bataringaya, Dr. Emmanuel Kaijuka onye mechara bụrụ Kọmishọna Ahụike nke Uganda, zụlitere ụmụaka ahụ kemgbe ha ka dị obere mgbe ha bụ ụmụ mgbe ha bụ ndị nne na nna ha gburu. N'afọ 1985, ụmụ asatọ ahụ a zutere na nke mbụ ya kemgbe e gburu nne ha n'obodo Muyenga, Uganda. Ụmụ ha niile gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma site na afọ 2003: Grace Bataringaya bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na onye njikwa ihe omume, Kenneth Bataringaye bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta ala ezinụlọ, Jackie Bataringay bụ dọkọ maka Action Aid na-arụkọ ọrụ na Harare, Zimbabwe, Janette Bataringayan na-arụarụ ọrụ na Public Health na Boston, Massachusetts na United States, Juliet Wavamunno (née Bataringaia) bụ dọkụ na-arụ maka World Health Organization, na Aisha Bataringayaa-Sseka (née Batingingaya na Mahadum nke Western Africa. === Echiche Okpukperechi ya === Bataringaya bụ onye Katọlik ma tinye aka na Chọọchị Katọlik na Uganda n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Memories.|author=Stokes|first=Brigid|publisher=Daughters of Mary and Joseph|location=Mbarara, Uganda}}</ref> Nna Bataringaya bụ onye ụkọchukwu nke Chọọchị Uganda, a zụlitere Bataringay na Chọọchị nke Uganda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mulerasfireplace.com/kihanga-boys-primary-school-remembering-my-headmasters-my-teachers-and-the-buildings/|title=Kihanga Boys Primary School: Remembering my headmasters, my teachers and the buildings|author=Mulera|first=Muniini K|date=17 April 2016|work=Mulera's Fireplace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110181612/https://mulerasfireplace.com/kihanga-boys-primary-school-remembering-my-headmasters-my-teachers-and-the-buildings/|archivedate=10 January 2019}}</ref> Di Bataringaya bụ onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik dị na Ankole, ma mesịa na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ Katólik niile dị na Ancole tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in East Africa 1967–1968|publisher=Marco Publishers|year=1968|location=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]}}</ref> Edith Mary Bataringaya ghọrọ onye Katọlik mgbe ọ lụsịrị Basil Kiiza Bataringaaya ma soro ndị ozi Katọlik dị n'ógbè ahụ rụọ ọrụ n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, edepụtara ya dị ka enyi na onye mmekọ nke ozi Katọlic na Mbarara Region nke [[Uganda]].<ref name=":9" /> == Ebesidee == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d2llrdhqtrcns3kr5tczsjmbwlh6wlq Madjid Albry 0 24741 670928 110532 2026-07-01T23:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Madjid Albry''' (amụrụ ya na 23 Julaị 1990) bụ onye Nijeria bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka [[Footbọl|onye]] na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. == Ọrụ ya == A mụrụ ya na [[Belbege]], Niger, Albry malitere ọrụ ya na otu egwuregwu nke ndị German FC St. Pauli tupu ya abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na Werder Bremen na 1 Julaị 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/vereine/3-liga/2009-10/werder-bremen-ii-42/58100/spieler_albry-madjid.html|title=Spielersteckbrief Madjid Albry, USC Paloma|first=kicker online, Nürnberg|author=Germany|publisher=|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka Werder Bremen II na 15 Septemba 2009 na 3. Liga megide Kickers Offenbach. Na 21 Mee 2010, e gosipụtara na a gaghị emezigharị nkwekọrịta ya ma ọ nwere ike ịhapụ klọb ahụ na 30 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/spieltag/3-liga/2009-10/8/938854/spielanalyse_werder-bremen-ii-42_kickers-offenbach-120.html|title=Ulm macht es für Offenbach: Werder Bremen II - Kickers Offenbach 0:1 (0:1)|first=kicker online, Nürnberg|author=Germany|publisher=|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref> Na 23 Jenụwarị 2010, ọ kwupụtara na ya na FC Oberneuland bịnyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snoa.de/fussball/herren/regionalliga_nord/news/30688/Alle_Transfers_auf_einen_Blick.html |title=Alle Transfers auf einen Blick |accessdate=2012-09-13 |archivedate=2021-07-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191233/http://www.snoa.de/fussball/herren/regionalliga_nord/news/30688/Alle_Transfers_auf_einen_Blick.html }}</ref> Na Jenụwarị afọ 2011 ọ sonyeere Altona 93. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Madjid Albry at WorldFootball.net [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cax84rusk8fetgmio8how6bh6ny61s6 Mbibi ebe obibi 0 26573 671289 205603 2026-07-02T11:42:51Z Johnnybam 24488 671289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" /> Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi.<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"]]. ''Conservation Biology''. '''19''' (1): 108–121. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0888-8892|0888-8892]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495 33258495].</cite></ref> Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFalcon-Lang2010">Sahney, S; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (1 December 2010). [http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079 "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Geology''. '''38''' (12): 1079–1082. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38.1079S 2010Geo....38.1079S]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/G31182.1|10.1130/G31182.1]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144357/http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079 Archived] from the original on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span> &#x2013; via GeoScienceWorld.</cite></ref> Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" /> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f5f6698po5tf4onkp1v6sim43osyy2z 671293 671289 2026-07-02T11:44:19Z Johnnybam 24488 671293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi.<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"]]. ''Conservation Biology''. '''19''' (1): 108–121. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0888-8892|0888-8892]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495 33258495].</cite></ref> Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hhdonjwylhy7e7oe2lhhlq9q4vlaczu 671296 671293 2026-07-02T11:45:53Z Johnnybam 24488 671296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile.<ref name="Marvier-2004" /> Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi.<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"]]. ''Conservation Biology''. '''19''' (1): 108–121. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0888-8892|0888-8892]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495 33258495].</cite></ref> Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nmpvg6j52cy7eozcroi6rbkd3adm1ho 671303 671296 2026-07-02T11:49:59Z Johnnybam 24488 671303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile. <ref name="Marvier-2004" />Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi.<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"]]. ''Conservation Biology''. '''19''' (1): 108–121. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0888-8892|0888-8892]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495 33258495].</cite></ref> Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004">Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"]. ''Risk Analysis''. '''24''' (4): 869–878. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0272-4332|0272-4332]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806 15357806]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930 44809930]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x Archived] from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cu15a4qi6ejn5hei34370liofjymi4t 671307 671303 2026-07-02T11:52:37Z Johnnybam 24488 671307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi.<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005">WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"]]. ''Conservation Biology''. '''19''' (1): 108–121. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0888-8892|0888-8892]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495 33258495].</cite></ref> Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu. <ref name="Marvier-2004" />N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] de79hwsur24uq4itz6kyjseh2ptsnaa 671309 671307 2026-07-02T11:54:01Z Johnnybam 24488 671309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi. <ref name="WIEGAND 108–121" />Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu. <ref name="Marvier-2004" />N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref><ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTravis2003">Travis, J. M. J. (7 March 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 "Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail"]. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences''. '''270''' (1514): 467–473. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|10.1098/rspb.2002.2246]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0962-8452|0962-8452]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691268 1691268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641900 12641900].</cite></ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qy6r7ibut8v5wb1studnpx4iqownpgi 671311 671309 2026-07-02T11:55:35Z Johnnybam 24488 671311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi. <ref name="WIEGAND 108–121" />Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHelmHanskiPartel2005">Helm, Aveliina; Hanski, Ilkka; Partel, Meelis (9 November 2005). [[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|"Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation"]]. ''Ecology Letters''. '''9''' (1): 72–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1461-023X|1461-023X]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958870 16958870].</cite></ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu. <ref name="Marvier-2004" />N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref name="Travis-2003" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ska3git68s691pa7p5fjefxt18c5yac 671314 671311 2026-07-02T11:56:49Z Johnnybam 24488 671314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg|thumb|Map nke ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, nke niile na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi na mmebi]] '''Mbibi ebe obibi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''mbibi ebe obibi''' na '''mbelata ebe obibi''') bụ usoro nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike na-enweghị ike ịkwado ụdị ala ya. A na-achụpụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge gara aga, si otú a belata ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche.<ref name="Calizza Costantini Careddu Rossi pp. 5784–5796">{{Cite journal|author=Calizza|first=Edoardo|date=June 17, 2017|title=Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=15|pages=5784–5796|doi=10.1002/ece3.2977|issn=2045-7758|pmid=28811883}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney|first=S|date=1 December 2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079|format=PDF|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|accessdate=2010-11-29}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Marvier-2004">{{Cite journal|author=Marvier|first=Michelle|date=2004|title=Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=24|issue=4|pages=869–878|doi=10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x|pmid=15357806|issn=0272-4332|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Nkewa na ọnwụ nke ebe obibi aghọwo otu n'ime isiokwu kachasị mkpa nke nyocha na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ha bụ nnukwu egwu maka ịdị ndụ nke [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].<ref name="WIEGAND 108–121">{{Cite journal|author=WIEGAND|first=THORSTEN|date=February 2005|title=Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=108–121|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị ka owuwe ihe ubi, mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na ime obodo bụ onyinye mmadụ na mbibi ebe obibi. Nsogbu sitere n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na-akpata mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwu ala, igbu osisi, igbu azụ, na mgbasa obodo. A na-ewere mbibi ebe obibi ugbu a dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụwa niile.<ref>Pimm & Raven, 2000, pp. 843–845.</ref> Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka na mbibi ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Usoro ala, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwebata ụdị ndị na-awakpo, mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ mmiri na mkpọtụ bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ.Mfu nke ebe obibi nwere ike ibute ụzọ site na nkwarụ mbụ nke ebe obibi. Mgbalị iji lebara mbibi obibi anya dị na nkwa amụma mba ụwa nke Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on Land" na Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri". Agbanyeghị, akụkọ United Nations Environment Programme banyere "Ime Udo na Nature" ewepụtara na 2021 chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ ndị a emezughị ebumnuche ha kwekọrịtara na mba ụwa. == Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == Mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi, a na-ebelata ikike ibu maka osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ wee belata, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.<ref>Scholes & Biggs, 2004.</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị egwu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>Barbault & Sastrapradja, 1995.</ref> Temple (1986) chọpụtara na 82% nke [[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|ụdị nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]] na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu site na mbibi ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ site na mbibi ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa ugbu a na ebe obibi gbanwere agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beebee|first=Trevor J.C.|title=The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?|journal=Biological Conservation|date=31 May 2005|volume=125|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borzée|first=Amaël|title=Description of a seminatural habitat of the endangered Suweon treefrog Hyla suweonensis|journal=Animal Cells and Systems|date=28 April 2015|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19768354.2015.1028442}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụta ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị mbibi ebe obibi, tumadi n'ihi na ahụghị ihe ndị a n'ụdị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa, yabụ enweghị ohere ịgbake. Ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ maka nlanarị ha nke enwere ike ịhụ naanị n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ebute mbibi ha. Mwepụ nwekwara ike ime ogologo oge ka e bibisịrị ebe obibi, ihe a maara dị ka ụgwọ mkpochapụ. Mbibi ebe obibi nwekwara ike ibelata oke nke ụfọdụ ihe dị ndụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mbelata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na ikekwe mmepụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-amụghị nwa, n'ihi na ihe ndị a nwere ike inwe ohere dị elu nke inwe mmekọahụ na ihe ndị yiri ya n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe atụ ama ama bụ mmetụta na nnukwu panda nke China, nke a chọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na Sichuan. Ugbu a, a na-ahụ ya naanị na mpaghara ndị kewara ekewa na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'ihi igbukpọ osisi juru ebe niile na senchiri nke iri abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation|title=The Panda's Forest: Biodiversity Loss|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011|archivedate=23 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923010154/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china-sichuan-panda-deforestation-habitat-mountain-conservation}}</ref> Ka mbibi ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-eme, ụdị dị iche iche na-agbanwe site na njikọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ebe obibi na ndị ọkachamara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejupụtara ụdị ndị na-agụnye ihe niile. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-abụkarị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe niile nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evangelista|first=Paul H.|date=2008|title=Modelling invasion for a habitat generalist and a specialist plant species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|journal=Diversity and Distributions|volume=14|issue=5|pages=808–817|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00486.x|issn=1366-9516|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na-eduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbochi nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso ọnụ ụzọ mkpochapụ na-edughachi n'oké ohere nke mkpochapụ.<ref name="Travis-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=J. M. J.|date=2003-03-07|title=Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1514|pages=467–473|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2246|pmid=12641900|issn=0962-8452}}</ref> Mfu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara, mpaghara, na ụwa. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na nkwarụ ebe obibi bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mana ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nke abụọ na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003">{{Cite journal|author=Helm|first=Aveliina|date=2005-11-09|title=Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00841.x|pmid=16958870|issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ebe obibi dịnụ na-ebute ọdịdị ala ụfọdụ nke e ji mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị mee n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi / matrix. Usoro a na-abụkarị n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi dị ọcha yana mmetụta nkewa. Mfu ebe obibi dị ọcha na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị na-eme na ihe mejupụtara ala nke na-akpata mbelata n'ime ndị mmadụ. Mmetụta nkewa na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta na-eme n'ihi mgbanwe ebe obibi. <ref name="WIEGAND 108–121" />Mfu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ike nke akụ na ụba nke ụdị. Usoro Hymenoptera bụ otu dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke osisi bụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi, nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta domino n'etiti mmekọrịta osisi na onye na-eme ka osisi na-eme ihe na-eduga na nnukwu mmetụta nchekwa n'ime otu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spiesman|first=Brian J.|date=December 2013|title=Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0977.1|journal=Ecology|volume=94|issue=12|pages=2688–2696|doi=10.1890/13-0977.1|pmid=24597216|issn=0012-9658}}</ref> == Mbibi nke ndị mmadụ == Nkewa nke ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ n'ihi na ọ na-anapụ ụdị ihe ha maara nke ọma. Nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-ebelata ebe ha nwere ike ibi, ma mepụta ókèala ọhụrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na mgbanwe na akụkụ abiotic na biotic emeela ka mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mbelata nke ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ha kwubiri na ịkwanye otu ụdị n'otu oghere ga-emecha mee ka ụdị ahụ kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ewers, Didham|first=Robert M., Raphael K.|date=15 March 2007|title=Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation|work=Wiley Online Library|page=117|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006949|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi na nkwarụ nke ebe obibi okike bụ ihe na-eduga ugbu a na mkpochapụ ụdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnwụ na nkewa nke ebe obibi na-ebute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eme ka ohere dị elu nke mkpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=61|issue=3|pages=603–610|doi=10.2307/3802168|issn=0022-541X}}</ref> Nnyocha egosila na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ebe obibi na ọnụọgụ ụdị mgbe ọ na-abịa na ụdị osisi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ebe obibi dị na ala dị iche iche. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata dị egwu nke ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe na ala gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Helm 051109031307003" /> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mbibi nke ebe obibi abụwo ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ obere mbibi mana ka oge na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga, ọ ga-akpata mmụba nke mkpochapụ. Mfu nke ebe obibi abụghị mgbe niile ihe kpatara mkpochapụ; enwere ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mkpocha nke na-ejikọta na mfu nke ebe ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na naanị anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime usoro okike ga-apụ n'anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri ga-abawanye, nke nwere ike ịkpata oke mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ime ka ha jiri ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha mee ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na obere ihe onwunwe okike, site na iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ha ga-emecha mebie ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakagiri, Tainaka|first=Nariyuki, Kei-ichi|date=1 May 2004|title=Indirect effects of habitat destruction in model ecosystems|work=Science Direct|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003005714|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> Mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ bụ ihe abụọ kachasị mkpa na mkpochapụ ụdị. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbelata nha na mmụba nkewa nke ebe obibi na-aghọtahie site na nkwarụ, mana n'eziokwu ha nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu na ndị mmadụ. Nkewa n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmetụta ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mmebi ebe obibi nke nkwarụ na-emekarị ọnụ ọ ka na-edochaghị anya usoro nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpochapụ. Ịbawanye nkewa na mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ niile jikọtara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fahrig|first=Lenore|date=July 1997|title=Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction|work=JOURNAL ARTICLE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802168|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto Satellite nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bolivia. N'ịbụ ọhịa okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ na mbụ, a na-ehichapụ ala ahụ maka ịkọ soybean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia|work=Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]|date=2001-04-16|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842|accessdate=2008-08-11|archivedate=2008-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920061746/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4842}}</ref>]] Biodiversity hotspots bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ nke nwere oke oke nke ụdị dị iche iche na, mgbe a jikọtara hotspots niile, nwere ike ịnwe ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị ụwa.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Ebe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbibi na mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ebe obibi okike n'àgwàetiti na n'ógbè ndị mmadụ dị elu emebilarị (WRI, 2003). Agwaetiti na-ata ahụhụ na mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]], Philippines, na [[Japan]].<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ndịda na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Malaysia]], Indonesia, na Japan na ọtụtụ ebe dị na West Africa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ buru ibu nke na-enye ohere dị nta maka ebe obibi okike. Mpaghara mmiri dị nso n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwekwa mmebi nke coral reefs ma ọ bụ ebe obibi mmiri ndị ọzọ. Ebe ndị a gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia na Africa, ụsọ oké mmiri ugwu nke [[South Amerika|South America]], na Oké Osimiri Caribbean na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya.<ref name="Primack" /> Mpaghara nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-adịghị akwụsi ike, nke nwere ike ịga aka na aka, na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. South [[Asia]], Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo Amazon nke South America bụ mpaghara ndị isi nwere ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na / ma ọ bụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mpaghara ndị na-arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị elu na-enwekarị oke mbibi ebe obibi. Na US, ihe na-erughị 25% nke ahịhịa ala ka dị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Midwest.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> Naanị 15% nke ala ka na-enweghị mgbanwe site na ọrụ mmadụ na Europe niile.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-agbanwe ebe obibi ụfọdụ nke dabara adaba maka osisi itolite. Ya mere, ikike osisi nwere ịkwaga n'ebe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nkesa nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbata nke osisi nke na-emetụta ọnwụ ebe obibi na nkewa anaghị aghọta nke ọma dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins|first=Steven I.|date=2003-04-25|title=Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation|url=https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|journal=Oikos|volume=101|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x|issn=0030-1299}}</ref> == Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Lacanja_burn.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa a gbara ọkụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico]] Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpomọkụ enwetala ọtụtụ nlebara anya gbasara mbibi nke ebe obibi. Site na ihe dị ka nde square kilomita iri na isii nke ebe obibi oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị na mbụ n'ụwa niile, ihe na-erughị nde square kilomita itoolu ka dị taa.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa ugbu a bụ square kilomita 160,000 kwa afọ, nke na-adaba na mfu nke ihe dịka 1% nke ebe obibi ọhịa mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> Usoro okike ndị ọzọ nke oké ọhịa enweela nnukwu mbibi ma ọ bụ karịa dị ka oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Mgbukpọ ọhịa maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na igbu osisi emeela ka ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 94 nke oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị larịị; ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-eto eto na-efu ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mpaghara ha gara aga n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke okpomọkụ dị mfe iwepu ma kpọọ ọkụ ma dịkwuo mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi karịa oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke okpompe; n'ihi ya, ihe na-erughị 0.1% nke oké ọhịa kpọrọ nk nkụ na Central America's Pacific Coast na ihe na-erighị 8% na Madagascar ka dị site na mmalite ha.<ref name="Laurance">Laurance, 1999.</ref> [[Usòrò:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ nso n'ala e kpochapụrụ ọhụrụ n'ime Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Kerinci Seblat National Park), Sumatra]] Ala dị larịị na ebe ọzara emebiwo ruo n'ókè dị ala. Naanị 1020% nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa, nke gụnyere ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhi, na ala ahịha, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na oké ọhịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, emebiwo.<ref>Kauffman & Pyke, 2001.</ref> Mana gụnyere na 10 a 20% nke ala bụ ihe dịka 9 nde square kilomita nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọzara site na usoro ọzara.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ala ahịhịa dị elu nke North America, nwere ihe na-erughị 3% nke ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ nke a na-agbanweghị ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo.<ref>White et al., 2000.</ref> [[Usòrò:Hawaii_turtle.JPG|thumb|''Chelonia mydas'' na coral reef nke Hawaii. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mmebi ebe obibi site na mmepe mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke ụsọ mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] Ala mmiri na mpaghara mmiri atawo nnukwu mbibi ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 50% nke ala mmiri dị na US emebiwo n'ime afọ 200 gara aga.<ref name="Stein">Stein et al., 2000.</ref> N'etiti 60% na 70% nke ala mmiri Europe emebiwo kpamkpam.<ref>Ravenga et al., 2000.</ref> Na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], enwere mmụba n'ịchọrọ ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na njem nleta nke kpatara mbelata nke ebe obibi mmiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga. Mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nke oké osimiri emeela ka ala na-agbada, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mbelata nke ịdị mma na UK marine ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535|title=United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology|date=2015-06-08|work=AZoCleantech.com|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131246/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=535}}</ref> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (20%) nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri agbanweela nke ukwuu site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>Burke et al., 2000.</ref> E mebiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke coral reefs, na nke ise ọzọ emebiwo nke ukwuu site na igbubiga azụ, mmetọ, na ụdị ndị na-awakpo; 90% nke coralreefs nke Philippines naanị emebiwo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị 35% nke usoro mangrove gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ebibiwo.<ref name="MEA" /> == Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == [[Usòrò:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa na Grands-Jardins National Park afọ 10 mgbe ọkụ ọhịa mere]] Mbibi ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka mgbawa ugwu, [[Ọku|ọkụ]], na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma na ndekọ fossil.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates" />Otu nnyocha na-egosi na nkwarụ ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Euramerica 300 nde afọ gara aga dugara na nnukwu mfu nke ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ kpaliri mgbawa nke ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na-eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Rhett A.|title=Global forest loss increases in 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/global-forest-loss-increases-in-2020-but-pandemics-impact-unclear/|work=Mongabay|date=31 March 2021}} ● ''Mongabay'' graphing WRI data from {{Cite web|title=Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|work=research.WRI.org|publisher=World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310203850/https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss|archivedate=10 March 2021|date=January 2021}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Europe niile, 2018. Europe bụ otu n'ime kọntinent ndị nwere pasent ole na ole nke ọhịa ala.]] Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land conversion from forests, etc. to arable land, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and pollution are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. Desertification, deforestation, and coral reef degradation are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (deserts, forests, coral reefs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Geist na Lambin (2002) nyochara nyocha 152 nke oke ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ iji chọpụta usoro ọ bụla dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa na-akpata. Nsonaazụ ha, nke e nwetara dị ka pasentị nke ọmụmụ ihe nke ọ bụla bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-enye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. A chịkọtara ihe ndị dị nso n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo (96%), [[Infrastructure expansion|mgbasawanye]] akụrụngwa (72%), na mwepụta osisi (67%). Ya mere, dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo bụ isi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ụdị ndị a na-ekpughe nghọta ọzọ banyere ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ: mgbasa njem (64%), iwepụta osisi azụmahịa (52%), ịkọ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide (48%), ịzụ ehi (46%), ịkọ ugoloọma (41%), ịkọ ugodo na-agbanwe agbanwe (40%), ọrụ ugbo (40%), na iwepụta osisi maka iji ụlọ (28%). Otu nsonaazụ bụ na ịkọ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe abụghị isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara ụwa niile, ebe mgbasawanye njem (gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ) bụ ihe kachasị nso na-akpatara mgbukpọ osisi.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> === Okpomọkụ ụwa === Ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ụwa, nke [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|mmetụta]] greenhouse kpatara, na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi, na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka anụ ọhịa bea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=79|pages=25–58|doi=10.1890/07-2089.1|year=2009|author=Durner|first=George M.}}</ref> Melting ice caps na-akwalite ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na idei mmiri nke na-eyi ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche egwu n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Jason D.|date=2006-05-24|title=Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Endangered Species Research|volume=2|pages=21–30|doi=10.3354/esr002021|issn=1863-5407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galbraith|first=H.|date=2002-06-01|title=Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds|journal=Waterbirds|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–183|doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2|issn=1524-4695}}</ref> === Ndị na-akpata ihe === Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ ihe kachasị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara mbibi ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ebibi ebe obibi, nke a ka na-akọwa ihe mere ụmụ mmadụ ji bibie ebe obibi. A maara ike ndị na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ bibie ebe obibi dị ka ''ndị'' na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, sayensị na teknụzụ, na ọdịbendị niile na-enye aka na mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba; ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ keabawanye ka oge na-aga; [[Population density|nkesa]] nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mpaghara (obodo ukwu na ime obodo), ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi, na mba; yana mmetụta jikọtara ịda ogbenye, afọ, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, okike, na ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile na-eme n'ime ma ọ bụ nso ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche.<ref name="Cincotta">Cincotta & Engelman, 2000.</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ji bụrụ 87.9% nke ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu gafee mba 114, na-enye ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ kachasị n'ibelata ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>McKee et al., 2003.</ref> Ọganihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata nke ndị mmadụ n'ime mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mbọ nchekwa ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa kamakwa ọ ga-emegide ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref name="Cincotta" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị otú ahụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye nke ndị bi ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na atụmatụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Dị ka ọmụmụ Geist na Lambin (2002) si kwuo, a na-ebute ndị agha na-anya ụgbọ ala ụzọ dị ka ndị a (na pasent nke 152 ihe kpatara ya bụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama): ihe gbasara akụ na ụba (81%), ihe ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ amụma (78%). ), ihe teknụzụ (70%), omenala ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (66%) na ihe gbasara igwe mmadụ (61%). Isi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ịzụ ahịa na uto nke ahịa osisi (68%), nke ihe mba na mba na-achọ; mmepe ụlọ ọrụ obodo (38%); Ọnụ ego ụlọ dị ala maka ala, ọrụ, mmanụ ụgbọala na osisi (32%); na mmụba n'ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa tumadi maka ihe ọkụkụ (pasent 25). Ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ na amụma gụnyere atumatu pro-igbutu osisi maka mmepe ala (40%), uto akụ na ụba gụnyere ịchịisi na nkwalite akụrụngwa (34%), na enyemaka maka ọrụ dabere na ala (26%); ikike ihe onwunwe na enweghị nchebe nke ala (44%); na ọdịda amụma dị ka nrụrụ aka, mmebi iwu, ma ọ bụ mmechi (42%). Isi ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ngwa ngwa na-adịghị mma nke nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ osisi (45%), nke na-eduga n'omume igbutu osisi. N'ime nnukwu ụdị nke omenala na ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ àgwà ọha na eze (63%), omume onye ọ bụla / ezi na ụlọ (53%), enweghị mmasị ọha na eze maka gburugburu ọhịa (43%), ụkpụrụ efu efu (36%), na enweghị nchegbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. (32%). Ihe ndị mere n'ọnụọgụ mmadụ bụ ntugharị nke ịchịkọta ndị bi n'ime oke ọhịa ndị mmadụ bi na ya (38%) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-arị elu - nke sitere na ihe mbụ - na mpaghara ndị ahụ (25%). Enwekwara nzaghachi na mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe owuwu okporo ụzọ nwere mmetụta nzaghachi kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi na ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpata uto na osisi (ịkụ osisi) na ahịa nri.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Uto n'ahịa ndị a, n'aka nke ya, na-aga n'ihu na azụmahịa nke ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi. Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa, ha ga-abụrịrị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na iji igwe buru ibu ma ọ bụ karịa nke oge a nke na-enwekarị mmetụta dị njọ na ebe obibi karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ osisi ọdịnala. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ ala karịa ngwa ngwa maka ahịa azụmahịa. Ihe atụ nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị na-egosipụta etu ihe ndị dị nso na ndị dị n'okpuru ya si nwee njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha. == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == [[Usòrò:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na mmepe nke ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke chebere Gulf Coast n'oge gara aga nyere aka na nnukwu idei mmiri na New Orleans, Louisiana, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005.<ref>Tibbetts, 2006.</ref>]] Mbibi ebe obibi nwere ike ime ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ike ịdabere na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, mgbasa nke ọrịa, na mmetọ mmiri. [pe N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro okike dị mma nwere ezigbo njikwa nwere ike belata ohere nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme, ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala belata mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref><ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}</ref> Ihichapụ ala mmiri na-eme ka ebe obibi nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka anwụnta nyere aka n'igbochi ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bull|first=David|title=A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPjwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=OXFAM|isbn=9780855980641|accessdate=24 April 2021|quote=It was drainage of swampland which eradicated the disease [malaria] from the [[Fenlands]] in Britain and the [[Pontine marshes]] of Italy.}}</ref> Ịnapụ onye na-ebute ọrịa (dị ka nje virus) ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ya kpamkpam, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ga-eme ka e kpochapụ onye na-efe efe ahụ.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Reiter|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Surveillance and Control of Urban Dengue Vectors|editor=Gubler|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_YBAAAQBAJ|series=CAB books|edition=2, revised|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845939649|accessdate=30 September 2021|quote=The eradication of smallpox virus [...] is also a perfect example of habitat destruction: smallpox vaccination gives life-long immunity, and humans are the only host. Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.}} </ref> Ala ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na mbibi nke ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, mbibi nke ebe obibi gbara ala ugbo gburugburu emebiwo ihe dịka 40% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa niile site na mbuze, salinization, compaction, mmebi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmetọ, na ime obodo.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwaghị ojiji nke ebe obibi okike mgbe e bibiri ebe obibi. Ojiji mara mma dị ka ikiri nnụnụ, ntụrụndụ dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]] na igbu azụ, na njem ecotourism na-adabere na ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ [na-atụle] na-eji mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa okike kpọrọ ihe ma na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ọnwụ nke ebe obibi okike na nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valuing nature|url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature|work=World Wildlife Foundation|publisher=WWF|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425084205/https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mbibi ebe obibi nwere na ndị mmadụ bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru. Mbibi ebe obibi agbanweela nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, na carbon cycles, nke mere ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], algal blooms, na igbu azụ na osimiri na oké osimiri dị ukwuu ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe dị na-aghọta nke ọma bụ nhazi ihu igwe.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ógbè, osisi na-enye ikuku na onyinyo; n'ógbè mpaghara, transpiration nke osisi na-emegharị mmiri ozuzo ma na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; n'ókè zuru ụwa ọnụ, osisi (karịsịa osisi na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo) gburugburu ụwa na-egbochi nchịkọta nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku site na sequestering carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-efu kpamkpam n'ihi mbibi ebe obibi gụnyere njikwa mmiri, nitrogen fixation, mmepụta oxygen, pollination (lee mbelata nke pollinator), ọgwụgwọ mkpofu (ya bụ, [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmebi]] na immobilization nke mmetọ na-egbu egbu), na imegharị ihe oriri nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị ugbo.<ref> {{Cite journal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063421|title=Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation|author=Benoît Geslin|pmid=23717421}} </ref><ref name="Primack" /> Mfu nke osisi site na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo naanị na-anọchite anya mbelata dị ukwuu nke ikike ụwa nwere ịmepụta oxygen na iji carbon dioxide. Ọrụ ndị a na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka mmụba nke ọkwa carbon dioxide bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="WRR">{{Cite web|author=Mumba|first=Musonda|title=Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under|work=Resources Report|date=27 June 2013|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMumbaMunangRivington2013">Mumba, Musonda; Munang, Richard; Rivington, Mike (27 June 2013). [https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under "Ecosystem Management: The Need to Adopt a Different Approach Under a Changing Climate"]. ''Resources Report''. United Nations Environment Programme/Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232300/https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/ecosystem-management-need-adopt-different-approach-under Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ kpọmkwem, mana mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọnwụ ọtụtụ ụdị yana ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya buru ibu. Mgbe ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-efu, gburugburu ebe obibi na-efu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-arụ ọrụ bara uru na nke pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị niile bi na ya na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche iji gbakee site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche furu efu, ihe ọdachi dị ka ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nwere ike ime ka usoro okike daa, na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na nke ahụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche pụtakwara na ụmụ mmadụ na-atụfu anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi ndị nwere ike inye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu (dị ka ọrịa cancer), na-eguzogide ọkụkụ ọhụrụ maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị na-egide nje virus-egbu ahụhụ, na nje virus.<ref name="Primack">Primack, 2006.</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi na-emetụtakarị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo karịa ndị bi n"obodo ukwu.<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> N'ụwa niile, ndị ogbenye na-ata ahụhụ karịa mgbe a na-ebibi ebe obibi okike, n'ihi na ebe obibi okpomọkụ dị ala pụtara obere ihe onwunwe okike maka ''onye ọ bụla'', ma ndị ọgaranya na mba ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa iji gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe karịrị òkè ha nke ihe onwunwa okike. Ụzọ ọzọ iji lelee mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi bụ ile anya na ohere ohere nke ibibi ebe obibi enyere. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, gịnị ka ndị mmadụ na-efunahụ site na iwepụ ebe obibi e nyere? Mba nwere ike ịbawanye nri ya site n'ịgbanwe ala ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo, mana uru nke otu ala ahụ nwere ike ibu karịa mgbe ọ nwere ike inye ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, osisi, njem gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa idei mmiri na nchịkwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. [ọ chọrọ ntinye aka iji chọpụta]<ref name="MEA">Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.</ref> == Ọhụụ == Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abawanye ihe oriri ụwa chọrọ nke ukwuu. Echiche dị mfe na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-achọ nri karịa. N'ezie, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mmepụta ọrụ ugbo ga-achọ ịbawanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50%, n'ime afọ 30 na-esote.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> N'oge gara aga, na-aga n'ihu na-aga ala ọhụrụ na ala nyere nkwado na mmepụta nri iji gboo mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mfe agaghịzi adị, ebe ihe karịrị 98% nke ala niile dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo ejirila ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'enweghị ike idozi.<ref>Sanderson et al., 2002.</ref> Nsogbu nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abịanụ ga-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mbibi ebe obibi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa ga-achọsi ike imepụta nri ndị ọzọ site n'otu ala ahụ, yabụ ha ga-eji fatịlaịza ndị ọzọ ma gosipụta nchegbu dị ala maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji gboo mkpa ahịa. Ndị ọzọ ga-achọ ala ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ojiji ala ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na ya. A ga-achụpụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ site na mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwarụ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmetọ. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji chebe ebe obibi okike fọdụrụ n'ụwa na ụdị dị iche iche ga-asọ mpi na ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe okike, ọkachasị ala ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ.<ref name="Tilman">Tilman et al., 2001.</ref> == Ihe ngwọta == Mgbukpọ oké ọhịa: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke mgbukpọ oké osimiri, ihe atọ ruo anọ na-akpata ihe abụọ ruo atọ dị nso.<ref name="Geist">Geist & Lambin, 2002.</ref> Nke a pụtara na iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịchịkwa mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ agaghị enwe ike idozi njikọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe kpatara mgbukpọ osisi na mba ọ bụla.<ref name="Geist" /> Tupu edee ma mee ka iwu ọ bụla nke ime obodo, nke mba, ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa gbanyụọ ọhịa, ndị isi gọọmentị ga-enweta nghọta zuru ezu banyere njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị nso na ihe ndị na-akpali mgbanyụ ọhịa n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.<ref name="Geist" /> Echiche a, tinyere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa site na nyocha Geist na Lambin, nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na mbibi ebe obibi n'ozuzu. Mgbasa mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Mgbasa osimiri bụ usoro okike dị ka oké ifufe, ebili mmiri, ebili mmadụ na mgbanwe mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eme. Enwere ike ime ka ọnụ mmiri kwụsie ike site na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti ala na mmiri dị ka mgbidi mmiri na bulkheads. Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweta nlebara anya dị ka usoro nkwụsi ike ọhụrụ. Ndị a nwere ike belata mmebi na mbuze ma n'otu oge na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri, mwepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, na imeziwanye mmiri maka ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Shorelines|url=https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=NOAA Habitat Blueprint|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194801/https://www.habitatblueprint.noaa.gov/living-shorelines/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na a kwụsịrị nsogbu ọzọ. Uganda]] [[Usòrò:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg|alt=Pivers Island, North Carolina|thumb|A na-eji ahịhịa okike n'akụkụ osimiri a dị na North Carolina, US, iji belata mmetụta nke mbuze mmiri ka ọ na-enye uru ndị ọzọ maka usoro okike na obodo mmadụ.]] Igbochi mpaghara ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi n'ụdị ndị ọkachamara ya na ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adabere n'otú mbibi ebe obibi nke emeworị. N'ebe ebe obibi ahụ na-enweghị nsogbu, ịkwụsị mbibi ebe obibi ọzọ nwere ike zuo ezu. <ref name="Marvier-2004" />N'ebe mbibi ebe obibi dị oke njọ (mbibi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ patch), iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Jinbao|date=2017-05-02|title=Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction: disentangling patch fragmentation from patch loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1830|journal=Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1631–1639|doi=10.1002/ecy.1830|pmid=28369715|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Mmụta nke ọha na eze n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie mbibi ebe obibi mmadụ. Ịgbanwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na ile ya anya dị ka ihe a na-anabata na ile ya ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa n'omume ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /> Mmụta banyere mkpa ọ dị ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ iji belata mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na-eduga na mbibi ebe obibi nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ehrlich|first=P. R.|date=2008-08-11|title=Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=Supplement 1|pages=11579–11586|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801911105|pmid=18695214|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Nchekwa na okike nke ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mụbaa mmịpụta.<ref name="Townsend-2002">{{Cite journal|author=Townsend|first=Patricia A.|title=An Experimental Test of Whether Habitat Corridors Affect Pollen Transfer|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0607|journal=Ecology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=466–475|doi=10.1890/03-0607|issn=0012-9658|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> A makwaara ụzọ ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mbibi ebe obibi.<ref name="Townsend-2002" /> Nnukwu ikike iji dozie nsogbu nke mbibi ebe obibi na-abịa site na idozi nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eso ya dịka, onye ọ bụla na azụmahịa ihe oriri, nchọpụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe, ebe nchekwa, iweghachi ala mebiri emebi na idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Morrison-1999" /><ref name="Travis-2003" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmarsdottir|first=Asrun|date=2003-09-26|title=Microsite availability and establishment of native species on degraded and reclaimed sites|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=40|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00848.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref> Ndị isi gọọmentị kwesịrị ime ihe site n'ịkwado ndị na-akpali akpali, kama ịchịkwa naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'echiche sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara, mba, na mba ụwa kwesịrị imesi ike: # N'ịtụle ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-apụghị iji dochie anya nke ebe obibi okike nyere. # Ichebe akụkụ ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ebe obibi okike. # Ịchọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụbaa mmepụta ugbo n'ebughị oke ala na mmepụta. # Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbasawanye. Ewezuga imeziwanye ohere [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi afọ ime]] n'ụwa niile, ịkwalite nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara nnukwu uru. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (ike ime mkpebi), nke a na-eduga n'ezinụlọ ndị pere mpe. A na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nkewa site na itinye usoro oghere na atụmatụ nchịkwa mweghachi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe nke ebe dị oke mkpa na nchekwa na mgbake nke ụdị, obere atụmatụ njikwa na-ewere mmetụta nke ebe obibi na nchekwa n'uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huxel|first=Gary R.|date=September 1999|title=Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72024.x|journal=Restoration Ecology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=309–315|doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x|issn=1061-2971}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == {{Refbegin}} * Barbault, R. and S. D. Sastrapradja. 1995. Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge pp.&nbsp;193–274. {{ISBN|9780521564816}} * {{Cite book|author=Burke, L.|year=2000|title=Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems|publisher=[[World Resources Institute]], Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781569734582|url=https://www.wri.org/publication/pilot-analysis-global-ecosystems-coastal-ecosystems|accessdate=2020-02-19}} * Cincotta, R.P., and R. Engelman. 2000. Nature's place: human population density and the future of biological diversity. Population Action International. Washington, D.C. * {{Cite journal|author=Geist H. J.|year=2002|title=Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation|journal=BioScience|volume=52|issue=2|pages=143–150|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0143:PCAUDF]2.0.CO;2}} * Kauffman, J. B. and D. A. Pyke. 2001. Range ecology, global livestock influences. In S. A. Levin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 5: 33–52. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. * {{Cite journal|author=Laurance W. 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[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248529390_Ecosystem_services_in_southern_Africa_a_regional_assessment Ecosystem services in Southern Africa: a regional assessment. The regional scale component of the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002175727/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248529390_Ecosystem_services_in_southern_Africa_a_regional_assessment|date=2020-10-02}} [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], Pretoria, South Africa. * Stein, B. A., L. S. Kutner, and J. S. Adams (eds.). 2000. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Oxford University Press, New York. * {{Cite book|author=Temple S. A.|title=Current Ornithology|year=1986|chapter=The problem of avian extinctions|pages=453–485|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6784-4_11|isbn=978-1-4615-6786-8}} * {{Cite journal|author=Tibbetts John|year=2006|title=Louisiana's Wetlands: A Lesson in Nature Appreciation|journal=Environ Health Perspect|volume=114|issue=1|pages=A40–A43|pmid=16393646|doi=10.1289/ehp.114-a40}} * {{Cite journal|author=Tilman D.|year=2001|title=Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d571963a597742e6aa80f43db9446517501b3e20|journal=Science|volume=292|issue=5515|pages=281–284|doi=10.1126/science.1057544|pmid=11303102}} * White, R. P., S. Murray, and M. Rohweder. 2000. Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C. * WRI. 2003. World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tekrwuk96hteqbv94hwb379ozfwnhp3 Economic Community of West African States 0 27119 671266 212442 2026-07-02T11:33:56Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:ECOWAS Flag.png|thumb|ECOWAS Flag]] '''Economic Community of West African States''' ('''ECOWAS'''; nke a makwaara dị ka CEDEAO na French na Portuguese) bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba mpaghara nke mba iri na ise dị na West Africa.. N'ozuzu, mba ndị a nwere mpaghara 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 mi), na 2015 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya karịrị nde 349. ECOWAS na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ndị na-eme udo na mpaghara ahụ, na mba ndị mejupụtara ya na-eziga ndị agha jikọrọ aka mgbe ụfọdụ iji tinye aka na mba ndị so na ya n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọgba agha.<ref name="deployment_to_liberia_2003_08_06_janes_defense_weekly">{{Cite news|title=West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia|first=Segun|author=Adeyemi|work=Jane's Defence Weekly|date=6 August 2003}}</ref><ref name="yahoomilint">{{Cite news|title=The 5 previous West African military interventions|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/5-previous-west-african-military-interventions-111050770.html|accessdate=27 January 2017|work=Yahoo News|date=20 January 2017}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, ECOWAS nwere mba iri na ise; asatọ n'ime ha na-asụ French, ise na-asụrụ Bekee, na abụọ na-asọpụta Portuguese. Ndị otu niile sonyeere obodo ahụ dị ka ndị guzobere na Mee 1975, ma e wezụga [[Cape Verde]] nke sonyeere na 1977.<ref name="HDM"/> Nanị onye bụbu onye otu ECOWAS bụ [[Mauritania]] na-asụ Arabic, nke bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya na 1975 wee kpebie ịpụ na Disemba 2000.<ref name="HDM">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KU_9MfXKKYC&pg=PA177|title=Historical Dictionary of Mauritania|pages=177–178|first=Anthony|author=Pazzanita|year=2008|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-6265-4}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPazzanita2008">Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). </cite></ref> Mauritania bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okanla|first=Karim|title=Like a magnet|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/ecowas-has-made-considerable-progress-still-has-ample-room-improvement|work=D+C, Development and Cooperation}}</ref> A kwụsịtụrụ Mali na ECOWAS na 30 Mee 2021, na-esochi ọchịchị agha ya nke abụọ n'ime ọnwa itoolu..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/ecowas-suspends-mali-over-second-coup-in-nine-months|title=ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months|work=Al Jazeera|date=31 May 2021|accessdate=12 September 2021}}</ref> A kwụsịtụrụ Guinea na 8 Septemba 2021,obere oge ka ndị agha mechiri ọchịchị na mba ahụ .<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters"/>name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref> E tinyere ntaramahụhụ na mba abụọ ahụ na 16 Septemba.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Akorlie|author=Christian|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-meet-decide-guinea-after-coup-2021-09-16/|title=West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups|date=September 17, 2021|work=Reuters|accessdate=September 17, 2021}}</ref> Na 10 Jenụwarị 2022, Mali kwupụtara mkpebi ya imechi ókèala ya ma chetara ọtụtụ ndị nnọchi anya na ECOWAS na nzaghachi maka mmachibido iwu maka igbu oge ntuli aka ruo afọ anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AHMED|first=BABA|date=2022-01-10|title=Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mali-s-junta-deplores-new-sanctions-imposed-by-16763433.php|accessdate=2022-01-10|work=SFGATE|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 28 Jenụwarị 2022, a kwụsịtụrụ [[Burkina Faso]] na ECOWAS mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso's membership over coup|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220128-west-african-regional-bloc-suspends-burkina-faso-s-membership-over-coup|accessdate=28 January 2022|work=France 24|date=28 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> Niger, Mali na Burkina Faso kwuputara na ha ga-ahapụ ọgbakọ ahụ na Jenụwarị 28, 2024, ihe omume a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya kemgbe e guzobere ECOWAS, na-ebo ebubo karịsịa enweghị enyemaka site n'aka nzukọ ahụ n'ihu ọha egwu na ebubo na ọ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị. mmetụta nke ndị mba ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Brexit à l’africaine: la Cédéao ébranlée par le départ des pays sahéliens|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/aujourd-hui-l-%C3%A9conomie/20240129-brexit-%C3%A0-l-africaine-la-cedeao-%C3%A9branl%C3%A9e-par-le-d%C3%A9part-des-pays-sah%C3%A9liens|accessdate=29 January 2024|work=Radio France Internationale|date=29 January 2024|language=fr}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |+Mba ndị so na ECOWAS Mpaghara B ! scope="col" style="width:120px;" |Mba ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |Mpaghara (km2)<ref name="UNarea">{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf|title=Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density|date=2012|pages=1–2|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |Ndị bi na ya (ọtụtụ puku<ref name="WB2015pop">{{Cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/POP.pdf|title=Population 2015|date=16 December 2016|publisher=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br />) ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |{{Érèkọbalà|GDP (nominal)<br/>{{small|(millions USD)}}}} ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |{{Érèkọbalà|GDP (PPP)<br/>{{small|(millions intl.$)}}}} ! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Ego ! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Asụsụ gọọmentị<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | Benin | align="right" |114,763 | align="right" |10,880 | align="right" |8,291 | align="right" |22,377 | align="left" |[[West African CFA franc|CFA n'efu]] | align="left" |[[Asụsụ French|French]] |- ! scope="row" | Burkina Faso | align="right" |272,967 | align="right" |18,106 | align="right" |10,678 | align="right" |30,708 | align="left" |[[West African CFA franc|CFA n'efu]] | align="left" |[[Asụsụ French|French]] |- ! scope="row" | Ghana | align="right" |238,533 | align="right" |27,410 | align="right" |37,543 | align="right" |115,409 | align="left" |cedi | align="left" |[[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] |- ! scope="row" | Ivory Coast | align="right" |322,463 | align="right" |22,702 | align="right" |31,759 | align="right" |79,766 | align="left" |[[West African CFA franc|CFA n'efu]] | align="left" |[[Asụsụ French|French]] |- ! scope="row" | Niger | align="right" |1,267,000 | align="right" |19,899 | align="right" |7,143 | align="right" |19,013 | align="left" |[[West African CFA franc|CFA n'efu]] | align="left" |[[Asụsụ French|French]] |- ! scope="row" | Nigeria | align="right" |923,768 | align="right" |211,400 | align="right" |481,066 | align="right" |1,093,921 | align="left" |Naira | align="left" |[[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] |- ! scope="row" | Togo | align="right" |56,785 | align="right" |7,305 | align="right" |4,088 | align="right" |10,667 | align="left" |[[West African CFA franc|CFA n'efu]] | align="left" |[[Asụsụ French|French]] |- ! scope="row" |ECOWAS Mpaghara B | align="right" |'''3,196,279''' | align="right" |'''277,502''' | align="right" |'''580,568''' | align="right" |'''1,371,861''' | colspan="2" align="center" |— |} Na-ekpuchi mpaghara a maara dị ka "mgbatị ọchịchị," ECOWAS, kemgbe afọ 1990, agbalịwo ichebe mgbanwe mpaghara ahụ na-aga n'ihu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya megide mwakpo ọchịchị aka ike. Otú ọ dị, a kpọtụrụ otu ahụ aha maka nzaghachi na-adịghị ike na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na mbido afọ 2020, mgbe mba atọ so na ya tara ahụhụ - abụọ na Burkina Faso, abụọ na Mali, otu mgbalị na Niger, na otu na Guinea.<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">{{Cite news|first=Saliou|author=Samb|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/|title=West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry|date=September 9, 2021|work=Reuters|accessdate=September 9, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSambEbohInveen2021">Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). </cite></ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] sgcmxkjurpqpi5t7gwaqnws61fcgcwk Isabella Ford 0 27596 671092 116486 2026-07-02T10:09:48Z Akwugo 11031 /* Oge ọ malitere */ fixed reference error 671092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Isabella-Ford 1924.jpg|thumb|Isabella Ford]]   '''Isabella Ormston Ford''' (23 Mee 1855 - 14 Julaị 1924) bụ onye England na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha ma dee akwụkwọ nta banyere okwu ndị metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ igwe nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ na 1880s. Onye otu National Administrative Council nke Independent Labour Party, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Labour (nke ghọrọ British Labour Party). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Isabella Ford na 23 Mee 1855 na Headingley, Leeds, n'ebe ugwu England. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke Quakers Robert Lawson Ford na Hannah (née Pease). Nne ya bụ nwa nwanne nne nke abụọ nke abolitionist Elizabeth Pease Nichol na nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na onye nwe ala. Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ kụziiri Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị n'ụlọ, na-amụta ihe dịgasị iche iche ma na-asụ French na German nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Nne na nna ya kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ agbọghọ na East End nke Leeds, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref name=":0" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a nyere Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmasị na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ihu enyi ya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ụwa dị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị mụrụ ya siri ike, Isabella mere mkpọsa maka ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ndụ ya. === Òtù ndị ọrụ === N'afọ 1880, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị na-akwa ákwà na-eme mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; o nyeere ha aka ịmepụta òtù ọrụ aka ma tinye aka mgbe ha mere ngagharị iwe na 1889. N'afọ 1890-91, ya na ndị ọrụ si Manningham Mills na Bradford gara njem. N'ihi itinye aka ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leeds Trades and Labour Council. === Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya === O nyere aka chọta Leeds Independent Labour Party (ILP) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Leeds Tailoresses' Union. Nchegbu ya bụ nzukọ ndị ọrụ, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. O meriri ihere sitere n'okike ịghọ onye ọkà okwu ihu ọha nwere ahụmahụ, na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ndị ọrụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. O dere ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ, yana otu kọlụm na ''Leeds Forward''. N'afọ 1895, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl parish maka Adel cum Eccup na Leeds. N'afọ 1900, Ford lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya maka ILP, a họpụtakwara ya na National Administrative Council ruo afọ anọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana o chere na ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'afọ 1903, o kwuru okwu na nnọkọ kwa afọ nke Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Ndị Ọrụ (mgbe e mesịrị British Labour Party), ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ mere ya. Amamihe asụsụ Ford mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ ndị ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1924|title=Isabella Ormston Ford|pages=208–9|work=The Woman's Leader|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lan767nih|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> A gwakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu ma tụọ aro ka ọ bụrụ Lady Lord Mayor of Leeds, mana ọ jụrụ ime ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ === Ford kwadoro ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leneman, Leah|year=1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide vivisectionist ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke Leeds RSPCA.<ref>Kean, Hilda. (1998). </ref> N'afọ 1896, Ford bịanyere aka na mkpesa nke Humanitarian League megide vivisection.<ref>Helen Rappaport. (2001). </ref> === Ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu === Mgbe arụmụka ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu bụ Margaret Bondfield gasịrị n'afọ 1904, Sylvia Pankhurst kọwara Ford dị ka "nwaanyị dị ọcha, nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, nke ihu ya na okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara gburu n'elu ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ, nke ọdịdị ya yiri m ... dị obiọma ma dị omimi karịa nke onye iro ya na-eto eto". === Ịkwụsị Udo === Ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ ka Ford lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa maka udo. O nyere aka ịhazi nzukọ udo ụmụ nwanyị na 4 Ọgọstụ, 1914 (ụbọchị Britain banyere n'agha) na Kingsway Hall, na Leeds o guzobere alaka nke Women's International League na nke Women'S Peace Crusade.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Isabella Ford|url=https://menwhosaidno.org/context/women/ford_isabella.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=4 November 2020|title=Secret Library Leeds|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/unfinished-business-the-fight-for-womens-rights/mind/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ford na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Philip Snowden, onye edemede Ethel Snowden, Onye edemede Socialist Edward Carpenter, onye na-ede uri Walt Whitman, Josephine Butler, Millicent Fawcett na [[Olive Schreiner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọmitii mbụ nke Leeds Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751792692|title=Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923|date=2009|publisher=Orage Press|isbn=978-0-9544523-8-4|location=Mitcham|oclc=751792692}}</ref> Isabella nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma ma nyere nwanne ya nwanyị Bessie aka ịme kọntaktị egwu oge ochie n'efu maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Leeds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Bessie na Emily biri na Adel Grange, ụlọ Leeds nke ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. Isabella na Bessie nwekwara ụlọ na London ebe ha ga-anọ mgbe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Bessie Ford nwụrụ na 1919 ma ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwagara n'ụlọ nta a na-akpọ Adel Willows na 1922. Isabella Ford nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1924 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ọtụtụ ọnwa ma lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Adel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Nkwado mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == [[Usòrò:Adel_Grange_(39027958660).jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Adel Grange - Ebe obibi Isabella Ford]] Aha Ford na onyinyo ya, na nke ụmụ nwanyị 58 ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike nhọpụta, ka edere na ntọala nke ihe oyiyi nke Millicent Fawcett na Parliament Square, London nke a kpughere na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/|title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth|publisher=iNews|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Miss Blake nke Monkshalton'' (1890) * ''N'Okporo Ụzọ'' (1895) * ''Maazị Elliott'' (1901) * ''Akwụkwọ Nzuzo nke Ciara Loughlin'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2fcl1cpzq45eeofp5tfp2n8wwqna6yu 671097 671092 2026-07-02T10:11:35Z Akwugo 11031 /* Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya */ 671097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Isabella-Ford 1924.jpg|thumb|Isabella Ford]]   '''Isabella Ormston Ford''' (23 Mee 1855 - 14 Julaị 1924) bụ onye England na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha ma dee akwụkwọ nta banyere okwu ndị metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ igwe nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ na 1880s. Onye otu National Administrative Council nke Independent Labour Party, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Labour (nke ghọrọ British Labour Party). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Isabella Ford na 23 Mee 1855 na Headingley, Leeds, n'ebe ugwu England. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke Quakers Robert Lawson Ford na Hannah (née Pease). Nne ya bụ nwa nwanne nne nke abụọ nke abolitionist Elizabeth Pease Nichol na nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na onye nwe ala. Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ kụziiri Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị n'ụlọ, na-amụta ihe dịgasị iche iche ma na-asụ French na German nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Nne na nna ya kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ agbọghọ na East End nke Leeds, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref name=":0" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a nyere Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmasị na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ihu enyi ya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ụwa dị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị mụrụ ya siri ike, Isabella mere mkpọsa maka ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ndụ ya. === Òtù ndị ọrụ === N'afọ 1880, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị na-akwa ákwà na-eme mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; o nyeere ha aka ịmepụta òtù ọrụ aka ma tinye aka mgbe ha mere ngagharị iwe na 1889. N'afọ 1890-91, ya na ndị ọrụ si Manningham Mills na Bradford gara njem. N'ihi itinye aka ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leeds Trades and Labour Council. === Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya === O nyere aka chọta Leeds Independent Labour Party (ILP) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Leeds Tailoresses' Union. Nchegbu ya bụ nzukọ ndị ọrụ, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. O meriri ihere sitere n'okike ịghọ onye ọkà okwu ihu ọha nwere ahụmahụ, na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ndị ọrụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. O dere ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ, yana otu kọlụm na ''Leeds Forward''. N'afọ 1895, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl parish maka Adel cum Eccup na Leeds. N'afọ 1900, Ford lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya maka ILP, a họpụtakwara ya na National Administrative Council ruo afọ anọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana o chere na ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'afọ 1903, o kwuru okwu na nnọkọ kwa afọ nke Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Ndị Ọrụ (mgbe e mesịrị British Labour Party), ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ mere ya. Amamihe asụsụ Ford mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ ndị ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1924|title=Isabella Ormston Ford|pages=208–9|work=The Woman's Leader|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lan767nih|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> A gwakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu ma tụọ aro ka ọ bụrụ Lady Lord Mayor of Leeds, mana ọ jụrụ ime ya.<ref/> === Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ === Ford kwadoro ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leneman, Leah|year=1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide vivisectionist ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke Leeds RSPCA.<ref>Kean, Hilda. (1998). </ref> N'afọ 1896, Ford bịanyere aka na mkpesa nke Humanitarian League megide vivisection.<ref>Helen Rappaport. (2001). </ref> === Ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu === Mgbe arụmụka ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu bụ Margaret Bondfield gasịrị n'afọ 1904, Sylvia Pankhurst kọwara Ford dị ka "nwaanyị dị ọcha, nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, nke ihu ya na okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara gburu n'elu ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ, nke ọdịdị ya yiri m ... dị obiọma ma dị omimi karịa nke onye iro ya na-eto eto". === Ịkwụsị Udo === Ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ ka Ford lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa maka udo. O nyere aka ịhazi nzukọ udo ụmụ nwanyị na 4 Ọgọstụ, 1914 (ụbọchị Britain banyere n'agha) na Kingsway Hall, na Leeds o guzobere alaka nke Women's International League na nke Women'S Peace Crusade.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Isabella Ford|url=https://menwhosaidno.org/context/women/ford_isabella.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=4 November 2020|title=Secret Library Leeds|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/unfinished-business-the-fight-for-womens-rights/mind/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ford na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Philip Snowden, onye edemede Ethel Snowden, Onye edemede Socialist Edward Carpenter, onye na-ede uri Walt Whitman, Josephine Butler, Millicent Fawcett na [[Olive Schreiner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọmitii mbụ nke Leeds Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751792692|title=Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923|date=2009|publisher=Orage Press|isbn=978-0-9544523-8-4|location=Mitcham|oclc=751792692}}</ref> Isabella nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma ma nyere nwanne ya nwanyị Bessie aka ịme kọntaktị egwu oge ochie n'efu maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Leeds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Bessie na Emily biri na Adel Grange, ụlọ Leeds nke ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. Isabella na Bessie nwekwara ụlọ na London ebe ha ga-anọ mgbe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Bessie Ford nwụrụ na 1919 ma ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwagara n'ụlọ nta a na-akpọ Adel Willows na 1922. Isabella Ford nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1924 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ọtụtụ ọnwa ma lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Adel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Nkwado mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == [[Usòrò:Adel_Grange_(39027958660).jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Adel Grange - Ebe obibi Isabella Ford]] Aha Ford na onyinyo ya, na nke ụmụ nwanyị 58 ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike nhọpụta, ka edere na ntọala nke ihe oyiyi nke Millicent Fawcett na Parliament Square, London nke a kpughere na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/|title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth|publisher=iNews|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Miss Blake nke Monkshalton'' (1890) * ''N'Okporo Ụzọ'' (1895) * ''Maazị Elliott'' (1901) * ''Akwụkwọ Nzuzo nke Ciara Loughlin'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 50bnf7vvj2bznva8hvnm9i0y1rcm5bo 671101 671097 2026-07-02T10:12:32Z Akwugo 11031 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/671097|671097]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]]) 671101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Isabella-Ford 1924.jpg|thumb|Isabella Ford]]   '''Isabella Ormston Ford''' (23 Mee 1855 - 14 Julaị 1924) bụ onye England na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha ma dee akwụkwọ nta banyere okwu ndị metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ igwe nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ na 1880s. Onye otu National Administrative Council nke Independent Labour Party, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Labour (nke ghọrọ British Labour Party). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Isabella Ford na 23 Mee 1855 na Headingley, Leeds, n'ebe ugwu England. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke Quakers Robert Lawson Ford na Hannah (née Pease). Nne ya bụ nwa nwanne nne nke abụọ nke abolitionist Elizabeth Pease Nichol na nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na onye nwe ala. Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ kụziiri Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị n'ụlọ, na-amụta ihe dịgasị iche iche ma na-asụ French na German nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Nne na nna ya kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ agbọghọ na East End nke Leeds, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref name=":0" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a nyere Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmasị na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ihu enyi ya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ụwa dị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị mụrụ ya siri ike, Isabella mere mkpọsa maka ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ndụ ya. === Òtù ndị ọrụ === N'afọ 1880, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị na-akwa ákwà na-eme mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; o nyeere ha aka ịmepụta òtù ọrụ aka ma tinye aka mgbe ha mere ngagharị iwe na 1889. N'afọ 1890-91, ya na ndị ọrụ si Manningham Mills na Bradford gara njem. N'ihi itinye aka ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leeds Trades and Labour Council. === Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya === O nyere aka chọta Leeds Independent Labour Party (ILP) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Leeds Tailoresses' Union. Nchegbu ya bụ nzukọ ndị ọrụ, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. O meriri ihere sitere n'okike ịghọ onye ọkà okwu ihu ọha nwere ahụmahụ, na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ndị ọrụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. O dere ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ, yana otu kọlụm na ''Leeds Forward''. N'afọ 1895, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl parish maka Adel cum Eccup na Leeds. N'afọ 1900, Ford lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya maka ILP, a họpụtakwara ya na National Administrative Council ruo afọ anọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana o chere na ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'afọ 1903, o kwuru okwu na nnọkọ kwa afọ nke Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Ndị Ọrụ (mgbe e mesịrị British Labour Party), ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ mere ya. Amamihe asụsụ Ford mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ ndị ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1924|title=Isabella Ormston Ford|pages=208–9|work=The Woman's Leader|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lan767nih|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> A gwakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu ma tụọ aro ka ọ bụrụ Lady Lord Mayor of Leeds, mana ọ jụrụ ime ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ === Ford kwadoro ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leneman, Leah|year=1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide vivisectionist ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke Leeds RSPCA.<ref>Kean, Hilda. (1998). </ref> N'afọ 1896, Ford bịanyere aka na mkpesa nke Humanitarian League megide vivisection.<ref>Helen Rappaport. (2001). </ref> === Ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu === Mgbe arụmụka ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu bụ Margaret Bondfield gasịrị n'afọ 1904, Sylvia Pankhurst kọwara Ford dị ka "nwaanyị dị ọcha, nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, nke ihu ya na okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara gburu n'elu ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ, nke ọdịdị ya yiri m ... dị obiọma ma dị omimi karịa nke onye iro ya na-eto eto". === Ịkwụsị Udo === Ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ ka Ford lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa maka udo. O nyere aka ịhazi nzukọ udo ụmụ nwanyị na 4 Ọgọstụ, 1914 (ụbọchị Britain banyere n'agha) na Kingsway Hall, na Leeds o guzobere alaka nke Women's International League na nke Women'S Peace Crusade.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Isabella Ford|url=https://menwhosaidno.org/context/women/ford_isabella.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=4 November 2020|title=Secret Library Leeds|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/unfinished-business-the-fight-for-womens-rights/mind/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ford na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Philip Snowden, onye edemede Ethel Snowden, Onye edemede Socialist Edward Carpenter, onye na-ede uri Walt Whitman, Josephine Butler, Millicent Fawcett na [[Olive Schreiner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọmitii mbụ nke Leeds Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751792692|title=Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923|date=2009|publisher=Orage Press|isbn=978-0-9544523-8-4|location=Mitcham|oclc=751792692}}</ref> Isabella nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma ma nyere nwanne ya nwanyị Bessie aka ịme kọntaktị egwu oge ochie n'efu maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Leeds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Bessie na Emily biri na Adel Grange, ụlọ Leeds nke ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. Isabella na Bessie nwekwara ụlọ na London ebe ha ga-anọ mgbe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Bessie Ford nwụrụ na 1919 ma ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwagara n'ụlọ nta a na-akpọ Adel Willows na 1922. Isabella Ford nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1924 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ọtụtụ ọnwa ma lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Adel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Nkwado mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == [[Usòrò:Adel_Grange_(39027958660).jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Adel Grange - Ebe obibi Isabella Ford]] Aha Ford na onyinyo ya, na nke ụmụ nwanyị 58 ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike nhọpụta, ka edere na ntọala nke ihe oyiyi nke Millicent Fawcett na Parliament Square, London nke a kpughere na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/|title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth|publisher=iNews|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Miss Blake nke Monkshalton'' (1890) * ''N'Okporo Ụzọ'' (1895) * ''Maazị Elliott'' (1901) * ''Akwụkwọ Nzuzo nke Ciara Loughlin'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2fcl1cpzq45eeofp5tfp2n8wwqna6yu 671102 671101 2026-07-02T10:13:10Z Akwugo 11031 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/671092|671092]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]]) 671102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Isabella-Ford 1924.jpg|thumb|Isabella Ford]]   '''Isabella Ormston Ford''' (23 Mee 1855 - 14 Julaị 1924) bụ onye England na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha ma dee akwụkwọ nta banyere okwu ndị metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ igwe nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ na 1880s. Onye otu National Administrative Council nke Independent Labour Party, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Labour (nke ghọrọ British Labour Party). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Isabella Ford na 23 Mee 1855 na Headingley, Leeds, n'ebe ugwu England. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke Quakers Robert Lawson Ford na Hannah (née Pease). Nne ya bụ nwa nwanne nne nke abụọ nke abolitionist Elizabeth Pease Nichol na nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na onye nwe ala. Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ kụziiri Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị n'ụlọ, na-amụta ihe dịgasị iche iche ma na-asụ French na German nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Nne na nna ya kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ agbọghọ na East End nke Leeds, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref name=":0" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a nyere Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmasị na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ihu enyi ya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ụwa dị mma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị mụrụ ya siri ike, Isabella mere mkpọsa maka ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ndụ ya. === Òtù ndị ọrụ === N'afọ 1880, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị na-akwa ákwà na-eme mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; o nyeere ha aka ịmepụta òtù ọrụ aka ma tinye aka mgbe ha mere ngagharị iwe na 1889. N'afọ 1890-91, ya na ndị ọrụ si Manningham Mills na Bradford gara njem. N'ihi itinye aka ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leeds Trades and Labour Council. === Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya === O nyere aka chọta Leeds Independent Labour Party (ILP) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Leeds Tailoresses' Union. Nchegbu ya bụ nzukọ ndị ọrụ, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. O meriri ihere sitere n'okike ịghọ onye ọkà okwu ihu ọha nwere ahụmahụ, na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ndị ọrụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. O dere ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ, yana otu kọlụm na ''Leeds Forward''. N'afọ 1895, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl parish maka Adel cum Eccup na Leeds. N'afọ 1900, Ford lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya maka ILP, a họpụtakwara ya na National Administrative Council ruo afọ anọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana o chere na ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'afọ 1903, o kwuru okwu na nnọkọ kwa afọ nke Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Ndị Ọrụ (mgbe e mesịrị British Labour Party), ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ mere ya. Amamihe asụsụ Ford mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ ndị ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1924|title=Isabella Ormston Ford|pages=208–9|work=The Woman's Leader|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lan767nih|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> A gwakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu ma tụọ aro ka ọ bụrụ Lady Lord Mayor of Leeds, mana ọ jụrụ ime ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ === Ford kwadoro ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leneman, Leah|year=1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide vivisectionist ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke Leeds RSPCA.<ref>Kean, Hilda. (1998). </ref> N'afọ 1896, Ford bịanyere aka na mkpesa nke Humanitarian League megide vivisection.<ref>Helen Rappaport. (2001). </ref> === Ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu === Mgbe arụmụka ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu bụ Margaret Bondfield gasịrị n'afọ 1904, Sylvia Pankhurst kọwara Ford dị ka "nwaanyị dị ọcha, nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, nke ihu ya na okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara gburu n'elu ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ, nke ọdịdị ya yiri m ... dị obiọma ma dị omimi karịa nke onye iro ya na-eto eto". === Ịkwụsị Udo === Ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ ka Ford lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa maka udo. O nyere aka ịhazi nzukọ udo ụmụ nwanyị na 4 Ọgọstụ, 1914 (ụbọchị Britain banyere n'agha) na Kingsway Hall, na Leeds o guzobere alaka nke Women's International League na nke Women'S Peace Crusade.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Isabella Ford|url=https://menwhosaidno.org/context/women/ford_isabella.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=4 November 2020|title=Secret Library Leeds|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/unfinished-business-the-fight-for-womens-rights/mind/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ford na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Philip Snowden, onye edemede Ethel Snowden, Onye edemede Socialist Edward Carpenter, onye na-ede uri Walt Whitman, Josephine Butler, Millicent Fawcett na [[Olive Schreiner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọmitii mbụ nke Leeds Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751792692|title=Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923|date=2009|publisher=Orage Press|isbn=978-0-9544523-8-4|location=Mitcham|oclc=751792692}}</ref> Isabella nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma ma nyere nwanne ya nwanyị Bessie aka ịme kọntaktị egwu oge ochie n'efu maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Leeds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Bessie na Emily biri na Adel Grange, ụlọ Leeds nke ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. Isabella na Bessie nwekwara ụlọ na London ebe ha ga-anọ mgbe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Bessie Ford nwụrụ na 1919 ma ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwagara n'ụlọ nta a na-akpọ Adel Willows na 1922. Isabella Ford nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1924 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ọtụtụ ọnwa ma lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Adel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Nkwado mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == [[Usòrò:Adel_Grange_(39027958660).jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Adel Grange - Ebe obibi Isabella Ford]] Aha Ford na onyinyo ya, na nke ụmụ nwanyị 58 ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike nhọpụta, ka edere na ntọala nke ihe oyiyi nke Millicent Fawcett na Parliament Square, London nke a kpughere na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/|title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth|publisher=iNews|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Miss Blake nke Monkshalton'' (1890) * ''N'Okporo Ụzọ'' (1895) * ''Maazị Elliott'' (1901) * ''Akwụkwọ Nzuzo nke Ciara Loughlin'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nl4dqzke0v43pj2qx38zcw3vln7bwe6 671316 671102 2026-07-02T11:57:13Z Akwugo 11031 /* Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya */ Fixed reference error 671316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Isabella-Ford 1924.jpg|thumb|Isabella Ford]]   '''Isabella Ormston Ford''' (23 Mee 1855 - 14 Julaị 1924) bụ onye England na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha ma dee akwụkwọ nta banyere okwu ndị metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ichegbu onwe ya banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ igwe nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ na 1880s. Onye otu National Administrative Council nke Independent Labour Party, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Labour (nke ghọrọ British Labour Party). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Isabella Ford na 23 Mee 1855 na Headingley, Leeds, n'ebe ugwu England. Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke Quakers Robert Lawson Ford na Hannah (née Pease). Nne ya bụ nwa nwanne nne nke abụọ nke abolitionist Elizabeth Pease Nichol na nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na onye nwe ala. Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ kụziiri Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị n'ụlọ, na-amụta ihe dịgasị iche iche ma na-asụ French na German nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Nne na nna ya kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị maka ụmụ agbọghọ na East End nke Leeds, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref name=":0" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a nyere Ford na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmasị na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ihu enyi ya na ọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ụwa dị mma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị mụrụ ya siri ike, Isabella mere mkpọsa maka ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ndụ ya. === Òtù ndị ọrụ === N'afọ 1880, Ford sonyeere òtù ndị ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị na-akwa ákwà na-eme mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; o nyeere ha aka ịmepụta òtù ọrụ aka ma tinye aka mgbe ha mere ngagharị iwe na 1889. N'afọ 1890-91, ya na ndị ọrụ si Manningham Mills na Bradford gara njem. N'ihi itinye aka ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leeds Trades and Labour Council. === Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Onwe Ya === O nyere aka chọta Leeds Independent Labour Party (ILP) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Leeds Tailoresses' Union. Nchegbu ya bụ nzukọ ndị ọrụ, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. O meriri ihere sitere n'okike ịghọ onye ọkà okwu ihu ọha nwere ahụmahụ, na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ metụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ndị ọrụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. O dere ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ, yana otu kọlụm na ''Leeds Forward''. N'afọ 1895, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl parish maka Adel cum Eccup na Leeds. N'afọ 1900, Ford lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya maka ILP, a họpụtakwara ya na National Administrative Council ruo afọ anọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=15 July 1924|title=Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage|pages=9|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009|accessdate=9 May 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19240715/195/0009 "Yorkshire Pioneer of Woman Suffrage"]. </cite></ref> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana o chere na ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'afọ 1903, o kwuru okwu na nnọkọ kwa afọ nke Kọmitii Na-anọchite anya Ndị Ọrụ (mgbe e mesịrị British Labour Party), ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ mere ya. Amamihe asụsụ Ford mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ ndị ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1924|title=Isabella Ormston Ford|pages=208–9|work=The Woman's Leader|url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lan767nih|accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref> A gwakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu ma tụọ aro ka ọ bụrụ Lady Lord Mayor of Leeds, mana ọ jụrụ ime ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ === Ford kwadoro ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leneman, Leah|year=1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|journal=[[Women's History Review]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide vivisectionist ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke Leeds RSPCA.<ref>Kean, Hilda. (1998). </ref> N'afọ 1896, Ford bịanyere aka na mkpesa nke Humanitarian League megide vivisection.<ref>Helen Rappaport. (2001). </ref> === Ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu === Mgbe arụmụka ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu bụ Margaret Bondfield gasịrị n'afọ 1904, Sylvia Pankhurst kọwara Ford dị ka "nwaanyị dị ọcha, nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, nke ihu ya na okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara gburu n'elu ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ, nke ọdịdị ya yiri m ... dị obiọma ma dị omimi karịa nke onye iro ya na-eto eto". === Ịkwụsị Udo === Ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ ka Ford lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa maka udo. O nyere aka ịhazi nzukọ udo ụmụ nwanyị na 4 Ọgọstụ, 1914 (ụbọchị Britain banyere n'agha) na Kingsway Hall, na Leeds o guzobere alaka nke Women's International League na nke Women'S Peace Crusade.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Isabella Ford|url=https://menwhosaidno.org/context/women/ford_isabella.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=4 November 2020|title=Secret Library Leeds|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/unfinished-business-the-fight-for-womens-rights/mind/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ford na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Philip Snowden, onye edemede Ethel Snowden, Onye edemede Socialist Edward Carpenter, onye na-ede uri Walt Whitman, Josephine Butler, Millicent Fawcett na [[Olive Schreiner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọmitii mbụ nke Leeds Arts Club.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Steele|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/751792692|title=Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923|date=2009|publisher=Orage Press|isbn=978-0-9544523-8-4|location=Mitcham|oclc=751792692}}</ref> Isabella nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ma bụrụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma ma nyere nwanne ya nwanyị Bessie aka ịme kọntaktị egwu oge ochie n'efu maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Leeds.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Bessie na Emily biri na Adel Grange, ụlọ Leeds nke ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. Isabella na Bessie nwekwara ụlọ na London ebe ha ga-anọ mgbe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hannam|first=June|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18960041|title=Isabella Ford|date=1989|publisher=Basil Blackwell|isbn=0-631-15068-4|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=18960041}}</ref> Bessie Ford nwụrụ na 1919 ma ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwagara n'ụlọ nta a na-akpọ Adel Willows na 1922. Isabella Ford nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1924 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ọtụtụ ọnwa ma lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Adel.<ref name=":1" /> == Nkwado mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == [[Usòrò:Adel_Grange_(39027958660).jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Adel Grange - Ebe obibi Isabella Ford]] Aha Ford na onyinyo ya, na nke ụmụ nwanyị 58 ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike nhọpụta, ka edere na ntọala nke ihe oyiyi nke Millicent Fawcett na Parliament Square, London nke a kpughere na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/|title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth|publisher=iNews|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Miss Blake nke Monkshalton'' (1890) * ''N'Okporo Ụzọ'' (1895) * ''Maazị Elliott'' (1901) * ''Akwụkwọ Nzuzo nke Ciara Loughlin'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] msvgdt2b5wax9oblxmkj1vzxdvwjhmr Mkpịsị ugodi Malawi 0 27824 671308 114748 2026-07-02T11:53:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Mastacembelus shiranus.jpg|image_caption=The "Rosette" type, possibly a variant of ''A. shiranus'' or an [[undescribed species]]<ref name=Konings/><ref name=Oliver/>|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |author3=Vreven, E. |date=2018 |title=''Mastacembelus shiranus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T61187A47239346 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61187A47239346.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Mastacembelus shiranus|authority=[[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1896|synonyms=*''Aethiomastacembelus shiranus'' {{small|(Günther, 1896)}} *''Afromastacembelus shiranus'' {{small|(Günther, 1896)}}|synonyms_ref=<ref name = Fishbase>{{Fishbase|Mastacembelus|shiranus|month=August|year=2019}}</ref>}} {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |Malawi spinyeel |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Mastacembelus_shiranus.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |The "Rosette" type, possibly a variant of ''A. shiranus'' or an [[undescribed species]]<ref name="Konings">[[Ad Konings|Konings, Ad]] (1990). ''Ad Konings' Book of Cichlids and all the other Fishes of Lake Malawi,'' pp. 473—476. {{ISBN|978-0866225274}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0866225274|978-0866225274]].</ref><ref name="Oliver">Oliver, M.K: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230617080927/https://malawicichlids.com/mw11031.htm Aethiomastacembelus sp. "Rosette".] MalawiCichlids. Retrieved 11 April 2017.</ref> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Least Concern]] <small>&nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKonings,_A.Kazembe,_J.Vreven,_E.2018">Konings, A.; Kazembe, J.; Vreven, E. (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61187/47239346 "''Mastacembelus shiranus''"]. ''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.T61187A47239346. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61187A47239346.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61187A47239346.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref></small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Mastacembelus|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Animal|Animalia]] |- |Phylum: |[[Chordate|Chordata]] |- |Class: |[[Actinopterygii]] |- |Order: |[[Synbranchiformes]] |- |Family: |[[Mastacembelidae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Mastacembelus]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''M.&nbsp;shiranus'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Mastacembelus shiranus''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1896</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]<ref name="Fishbase">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). [http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Mastacembelus&speciesname=shiranus "''Mastacembelus shiranus''<span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>] in [[FishBase]]. August 2019 version.</ref> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | * ''Aethiomastacembelus shiranus'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(Günther, 1896)</span> * ''Afromastacembelus shiranus'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(Günther, 1896)</span> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] Malawi spinyeel (''Mastacembelus shiranus'') bụ ụdị [[Fish|azụ]] dị n'ezinụlọ Mastacembelidae sitere na Africa. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọdọ mmiri Malawi, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya, ọdọ mmiri Malombe na ala Osimiri Shire.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021"/> Ọ bụ naanị ụdị spinyeel akọwapụtara na Lake Malawi, mana ụdị dị iche iche, ''Mastacembelus'' sp. A makwaara "Rosette". Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ụdị Malawi spinyeel ma ọ bụ ụdị a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="Konings" /><ref name="Oliver"/> Malawi spinyeel na-eru ihe dị ka 30 cm (12 in) n'ogologo, ma eleghị anya na-eri anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na obere azụ.<ref name="Konings" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 1dxr4v6g77v62bv8fl6kicmeuwyy118 Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ 0 27999 671234 115762 2026-07-02T11:13:08Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Visual impairment|synonyms=Vision impairment, vision loss|image=Long cane.jpg{{!}}alt=Long cane, white with a red band|image_size=120px|caption=A [[white cane]], the international symbol of blindness|field=[[Ophthalmology]]|symptoms=Decreased ability to [[visual perception|see]]<ref name=CDC2011/>|complications=[[Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder]], [[falls in older adults]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, Deriy LV, Thomas SM, Sharkey KM | title = Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1199–236 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26414986 | pmc = 4582061 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.5100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blaylock |first1=SE |last2=Vogtle |first2=LK |title=Falls prevention interventions for older adults with low vision: A scoping review |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy |date=June 2017 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1177/0008417417711460 |pmid=28730900|s2cid=7567143 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=Uncorrected [[refractive errors]], [[cataract]]s, [[glaucoma]]|risks=|diagnosis=[[Eye examination]]<ref name=CDC2011/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Vision rehabilitation]], changes in the environment, assistive devices ([[eyeglasses]], [[white cane]])<ref name=CDC2011/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=940 million / 13% (2015)|deaths=}} [[Usòrò:Hyperopia.gif|thumb|Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ]] Mmebi a na-ahụ anya, nke a makwaara dị ka mmebi ọhụụ, bụ nkọwa ahụike nke a tụlere n'ụzọ bụ isi na-adabere na nhụta anya nke ọma nke mmadụ; na enweghị ọgwụgwọ dịka anya na-edozi anya, ngwaọrụ enyemaka, na ọgwụgwọ ahụike - mmerụ ahụ anya nwere ike ime ka onye ahụ nwee nsogbu na ọrụ nkịtị kwa ụbọchị gụnyere ịgụ na ịga ije. Ọhụụ dị ala bụ nkọwa na-arụ ọrụ nke adịghị ahụ anya nke na-adịghị ala ala, nke na-adịghị edozi ya site na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ anya anya edoziziri, na-emetụta ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka enwere ike iji ọhụụ dị ala dị ka metrik nkwarụ ma dị iche dabere na ahụmịhe mmadụ, ihe ndị chọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe obibi, na ịnweta ọrụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ American Academy of Ophthalmology na-akọwa nhụjuanya anya dị ka ihe na-edozi anya kachasị mma nke na-erughị 20/40 na anya ka mma, na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-akọwa ya dị ka ihe na-egosi acuity nke na-erughị 6/12 na anya ka mma. A na-eji okwu kpuru ìsì eme ihe maka mfu ọhụụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke. Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-adịgide adịgide, nhụjuanya ọhụụ na-adịru nwa oge, amaurosis fugax, nwere ike ime, ma nwee ike igosi nsogbu ahụike siri ike. A na-eji mbiri nke VIP mgbe ụfọdụ maka mmadụ, ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ. Ihe na-ebutekarị adịghị ahụ anya n'ụwa niile bụ njehie ntugharị na-emezigharịghị (43%), cataracts (33%) na glaucoma (2%). Njehie ndị na-atụgharị uche gụnyere anya nso nso, anya dị anya, presbyopia, na astigmatism. Cataracts bụ ihe na-akpatakarị ìsì. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu a na-ahụ anya na-agụnye mmebi macular degeneration nke afọ, ọrịa retinopathy na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ígwé ojii nke corneal, ìsì nwata, na ọtụtụ ọrịa. A nwekwara ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ anya site na nsogbu dị n'ụbụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok, ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ, na ndị ọzọ. A maara ikpe ndị a dị ka mmebi anya cortical. Nyocha maka nsogbu ọhụụ n'ime ụmụaka nwere ike imeziwanye ọhụụ na mmezu mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Nyochaa ndị okenye na-enweghị mgbaàmà bụ uru na-ejighị n'aka. Nchọpụta bụ site na nyocha anya. == Nhazi == [[Usòrò:Snellen_chart.svg|alt=Snellen chart, featuring lines of letters of decreasing size|thumb|Chaatị Snellen a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nnwale anya]] * Ụdị 0: Enweghị ma ọ bụ obere nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya karịa 6/18 * Nkebi nke 1: Ọdịda anya dị nro - na-egosi ịdị nkọ anya dị njọ karịa 6/18 ma dị mma karịa 6/60 * Nkebi nke 2: Nnukwu nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 6/60 ma dị mma karịa 3/60 * Ụdị nke 3: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi anya dị njọ karịa 3/60 ma dị mma karịa 1/60 * Ụdị nke anọ: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 1/60 na nghọta ìhè * Ụdị nke ise: Ikpu ìsì - ikpu ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na-enweghị nghọta ìhè * Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ anya dị njọ karịa N6 ma ọ bụ M.08 na 40 cm. === United Kingdom === * A na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere ike ịhụ ihe n'etiti nke na-erughị 3/60 na mpaghara ọhụụ nkịtị, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mgbochi anya. * Enweghị ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft) ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ). Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Enwere ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft), mana ọ bụghị na mita 6 (20 ), ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ) * Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ siri ike site na data ndebanye aha, ọ na-esikwa ike ịkọwapụta mgbasa ya. Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Ịhụ ụzọ nke na-erughị 6/18 mana karịa 3/60. * Enweghị ike ịkwọ ụgbọala ma nwee ike isi ike ịmata ihu gafee okporo ámá, na-ekiri telivishọn, ma ọ bụ na-ahọrọ uwe dị ọcha, nke na-enweghị ntụpọ, nke a haziri ahazi.<ref>Cupples, M., Hart, P., Johnston, A., & Jackson, A. (2011) Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness [[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]]</ref> # Ndị nọ n'okpuru 3/60 (nke ya na 20/400 na akara US) Snellen (ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'elu 3/60 nwere nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ nke ukwuu). # Ndị ka mma karịa 3/60 mana n'okpuru 6/60 Snellen (ndị nwere naanị ebe ọhụụ dị mkpirikpi). # Ndị 6/60 Snellen ma ọ bụ karịa (ndị nọ n'ìgwè a nwere mpaghara ọhụụ nkwekọrịta karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na nkwekọrịta ahụ dị n'akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ahụ). === United States === * Anya na-egosi ụdị nsogbu anya, na mkpa mmadụ inweta agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. * Ịhụ ụzọ dị ala n'ozuzu ya na-ezo aka na nkwarụ anya siri ike, ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụzọ dị anya. Obere anya na-emetụta ndị niile na-adịghị ahụ anya na-enweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ebe dị anya, ọbụlagodi site n'enyemaka nke enyo anya ma ọ bụ anya anya. Ha na-eji ngwakọta nke ọhụụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ iji mụta ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe na ọkụ ma ọ bụ nha nke mbipụta, na, mgbe ụfọdụ, Braille. * ''Ikpe ìsì'' na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ihe na-erughị 20/200 anya n'anya ka mma mgbe edozichara ya nke ọma (lens ma ọ bụ enyo anya), ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọhụụ nke ihe na-adịghị ka 20 degrees n'anya kacha mma. * Ụmụ akwụkwọ kpuru ìsì na-amụta site na Braille ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụ anya.   === Mmebi ọhụụ nwa oge === == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ịrụ ọrụ izugbe === pdet6picq1gx6dabr4rl973wx8cfh41 671239 671234 2026-07-02T11:16:05Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Visual impairment|synonyms=Vision impairment, vision loss|image=Long cane.jpg{{!}}alt=Long cane, white with a red band|image_size=120px|caption=A [[white cane]], the international symbol of blindness|field=[[Ophthalmology]]|symptoms=Decreased ability to [[visual perception|see]]<ref name=CDC2011/>|complications=[[Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder]], [[falls in older adults]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, Deriy LV, Thomas SM, Sharkey KM | title = Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1199–236 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26414986 | pmc = 4582061 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.5100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blaylock |first1=SE |last2=Vogtle |first2=LK |title=Falls prevention interventions for older adults with low vision: A scoping review |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy |date=June 2017 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1177/0008417417711460 |pmid=28730900|s2cid=7567143 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=Uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma|risks=|diagnosis=Eye examination|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Vision rehabilitation, changes in the environment, assistive devices (eyeglasses, white cane)|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=940 million / 13% (2015)|deaths=}} [[Usòrò:Hyperopia.gif|thumb|Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ]] Mmebi a na-ahụ anya, nke a makwaara dị ka mmebi ọhụụ, bụ nkọwa ahụike nke a tụlere n'ụzọ bụ isi na-adabere na nhụta anya nke ọma nke mmadụ; na enweghị ọgwụgwọ dịka anya na-edozi anya, ngwaọrụ enyemaka, na ọgwụgwọ ahụike - mmerụ ahụ anya nwere ike ime ka onye ahụ nwee nsogbu na ọrụ nkịtị kwa ụbọchị gụnyere ịgụ na ịga ije. Ọhụụ dị ala bụ nkọwa na-arụ ọrụ nke adịghị ahụ anya nke na-adịghị ala ala, nke na-adịghị edozi ya site na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ anya anya edoziziri, na-emetụta ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka enwere ike iji ọhụụ dị ala dị ka metrik nkwarụ ma dị iche dabere na ahụmịhe mmadụ, ihe ndị chọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe obibi, na ịnweta ọrụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ American Academy of Ophthalmology na-akọwa nhụjuanya anya dị ka ihe na-edozi anya kachasị mma nke na-erughị 20/40 na anya ka mma, na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-akọwa ya dị ka ihe na-egosi acuity nke na-erughị 6/12 na anya ka mma. A na-eji okwu kpuru ìsì eme ihe maka mfu ọhụụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke. Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-adịgide adịgide, nhụjuanya ọhụụ na-adịru nwa oge, amaurosis fugax, nwere ike ime, ma nwee ike igosi nsogbu ahụike siri ike. A na-eji mbiri nke VIP mgbe ụfọdụ maka mmadụ, ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ. Ihe na-ebutekarị adịghị ahụ anya n'ụwa niile bụ njehie ntugharị na-emezigharịghị (43%), cataracts (33%) na glaucoma (2%). Njehie ndị na-atụgharị uche gụnyere anya nso nso, anya dị anya, presbyopia, na astigmatism. Cataracts bụ ihe na-akpatakarị ìsì. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu a na-ahụ anya na-agụnye mmebi macular degeneration nke afọ, ọrịa retinopathy na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ígwé ojii nke corneal, ìsì nwata, na ọtụtụ ọrịa. A nwekwara ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ anya site na nsogbu dị n'ụbụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok, ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ, na ndị ọzọ. A maara ikpe ndị a dị ka mmebi anya cortical. Nyocha maka nsogbu ọhụụ n'ime ụmụaka nwere ike imeziwanye ọhụụ na mmezu mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Nyochaa ndị okenye na-enweghị mgbaàmà bụ uru na-ejighị n'aka. Nchọpụta bụ site na nyocha anya. == Nhazi == [[Usòrò:Snellen_chart.svg|alt=Snellen chart, featuring lines of letters of decreasing size|thumb|Chaatị Snellen a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nnwale anya]] * Ụdị 0: Enweghị ma ọ bụ obere nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya karịa 6/18 * Nkebi nke 1: Ọdịda anya dị nro - na-egosi ịdị nkọ anya dị njọ karịa 6/18 ma dị mma karịa 6/60 * Nkebi nke 2: Nnukwu nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 6/60 ma dị mma karịa 3/60 * Ụdị nke 3: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi anya dị njọ karịa 3/60 ma dị mma karịa 1/60 * Ụdị nke anọ: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 1/60 na nghọta ìhè * Ụdị nke ise: Ikpu ìsì - ikpu ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na-enweghị nghọta ìhè * Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ anya dị njọ karịa N6 ma ọ bụ M.08 na 40 cm. === United Kingdom === * A na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere ike ịhụ ihe n'etiti nke na-erughị 3/60 na mpaghara ọhụụ nkịtị, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mgbochi anya. * Enweghị ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft) ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ). Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Enwere ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft), mana ọ bụghị na mita 6 (20 ), ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ) * Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ siri ike site na data ndebanye aha, ọ na-esikwa ike ịkọwapụta mgbasa ya. Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Ịhụ ụzọ nke na-erughị 6/18 mana karịa 3/60. * Enweghị ike ịkwọ ụgbọala ma nwee ike isi ike ịmata ihu gafee okporo ámá, na-ekiri telivishọn, ma ọ bụ na-ahọrọ uwe dị ọcha, nke na-enweghị ntụpọ, nke a haziri ahazi.<ref>Cupples, M., Hart, P., Johnston, A., & Jackson, A. (2011) Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness [[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]]</ref> # Ndị nọ n'okpuru 3/60 (nke ya na 20/400 na akara US) Snellen (ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'elu 3/60 nwere nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ nke ukwuu). # Ndị ka mma karịa 3/60 mana n'okpuru 6/60 Snellen (ndị nwere naanị ebe ọhụụ dị mkpirikpi). # Ndị 6/60 Snellen ma ọ bụ karịa (ndị nọ n'ìgwè a nwere mpaghara ọhụụ nkwekọrịta karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na nkwekọrịta ahụ dị n'akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ahụ). === United States === * Anya na-egosi ụdị nsogbu anya, na mkpa mmadụ inweta agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. * Ịhụ ụzọ dị ala n'ozuzu ya na-ezo aka na nkwarụ anya siri ike, ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụzọ dị anya. Obere anya na-emetụta ndị niile na-adịghị ahụ anya na-enweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ebe dị anya, ọbụlagodi site n'enyemaka nke enyo anya ma ọ bụ anya anya. Ha na-eji ngwakọta nke ọhụụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ iji mụta ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe na ọkụ ma ọ bụ nha nke mbipụta, na, mgbe ụfọdụ, Braille. * ''Ikpe ìsì'' na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ihe na-erughị 20/200 anya n'anya ka mma mgbe edozichara ya nke ọma (lens ma ọ bụ enyo anya), ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọhụụ nke ihe na-adịghị ka 20 degrees n'anya kacha mma. * Ụmụ akwụkwọ kpuru ìsì na-amụta site na Braille ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụ anya.   === Mmebi ọhụụ nwa oge === == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ịrụ ọrụ izugbe === h7o5knhxvrlct2oe3437k7uq7l9wt5k 671241 671239 2026-07-02T11:17:35Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Visual impairment|synonyms=Vision impairment, vision loss|image=Long cane.jpg{{!}}alt=Long cane, white with a red band|image_size=120px|caption=A white cane, the international symbol of blindness|field=Ophthalmology|symptoms=Decreased ability to visual perception|complications=Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder, falls in older adults<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, Deriy LV, Thomas SM, Sharkey KM | title = Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1199–236 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26414986 | pmc = 4582061 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.5100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blaylock |first1=SE |last2=Vogtle |first2=LK |title=Falls prevention interventions for older adults with low vision: A scoping review |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy |date=June 2017 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1177/0008417417711460 |pmid=28730900|s2cid=7567143 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=Uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma|risks=|diagnosis=Eye examination|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Vision rehabilitation, changes in the environment, assistive devices (eyeglasses, white cane)|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=940 million / 13% (2015)|deaths=}} [[Usòrò:Hyperopia.gif|thumb|Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ]] Mmebi a na-ahụ anya, nke a makwaara dị ka mmebi ọhụụ, bụ nkọwa ahụike nke a tụlere n'ụzọ bụ isi na-adabere na nhụta anya nke ọma nke mmadụ; na enweghị ọgwụgwọ dịka anya na-edozi anya, ngwaọrụ enyemaka, na ọgwụgwọ ahụike - mmerụ ahụ anya nwere ike ime ka onye ahụ nwee nsogbu na ọrụ nkịtị kwa ụbọchị gụnyere ịgụ na ịga ije. Ọhụụ dị ala bụ nkọwa na-arụ ọrụ nke adịghị ahụ anya nke na-adịghị ala ala, nke na-adịghị edozi ya site na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ anya anya edoziziri, na-emetụta ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka enwere ike iji ọhụụ dị ala dị ka metrik nkwarụ ma dị iche dabere na ahụmịhe mmadụ, ihe ndị chọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe obibi, na ịnweta ọrụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ American Academy of Ophthalmology na-akọwa nhụjuanya anya dị ka ihe na-edozi anya kachasị mma nke na-erughị 20/40 na anya ka mma, na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-akọwa ya dị ka ihe na-egosi acuity nke na-erughị 6/12 na anya ka mma. A na-eji okwu kpuru ìsì eme ihe maka mfu ọhụụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke. Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-adịgide adịgide, nhụjuanya ọhụụ na-adịru nwa oge, amaurosis fugax, nwere ike ime, ma nwee ike igosi nsogbu ahụike siri ike. A na-eji mbiri nke VIP mgbe ụfọdụ maka mmadụ, ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ. Ihe na-ebutekarị adịghị ahụ anya n'ụwa niile bụ njehie ntugharị na-emezigharịghị (43%), cataracts (33%) na glaucoma (2%). Njehie ndị na-atụgharị uche gụnyere anya nso nso, anya dị anya, presbyopia, na astigmatism. Cataracts bụ ihe na-akpatakarị ìsì. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu a na-ahụ anya na-agụnye mmebi macular degeneration nke afọ, ọrịa retinopathy na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ígwé ojii nke corneal, ìsì nwata, na ọtụtụ ọrịa. A nwekwara ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ anya site na nsogbu dị n'ụbụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok, ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ, na ndị ọzọ. A maara ikpe ndị a dị ka mmebi anya cortical. Nyocha maka nsogbu ọhụụ n'ime ụmụaka nwere ike imeziwanye ọhụụ na mmezu mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Nyochaa ndị okenye na-enweghị mgbaàmà bụ uru na-ejighị n'aka. Nchọpụta bụ site na nyocha anya. == Nhazi == [[Usòrò:Snellen_chart.svg|alt=Snellen chart, featuring lines of letters of decreasing size|thumb|Chaatị Snellen a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nnwale anya]] * Ụdị 0: Enweghị ma ọ bụ obere nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya karịa 6/18 * Nkebi nke 1: Ọdịda anya dị nro - na-egosi ịdị nkọ anya dị njọ karịa 6/18 ma dị mma karịa 6/60 * Nkebi nke 2: Nnukwu nsogbu anya - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 6/60 ma dị mma karịa 3/60 * Ụdị nke 3: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi anya dị njọ karịa 3/60 ma dị mma karịa 1/60 * Ụdị nke anọ: Ikpu ìsì - na-egosi nghọta anya dị njọ karịa 1/60 na nghọta ìhè * Ụdị nke ise: Ikpu ìsì - ikpu ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na-enweghị nghọta ìhè * Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ anya dị njọ karịa N6 ma ọ bụ M.08 na 40 cm. === United Kingdom === * A na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere ike ịhụ ihe n'etiti nke na-erughị 3/60 na mpaghara ọhụụ nkịtị, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mgbochi anya. * Enweghị ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft) ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ). Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Enwere ike ịhụ na mita 3 (10 ft), mana ọ bụghị na mita 6 (20 ), ihe onye a na-ahụkarị na mita 60 (200 ) * Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ siri ike site na data ndebanye aha, ọ na-esikwa ike ịkọwapụta mgbasa ya. Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ * Ịhụ ụzọ nke na-erughị 6/18 mana karịa 3/60. * Enweghị ike ịkwọ ụgbọala ma nwee ike isi ike ịmata ihu gafee okporo ámá, na-ekiri telivishọn, ma ọ bụ na-ahọrọ uwe dị ọcha, nke na-enweghị ntụpọ, nke a haziri ahazi.<ref>Cupples, M., Hart, P., Johnston, A., & Jackson, A. (2011) Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness [[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]]</ref> # Ndị nọ n'okpuru 3/60 (nke ya na 20/400 na akara US) Snellen (ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'elu 3/60 nwere nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ nke ukwuu). # Ndị ka mma karịa 3/60 mana n'okpuru 6/60 Snellen (ndị nwere naanị ebe ọhụụ dị mkpirikpi). # Ndị 6/60 Snellen ma ọ bụ karịa (ndị nọ n'ìgwè a nwere mpaghara ọhụụ nkwekọrịta karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na nkwekọrịta ahụ dị n'akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ahụ). === United States === * Anya na-egosi ụdị nsogbu anya, na mkpa mmadụ inweta agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. * Ịhụ ụzọ dị ala n'ozuzu ya na-ezo aka na nkwarụ anya siri ike, ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụzọ dị anya. Obere anya na-emetụta ndị niile na-adịghị ahụ anya na-enweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ebe dị anya, ọbụlagodi site n'enyemaka nke enyo anya ma ọ bụ anya anya. Ha na-eji ngwakọta nke ọhụụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ iji mụta ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe na ọkụ ma ọ bụ nha nke mbipụta, na, mgbe ụfọdụ, Braille. * ''Ikpe ìsì'' na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ihe na-erughị 20/200 anya n'anya ka mma mgbe edozichara ya nke ọma (lens ma ọ bụ enyo anya), ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọhụụ nke ihe na-adịghị ka 20 degrees n'anya kacha mma. * Ụmụ akwụkwọ kpuru ìsì na-amụta site na Braille ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụ anya.   === Mmebi ọhụụ nwa oge === == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ịrụ ọrụ izugbe === b1c1i3ww6gj8pmaor70rdv1crzo9az8 Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe 0 28005 671245 214592 2026-07-02T11:21:00Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Hearing loss|image=International Symbol for Deafness.svg|alt=A stylized white ear, with two white bars surrounding it, on a blue background.|caption=The international symbol of deafness and hearing loss|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[audiology]]|synonyms=Deaf or hard of hearing; anakusis or anacusis is total deafness<ref name="Dorlands">{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://dorlands.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|symptoms=Decreased ability to hear|complications=[[Social isolation]],<ref name=WHO2015/> [[dementia]]|onset=|duration=|types=[[Conductive hearing loss|Conductive]], [[sensorineural hearing loss|sensorineural]], and mixed hearing loss, [[cortical deafness|central auditory dysfunction]]<ref name=Sm2014/>|causes=[[Genetics]], [[aging]], [[Noise-induced hearing loss|exposure to noise]], some [[infection]]s, birth complications, trauma to the ear, certain medications or toxins<ref name=WHO2015/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Hearing tests]]|differential=|prevention=[[Immunization]], proper care around [[pregnancy]], avoiding loud noise, avoiding certain medications<ref name=WHO2015/>|treatment=[[Hearing aids]], [[sign language]], [[cochlear implants]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]<ref name=WHO2015/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.33 billion / 18.5% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=}} Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ '''enweghị ike ịnụ ihe''' n'ụzọ zuru oke ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịdị mgbe a mụrụ ya ma ọ bụ nweta ya n'oge ọ bụla mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Deafness and hearing loss|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hearing Loss at Birth (Congenital Hearing Loss)|url=https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/congenital-hearing-loss/|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association|language=en}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ime n'otu ntị ma ọ bụ abụọ.<ref name="WHO2015"/> N'ime ụmụaka, nsogbu ịnụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ikike inweta asụsụ a na-ekwu, na ndị okenye ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe isi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ.<ref name="Las2014">{{Cite journal|title=Hearing loss: diagnosis and management|journal=Primary Care|volume=41|issue=1|pages=19–31|date=March 2014|pmid=24439878|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.003}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ nke nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide. Enweghị ịnụ ihe metụtara afọ na-emetụtakarị ntị abụọ ma bụrụkwa n'ihi enweghi mkpuru ndu ntutu cochlear.<ref name="Sch2017">{{Cite journal|author=Schilder|first=Anne Gm|date=2017|title=Bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids for bilateral hearing impairment in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=12|pages=CD012665|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012665.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=29256573}}</ref> Ufọdụ ndị mmadụ nti chiri, ọkachasị ndị agadi, nwere ike ịkpata owu ọmụma.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ndi nti chiri na-enwekarị obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ntị.<ref name=":4" /> Enwere ike ịkpata nhụsianya site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere: mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịka nká, ikpughe ụda, ọrịa ụfọdụ, nsogbu ọmụmụ, nhụjuanya na ntị, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ nsị.<ref name="WHO2015"/> Ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị nke na-ebute ọnwụ ntị bụ ọrịa ntị na-adịghị ala ala. <ref name="WHO2015" /> Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe n'oge ime ime, dị ka cytomegalovirus, syphilis na rubella, nwekwara ike ime ka ị nụ ihe na nwata..<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=57 Suppl 4|issue=suppl_4|pages=S182-4|date=December 2013|pmid=24257423|doi=10.1093/cid/cit609}}</ref> A na-achọpụta na ntị anaghị anụ mgbe nyocha ntị na-achọta na mmadụ enweghị ike ịnụ 25 decibel na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntị.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A na-atụ aro ịnwale maka ichi ntị adịghị mma maka ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ niile.<ref name="Las2014"/> E nwere ike ịkọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka nke dị nro (25 ruo 40 dB), nke dị n'etiti (41 ruo 55 dB), nke siri ike (56 ruo 70 dB), nke kachasị njọ (71 ruo 90 dB), ma ọ bụ nke miri emi (karịa 90 dB).<ref name="WHO2015" /> Enwere ụdị nhụsianya atọ bụ isi: nkwụsị ntị na-emegharị emegharị, ọnwụ anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ, na nkwụsị ntị agwakọtara<ref name="Sm2014">{{Cite book|chapter=Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1434/|title=GeneReviews [Internet]|location=Seattle (WA)|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle|date=2014}}</ref> A na-egbochi ihe dị ka ọkara ntị n'ụwa niile site na usoro ahụike ọha na eze.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|date=March 2015|title=Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet N°300|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516054114/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|archivedate=16 May 2015|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref> omume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị n'akụkụ ime ime, izere oke mkpọtụ, na izere ọgwụ ụfọdụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị na-eto eto kwụsị ikpughe ụda na-ada ụda na iji ihe ndị na-ege ntị na-ege ntị n’onwe ha ihe dị ka otu awa kwa ụbọchị ná mgbalị ibelata ikpughe mkpọtụ.<ref name="WHO2015Aud">{{Cite web|title=1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss WHO highlights serious threat posed by exposure to recreational noise|url=https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|work=who.int|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=27 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501204444/http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref> Ịmata na nkwado n'oge dị mkpa karịsịa n'ime ụmụaka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Nye ọtụtụ ndị, ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, asụsụ ogbi, ntinye cochlear na ndepụta okwu bara uru.<ref name="WHO2015" /> ỊgụỊgụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Otú ọ dị, ịnweta ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, dị oke n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa.<ref name="WHO2015" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013 ịnụ ihe na-emetụta ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.1 ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Ọ na-ebute nkwarụ n'ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 466 (5% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile), yana nkwarụ na-agafeghị oke na nde mmadụ 124..<ref name="WHO2015"/><ref name="WHO2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of disabling hearing impairment: a call to action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=92|issue=5|pages=367–73|date=May 2014|pmid=24839326|doi=10.2471/blt.13.128728}}</ref> Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=The global burden of disease: 2004 update|year=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=9789241563710|pages=35|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere nkwarụ dị oke ma ọ bụ nke siri ike, nde 108 bi na mba ndị nwere obere ego na nke etiti.<ref name="Peads2011">{{Cite book|first=Abdelaziz Y|author=Elzouki|title=Textbook of clinical pediatrics|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783642022012|pages=602|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEf4EMjYSrgC&pg=PA602|edition=2}}</ref> Ndị na-asụ ogbi na ndị na-eme omenala ndị ogbi nwere ike ịhụ onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nghọtahie kama ịbụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="NAD20142">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị omenaala ndị nti chiri na-emegide mgbalị a na-eme iji gwọọ ntị chiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sound and Fury - Cochlear Implants - Essay|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2015-08-01|publisher=[[PBS]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|archive-date=2015-07-06|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2015-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding Deafness: Not Everyone Wants to Be 'Fixed'|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|access-date=2015-08-01|website=www.theatlantic.com|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224214/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|archive-date=2015-07-30|date=2013-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Why not all deaf people want to be cured|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|access-date=2015-08-02|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153612/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|date=2012-09-13|last1=Williams|first1=Sally|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> na ụfọdụ ndị nọ n'ime obodo a na-ele ihe ọkụkụ nke cochlear anya n'ihi na ha nwere ike iwepụ omenala ha<ref name="Spa20052">{{cite journal|last1=Sparrow|first1=Robert|name-list-style=vanc|title=Defending Deaf Culture: The Case of Cochlear Implants|journal=The Journal of Political Philosophy|date=2005|volume=13|issue=2|pages=135–152|url=http://profiles.arts.monash.edu.au/rob-sparrow/download/Deaf-Culture.pdf|access-date=30 November 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00217.x}}</ref> A na-elekarị okwu ndị na-adịghị anụ ntị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ntị anya dị ka ndị na-emesi ihe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ime ike, ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eji okwu ndị ahụ eme ihe mgbe nile mgbe a na-ekwu maka ntị chiri na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref name="NAD20143">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tidy|first1=Colin|title=Dealing with Hearing-impaired Patients|url=https://patient.info/doctor/dealing-with-hearing-impaired-patients|website=patient.info|access-date=16 August 2020|language=en|date=March 2014}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Deaf_videoconference.jpg|thumb|Onye ntị chiri na-eji smartphone nwere igwefoto iji kwurịta okwu n'asụsụ ndị ogbi]] * A na-akọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka mbelata nke ụda nke a ga-anụkarị.<ref name="Peads2011"/> A na-ejikarị okwu ndị na-anụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe eme ihe maka ndị na-enweghị ike ịnụ ụda na ụda olu. Enweghị ntị na-eme mgbe ebili mmiri na-abanye na ntị ma mebie anụ ahụ na-emetụ n'ahụ A na-ekewa oke ntị dị ka mmụba nke ike nke ụda karịrị ọkwa a chọrọ maka onye na-ege ntị ịchọpụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mehmood|first=Amir|date=2023-01-30|title=What causes vision loss and hearing loss? Is it because of loud music or yelling?|url=https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html|accessdate=2023-02-04|work=militaryseoblog|archivedate=2023-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204063027/https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html}}</ref> * A na-akọwa ntị chiri dị ka ogo nke ọnwụ nke mere na mmadụ enweghị ike ịghọta okwu, ọbụlagodi na ọnụnọ nke amplification.<ref name="Peads2011" /> N'ime oke ntị chiri, ọbụlagodi ụda kachasị elu nke audiometer na-emepụta (ngwá ọrụ eji atụ ihe na-anụ site na ịmepụta ụda dị ọcha site na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche) nwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta. Na ntị chiri zuru oke, ọ dịghị ụda ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị amplification ma ọ bụ usoro mmepụta, a ga-anụ. * Nghọta okwu bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke ịnụ ihe nke na-agụnye nghọta doro anya nke okwu ahu mere karịa nke dara uda ike. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, a na-ejikarị ule ịkpa ókè okwu atụle nke a, nke na anaghi achoputa okwu, kamakwa o na achoputa uda. E nwere ụdị ntị chiri dị iche iche na-emetụta ịkpa ókè okwu naanị. Otu ihe omumatu bụ neuropathy na-anụ ihe, ụdị ịnụ ihe di iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ntutu nke cochlea dị n'èzí ma na-arụ ọrụ, mana ozi dị mma anaghị ebufe site na akwara na-anụ na ụbụrụ.<ref name="eBook1">eBook: ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery'', Lalwani, Anil K. (Ed.) Chapter 44: Audiologic Testing by Brady M. Klaves, PhD, Jennifer McKee Bold, AuD, Access Medicine</ref>bhjk Iji okwu ndị a bụ "ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe", ndi nti chiri-ogbi ma bụ ndị nti chiri na ogbi Ịkọwa ndị ntị chiri na ndị na-anụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ógbè ndị ogbi yana òtù na -akwado nkwado.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=ReBecca|title=Time for Change|journal=The Hearing Journal|date=May 2019|volume=72|issue=5|page=16|doi=10.1097/01.HJ.0000559500.67179.7d|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAD20162">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> === ụkpụrụ ntị === Ịnụ mmadụ na-agbatị ugboro ugboro site na 20 ruo 20,000 Hz, yana ike sitere na 0 dB ruo 120 dB HL ma ọ bụ karịa. 0 dB anaghị anọchi anya enweghị ụda, kama ụda kacha dị nro nke ntị mmadụ na-enweghị mmerụ nwere ike ịnụ; ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ruo -5 ma ọ bụ ọbụna -10 dB. Ụda na-adakarị ụda na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ karịa 90 dB na 115 dB na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụzọ mgbu. Ntị anaghị anụ ugboro niile nke ọma: nhụsianya kacha elu gburugburu 3,000 Hz. Enwere ọtụtụ àgwà ịnụ ihe mmadụ ma e wezụga oke ugboro na ike nke a na-apụghị ịtụ ngwa ngwa n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche bara uru, a na-akọwapụta ọtịta nkịtị site na ugboro na eserese ike, ma ọ bụ audiogram, na-esetịta ọnụ ụzọ ịnụ ihe n'oge akọwapụtara. N'ihi mmetụta nchikota nke afọ na ikpughe ụda na mkparị ụda olu ndị ọzọ, ịnụrụ 'ụdị' nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe nkịtị.. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == * ihe isi ike n'iji ekwentị * ọnwụ nke mpaghara ụda * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu, ọkachasị nke ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị ndị olu ha dị elu. * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu n'ihu mkpọtụ ndabere (mmetụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ) * ụda ma ọ bụ okwu na-ada ụda, na-ada ma ọ bụ na-ebelata * mkpa maka mmụba olu na telivishọn, redio, egwu na isi mmalite ọdịyo ndị ọzọ Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ ihe mmetụta, mana ọ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eso ya: * Ntị mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbụ n' ime ntị * mmetụta a na-egbochi Enwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na-eso ya: <references /> 2xrnlp1rrtuujpjaze65k17g6cnqa4f John Rechy 0 28131 671238 167696 2026-07-02T11:15:43Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Francisco Rechy''' (amụrụ na Machị 10, 1931) bụ onye Mexico-American na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye edemede.<ref>The Aztlan Mexican Studies Reader 1974-2016 (2018 Chicano studies text book) by Hector Calderon, founding Chair of the Cesar E. Chavez Dept of Chicana/o Studies at UCLA. Page 20.https://www.amazon.com/Aztlan-Mexican-Studies-Reader-1974-2016/dp/089551169X</ref> Edere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke ọma banyere ọdịbendị nwoke idina nwoke na Los Angeles na America ka ukwuu, n'etiti isiokwu ndị ọzọ. City of Night, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya bipụtara na 1963, bụ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa. N'ịdabere na nzụlite nke ya, o nyela aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mexico-America, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gomez, nke a kụziri n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ Chicano na United States. Mana, ọbụlagodi mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya gasịrị, ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị akwụna, na-akụzi n'ehihie, ma na-eme ihe n'abalị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye akwụna ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ mgbe ọ na-akụzi na UCLA. N'ime afọ 1970 na 1980 ọ na-ahụ maka iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, yana nsogbu ọrịa AIDS, nke gburu ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Rupert|date=April 27, 2008|title=Midnight Cowboy: John Rechy recalls 40 years of Hustle|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/midnight-cowboy-john-rechy-recalls-40-yeas-of-hustle-815124.html|accessdate=February 21, 2023|work=Independent}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Rechy na Juan Francisco Flores Rechy na Machị 10, 1931, na El Paso, Texas.<ref>The Aztlan Mexican Studies Reader 1974-2016 by Hector Calderon https://www.amazon.com/Aztlan-Mexican-Studies-Reader-1974-2016/dp/089551169X</ref><ref name="SGN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews41_28/page21.cfm|title=John Rechy: From bedsheets to printed sheets|work=[[Seattle Gay News]]|date=July 12, 2013|accessdate=April 18, 2014|author=Andrews-Katz, Eric|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175515/http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews41_28/page21.cfm|archivedate=April 16, 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ ise Guadalupe (née Flores) na Roberto Sixto Rechy mụrụ.<ref name="AtoZ">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIlaa0cLu2AC&q=%22john+rechy%22&pg=PA192|title=Latino Writers and Journalists: A to Z of Latino Americans|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|author=Wood, Jamie Martinez|year=2007|pages=192–93|isbn=9781438107851}}</ref> Nne na nna Rechy abụọ bụ ụmụ amaala [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]; nna ya bụ onye Scottish.<ref name="CA">{{Cite book|title=[[Contemporary Authors|Contemporary Authors. New Revision Series]]. Volume 6|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Research Company]]|year=1982|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth0000cont/page/408 408–412]|isbn=0-8103-1935-7}}</ref><ref name="CAAS">{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Authors. Autobiography Series. Volume 4.|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=1986|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth04adel/page/253 253–266]|isbn=0-8103-4503-X|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth04adel/page/253}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, Rechy debanyere aha na ndị agha US. A tọhapụrụ ya n'oge na ndị agha ka ọ debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia.<ref name="CA2">{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Authors. New Revision Series. Volume 188|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2009|pages=352–357|isbn=978-1-4144-5669-0}}</ref> O tinyere akwụkwọ maka nnabata na klas edemede okike nke onye edemede Pearl S. Buck kụziiri site n'inye akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ o dere nke akpọrọ ''Pablo''!<ref name="Taming">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-09-07/news/vw-1509_1_john-rechy/2|title=Taming of the Sexual Outlaw : 25 Years After 'City of Night,' John Rechy Searches for a New Recognition With a Novel About Monroe|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 7, 1988|accessdate=March 31, 2014|author=Barrios, Gregg}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a nabataghị akwụkwọ ya na klas Buck, a nabatara Rechy na klas edemede nke Hiram Haydn, onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ na Random House, na New School for Social Research.<ref name="Taming" /> Cooper Do-nuts Riot mere na 1959 na [[Los Angeles]], mgbe ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke, ndị transgender, na drag queens ndị na-anọ na Cooper Do-Nuts na ndị LAPD na-enye nsogbu ugboro ugboro lụrụ ọgụ mgbe ndị uwe ojii jidere mmadụ atọ, gụnyere Rechy. Ndị na-akwado ya malitere iji donuts na iko kọfị na-eti ndị uwe ojii ihe. Ndị LAPD kpọrọ oku maka nkwado ma jide ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Rechy na ndị ọzọ abụọ e jidere nwere ike ịgbapụ. O mechara dee banyere ya na City of Night . == Ọrụ edemede == A na-ewere Rechy dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede guzobere Mexican American Literature, ma dabere n'ihe odide mbụ ya na ụkpụrụ ndị Mexico na nsogbu ọdịbendị nke ọ dị na fim ndị Mexico.<ref>The Aztlan Mexican Studies Reader 1974-2016 (2018 Chicano studies text book) by Hector Calderon, founding Chair of the Cesar E. Chavez Dept of Chicana/o Studies at UCLA. Quote on page 20.https://www.amazon.com/Aztlan-Mexican-Studies-Reader-1974-2016/dp/089551169X</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ma eleghị anya onye edemede nwoke Latino a ma ama na United States, ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka nwoke idina nwoke na-egosipụta obere ihe banyere ihe nketa ya na Mexico na America, ma e wezụga aha nna nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hogan|first=Steve|title=Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia|publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc.|year=1998|isbn=0-8050-6031-6|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=472|language=}}</ref> While rechy was working on his first novel Instalments began to appear in 1958 In literary magazines such as evergreen review big table Nugget and the London magazine. These excerpts were fictitious recreations of his life working as a hustler in new York los Angeles and new Orleans and appeared worried writers like Christopher isherwood,Jack kerouac and Jean Genet The largely autobiographical novel city of Night,debuted in October 1963.Despite the predominantly negative reviews the book received at the time of its publication,city of Night became an international bestseller. Alternatively,it is also banned books in America Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ akụkọ iri na abụọ o dere ruo ugbu a, Rechy enyewo ọtụtụ edemede na nyocha akwụkwọ na mbipụta dị iche iche gụnyere The Nation, ''The New York'' Review of Books, ''Los Angeles Times'', L.A. Weekly, The Village Voice, The Nework Times, Evergreen Review na Saturday Review.<ref name="AtoZ"/><ref name="CA"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ndị a ka edere na akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2004 bụ Beneath the Skin . O dere ihe nkiri atọ, Tigers Wild (nke mbụ e mere dị ka The Fourth Angel ma dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Rechy nke aha ahụ), ''Rushes'' (nke dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke otu aha ahụ), na Momma as She Became - Not as She Was, otu egwuregwu.<ref name="AtoZ" /> Onye nta akụkọ Amy Harmon kwuru na Rechy n'otu akụkọ ''New York Times'' nke afọ 2004 nke kọrọ banyere nsogbu kọmputa na Amazon.com nke kpughere na mberede njirimara nke ọtụtụ puku mmadụ ndị biputere nyocha akwụkwọ na-amaghị aha ha. A kpughere na Rechy, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, "deela onwe ha nyocha kpakpando ise, ọkwa kachasị elu nke Amazon". Amazon kwụsịrị ịnabata nyocha ndị a na-amaghị aha ha n'ihi nchọpụta a.<ref name="Amazon">Harmon, Amy [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/14/us/amazon-glitch-unmasks-war-of-reviewers.html "Amazon Glitch Unmasks War of Reviewers"], ''The New York Times'', February 14, 2004. Retrieved March 31, 2014.</ref> N'afọ 2021, Rechy nọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ akpọrọ Beautiful People at the End of the Line, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke "akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na omenala ndị ama ama. " Rechy na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya, "Onye mbụ nwere mmasị n'ọrụ m kpọrọ m 'onye edemede mberede' - ụdị na-ede na mberede, n'elu isi ya, ụzọ a na-ekwu na Kerouac mere. Ma nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu banyere m. Abụ m onye edemede maara nke ọma, na-elebara okwu ziri ezi anya, ọbụna ogologo nke ahịrịokwu, na akara akara maka mmetụta. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fassler|first=Joe|date=February 7, 2017|title=The Key to Writing a Mystery is Asking the Perfect Question|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/the-key-to-writing-a-mystery-is-asking-the-perfect-question/515799/|accessdate=February 2, 2023|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> == Onyinye, nsọpụrụ na mmata == Rechy bụ onye edemede mbụ natara PEN-USA-West's Lifetime Achievement Award (1997); ọ bụ onye natara Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achyevement site na Publishing Triangle (1999) na onye NEA fellow.<ref name="CA2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards|url=http://www.publishingtriangle.org/awards.asp#Bill|work=PublishingTriangle.org|accessdate=June 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/22217837.html?dids=22217837:22217837&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+26%2C+1997&author=PAMELA+WARRICK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Credit+Where+It%27s+Overdue%3B+His+writing+began+with+controversy.+Now+John+Rechy%27s+life+work+is+saluted.&pqatl=google|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140331222845/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/22217837.html?dids=22217837:22217837&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+26,+1997&author=PAMELA+WARRICK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Credit+Where+It's+Overdue;+His+writing+began+with+controversy.+Now+John+Rechy's+life+work+is+saluted.&pqatl=google|archivedate=March 31, 2014|title=Credit Where It's Overdue; His writing began with controversy. Now John Rechy's life work is saluted|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 26, 1997|accessdate=March 31, 2014|author=Warrick, Pamela}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba na Master of Professional Writing Program na Mahadum nke Southern California. Ọ bụ onye mbụ natara onyinye ONE Magazine Culture Hero Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture Hero Award 2006—John Rechy|url=https://www.myspace.com/onearchives/photos/albums/album/868848|publisher=ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives|accessdate=June 8, 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ meriri na Los Angeles Review of Books / UCR Creative Writing Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativewriting.ucr.edu/contests-awards|title=Contests & Awards}}</ref> Na 30th Lambda Literary Awards na 2018, ọ meriri Lambda Literario Award maka Gay Fiction maka After the Blue Hour .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191016010443/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Lambda-Literary-Awards-honor-Carmen-Maria-Machado-John-Rechy-Keeanga-Yamahtta-Taylor/63080.html "Lambda Literary awardees include Carmen Maria Machado, John Rechy, Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor"]. ''[[Windy City Times]]'', June 5, 2018.</ref> N'afọ 2018, e nyekwara Rechy onyinye Robert Kirsch maka ọ rụzuru n'oge ndụ ya na-ekwu na ọ bụ "onye isi na obodo ndị Mexico, LGBTQ na Los Angeles". N'afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ Texas Institute of Letters sọpụrụ Rechy na Lon Tinkle Lifetime Achievement Award. Onye isi ala TIL Carmen Tafolla kpọrọ ọrụ Rechy "oge mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na akwụkwọ America nke oge a, na akụkọ a na-ede n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ na-eme ka nghọta anyị banyere ịma mma na mgbu nke ahụmịhe mmadụ dị nkọ". == Ihe Nketa == Ndị edemede Michael Cunningham, Kate Braverman, Sandra Tsing Loh, na Gina Nahai bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke klas edemede Rechy tupu ha aghọọ ndị edemede bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/17/entertainment/ca-rechy17/2|title=John Rechy's intensified reality|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 17, 2008|accessdate=April 18, 2014|author=Nelson, Steffie}}</ref><ref name="SFW">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-04-05/news/the-romantic-egotist/full/|title=The Romantic Egotist|work=[[SF Weekly]]|date=April 5, 2000|accessdate=March 31, 2014|author=Timberg, Scott|archivedate=April 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407054813/http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-04-05/news/the-romantic-egotist/full/}}</ref> Enyemaka Rechy nyere na akụkọ ndị inyom na Chicana feminist canon gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. Maria DeGuzman na-ekwu n'akwụkwọ ya, Understanding John Rechy, na "ihe nnọchianya ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nke ụmụ nwanyị na-egosi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ ghọtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti misogyny na homophobia (megide ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke yana megide LGBTQ+ n'ozuzu). Mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị trans (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Troja" na Marilyn's Daughter) abụghị naanị maka obodo Latinx; ọ bụ, n'ọrụ Rechy, maka ọdịbendị US ka ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2020|title=Interview with Maria DeGuzman, Author of Understanding John Rechy|url=https://latinxtalk.org/2020/09/02/interview-with-maria-deguzman-author-of-understanding-john-rechy-university-of-south-carolina-press-2019/|accessdate=February 21, 2023|work=LATINX TALK}}</ref> Onye na-ese ''ihe'' n'asụsụ bekee bụ David Hockney's painting Building, Pershing Square, Los Angeles sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke otu akụkụ dị na City of Night.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvjK_9445wsC&q=john+rechy+david+hockney&pg=PA119|title=Rebels in Paradise: The Los Angeles Art Scene and the 1960s|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]|author=Drohojowska-Philp, Hunter|year=2011|pages=119|isbn=9781429958998}}</ref> Egwú 1983 "Numbers" nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri synth-pop nke Bekee bụ Soft Cell sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Rechy nke 1967 nke otu aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polarimagazine.com/lgbt-history-month/numbers-soft-cell/|title=Featured Song – Day 27|work=Polari Magazine|date=February 27, 2012|accessdate=July 31, 2014}}</ref> Annenberg Center of Communications mepụtara CD-ROM nke ndụ na ọrụ Rechy ma kpọọ ya Mysteries and Desire: Searching the Worlds of John Rechy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uD6PKXl3q4C&q=%22john+rechy%22&pg=PA669|title=Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture. 2. M - Z|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|author=Candelaria, Cordelia Chávez|year=2004|pages=667–69|isbn=9780313332111}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Wittliff Collection na Mahadum Texas State nwetara ihe ndekọ zuru ezu nke Rechy na-ekwu, " onwunwe a na-eje ozi dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ nke otu n'ime oge kachasị mkpa na ndụ onwe onye na nke edemede Rechy". Ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ kwetara na mmetụta Rechy gụnyere David Bowie, Jim Morrison, Bob Dylan na Tom Waits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam: David Bowie's Top 100 Favorite Books|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/01/11/david-bowies-top-100-books|accessdate=March 28, 2022|work=The New York Public Library|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Obodo nke abalị'' (Grove Press, 1963) * ''Ọnụ ọgụgụ'' (Grove Press, 1967) * ''Ọnwụ Ụbọchị A'' (Grove Press, 1969) * ''Ndị na-agba ọbara'' (Grove Press, 1971) * ''Mmụọ ozi nke Anọ'' (Viking, 1972) * ''Rushes'' (Grove Press, 1979 * ''Ahụ na Mkpụrụ Obi'' (Carroll & Graf, 1983) * ''Nwa nwanyị Marilyn'' (Carroll & Graf, 1988) * ''Ụbọchị Ọrụ Ebube nke Amalia Gomez'' (Arcade, 1991) * ''Nwanyị Anyị nke Babilọn'' (Arcade, 1996) * ''Ọbịbịa nke abalị'' (Grove Press, 1999) * ''Ndụ na Ahụmahụ nke Lyle Clemens'' (Grove Press, 2003)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hall|first=J. S.|title=Rechy's big adventure|url=http://washingtonblade.com:80/2003/12-26/arts/books/books.cfm|work=[[Washington Blade]]|date=December 26, 2003}}</ref> * ''Mgbe'' Blue Hour gasịrị (Grove Press, 2017) * ''Pablo''! (Arte Público Press, 2018) === Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * The Sexual Outlaw (Grove Press, 1977) * ''N'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ'' (Carroll & Graf, 2004) * ''Banyere Ndụ m na Nwanyị E Kept'' (Grove Press, 2008) (memoir) <references responsive="1"></references> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịghọta John Rechy. Mahadum nke South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1643360065 * {{Cite book|author=Casillo, Charles|title=Outlaw: The Lives and Careers of John Rechy|publisher=Advocate Books|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9W8zknIeHF0C&q=Alienated+Rebels:+John+Rechy+and+James+Baldwin|isbn=9781555837341}} == Njikọ mpụga == * JohnRechy.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * "UCLA Prọfesọ Héctor Calderón na mkparịta ụka ya na onye edemede John Rechy, May 14, 2013", vidio nke UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center * {{Cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/rechy_j.html|title=Rechy, John (b. 1934)|first=Gregory W.|author=Bredbeck|publisher=[[glbtq.com]]|accessdate=February 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206200254/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/rechy_j.html|archivedate=February 6, 2015}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/blogs/john_rechys_city_of_night_at_.html|title=John Rechy's ''City of Night'' at 50|first=Claude J.|author=Summers|publisher=glbtq.com|date=October 25, 2013|accessdate=February 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206190742/http://www.glbtq.com/blogs/john_rechys_city_of_night_at_.html|archivedate=February 6, 2015}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ejfgb2pt0qeixmd2s4y4ltgh5zve5hr Mgbalị Maka Mmepe 0 28186 671032 132338 2026-07-02T08:46:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671032 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mgbali maka ndozi. (ACFODE) bụ ụmụ amaala (Ugandan) na-abụghị gọọmentị otu ụmụ nwanyị nke ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ guzobere; Dr Joy Kwesiga, Dr Hilda Tadria na Dr Ruth Mukama na enyemaka nke Maxine Ankra na ebumnuche nke itinye echiche ndị a tụlere n'oge emere ihe omume nke gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke e mere na July 1985 na Nairobi, Kenya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Adrianna L. Ernstberger|date=April 2020|title=A Room, A Chair A Room, A Chair, and A Desk: Founding Voices of Women’s and Gender Studies in Uganda|url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2239&context=jiws|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=Bridgewater State University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407092624/https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2239&context=jiws|archivedate=7 April 2021}}</ref> A machibidoro [[Uganda]] ịbanye na nnọkọ ahụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'oge ahụ, ya mere mkpa ọ dị ịmalite nzukọ nke ga-akwado nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ntinye aka gọọmentị.<ref name=":0" /> ACFODE na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na Uganda site na nyocha, iwulite ikike, iwulite njikọ aka, ịhazi, mmata na nkwado maka nhazi iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/uganda.htm|accessdate=2021-05-12|work=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}</ref> Ọ na-akwadokwa ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Agenda mba ma na-ekwusi ike na ịkwụsị ime ihe ike na ịkpa ókè na-adabere na mmekọahụ na [[Uganda]]. ACFODE bụkwa onye na-akwado ezi ọchịchị na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya site na nlekota na agụmakwụkwọ obodo. Ọ na-akwalite nhazi na mmejuputa iwu na mmemme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Action for Development (ACFODE) Experiences at the Local Level|url=https://gender-financing.unwomen.org/en/resources/a/c/t/action-for-development-acfode-experiences-at-the-local-level|accessdate=2021-05-12|work=gender-financing.unwomen.org|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134414/https://gender-financing.unwomen.org/en/resources/a/c/t/action-for-development-acfode-experiences-at-the-local-level}}</ref> == Ogbete == A na-ahụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ACFODE na ogige 623/624 Dan Mulika nso - Bukoto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Action For Development, Action For Development, ACFODE House, Plot 623/624 Bukoto, Kampala (2021)|url=http://www.findglocal.com/UG/Kampala/175465652489216/Action-For-Development|accessdate=2021-05-12|work=www.findglocal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Action for Development - Uganda - Uganda - Health Research Web (HRWeb)|url=https://healthresearchweb.org/en/uganda/cso_4396|accessdate=2021-05-12|work=healthresearchweb.org|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512131810/https://healthresearchweb.org/en/uganda/cso_4396}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> t1oe2v2yzlrdx8gr3six19gmddbx2f2 John Earle Sullivan 0 28503 671045 211288 2026-07-02T09:14:55Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Earle Sullivan|image=John Earle Sullivan (cropped).jpg|image_upright=0.7|caption=Sullivan at the [[Washington Monument]], 2021|other_names={{hlist |Jayden X |Activist John }}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1994|7|18}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''John Earle Sullivan''' (amụrụ na Julaị 18, 1994), nke a makwaara dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike John, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na '''onye na-ese''' foto nke sonyere na mwakpo United States Capitol nke 2021.<ref name="justice_1354781">{{Cite web|author=Foulger|first=Matthew|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223527/https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|archivedate=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mackey">{{Cite web|author=Mackey|first=Robert|date=14 January 2021|title=John Sullivan, Who Filmed Shooting of Ashli Babbitt in Capitol, Detained on Federal Charges|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/14/341260/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=The Intercept|language=en|quote=Sullivan, who began calling himself "Activist John" last summer}}</ref> Tupu mwakpo nke Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan haziri ma sonye na ngagharị iwe metụtara Black Lives Matter (BLM), ọ bụ ezie na ndị nhazi BLM ole na ole ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ọbụna chụpụ Sullivan na nzukọ ma dọọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya aka na ntị ka ha zere iso Sullivan.<ref name="hoberman">{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=J. Hoberman on Jayden X's Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol in Washington DC|url=https://www.artforum.com/film/j-hoberman-on-jayden-x-s-shooting-and-storming-of-the-us-capitol-in-washington-dc-84911|work=Artforum}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan banyere na Capitol ma mebie windo na mberede. Ọ na-eti mkpu ugboro ugboro maka agbamume nye ndị otu ya. Sullivan weghaara ihe nkiri nke mwakpo ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na ndị mmanye iwu, na ịgba Ashli Babbitt égbè.<ref name="militia">{{Cite news|author=Okoren|first=Nicolle|title=The birth of a militia: how an armed group polices Black Lives Matter protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/27/utah-militia-armed-group-police-black-lives-matter-protests|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020|language=en|quote=Sullivan, one of the few black men organizing for racial justice in Utah, is not from Provo but Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City.}}</ref> Mgbe Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo Capitol, Rudy Giuliani boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-esonyere antifa, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe nke njikọ ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti ekwughịkwa ya dị ka onye dị otú ahụ, o kwukwara na ya enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị na-emegide ya.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover|date=16 January 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/30/viral-image/no-proof-man-who-filmed-capitol-riot-led-it-or-was/|title=PolitiFact - No proof man who filmed Capitol riot led it, or was antifa|work=@politifact}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2021, Sullivan chere ebubo asatọ ihu maka itinye aka na ihe omume Jenụwarị 6. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A nabatara Sullivan n'ime ezinụlọ Latter-Day Saint.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke">{{Cite web|author=Gehrke|first=Robert|date=16 January 2021|title=What we know about John Sullivan, charged with rioting at the U.S. Capitol|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2021/01/16/robert-gehrke-what-we/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Nna ya, John Sullivan Sr., bụ lieutenant colonel na US Army.<ref name="marantz" /> Sullivan nwere ụmụnne atọ ọ tọrọ.<ref name="marantz" /> Sullivan tolitere na Stafford, Virginia.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Utah. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Sullivan tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye uwe ojii. Sullivan tinyere aka na ịgba ọsọ ọsọ ma na 2016, e gosipụtara Sullivan na blọọgụ azụmahịa na saịtị Uber, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ịchọ ụzọ isi nweta ego nke dabara na usoro ọzụzụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike".<ref name="uberjohn">{{Cite web|title=Meet John: An Aspiring Speed Skater|work=Uber Blog|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220256/https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archivedate=8 January 2021}}</ref> Sullivan sonyere na ule Olympic nke 2018 mana ọ rughị eru; N'agbanyeghị nke a, o kwuru na ya "asọmpi na 2018 Olympic Games".<ref name="marantz" /> == Mgbalị tupu mwakpo nke Capitol nke 2021 == Na June 2020, Sullivan malitere ịga ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter (BLM). Dị ka Lex Scott, onye guzobere Black Lives Matter-Utah, si kwuo, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maara ya tupu oge a.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ọganihu na ''Nnupụisi USA'' === Onye na-eme ihe ike James Sullivan, nwanne John, na-akọ na John bụ onye na-eme nchedo "ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya".<ref name="Mackey"/> James Sullivan guzobere "Civilized Awakening", akụkụ nke nnukwu òtù Patriot.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wusa9.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/man-turns-in-brother-capitol-riots/65-12ca4cd6-ce84-409c-934f-1afff89d58e5|title=This man turned in his own brother for his involvement in the Capitol insurrection|date=21 January 2021|work=Wusa9.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Na June 2020, John Sullivan guzobere "Insurgence USA", otu na-ekere òkè na ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=357|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html|accessdate=2020-01-17|title=About Insurgence USA|archivedate=2021-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220636/https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html}}</ref> E boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-erigbu òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ maka uru onwe onye. ''The Salt Lake Tribune'' kwuru na Sullivan anọwo na-ere ahịa ma na-etinye onwe ya n'ịkwalite onwe ya n"ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ; ebe nrụọrụọrụ weebụ ya nke Insurgence USA na-ere ihe ndị metụtara ngagharị iwe, dị ka uwe ojii, gloves, na ihe nkpuchi gas, nke a na-akpọ "bloc gear collective".<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ngagharị iwe ụgbọ ala, ịgba égbè na njide === Na June 29, 2020, Sullivan duziri ngagharị iwe mbụ ya, na Provo, Utah. Onye isi BLM Lex Scott chetara, sị: "Mkpesa mbụ ya o mere bụ nke a gbagburu".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ihe omume ahụ bụ ngagharị iwe megide ihe omume na-akwado ndị uwe ojii ebe otu Back the Blue na-anya ụgbọala gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Provo.<ref name="dese_Twom">{{Cite web|title=Two more charged in Provo protest that turned violent|work=Deseret News|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/13/21323124/two-more-charged-in-provo-protest-that-turned-violent-police-brutality-counterprotest}}</ref><ref name="dese_Orga">{{Cite web|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats|work=Deseret News|date=10 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats}}</ref><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Bink">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KTVX]]|title=Utah activist who provided video of deadly D.C. riot to investigators arrested|first=Addy|author=Bink|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-who-provided-video-of-deadly-d-c-riot-to-investigators-arrested/|date=14 January 2021|quote=The criminal complaint filed against Sullivan lists him as the "leader of an organization called Insurgence USA through which he organizes protests". According to Sullivan's website, Sullivan was in the U.S. Capitol in early January when rioters violently entered the building.}}</ref> Ka ọ dịgodị, Sullivan na ndị ọzọ haziri ngagharị iwe na-egbochi ụgbọala na itinye aka na okporo ụzọ n'okporo ámá na-ekwo ekwo. E boro otu nwoke jikọtara ya na Sullivan, Jesse Taggart, ebubo ịnwa igbu ọchụ maka ịgba égbè na imerụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe n'etiti ìgwè ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Onye a gbagburu enweghị njikọ na otu ngagharị iwe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Annie|author=Knox|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=Utahn charged with shooting at driver during Provo protest ordered to pay higher bail or return to jail|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/8/4/21345073/racial-justice-protests-bail-raised-for-utahn-charged-with-shooting-at-suv-in-crowd-provo|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref><ref name="Roberts">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KUTV]]|url=https://kutv.com/news/local/police-man-arrested-for-shooting-at-provo-protest-is-known-instigator|first=Alyssa|author=Roberts|date=3 July 2020|title=Police: Man arrested for shooting at Provo protest is known|quote=Some, including an organizer with Insurgence USA, indicated they believe the driver who was shot was trying to drive into protesters who were blocking the road. "After seeing the violence... and everything that transpired that day, it came to my realization that this place needed it the most, because nowhere in Salt Lake City have I seen that just blatant hatred, people trying to run people over. Just disrespectful," John Sullivan told 2News.}}</ref> E jidere Sullivan ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme ọgba aghara, na-eyi egwu ime ihe ike na mpụ.<ref name="Reavy" /> Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii si kwuo, Sullivan mebiri ụgbọala ma soro ndị Insurgence USA rụkọọ ọrụ iji nweta ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ngagharị iwe. Sullivan gosipụtara na ya chere na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Taggart gbara na-anwa ịgba ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, nkwupụta ndị uwe ojii na-arụ ụka dabere na ihe akaebe vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Reavy">{{Cite news|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=10 July 2020|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats|first=Pat|author=Reavy|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats}}</ref><ref name="Richardson">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Herald (Utah)]]|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/top-utah-county-stories-2-provo-protests-inspire-state-legislation/article_c58ae168-b3c7-5624-9423-e7d72394fec4.html|title=Top Utah County stories (2): Provo protests inspire state legislation|first=Ryan|author=Richardson|quote=One of the organizers of the event, 25-year-old John Earle Sullivan of Sandy, was also taken into custody for his involvement in the unlawful assembly. The protest was considered unlawful because organizers had not received a permit for the event, according to arrest documents. Sullivan and his organization, Insurgence USA, reportedly promoted the event online and made social media postings that advocated for other protesters to join. Authorities alleged that Sullivan committed riotous acts as a protest organizer, and he was arrested under the suspicion of third-degree felony rioting, class A misdemeanor criminal mischief and class B misdemeanor threat of violence.|accessdate=2021-01-08}}</ref> === Njikọ ya na ụmụ nwoke dị mpako ===   Sullivan haziri ihe omume na Provo, Utah, nke na-ese okwu na BLM. Sullivan nwere obi abụọ ka ukwuu mgbe ihe omume July 1, 2020, ebe ọ kpọrọ okwu site na Proud Boys, otu American extreme-right, neo-fascist nzukọ na-akwalite ma na-etinye aka na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>Far-right: </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46772274/a-small-compromise-goes-a-long-way-counter-protesters-ask-for-unity-with-provo-group|title='A small compromise goes a long way': Counter-protesters ask for unity with Provo group|first=Sean|author=Walker|work=Ksl.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke Sullivan na Proud Boys mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe BLM jụ iso ya rụọ ọrụ.<ref name="Mackey"/> Sullivan mechara nweta ọzụzụ égbè nke otu ya.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, nwanne Sullivan bụ James kwuru okwu na nnọkọ Proud Boys na Portland maka otu aka nri James bụ Civilized Awakening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2020/09/26/a-few-hundred-proud-boys-rally-in-north-portland-surrounded-by-police/|title=A Few Hundred Proud Boys Rally in North Portland, Surrounded by Police|work=[[Willamette Week]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/01/organized-far-right-threat-jan-6-comes-into-sharper-focus/|title=The organized far-right threat on Jan. 6 comes into sharper focus|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu-xZ07ShVg|title=Proud Boy members and counter protesters gather in Portland|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> === Nkatọ maka ngagharị iwe === N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, Sullivan mere ngagharị iwe n'onwe ya na Utah State Capitol, na-ebu AR-15. Ngagharị iwe ahụ were awa ole na ole, n'oge ahụ, ndị ikom iri abụọ ji égbè si Utah Citizens' Alarm zutere ya.<ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ewan Palmer|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=20 men with guns confront solo armed black protester at Utah Capitol|url=https://www.newsweek.com/utah-armed-protesters-capitol-uca-1519925|date=23 July 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Ka ọ malitere iburu égbè iji mee ngagharị iwe, nke a kpọsara mmegide site n'aka nri na aka ekpe.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, e mere ihe nkiri Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'èzí US Capitol. Sullivan kwuru banyere "ịkụ ihe a ọkụ" wee gwa ìgwè mmadụ ahụ "anyị ga-ewepụ [[Donald Trump|Trump]] n'ọfịs ahụ n'ebe ahụ" ka ọ na-ezo aka na White House; ọ gbakwụnyere "anyị anaghị echere ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cox|first=Erin|date=14 January 2021|title=Utah activist John Sullivan arrested for involvement in Capitol riot|url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-john-sullivan-arrested-for-involvement-in-capitol-riots|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Fox 13 News Utah (Kstu)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruiz|first=Michael|date=8 January 2021|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots, once said 'burn it all down'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|accessdate=2021-01-15|publisher=Fox News|language=en}}</ref> Lex Scott kwuru na Sullivan yiri ka ọ nwere "ọchịchọ ọnwụ" ebe ọ chere na ọ ga-abụ "dị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya, ma ọ bụrụ na e gbuo ya na ngagharị iwe wee malite mgbanwe".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ọ gọnahụkwara na Sullivan bụ onye otu BLM-Utah ma gosipụta obi abụọ banyere ịchọ otuto ya, na-agbakwụnye na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara nzukọ BLM ọ bụla ma ọ bụ soro ha rụọ ọrụ iji kwalite atụmatụ ha.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Mụ na Jade Sacker na-arụ ọrụ === ka James Sullivan si kwuo, ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2020, ya na nwanne ya nwoke John bụ ndị Jade Sacker na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref name="JamesOnSacker">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=427|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A kọrọ na Sacker jiri ìgwè abụọ dekọọ mbọ ụmụnne ahụ gbara. [isi iyi Sacker ga-eso John Sullivan banye na Capitol na Jenụwarị 6.<ref name="JamesOnSacker" /> === A katọrọ ya ma chụpụ ya === Otu onye na-eme ngagharị iwe si Portland dọrọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịtụkwasị ya obi, mgbe o jisiri ike jide ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ na Septemba 2020 site n'ịduga ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi wee banye n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii; A na-enyo Sullivan enyo na ọ bụ onye ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ maka mmanye iwu. N'ime ìgwè nkata Signal, Sullivan ga-eji akụkọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ bebi mee ihe iji mepụta megide echiche efu na ndị ọzọ na-agbachitere aha John Sullivan. Onye na-arụ ọrụ Talia Jane kwuru na Sullivan "a na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ n'ebe niile".<ref name="Mackey"/> == Ntinye aka na mwakpo Capitol nke 2021 ==   John Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo nke United States Capitol. Ọ na-eyi uwe elu na ihe nkpuchi gas, na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ site na windo gbajiri agbaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine|work=Cnn.com|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Sullivan weputara vidiyo di iche iche, gụnyere vidiyo nke ịgba Ashli Babbitt.<ref name="justice_1354781"/><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]] via [[Seattle Times]]|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/video-shows-fatal-shooting-of-ashli-babbitt-in-the-capitol/|date=8 January 2021|title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol|quote=John Sullivan, a liberal activist who shoots video at a range of protests and who filmed the footage on Wednesday}}</ref><ref name="Ruiz">{{Cite news|publisher=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|first=Michael|author=Ruiz|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots|quote=Sullivan says he was standing near Air Force veteran Ashli Babbitt when she was shot and killed in the Capitol, and video appears to show him on the scene.}}</ref> A na-anụ Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu "Dude, ihe a ga-agbasa" mgbe ọnwụ Babbitt gasịrị. Sullivan mere ihe nkiri nke onwe ya na-eti mkpu "anyị na-achọ ịgba ihe a ọkụ" na "anyị rụzuru ihe a". Anyị mere nke a ọnụ. Fuck ee! Anyị niile bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme a", "Anyị ga-ere ihe a ọkụ", na "Ọ bụ ụlọ anyị, ndị nne na-azụ ahịa!" O jikwa megaphone mee ihe ma tie mkpu nkwado.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson">{{Cite web|author=Donaldson|first=Amy|date=7 January 2021|title=Utah activist inside U.S. Capitol says woman killed was first to try and enter House chamber|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22219733/utah-activist-inside-u-s-capitol-says-woman-killed-was-first-to-try-and-enter-house-chamber-sullivan|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ ekwu okwu ===   N'èzí ebe mbata nke ọkà okwu, Sullivan sere onwe ya na-agwa ndị ọzọ nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ na o nwere mma. O mechara gọnahụ inwe mma, na-azọrọ na ya "jiri nke ahụ mee ka onwe ya gaa n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ". Mgbe o ruru n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, ọ gwara onye ọrụ mmanye iwu na-eche ọnụ ụzọ ahụ: "Anyị chọrọ ka ị laa n'ụlọ. Ana m edekọ ma enwere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ma ha ga-akwalite ha Bro, ahụla m ka ndị mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ. Achọghị m ịhụ ka ị ga-enweta<ref name="Donaldson"/><ref name="justice_1354781"/> === Ajụjụ ọnụ ọha na eze ===   Obere oge mgbe a gbagburu Babbitt, Sullivan gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na-enweghị isi na onye na-egwu egwu na-akọwa na ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Infowars. Ka e mesịrị n'abalị ahụ, Sullivan na Jade Sacker pụtara na CNN's ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', na-egosi ihe nkiri Sullivan nke ịgba égbè Babbitt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-01-06/segment/01|title=Lawmakers Will Resume Counting Electoral College Votes After Pro-Trump Rioters Stormed Capitol; Interview With Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT); U.S. Capitol Secured, Woman Dead After Rioters Stormed Halls Of Congress To Try To Block President-Elect Biden's Win.|date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7PXvchh2WQ|title=Activist John Sullivan on CNN Anderson Cooper discussing US Capitol riots - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ọnụ FBI === Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị uwe ojii DC Metro jidere Sullivan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3_0f5LeIxU|title=BLM Insurgence USA John Earle Sullivan detained after the Jan. 6, 2021 Storming of the Capitol - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị ọrụ FBI gbara Sullivan ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ịgba égbè ahụ.<ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Bill|title=Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Sullivan kwuru na ya na BLM ma ọ bụ antifa enweghị njikọ, ma ọ bụ na ndị na-akwado Trump, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwado Black Lives Matter. Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka iji hashtags antifa mee ihe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ya, ọ jụrụ ịbụ onye otu ahụ, mana o kwuru na ya, ya na otu ya, bụ ndị na-emegide ndị Fascist. O kwetara na ya na-eti mkpu na-akwado ya n'oge mwakpo ahụ, mana o kwuru na ọ mere ihe ndị a naanị iji "gwakọta" na ndị na-akwado Trump.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw">{{Cite news|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|author=Tom Jackman|work=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/}}</ref><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson"/> Nwanne ya nwoke, James Sullivan, kwuru na o zigara FBI ndụmọdụ banyere John Sullivan ihe dị ka otu izu mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị. Na Jenụwarị 13, 2021, onye ọka ikpe bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike njide nwere ebubo atọ metụtara ọgba aghara Washington DC. Nkwupụta ahụ dabeere na ọrụ nke Ngalaba Na-emegide iyi ọha egwu nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States na Onye Ọkaiwu United States maka District of Columbia. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru na Sullivan banyere n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Capitol site n'ịgbagote na windo mebiri emebi. O mechara bịaruo windo ọzọ nso ma nụ mkpọtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbajiri. Sullivan kwuru, "M mebiri ya. Ihe mgbu m, arịrịọ m. Ọfọn, ha agbajiela windo, yabụ ị maara, amaghị m na m kụrụ ya nke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị onye nwetara nke ahụ na igwefoto. " Otu ebubo, "40 U.S.C. § 5104 (e) (2) (D) ", bụ mpụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịbanye ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na House of Congress na-enweghị ikike.<ref name="just_Utah">{{Cite web|title=Utah Man Charged in Federal Court Following Events at the United States Capitol|work=justice.gov|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/utah-man-charged-federal-court-following-events-united-states-capitol}}</ref><ref name="affadavit">{{Cite web|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|author=Matthew B. Foulger|work=justice.gov|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354916/download}}</ref><ref name="just_complaint">{{Cite web|title=Criminal complaint|work=justice.gov|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354921/download}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Man arrested during Provo protests back in custody related to Capitol breach|author=Isaac Hale|work=Daily Herald|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220235/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Utah man who recorded nearly 2 hours of his participation in Capitol riots arrested|author=Ariane Datil|work=WUSA9|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/john-sullivan-utah-man-arrested-capitol-insurrection-recorded-footage/65-441a6fb8-8132-4a75-b254-6193eeb9953c}}</ref> === Njide na ebubo === E jidere Sullivan na Tooele County, Utah, wee pụta n'ihu onye ọka ikpe na Jenụwarị 15, 2021. Ndị FBI weghaara kọmputa abụọ, ekwentị mkpanaaka abụọ, na ngwaọrụ igwefoto. A tọhapụrụ ya na ọnọdụ siri ike tupu ikpe.<ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="dese_Judg">{{Cite web|title=Judge releases Utahn charged in U.S. Capitol riot despite objections|author=Dennis Romboy|work=Deseret News|date=15 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/15/22234004/capitol-violence-john-sullivan-criminal-charges-utah-chaos-donald-trump-released-jail-riot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reavy|first=Pat|title=Salt Lake Valley man charged federally for alleged role in U.S. Capitol riot|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/14/22231783/salt-lake-valley-man-charged-federally-for-alleged-role-in-u-s-capitol-riot-insurrection-trump|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=January 14, 2021|language=en|quote=A Sandy man who participated in a pro-Trump rally at the U.S. Capitol that turned into a violent attack has been charged for his alleged involvement that day. John Earle Sullivan, 25, was charged federally on Wednesday with being on restricted property, civil disorder and "violent entry or disorderly conduct", according to a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia.}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru ezu iji jide ya, na n'okpuru ọnọdụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ oge niile; ọ na-anọ n'ụlọ ma e wezụga ịga ọrụ, ụka ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe; naanị ozi na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta iji rịọ ọrụ; ọ naghị ahapụ Utah ma nyefee paspọtụ ya n'aka ndị ọchịchị; ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ọzọ na Insurgence USA ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ekwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ azụmahịa ego ya na ụtụ isi; o nweghị nyocha ahụike uche.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Associated Press, Report for America|publisher=[[The Spectrum (Utah)|The Spectrum]]|url=https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2021/01/15/john-sullivan-utah-activist-who-filmed-capitol-shooting-arrested/4172987001/|first=Sophia|author=Eppolito|date=15 January 2021|title=Utah activist who filmed Capitol shooting released from jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/15/utah-activist-john/|first=Sara|author=Tabin|date=16 January 2021|title=Utah's John Sullivan, accused of taking part in riot at U.S. Capitol, is out of jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> === Echiche nke nkata aghụghọ ===   Rudy Giuliani na The Gateway Pundit kwuru na Sullivan tinyere aka na ọgba aghara ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na-ebo ndị na-emegide ya na ọgbaghara ahụ.<ref name="Herndon">{{Cite web|title=How Republicans Are Warping Reality Around the Capitol Attack|first=Astead W.|author=Herndon|work=The New York Times|date=17 January 2021|accessdate=18 January 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/17/us/politics/Capitol-conspiracy-theories-blm-antifa.html|quote=Reached by email, the site's founder, Jim Hoft, did not reply to questions but did send along several of his own news articles related to claims of antifa involvement in the Capitol attack — citing the case of a man named John Sullivan, whom the right-wing media has dubbed an "antifa leader" in efforts to prove its theory of infiltration. He was the same man cited by Giuliani in tweets that threatened to "expose and place total blame on John and the 226 members of antifa that instigated the Capitol 'riot'."}}</ref> Giuliani bipụtara ihe osise nke ozi sitere n'aka James Sullivan na-agụ "M na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na FBI iji kpughee ma na-ata John na ndị otu 226 nke antifa nke kpaliri 'ọgba aghara' nke Capitol ụta zuru oke".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|title=Rudy W. Giuliani auf Twitter: "Why wasn't this presented to the witch Hunt Impeachment Congress. Because they have no interest in the truth that riots had nothing to do with the Trump speech. They were organized before speech and carried out on their own by groups like ANTIFA trained to riot.… HTTPS://T.co/VIHJceQfoI"|work=twitter.com|accessdate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092406/https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|archivedate=15 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti amatabeghị Sullivan dị ka onye otu antifa na FBI mara ọkwa na Jenụwarị 8 enweghị ihe akaebe nke itinye aka na nnọchibido ahụ.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/technology/fbi-says-there-is-no-evidence-antifa-participated-in-storming-the-capitol.html|title=F.B.I. says there is no evidence antifa participated in storming the Capitol.|first=Davey|author=Alba|authorlink=Davey Alba|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> BLM Utah kewapụrụ onwe ya na Sullivan ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na nchegbu na enwere ike ijikọta ya na Proud Boys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|title=PolitiFact - Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|work=@politifact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|first=Tom|author=Jackman|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke ịbụ onye nta akụkọ === Sullivan akpọwo onwe ya onye nta akụkọ nwa amaala ma kwuo na ọ nọ na mwakpo Capitol naanị dị ka onye nta akụkọ foto. Otu akwụkwọ ozi FBI na-agbagha nkwupụta na ọ bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ na-enweghị asambodo mgbasa ozi. [isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya?Ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na na Disemba 2020, Sullivan gọnahụrụ n'ihu ọha ịbụ onye nta akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/29/united-states-v-sullivan/|title=Memorandum in Opposition – #29 in United States v. SULLIVAN (D.D.C., 1:21-cr-00078)|work=CourtListener.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke Sullivan bụ ihe a kọwara dị ka ihe nkiri nke onye mbụ ọ wepụtara na YouTube n'okpuru aha Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol na Washington DC. J. Hoberman, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri na-ede na Artforum, nyochara ihe nkiri Sullivan, na-akọwa ya dị ka "cinema dị ka ihe aka''ebe''" ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Zapruder nke ogbugbu Kennedy, ebe ọ na-akọwakwara ya dị ka" akụkọgonzo".<ref name="hoberman"/> E ji akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mee ihe na ikpe nke abụọ nke Donald Trump. CNN, NBC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation na The Washington Post so na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kwụrụ Sullivan ụgwọ maka vidiyo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-seizes-90000-man-who-sold-footage-us-capitol-riot-2021-05-21/|title=U.S. seizes $90,000 from man who sold footage of U.S. Capitol riot|date=May 21, 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/crime-does-not-pay-government-defends-seizure-of-90k-from-capitol-siege-defendant-who-sold-video-to-cnn-nbc/|title=Government Defends Seizure of $90k from Capitol Siege Defendant Who Sold Video to CNN, NBC|work=Lawandcrime.com|date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>Tom Jackman, Marissa J. Lang & Jon Swaine (Jan. 16, 2021), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/ "Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm], ''The Washington Post:'' "Sullivan sold The Washington Post rights to use a portion of his video for a story on the shooting."</ref><ref>(Feb. 16, 2021), [https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/14/united-states-v-sullivan/ "United States v. SULLIVAN Memorandum in Support of Pretrial Detention — Document #14"] District Court, District of Columbia Docket Number: 1:21-cr-00078</ref> Mgbe ọ banyere na capitol, Sullivan sooro Jade Sacker, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Los Angeles]], onye na'ihe nkiri John Sullivan akụkụ nke ihe nkiri banyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke, James.<ref>{{Cite news|title=About|url=https://www.jadesacker.com/about|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=Jade Sacker}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite news|title=Woman in video at Capitol with arrested activist is not with CNN|url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9906367046|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=AP News|date=15 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT maka itinye aka na Capitol riot (gụnyere screenshots si na ọwa vidiyo Sullivan) * "Ihe anyị maara banyere John Sullivan, onye e boro ebubo na ọgba aghara na US Capitol" ''Salt Lake Tribune'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181122/https://www.johnsullivan.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] E debere Wayback Machine {{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bbn4pvav197i5duhn64htm1l1p47d4h 671046 671045 2026-07-02T09:21:16Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Earle Sullivan|image=John Earle Sullivan (cropped).jpg|image_upright=0.7|caption=Sullivan at the [[Washington Monument]], 2021|other_names={{hlist |Jayden X |Activist John }}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1994|7|18}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''John Earle Sullivan''' (amụrụ na Julaị 18, 1994), nke a makwaara dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike John, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na '''onye na-ese''' foto nke sonyere na mwakpo United States Capitol nke 2021.<ref name="justice_1354781">{{Cite web|author=Foulger|first=Matthew|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223527/https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|archivedate=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mackey">{{Cite web|author=Mackey|first=Robert|date=14 January 2021|title=John Sullivan, Who Filmed Shooting of Ashli Babbitt in Capitol, Detained on Federal Charges|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/14/341260/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=The Intercept|language=en|quote=Sullivan, who began calling himself "Activist John" last summer}}</ref> Tupu mwakpo nke Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan haziri ma sonye na ngagharị iwe metụtara Black Lives Matter (BLM), ọ bụ ezie na ndị nhazi BLM ole na ole ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ọbụna chụpụ Sullivan na nzukọ ma dọọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya aka na ntị ka ha zere iso Sullivan.<ref name="hoberman">{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=J. Hoberman on Jayden X's Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol in Washington DC|url=https://www.artforum.com/film/j-hoberman-on-jayden-x-s-shooting-and-storming-of-the-us-capitol-in-washington-dc-84911|work=Artforum}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan banyere na Capitol ma mebie windo na mberede. Ọ na-eti mkpu ugboro ugboro maka agbamume nye ndị otu ya. Sullivan weghaara ihe nkiri nke mwakpo ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na ndị mmanye iwu, na ịgba Ashli Babbitt égbè.<ref name="militia">{{Cite news|author=Okoren|first=Nicolle|title=The birth of a militia: how an armed group polices Black Lives Matter protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/27/utah-militia-armed-group-police-black-lives-matter-protests|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020|language=en|quote=Sullivan, one of the few black men organizing for racial justice in Utah, is not from Provo but Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City.}}</ref> Mgbe Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo Capitol, Rudy Giuliani boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-esonyere antifa, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe nke njikọ ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti ekwughịkwa ya dị ka onye dị otú ahụ, o kwukwara na ya enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị na-emegide ya.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover|date=16 January 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/30/viral-image/no-proof-man-who-filmed-capitol-riot-led-it-or-was/|title=PolitiFact - No proof man who filmed Capitol riot led it, or was antifa|work=@politifact}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2021, Sullivan chere ebubo asatọ ihu maka itinye aka na ihe omume Jenụwarị 6. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A nabatara Sullivan n'ime ezinụlọ Latter-Day Saint.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke">{{Cite web|author=Gehrke|first=Robert|date=16 January 2021|title=What we know about John Sullivan, charged with rioting at the U.S. Capitol|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2021/01/16/robert-gehrke-what-we/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Nna ya, John Sullivan Sr., bụ lieutenant colonel na US Army.<ref name="marantz" /> Sullivan nwere ụmụnne atọ ọ tọrọ. Sullivan tolitere na Stafford, Virginia.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Utah. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Sullivan tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye uwe ojii. Sullivan tinyere aka na ịgba ọsọ ọsọ ma na 2016, e gosipụtara Sullivan na blọọgụ azụmahịa na saịtị Uber, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ịchọ ụzọ isi nweta ego nke dabara na usoro ọzụzụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike".<ref name="uberjohn">{{Cite web|title=Meet John: An Aspiring Speed Skater|work=Uber Blog|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220256/https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archivedate=8 January 2021}}</ref> Sullivan sonyere na ule Olympic nke 2018 mana ọ rughị eru; N'agbanyeghị nke a, o kwuru na ya "asọmpi na 2018 Olympic Games".<ref name="marantz" /> == Mgbalị tupu mwakpo nke Capitol nke 2021 == Na June 2020, Sullivan malitere ịga ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter (BLM). Dị ka Lex Scott, onye guzobere Black Lives Matter-Utah, si kwuo, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maara ya tupu oge a.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ọganihu na ''Nnupụisi USA'' === Onye na-eme ihe ike James Sullivan, nwanne John, na-akọ na John bụ onye na-eme nchedo "ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya".<ref name="Mackey"/> James Sullivan guzobere "Civilized Awakening", akụkụ nke nnukwu òtù Patriot.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wusa9.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/man-turns-in-brother-capitol-riots/65-12ca4cd6-ce84-409c-934f-1afff89d58e5|title=This man turned in his own brother for his involvement in the Capitol insurrection|date=21 January 2021|work=Wusa9.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Na June 2020, John Sullivan guzobere "Insurgence USA", otu na-ekere òkè na ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=357|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html|accessdate=2020-01-17|title=About Insurgence USA|archivedate=2021-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220636/https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html}}</ref> E boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-erigbu òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ maka uru onwe onye. ''The Salt Lake Tribune'' kwuru na Sullivan anọwo na-ere ahịa ma na-etinye onwe ya n'ịkwalite onwe ya n"ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ; ebe nrụọrụọrụ weebụ ya nke Insurgence USA na-ere ihe ndị metụtara ngagharị iwe, dị ka uwe ojii, gloves, na ihe nkpuchi gas, nke a na-akpọ "bloc gear collective".<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ngagharị iwe ụgbọ ala, ịgba égbè na njide === Na June 29, 2020, Sullivan duziri ngagharị iwe mbụ ya, na Provo, Utah. Onye isi BLM Lex Scott chetara, sị: "Mkpesa mbụ ya o mere bụ nke a gbagburu".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ihe omume ahụ bụ ngagharị iwe megide ihe omume na-akwado ndị uwe ojii ebe otu Back the Blue na-anya ụgbọala gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Provo.<ref name="dese_Twom">{{Cite web|title=Two more charged in Provo protest that turned violent|work=Deseret News|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/13/21323124/two-more-charged-in-provo-protest-that-turned-violent-police-brutality-counterprotest}}</ref><ref name="dese_Orga">{{Cite web|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats|work=Deseret News|date=10 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats}}</ref><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Bink">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KTVX]]|title=Utah activist who provided video of deadly D.C. riot to investigators arrested|first=Addy|author=Bink|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-who-provided-video-of-deadly-d-c-riot-to-investigators-arrested/|date=14 January 2021|quote=The criminal complaint filed against Sullivan lists him as the "leader of an organization called Insurgence USA through which he organizes protests". According to Sullivan's website, Sullivan was in the U.S. Capitol in early January when rioters violently entered the building.}}</ref> Ka ọ dịgodị, Sullivan na ndị ọzọ haziri ngagharị iwe na-egbochi ụgbọala na itinye aka na okporo ụzọ n'okporo ámá na-ekwo ekwo. E boro otu nwoke jikọtara ya na Sullivan, Jesse Taggart, ebubo ịnwa igbu ọchụ maka ịgba égbè na imerụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe n'etiti ìgwè ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Onye a gbagburu enweghị njikọ na otu ngagharị iwe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Annie|author=Knox|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=Utahn charged with shooting at driver during Provo protest ordered to pay higher bail or return to jail|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/8/4/21345073/racial-justice-protests-bail-raised-for-utahn-charged-with-shooting-at-suv-in-crowd-provo|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref><ref name="Roberts">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KUTV]]|url=https://kutv.com/news/local/police-man-arrested-for-shooting-at-provo-protest-is-known-instigator|first=Alyssa|author=Roberts|date=3 July 2020|title=Police: Man arrested for shooting at Provo protest is known|quote=Some, including an organizer with Insurgence USA, indicated they believe the driver who was shot was trying to drive into protesters who were blocking the road. "After seeing the violence... and everything that transpired that day, it came to my realization that this place needed it the most, because nowhere in Salt Lake City have I seen that just blatant hatred, people trying to run people over. Just disrespectful," John Sullivan told 2News.}}</ref> E jidere Sullivan ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme ọgba aghara, na-eyi egwu ime ihe ike na mpụ.<ref name="Reavy" /> Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii si kwuo, Sullivan mebiri ụgbọala ma soro ndị Insurgence USA rụkọọ ọrụ iji nweta ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ngagharị iwe. Sullivan gosipụtara na ya chere na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Taggart gbara na-anwa ịgba ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, nkwupụta ndị uwe ojii na-arụ ụka dabere na ihe akaebe vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Reavy">{{Cite news|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=10 July 2020|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats|first=Pat|author=Reavy|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats}}</ref><ref name="Richardson">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Herald (Utah)]]|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/top-utah-county-stories-2-provo-protests-inspire-state-legislation/article_c58ae168-b3c7-5624-9423-e7d72394fec4.html|title=Top Utah County stories (2): Provo protests inspire state legislation|first=Ryan|author=Richardson|quote=One of the organizers of the event, 25-year-old John Earle Sullivan of Sandy, was also taken into custody for his involvement in the unlawful assembly. The protest was considered unlawful because organizers had not received a permit for the event, according to arrest documents. Sullivan and his organization, Insurgence USA, reportedly promoted the event online and made social media postings that advocated for other protesters to join. Authorities alleged that Sullivan committed riotous acts as a protest organizer, and he was arrested under the suspicion of third-degree felony rioting, class A misdemeanor criminal mischief and class B misdemeanor threat of violence.|accessdate=2021-01-08}}</ref> === Njikọ ya na ụmụ nwoke dị mpako ===   Sullivan haziri ihe omume na Provo, Utah, nke na-ese okwu na BLM. Sullivan nwere obi abụọ ka ukwuu mgbe ihe omume July 1, 2020, ebe ọ kpọrọ okwu site na Proud Boys, otu American extreme-right, neo-fascist nzukọ na-akwalite ma na-etinye aka na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>Far-right: </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46772274/a-small-compromise-goes-a-long-way-counter-protesters-ask-for-unity-with-provo-group|title='A small compromise goes a long way': Counter-protesters ask for unity with Provo group|first=Sean|author=Walker|work=Ksl.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke Sullivan na Proud Boys mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe BLM jụ iso ya rụọ ọrụ.<ref name="Mackey"/> Sullivan mechara nweta ọzụzụ égbè nke otu ya.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, nwanne Sullivan bụ James kwuru okwu na nnọkọ Proud Boys na Portland maka otu aka nri James bụ Civilized Awakening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2020/09/26/a-few-hundred-proud-boys-rally-in-north-portland-surrounded-by-police/|title=A Few Hundred Proud Boys Rally in North Portland, Surrounded by Police|work=[[Willamette Week]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/01/organized-far-right-threat-jan-6-comes-into-sharper-focus/|title=The organized far-right threat on Jan. 6 comes into sharper focus|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu-xZ07ShVg|title=Proud Boy members and counter protesters gather in Portland|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> === Nkatọ maka ngagharị iwe === N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, Sullivan mere ngagharị iwe n'onwe ya na Utah State Capitol, na-ebu AR-15. Ngagharị iwe ahụ were awa ole na ole, n'oge ahụ, ndị ikom iri abụọ ji égbè si Utah Citizens' Alarm zutere ya.<ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ewan Palmer|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=20 men with guns confront solo armed black protester at Utah Capitol|url=https://www.newsweek.com/utah-armed-protesters-capitol-uca-1519925|date=23 July 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Ka ọ malitere iburu égbè iji mee ngagharị iwe, nke a kpọsara mmegide site n'aka nri na aka ekpe.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, e mere ihe nkiri Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'èzí US Capitol. Sullivan kwuru banyere "ịkụ ihe a ọkụ" wee gwa ìgwè mmadụ ahụ "anyị ga-ewepụ [[Donald Trump|Trump]] n'ọfịs ahụ n'ebe ahụ" ka ọ na-ezo aka na White House; ọ gbakwụnyere "anyị anaghị echere ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cox|first=Erin|date=14 January 2021|title=Utah activist John Sullivan arrested for involvement in Capitol riot|url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-john-sullivan-arrested-for-involvement-in-capitol-riots|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Fox 13 News Utah (Kstu)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruiz|first=Michael|date=8 January 2021|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots, once said 'burn it all down'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|accessdate=2021-01-15|publisher=Fox News|language=en}}</ref> Lex Scott kwuru na Sullivan yiri ka ọ nwere "ọchịchọ ọnwụ" ebe ọ chere na ọ ga-abụ "dị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya, ma ọ bụrụ na e gbuo ya na ngagharị iwe wee malite mgbanwe".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ọ gọnahụkwara na Sullivan bụ onye otu BLM-Utah ma gosipụta obi abụọ banyere ịchọ otuto ya, na-agbakwụnye na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara nzukọ BLM ọ bụla ma ọ bụ soro ha rụọ ọrụ iji kwalite atụmatụ ha.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Mụ na Jade Sacker na-arụ ọrụ === ka James Sullivan si kwuo, ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2020, ya na nwanne ya nwoke John bụ ndị Jade Sacker na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref name="JamesOnSacker">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=427|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A kọrọ na Sacker jiri ìgwè abụọ dekọọ mbọ ụmụnne ahụ gbara. [isi iyi Sacker ga-eso John Sullivan banye na Capitol na Jenụwarị 6.<ref name="JamesOnSacker" /> === A katọrọ ya ma chụpụ ya === Otu onye na-eme ngagharị iwe si Portland dọrọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịtụkwasị ya obi, mgbe o jisiri ike jide ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ na Septemba 2020 site n'ịduga ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi wee banye n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii; A na-enyo Sullivan enyo na ọ bụ onye ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ maka mmanye iwu. N'ime ìgwè nkata Signal, Sullivan ga-eji akụkọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ bebi mee ihe iji mepụta megide echiche efu na ndị ọzọ na-agbachitere aha John Sullivan. Onye na-arụ ọrụ Talia Jane kwuru na Sullivan "a na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ n'ebe niile".<ref name="Mackey"/> == Ntinye aka na mwakpo Capitol nke 2021 ==   John Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo nke United States Capitol. Ọ na-eyi uwe elu na ihe nkpuchi gas, na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ site na windo gbajiri agbaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine|work=Cnn.com|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Sullivan weputara vidiyo di iche iche, gụnyere vidiyo nke ịgba Ashli Babbitt.<ref name="justice_1354781"/><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]] via [[Seattle Times]]|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/video-shows-fatal-shooting-of-ashli-babbitt-in-the-capitol/|date=8 January 2021|title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol|quote=John Sullivan, a liberal activist who shoots video at a range of protests and who filmed the footage on Wednesday}}</ref><ref name="Ruiz">{{Cite news|publisher=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|first=Michael|author=Ruiz|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots|quote=Sullivan says he was standing near Air Force veteran Ashli Babbitt when she was shot and killed in the Capitol, and video appears to show him on the scene.}}</ref> A na-anụ Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu "Dude, ihe a ga-agbasa" mgbe ọnwụ Babbitt gasịrị. Sullivan mere ihe nkiri nke onwe ya na-eti mkpu "anyị na-achọ ịgba ihe a ọkụ" na "anyị rụzuru ihe a". Anyị mere nke a ọnụ. Fuck ee! Anyị niile bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme a", "Anyị ga-ere ihe a ọkụ", na "Ọ bụ ụlọ anyị, ndị nne na-azụ ahịa!" O jikwa megaphone mee ihe ma tie mkpu nkwado.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson">{{Cite web|author=Donaldson|first=Amy|date=7 January 2021|title=Utah activist inside U.S. Capitol says woman killed was first to try and enter House chamber|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22219733/utah-activist-inside-u-s-capitol-says-woman-killed-was-first-to-try-and-enter-house-chamber-sullivan|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ ekwu okwu ===   N'èzí ebe mbata nke ọkà okwu, Sullivan sere onwe ya na-agwa ndị ọzọ nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ na o nwere mma. O mechara gọnahụ inwe mma, na-azọrọ na ya "jiri nke ahụ mee ka onwe ya gaa n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ". Mgbe o ruru n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, ọ gwara onye ọrụ mmanye iwu na-eche ọnụ ụzọ ahụ: "Anyị chọrọ ka ị laa n'ụlọ. Ana m edekọ ma enwere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ma ha ga-akwalite ha Bro, ahụla m ka ndị mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ. Achọghị m ịhụ ka ị ga-enweta<ref name="Donaldson"/><ref name="justice_1354781"/> === Ajụjụ ọnụ ọha na eze ===   Obere oge mgbe a gbagburu Babbitt, Sullivan gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na-enweghị isi na onye na-egwu egwu na-akọwa na ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Infowars. Ka e mesịrị n'abalị ahụ, Sullivan na Jade Sacker pụtara na CNN's ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', na-egosi ihe nkiri Sullivan nke ịgba égbè Babbitt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-01-06/segment/01|title=Lawmakers Will Resume Counting Electoral College Votes After Pro-Trump Rioters Stormed Capitol; Interview With Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT); U.S. Capitol Secured, Woman Dead After Rioters Stormed Halls Of Congress To Try To Block President-Elect Biden's Win.|date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7PXvchh2WQ|title=Activist John Sullivan on CNN Anderson Cooper discussing US Capitol riots - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ọnụ FBI === Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị uwe ojii DC Metro jidere Sullivan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3_0f5LeIxU|title=BLM Insurgence USA John Earle Sullivan detained after the Jan. 6, 2021 Storming of the Capitol - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị ọrụ FBI gbara Sullivan ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ịgba égbè ahụ.<ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Bill|title=Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Sullivan kwuru na ya na BLM ma ọ bụ antifa enweghị njikọ, ma ọ bụ na ndị na-akwado Trump, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwado Black Lives Matter. Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka iji hashtags antifa mee ihe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ya, ọ jụrụ ịbụ onye otu ahụ, mana o kwuru na ya, ya na otu ya, bụ ndị na-emegide ndị Fascist. O kwetara na ya na-eti mkpu na-akwado ya n'oge mwakpo ahụ, mana o kwuru na ọ mere ihe ndị a naanị iji "gwakọta" na ndị na-akwado Trump.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw">{{Cite news|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|author=Tom Jackman|work=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/}}</ref><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson"/> Nwanne ya nwoke, James Sullivan, kwuru na o zigara FBI ndụmọdụ banyere John Sullivan ihe dị ka otu izu mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị. Na Jenụwarị 13, 2021, onye ọka ikpe bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike njide nwere ebubo atọ metụtara ọgba aghara Washington DC. Nkwupụta ahụ dabeere na ọrụ nke Ngalaba Na-emegide iyi ọha egwu nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States na Onye Ọkaiwu United States maka District of Columbia. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru na Sullivan banyere n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Capitol site n'ịgbagote na windo mebiri emebi. O mechara bịaruo windo ọzọ nso ma nụ mkpọtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbajiri. Sullivan kwuru, "M mebiri ya. Ihe mgbu m, arịrịọ m. Ọfọn, ha agbajiela windo, yabụ ị maara, amaghị m na m kụrụ ya nke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị onye nwetara nke ahụ na igwefoto. " Otu ebubo, "40 U.S.C. § 5104 (e) (2) (D) ", bụ mpụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịbanye ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na House of Congress na-enweghị ikike.<ref name="just_Utah">{{Cite web|title=Utah Man Charged in Federal Court Following Events at the United States Capitol|work=justice.gov|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/utah-man-charged-federal-court-following-events-united-states-capitol}}</ref><ref name="affadavit">{{Cite web|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|author=Matthew B. Foulger|work=justice.gov|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354916/download}}</ref><ref name="just_complaint">{{Cite web|title=Criminal complaint|work=justice.gov|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354921/download}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Man arrested during Provo protests back in custody related to Capitol breach|author=Isaac Hale|work=Daily Herald|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220235/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Utah man who recorded nearly 2 hours of his participation in Capitol riots arrested|author=Ariane Datil|work=WUSA9|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/john-sullivan-utah-man-arrested-capitol-insurrection-recorded-footage/65-441a6fb8-8132-4a75-b254-6193eeb9953c}}</ref> === Njide na ebubo === E jidere Sullivan na Tooele County, Utah, wee pụta n'ihu onye ọka ikpe na Jenụwarị 15, 2021. Ndị FBI weghaara kọmputa abụọ, ekwentị mkpanaaka abụọ, na ngwaọrụ igwefoto. A tọhapụrụ ya na ọnọdụ siri ike tupu ikpe.<ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="dese_Judg">{{Cite web|title=Judge releases Utahn charged in U.S. Capitol riot despite objections|author=Dennis Romboy|work=Deseret News|date=15 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/15/22234004/capitol-violence-john-sullivan-criminal-charges-utah-chaos-donald-trump-released-jail-riot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reavy|first=Pat|title=Salt Lake Valley man charged federally for alleged role in U.S. Capitol riot|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/14/22231783/salt-lake-valley-man-charged-federally-for-alleged-role-in-u-s-capitol-riot-insurrection-trump|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=January 14, 2021|language=en|quote=A Sandy man who participated in a pro-Trump rally at the U.S. Capitol that turned into a violent attack has been charged for his alleged involvement that day. John Earle Sullivan, 25, was charged federally on Wednesday with being on restricted property, civil disorder and "violent entry or disorderly conduct", according to a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia.}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru ezu iji jide ya, na n'okpuru ọnọdụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ oge niile; ọ na-anọ n'ụlọ ma e wezụga ịga ọrụ, ụka ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe; naanị ozi na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta iji rịọ ọrụ; ọ naghị ahapụ Utah ma nyefee paspọtụ ya n'aka ndị ọchịchị; ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ọzọ na Insurgence USA ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ekwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ azụmahịa ego ya na ụtụ isi; o nweghị nyocha ahụike uche.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Associated Press, Report for America|publisher=[[The Spectrum (Utah)|The Spectrum]]|url=https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2021/01/15/john-sullivan-utah-activist-who-filmed-capitol-shooting-arrested/4172987001/|first=Sophia|author=Eppolito|date=15 January 2021|title=Utah activist who filmed Capitol shooting released from jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/15/utah-activist-john/|first=Sara|author=Tabin|date=16 January 2021|title=Utah's John Sullivan, accused of taking part in riot at U.S. Capitol, is out of jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> === Echiche nke nkata aghụghọ ===   Rudy Giuliani na The Gateway Pundit kwuru na Sullivan tinyere aka na ọgba aghara ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na-ebo ndị na-emegide ya na ọgbaghara ahụ.<ref name="Herndon">{{Cite web|title=How Republicans Are Warping Reality Around the Capitol Attack|first=Astead W.|author=Herndon|work=The New York Times|date=17 January 2021|accessdate=18 January 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/17/us/politics/Capitol-conspiracy-theories-blm-antifa.html|quote=Reached by email, the site's founder, Jim Hoft, did not reply to questions but did send along several of his own news articles related to claims of antifa involvement in the Capitol attack — citing the case of a man named John Sullivan, whom the right-wing media has dubbed an "antifa leader" in efforts to prove its theory of infiltration. He was the same man cited by Giuliani in tweets that threatened to "expose and place total blame on John and the 226 members of antifa that instigated the Capitol 'riot'."}}</ref> Giuliani bipụtara ihe osise nke ozi sitere n'aka James Sullivan na-agụ "M na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na FBI iji kpughee ma na-ata John na ndị otu 226 nke antifa nke kpaliri 'ọgba aghara' nke Capitol ụta zuru oke".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|title=Rudy W. Giuliani auf Twitter: "Why wasn't this presented to the witch Hunt Impeachment Congress. Because they have no interest in the truth that riots had nothing to do with the Trump speech. They were organized before speech and carried out on their own by groups like ANTIFA trained to riot.… HTTPS://T.co/VIHJceQfoI"|work=twitter.com|accessdate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092406/https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|archivedate=15 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti amatabeghị Sullivan dị ka onye otu antifa na FBI mara ọkwa na Jenụwarị 8 enweghị ihe akaebe nke itinye aka na nnọchibido ahụ.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/technology/fbi-says-there-is-no-evidence-antifa-participated-in-storming-the-capitol.html|title=F.B.I. says there is no evidence antifa participated in storming the Capitol.|first=Davey|author=Alba|authorlink=Davey Alba|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> BLM Utah kewapụrụ onwe ya na Sullivan ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na nchegbu na enwere ike ijikọta ya na Proud Boys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|title=PolitiFact - Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|work=@politifact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|first=Tom|author=Jackman|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke ịbụ onye nta akụkọ === Sullivan akpọwo onwe ya onye nta akụkọ nwa amaala ma kwuo na ọ nọ na mwakpo Capitol naanị dị ka onye nta akụkọ foto. Otu akwụkwọ ozi FBI na-agbagha nkwupụta na ọ bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ na-enweghị asambodo mgbasa ozi. [isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya?Ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na na Disemba 2020, Sullivan gọnahụrụ n'ihu ọha ịbụ onye nta akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/29/united-states-v-sullivan/|title=Memorandum in Opposition – #29 in United States v. SULLIVAN (D.D.C., 1:21-cr-00078)|work=CourtListener.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke Sullivan bụ ihe a kọwara dị ka ihe nkiri nke onye mbụ ọ wepụtara na YouTube n'okpuru aha Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol na Washington DC. J. Hoberman, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri na-ede na Artforum, nyochara ihe nkiri Sullivan, na-akọwa ya dị ka "cinema dị ka ihe aka''ebe''" ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Zapruder nke ogbugbu Kennedy, ebe ọ na-akọwakwara ya dị ka" akụkọgonzo".<ref name="hoberman"/> E ji akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mee ihe na ikpe nke abụọ nke Donald Trump. CNN, NBC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation na The Washington Post so na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kwụrụ Sullivan ụgwọ maka vidiyo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-seizes-90000-man-who-sold-footage-us-capitol-riot-2021-05-21/|title=U.S. seizes $90,000 from man who sold footage of U.S. Capitol riot|date=May 21, 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/crime-does-not-pay-government-defends-seizure-of-90k-from-capitol-siege-defendant-who-sold-video-to-cnn-nbc/|title=Government Defends Seizure of $90k from Capitol Siege Defendant Who Sold Video to CNN, NBC|work=Lawandcrime.com|date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>Tom Jackman, Marissa J. Lang & Jon Swaine (Jan. 16, 2021), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/ "Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm], ''The Washington Post:'' "Sullivan sold The Washington Post rights to use a portion of his video for a story on the shooting."</ref><ref>(Feb. 16, 2021), [https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/14/united-states-v-sullivan/ "United States v. SULLIVAN Memorandum in Support of Pretrial Detention — Document #14"] District Court, District of Columbia Docket Number: 1:21-cr-00078</ref> Mgbe ọ banyere na capitol, Sullivan sooro Jade Sacker, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Los Angeles]], onye na'ihe nkiri John Sullivan akụkụ nke ihe nkiri banyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke, James.<ref>{{Cite news|title=About|url=https://www.jadesacker.com/about|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=Jade Sacker}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite news|title=Woman in video at Capitol with arrested activist is not with CNN|url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9906367046|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=AP News|date=15 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT maka itinye aka na Capitol riot (gụnyere screenshots si na ọwa vidiyo Sullivan) * "Ihe anyị maara banyere John Sullivan, onye e boro ebubo na ọgba aghara na US Capitol" ''Salt Lake Tribune'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181122/https://www.johnsullivan.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] E debere Wayback Machine {{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rgdt79l9xfsjqu9f822kc6pk1daonpr 671047 671046 2026-07-02T09:22:00Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Earle Sullivan|image=John Earle Sullivan (cropped).jpg|image_upright=0.7|caption=Sullivan at the [[Washington Monument]], 2021|other_names={{hlist |Jayden X |Activist John }}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1994|7|18}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''John Earle Sullivan''' (amụrụ na Julaị 18, 1994), nke a makwaara dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike John, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na '''onye na-ese''' foto nke sonyere na mwakpo United States Capitol nke 2021.<ref name="justice_1354781">{{Cite web|author=Foulger|first=Matthew|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223527/https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|archivedate=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mackey">{{Cite web|author=Mackey|first=Robert|date=14 January 2021|title=John Sullivan, Who Filmed Shooting of Ashli Babbitt in Capitol, Detained on Federal Charges|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/14/341260/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=The Intercept|language=en|quote=Sullivan, who began calling himself "Activist John" last summer}}</ref> Tupu mwakpo nke Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan haziri ma sonye na ngagharị iwe metụtara Black Lives Matter (BLM), ọ bụ ezie na ndị nhazi BLM ole na ole ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ọbụna chụpụ Sullivan na nzukọ ma dọọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya aka na ntị ka ha zere iso Sullivan.<ref name="hoberman">{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=J. Hoberman on Jayden X's Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol in Washington DC|url=https://www.artforum.com/film/j-hoberman-on-jayden-x-s-shooting-and-storming-of-the-us-capitol-in-washington-dc-84911|work=Artforum}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan banyere na Capitol ma mebie windo na mberede. Ọ na-eti mkpu ugboro ugboro maka agbamume nye ndị otu ya. Sullivan weghaara ihe nkiri nke mwakpo ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na ndị mmanye iwu, na ịgba Ashli Babbitt égbè.<ref name="militia">{{Cite news|author=Okoren|first=Nicolle|title=The birth of a militia: how an armed group polices Black Lives Matter protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/27/utah-militia-armed-group-police-black-lives-matter-protests|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020|language=en|quote=Sullivan, one of the few black men organizing for racial justice in Utah, is not from Provo but Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City.}}</ref> Mgbe Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo Capitol, Rudy Giuliani boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-esonyere antifa, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe nke njikọ ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti ekwughịkwa ya dị ka onye dị otú ahụ, o kwukwara na ya enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị na-emegide ya.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover|date=16 January 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/30/viral-image/no-proof-man-who-filmed-capitol-riot-led-it-or-was/|title=PolitiFact - No proof man who filmed Capitol riot led it, or was antifa|work=@politifact}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2021, Sullivan chere ebubo asatọ ihu maka itinye aka na ihe omume Jenụwarị 6. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A nabatara Sullivan n'ime ezinụlọ Latter-Day Saint.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke">{{Cite web|author=Gehrke|first=Robert|date=16 January 2021|title=What we know about John Sullivan, charged with rioting at the U.S. Capitol|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2021/01/16/robert-gehrke-what-we/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Nna ya, John Sullivan Sr., bụ lieutenant colonel na US Army.<ref name="marantz" /> Sullivan nwere ụmụnne atọ ọ tọrọ. Sullivan tolitere na Stafford, Virginia.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Utah. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Sullivan tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye uwe ojii. Sullivan tinyere aka na ịgba ọsọ ọsọ ma na 2016, e gosipụtara Sullivan na blọọgụ azụmahịa na saịtị Uber, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ịchọ ụzọ isi nweta ego nke dabara na usoro ọzụzụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike".<ref name="uberjohn">{{Cite web|title=Meet John: An Aspiring Speed Skater|work=Uber Blog|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220256/https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archivedate=8 January 2021}}</ref> Sullivan sonyere na ule Olympic nke 2018 mana ọ rughị eru; N'agbanyeghị nke a, o kwuru na ya "asọmpi na 2018 Olympic Games". == Mgbalị tupu mwakpo nke Capitol nke 2021 == Na June 2020, Sullivan malitere ịga ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter (BLM). Dị ka Lex Scott, onye guzobere Black Lives Matter-Utah, si kwuo, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maara ya tupu oge a.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ọganihu na ''Nnupụisi USA'' === Onye na-eme ihe ike James Sullivan, nwanne John, na-akọ na John bụ onye na-eme nchedo "ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya".<ref name="Mackey"/> James Sullivan guzobere "Civilized Awakening", akụkụ nke nnukwu òtù Patriot.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wusa9.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/man-turns-in-brother-capitol-riots/65-12ca4cd6-ce84-409c-934f-1afff89d58e5|title=This man turned in his own brother for his involvement in the Capitol insurrection|date=21 January 2021|work=Wusa9.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Na June 2020, John Sullivan guzobere "Insurgence USA", otu na-ekere òkè na ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=357|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html|accessdate=2020-01-17|title=About Insurgence USA|archivedate=2021-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220636/https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html}}</ref> E boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-erigbu òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ maka uru onwe onye. ''The Salt Lake Tribune'' kwuru na Sullivan anọwo na-ere ahịa ma na-etinye onwe ya n'ịkwalite onwe ya n"ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ; ebe nrụọrụọrụ weebụ ya nke Insurgence USA na-ere ihe ndị metụtara ngagharị iwe, dị ka uwe ojii, gloves, na ihe nkpuchi gas, nke a na-akpọ "bloc gear collective".<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ngagharị iwe ụgbọ ala, ịgba égbè na njide === Na June 29, 2020, Sullivan duziri ngagharị iwe mbụ ya, na Provo, Utah. Onye isi BLM Lex Scott chetara, sị: "Mkpesa mbụ ya o mere bụ nke a gbagburu".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ihe omume ahụ bụ ngagharị iwe megide ihe omume na-akwado ndị uwe ojii ebe otu Back the Blue na-anya ụgbọala gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Provo.<ref name="dese_Twom">{{Cite web|title=Two more charged in Provo protest that turned violent|work=Deseret News|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/13/21323124/two-more-charged-in-provo-protest-that-turned-violent-police-brutality-counterprotest}}</ref><ref name="dese_Orga">{{Cite web|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats|work=Deseret News|date=10 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats}}</ref><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Bink">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KTVX]]|title=Utah activist who provided video of deadly D.C. riot to investigators arrested|first=Addy|author=Bink|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-who-provided-video-of-deadly-d-c-riot-to-investigators-arrested/|date=14 January 2021|quote=The criminal complaint filed against Sullivan lists him as the "leader of an organization called Insurgence USA through which he organizes protests". According to Sullivan's website, Sullivan was in the U.S. Capitol in early January when rioters violently entered the building.}}</ref> Ka ọ dịgodị, Sullivan na ndị ọzọ haziri ngagharị iwe na-egbochi ụgbọala na itinye aka na okporo ụzọ n'okporo ámá na-ekwo ekwo. E boro otu nwoke jikọtara ya na Sullivan, Jesse Taggart, ebubo ịnwa igbu ọchụ maka ịgba égbè na imerụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe n'etiti ìgwè ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Onye a gbagburu enweghị njikọ na otu ngagharị iwe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Annie|author=Knox|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=Utahn charged with shooting at driver during Provo protest ordered to pay higher bail or return to jail|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/8/4/21345073/racial-justice-protests-bail-raised-for-utahn-charged-with-shooting-at-suv-in-crowd-provo|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref><ref name="Roberts">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KUTV]]|url=https://kutv.com/news/local/police-man-arrested-for-shooting-at-provo-protest-is-known-instigator|first=Alyssa|author=Roberts|date=3 July 2020|title=Police: Man arrested for shooting at Provo protest is known|quote=Some, including an organizer with Insurgence USA, indicated they believe the driver who was shot was trying to drive into protesters who were blocking the road. "After seeing the violence... and everything that transpired that day, it came to my realization that this place needed it the most, because nowhere in Salt Lake City have I seen that just blatant hatred, people trying to run people over. Just disrespectful," John Sullivan told 2News.}}</ref> E jidere Sullivan ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme ọgba aghara, na-eyi egwu ime ihe ike na mpụ.<ref name="Reavy" /> Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii si kwuo, Sullivan mebiri ụgbọala ma soro ndị Insurgence USA rụkọọ ọrụ iji nweta ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ngagharị iwe. Sullivan gosipụtara na ya chere na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Taggart gbara na-anwa ịgba ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, nkwupụta ndị uwe ojii na-arụ ụka dabere na ihe akaebe vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Reavy">{{Cite news|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=10 July 2020|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats|first=Pat|author=Reavy|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats}}</ref><ref name="Richardson">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Herald (Utah)]]|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/top-utah-county-stories-2-provo-protests-inspire-state-legislation/article_c58ae168-b3c7-5624-9423-e7d72394fec4.html|title=Top Utah County stories (2): Provo protests inspire state legislation|first=Ryan|author=Richardson|quote=One of the organizers of the event, 25-year-old John Earle Sullivan of Sandy, was also taken into custody for his involvement in the unlawful assembly. The protest was considered unlawful because organizers had not received a permit for the event, according to arrest documents. Sullivan and his organization, Insurgence USA, reportedly promoted the event online and made social media postings that advocated for other protesters to join. Authorities alleged that Sullivan committed riotous acts as a protest organizer, and he was arrested under the suspicion of third-degree felony rioting, class A misdemeanor criminal mischief and class B misdemeanor threat of violence.|accessdate=2021-01-08}}</ref> === Njikọ ya na ụmụ nwoke dị mpako ===   Sullivan haziri ihe omume na Provo, Utah, nke na-ese okwu na BLM. Sullivan nwere obi abụọ ka ukwuu mgbe ihe omume July 1, 2020, ebe ọ kpọrọ okwu site na Proud Boys, otu American extreme-right, neo-fascist nzukọ na-akwalite ma na-etinye aka na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>Far-right: </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46772274/a-small-compromise-goes-a-long-way-counter-protesters-ask-for-unity-with-provo-group|title='A small compromise goes a long way': Counter-protesters ask for unity with Provo group|first=Sean|author=Walker|work=Ksl.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke Sullivan na Proud Boys mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe BLM jụ iso ya rụọ ọrụ.<ref name="Mackey"/> Sullivan mechara nweta ọzụzụ égbè nke otu ya.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, nwanne Sullivan bụ James kwuru okwu na nnọkọ Proud Boys na Portland maka otu aka nri James bụ Civilized Awakening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2020/09/26/a-few-hundred-proud-boys-rally-in-north-portland-surrounded-by-police/|title=A Few Hundred Proud Boys Rally in North Portland, Surrounded by Police|work=[[Willamette Week]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/01/organized-far-right-threat-jan-6-comes-into-sharper-focus/|title=The organized far-right threat on Jan. 6 comes into sharper focus|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu-xZ07ShVg|title=Proud Boy members and counter protesters gather in Portland|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> === Nkatọ maka ngagharị iwe === N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, Sullivan mere ngagharị iwe n'onwe ya na Utah State Capitol, na-ebu AR-15. Ngagharị iwe ahụ were awa ole na ole, n'oge ahụ, ndị ikom iri abụọ ji égbè si Utah Citizens' Alarm zutere ya.<ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ewan Palmer|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=20 men with guns confront solo armed black protester at Utah Capitol|url=https://www.newsweek.com/utah-armed-protesters-capitol-uca-1519925|date=23 July 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Ka ọ malitere iburu égbè iji mee ngagharị iwe, nke a kpọsara mmegide site n'aka nri na aka ekpe.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, e mere ihe nkiri Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'èzí US Capitol. Sullivan kwuru banyere "ịkụ ihe a ọkụ" wee gwa ìgwè mmadụ ahụ "anyị ga-ewepụ [[Donald Trump|Trump]] n'ọfịs ahụ n'ebe ahụ" ka ọ na-ezo aka na White House; ọ gbakwụnyere "anyị anaghị echere ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cox|first=Erin|date=14 January 2021|title=Utah activist John Sullivan arrested for involvement in Capitol riot|url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-john-sullivan-arrested-for-involvement-in-capitol-riots|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Fox 13 News Utah (Kstu)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruiz|first=Michael|date=8 January 2021|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots, once said 'burn it all down'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|accessdate=2021-01-15|publisher=Fox News|language=en}}</ref> Lex Scott kwuru na Sullivan yiri ka ọ nwere "ọchịchọ ọnwụ" ebe ọ chere na ọ ga-abụ "dị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya, ma ọ bụrụ na e gbuo ya na ngagharị iwe wee malite mgbanwe".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ọ gọnahụkwara na Sullivan bụ onye otu BLM-Utah ma gosipụta obi abụọ banyere ịchọ otuto ya, na-agbakwụnye na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara nzukọ BLM ọ bụla ma ọ bụ soro ha rụọ ọrụ iji kwalite atụmatụ ha.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Mụ na Jade Sacker na-arụ ọrụ === ka James Sullivan si kwuo, ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2020, ya na nwanne ya nwoke John bụ ndị Jade Sacker na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref name="JamesOnSacker">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=427|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A kọrọ na Sacker jiri ìgwè abụọ dekọọ mbọ ụmụnne ahụ gbara. [isi iyi Sacker ga-eso John Sullivan banye na Capitol na Jenụwarị 6.<ref name="JamesOnSacker" /> === A katọrọ ya ma chụpụ ya === Otu onye na-eme ngagharị iwe si Portland dọrọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịtụkwasị ya obi, mgbe o jisiri ike jide ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ na Septemba 2020 site n'ịduga ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi wee banye n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii; A na-enyo Sullivan enyo na ọ bụ onye ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ maka mmanye iwu. N'ime ìgwè nkata Signal, Sullivan ga-eji akụkọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ bebi mee ihe iji mepụta megide echiche efu na ndị ọzọ na-agbachitere aha John Sullivan. Onye na-arụ ọrụ Talia Jane kwuru na Sullivan "a na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ n'ebe niile".<ref name="Mackey"/> == Ntinye aka na mwakpo Capitol nke 2021 ==   John Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo nke United States Capitol. Ọ na-eyi uwe elu na ihe nkpuchi gas, na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ site na windo gbajiri agbaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine|work=Cnn.com|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Sullivan weputara vidiyo di iche iche, gụnyere vidiyo nke ịgba Ashli Babbitt.<ref name="justice_1354781"/><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]] via [[Seattle Times]]|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/video-shows-fatal-shooting-of-ashli-babbitt-in-the-capitol/|date=8 January 2021|title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol|quote=John Sullivan, a liberal activist who shoots video at a range of protests and who filmed the footage on Wednesday}}</ref><ref name="Ruiz">{{Cite news|publisher=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|first=Michael|author=Ruiz|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots|quote=Sullivan says he was standing near Air Force veteran Ashli Babbitt when she was shot and killed in the Capitol, and video appears to show him on the scene.}}</ref> A na-anụ Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu "Dude, ihe a ga-agbasa" mgbe ọnwụ Babbitt gasịrị. Sullivan mere ihe nkiri nke onwe ya na-eti mkpu "anyị na-achọ ịgba ihe a ọkụ" na "anyị rụzuru ihe a". Anyị mere nke a ọnụ. Fuck ee! Anyị niile bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme a", "Anyị ga-ere ihe a ọkụ", na "Ọ bụ ụlọ anyị, ndị nne na-azụ ahịa!" O jikwa megaphone mee ihe ma tie mkpu nkwado.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson">{{Cite web|author=Donaldson|first=Amy|date=7 January 2021|title=Utah activist inside U.S. Capitol says woman killed was first to try and enter House chamber|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22219733/utah-activist-inside-u-s-capitol-says-woman-killed-was-first-to-try-and-enter-house-chamber-sullivan|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ ekwu okwu ===   N'èzí ebe mbata nke ọkà okwu, Sullivan sere onwe ya na-agwa ndị ọzọ nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ na o nwere mma. O mechara gọnahụ inwe mma, na-azọrọ na ya "jiri nke ahụ mee ka onwe ya gaa n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ". Mgbe o ruru n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, ọ gwara onye ọrụ mmanye iwu na-eche ọnụ ụzọ ahụ: "Anyị chọrọ ka ị laa n'ụlọ. Ana m edekọ ma enwere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ma ha ga-akwalite ha Bro, ahụla m ka ndị mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ. Achọghị m ịhụ ka ị ga-enweta<ref name="Donaldson"/><ref name="justice_1354781"/> === Ajụjụ ọnụ ọha na eze ===   Obere oge mgbe a gbagburu Babbitt, Sullivan gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na-enweghị isi na onye na-egwu egwu na-akọwa na ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Infowars. Ka e mesịrị n'abalị ahụ, Sullivan na Jade Sacker pụtara na CNN's ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', na-egosi ihe nkiri Sullivan nke ịgba égbè Babbitt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-01-06/segment/01|title=Lawmakers Will Resume Counting Electoral College Votes After Pro-Trump Rioters Stormed Capitol; Interview With Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT); U.S. Capitol Secured, Woman Dead After Rioters Stormed Halls Of Congress To Try To Block President-Elect Biden's Win.|date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7PXvchh2WQ|title=Activist John Sullivan on CNN Anderson Cooper discussing US Capitol riots - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ọnụ FBI === Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị uwe ojii DC Metro jidere Sullivan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3_0f5LeIxU|title=BLM Insurgence USA John Earle Sullivan detained after the Jan. 6, 2021 Storming of the Capitol - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị ọrụ FBI gbara Sullivan ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ịgba égbè ahụ.<ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Bill|title=Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Sullivan kwuru na ya na BLM ma ọ bụ antifa enweghị njikọ, ma ọ bụ na ndị na-akwado Trump, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwado Black Lives Matter. Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka iji hashtags antifa mee ihe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ya, ọ jụrụ ịbụ onye otu ahụ, mana o kwuru na ya, ya na otu ya, bụ ndị na-emegide ndị Fascist. O kwetara na ya na-eti mkpu na-akwado ya n'oge mwakpo ahụ, mana o kwuru na ọ mere ihe ndị a naanị iji "gwakọta" na ndị na-akwado Trump.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw">{{Cite news|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|author=Tom Jackman|work=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/}}</ref><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson"/> Nwanne ya nwoke, James Sullivan, kwuru na o zigara FBI ndụmọdụ banyere John Sullivan ihe dị ka otu izu mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị. Na Jenụwarị 13, 2021, onye ọka ikpe bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike njide nwere ebubo atọ metụtara ọgba aghara Washington DC. Nkwupụta ahụ dabeere na ọrụ nke Ngalaba Na-emegide iyi ọha egwu nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States na Onye Ọkaiwu United States maka District of Columbia. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru na Sullivan banyere n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Capitol site n'ịgbagote na windo mebiri emebi. O mechara bịaruo windo ọzọ nso ma nụ mkpọtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbajiri. Sullivan kwuru, "M mebiri ya. Ihe mgbu m, arịrịọ m. Ọfọn, ha agbajiela windo, yabụ ị maara, amaghị m na m kụrụ ya nke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị onye nwetara nke ahụ na igwefoto. " Otu ebubo, "40 U.S.C. § 5104 (e) (2) (D) ", bụ mpụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịbanye ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na House of Congress na-enweghị ikike.<ref name="just_Utah">{{Cite web|title=Utah Man Charged in Federal Court Following Events at the United States Capitol|work=justice.gov|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/utah-man-charged-federal-court-following-events-united-states-capitol}}</ref><ref name="affadavit">{{Cite web|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|author=Matthew B. Foulger|work=justice.gov|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354916/download}}</ref><ref name="just_complaint">{{Cite web|title=Criminal complaint|work=justice.gov|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354921/download}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Man arrested during Provo protests back in custody related to Capitol breach|author=Isaac Hale|work=Daily Herald|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220235/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Utah man who recorded nearly 2 hours of his participation in Capitol riots arrested|author=Ariane Datil|work=WUSA9|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/john-sullivan-utah-man-arrested-capitol-insurrection-recorded-footage/65-441a6fb8-8132-4a75-b254-6193eeb9953c}}</ref> === Njide na ebubo === E jidere Sullivan na Tooele County, Utah, wee pụta n'ihu onye ọka ikpe na Jenụwarị 15, 2021. Ndị FBI weghaara kọmputa abụọ, ekwentị mkpanaaka abụọ, na ngwaọrụ igwefoto. A tọhapụrụ ya na ọnọdụ siri ike tupu ikpe.<ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="dese_Judg">{{Cite web|title=Judge releases Utahn charged in U.S. Capitol riot despite objections|author=Dennis Romboy|work=Deseret News|date=15 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/15/22234004/capitol-violence-john-sullivan-criminal-charges-utah-chaos-donald-trump-released-jail-riot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reavy|first=Pat|title=Salt Lake Valley man charged federally for alleged role in U.S. Capitol riot|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/14/22231783/salt-lake-valley-man-charged-federally-for-alleged-role-in-u-s-capitol-riot-insurrection-trump|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=January 14, 2021|language=en|quote=A Sandy man who participated in a pro-Trump rally at the U.S. Capitol that turned into a violent attack has been charged for his alleged involvement that day. John Earle Sullivan, 25, was charged federally on Wednesday with being on restricted property, civil disorder and "violent entry or disorderly conduct", according to a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia.}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru ezu iji jide ya, na n'okpuru ọnọdụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ oge niile; ọ na-anọ n'ụlọ ma e wezụga ịga ọrụ, ụka ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe; naanị ozi na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta iji rịọ ọrụ; ọ naghị ahapụ Utah ma nyefee paspọtụ ya n'aka ndị ọchịchị; ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ọzọ na Insurgence USA ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ekwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ azụmahịa ego ya na ụtụ isi; o nweghị nyocha ahụike uche.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Associated Press, Report for America|publisher=[[The Spectrum (Utah)|The Spectrum]]|url=https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2021/01/15/john-sullivan-utah-activist-who-filmed-capitol-shooting-arrested/4172987001/|first=Sophia|author=Eppolito|date=15 January 2021|title=Utah activist who filmed Capitol shooting released from jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/15/utah-activist-john/|first=Sara|author=Tabin|date=16 January 2021|title=Utah's John Sullivan, accused of taking part in riot at U.S. Capitol, is out of jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> === Echiche nke nkata aghụghọ ===   Rudy Giuliani na The Gateway Pundit kwuru na Sullivan tinyere aka na ọgba aghara ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na-ebo ndị na-emegide ya na ọgbaghara ahụ.<ref name="Herndon">{{Cite web|title=How Republicans Are Warping Reality Around the Capitol Attack|first=Astead W.|author=Herndon|work=The New York Times|date=17 January 2021|accessdate=18 January 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/17/us/politics/Capitol-conspiracy-theories-blm-antifa.html|quote=Reached by email, the site's founder, Jim Hoft, did not reply to questions but did send along several of his own news articles related to claims of antifa involvement in the Capitol attack — citing the case of a man named John Sullivan, whom the right-wing media has dubbed an "antifa leader" in efforts to prove its theory of infiltration. He was the same man cited by Giuliani in tweets that threatened to "expose and place total blame on John and the 226 members of antifa that instigated the Capitol 'riot'."}}</ref> Giuliani bipụtara ihe osise nke ozi sitere n'aka James Sullivan na-agụ "M na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na FBI iji kpughee ma na-ata John na ndị otu 226 nke antifa nke kpaliri 'ọgba aghara' nke Capitol ụta zuru oke".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|title=Rudy W. Giuliani auf Twitter: "Why wasn't this presented to the witch Hunt Impeachment Congress. Because they have no interest in the truth that riots had nothing to do with the Trump speech. They were organized before speech and carried out on their own by groups like ANTIFA trained to riot.… HTTPS://T.co/VIHJceQfoI"|work=twitter.com|accessdate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092406/https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|archivedate=15 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti amatabeghị Sullivan dị ka onye otu antifa na FBI mara ọkwa na Jenụwarị 8 enweghị ihe akaebe nke itinye aka na nnọchibido ahụ.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/technology/fbi-says-there-is-no-evidence-antifa-participated-in-storming-the-capitol.html|title=F.B.I. says there is no evidence antifa participated in storming the Capitol.|first=Davey|author=Alba|authorlink=Davey Alba|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> BLM Utah kewapụrụ onwe ya na Sullivan ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na nchegbu na enwere ike ijikọta ya na Proud Boys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|title=PolitiFact - Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|work=@politifact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|first=Tom|author=Jackman|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke ịbụ onye nta akụkọ === Sullivan akpọwo onwe ya onye nta akụkọ nwa amaala ma kwuo na ọ nọ na mwakpo Capitol naanị dị ka onye nta akụkọ foto. Otu akwụkwọ ozi FBI na-agbagha nkwupụta na ọ bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ na-enweghị asambodo mgbasa ozi. [isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya?Ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na na Disemba 2020, Sullivan gọnahụrụ n'ihu ọha ịbụ onye nta akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/29/united-states-v-sullivan/|title=Memorandum in Opposition – #29 in United States v. SULLIVAN (D.D.C., 1:21-cr-00078)|work=CourtListener.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke Sullivan bụ ihe a kọwara dị ka ihe nkiri nke onye mbụ ọ wepụtara na YouTube n'okpuru aha Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol na Washington DC. J. Hoberman, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri na-ede na Artforum, nyochara ihe nkiri Sullivan, na-akọwa ya dị ka "cinema dị ka ihe aka''ebe''" ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Zapruder nke ogbugbu Kennedy, ebe ọ na-akọwakwara ya dị ka" akụkọgonzo".<ref name="hoberman"/> E ji akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mee ihe na ikpe nke abụọ nke Donald Trump. CNN, NBC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation na The Washington Post so na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kwụrụ Sullivan ụgwọ maka vidiyo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-seizes-90000-man-who-sold-footage-us-capitol-riot-2021-05-21/|title=U.S. seizes $90,000 from man who sold footage of U.S. Capitol riot|date=May 21, 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/crime-does-not-pay-government-defends-seizure-of-90k-from-capitol-siege-defendant-who-sold-video-to-cnn-nbc/|title=Government Defends Seizure of $90k from Capitol Siege Defendant Who Sold Video to CNN, NBC|work=Lawandcrime.com|date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>Tom Jackman, Marissa J. Lang & Jon Swaine (Jan. 16, 2021), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/ "Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm], ''The Washington Post:'' "Sullivan sold The Washington Post rights to use a portion of his video for a story on the shooting."</ref><ref>(Feb. 16, 2021), [https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/14/united-states-v-sullivan/ "United States v. SULLIVAN Memorandum in Support of Pretrial Detention — Document #14"] District Court, District of Columbia Docket Number: 1:21-cr-00078</ref> Mgbe ọ banyere na capitol, Sullivan sooro Jade Sacker, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Los Angeles]], onye na'ihe nkiri John Sullivan akụkụ nke ihe nkiri banyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke, James.<ref>{{Cite news|title=About|url=https://www.jadesacker.com/about|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=Jade Sacker}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite news|title=Woman in video at Capitol with arrested activist is not with CNN|url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9906367046|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=AP News|date=15 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT maka itinye aka na Capitol riot (gụnyere screenshots si na ọwa vidiyo Sullivan) * "Ihe anyị maara banyere John Sullivan, onye e boro ebubo na ọgba aghara na US Capitol" ''Salt Lake Tribune'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181122/https://www.johnsullivan.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] E debere Wayback Machine {{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hlhdx1qet5x97x624z2jlgie6k5fswg 671049 671047 2026-07-02T09:23:24Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Earle Sullivan|image=John Earle Sullivan (cropped).jpg|image_upright=0.7|caption=Sullivan at the [[Washington Monument]], 2021|other_names={{hlist |Jayden X |Activist John }}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1994|7|18}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''John Earle Sullivan''' (amụrụ na Julaị 18, 1994), nke a makwaara dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike John, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na '''onye na-ese''' foto nke sonyere na mwakpo United States Capitol nke 2021.<ref name="justice_1354781">{{Cite web|author=Foulger|first=Matthew|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223527/https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1354781/download|archivedate=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mackey">{{Cite web|author=Mackey|first=Robert|date=14 January 2021|title=John Sullivan, Who Filmed Shooting of Ashli Babbitt in Capitol, Detained on Federal Charges|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/14/341260/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=The Intercept|language=en|quote=Sullivan, who began calling himself "Activist John" last summer}}</ref> Tupu mwakpo nke Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan haziri ma sonye na ngagharị iwe metụtara Black Lives Matter (BLM), ọ bụ ezie na ndị nhazi BLM ole na ole ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ọbụna chụpụ Sullivan na nzukọ ma dọọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya aka na ntị ka ha zere iso Sullivan.<ref name="hoberman">{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=J. Hoberman on Jayden X's Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol in Washington DC|url=https://www.artforum.com/film/j-hoberman-on-jayden-x-s-shooting-and-storming-of-the-us-capitol-in-washington-dc-84911|work=Artforum}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 6, Sullivan banyere na Capitol ma mebie windo na mberede. Ọ na-eti mkpu ugboro ugboro maka agbamume nye ndị otu ya. Sullivan weghaara ihe nkiri nke mwakpo ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na ndị mmanye iwu, na ịgba Ashli Babbitt égbè.<ref name="militia">{{Cite news|author=Okoren|first=Nicolle|title=The birth of a militia: how an armed group polices Black Lives Matter protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/27/utah-militia-armed-group-police-black-lives-matter-protests|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020|language=en|quote=Sullivan, one of the few black men organizing for racial justice in Utah, is not from Provo but Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City.}}</ref> Mgbe Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo Capitol, Rudy Giuliani boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-esonyere antifa, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe nke njikọ ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti ekwughịkwa ya dị ka onye dị otú ahụ, o kwukwara na ya enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị na-emegide ya.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover|date=16 January 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/30/viral-image/no-proof-man-who-filmed-capitol-riot-led-it-or-was/|title=PolitiFact - No proof man who filmed Capitol riot led it, or was antifa|work=@politifact}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2021, Sullivan chere ebubo asatọ ihu maka itinye aka na ihe omume Jenụwarị 6. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A nabatara Sullivan n'ime ezinụlọ Latter-Day Saint.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke">{{Cite web|author=Gehrke|first=Robert|date=16 January 2021|title=What we know about John Sullivan, charged with rioting at the U.S. Capitol|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2021/01/16/robert-gehrke-what-we/|accessdate=2021-01-16|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Nna ya, John Sullivan Sr., bụ lieutenant colonel na US Army. Sullivan nwere ụmụnne atọ ọ tọrọ. Sullivan tolitere na Stafford, Virginia.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Utah. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Sullivan tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye uwe ojii. Sullivan tinyere aka na ịgba ọsọ ọsọ ma na 2016, e gosipụtara Sullivan na blọọgụ azụmahịa na saịtị Uber, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ịchọ ụzọ isi nweta ego nke dabara na usoro ọzụzụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike".<ref name="uberjohn">{{Cite web|title=Meet John: An Aspiring Speed Skater|work=Uber Blog|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220256/https://www.uber.com/blog/meet-john-an-aspiring-speed-skater/|archivedate=8 January 2021}}</ref> Sullivan sonyere na ule Olympic nke 2018 mana ọ rughị eru; N'agbanyeghị nke a, o kwuru na ya "asọmpi na 2018 Olympic Games". == Mgbalị tupu mwakpo nke Capitol nke 2021 == Na June 2020, Sullivan malitere ịga ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter (BLM). Dị ka Lex Scott, onye guzobere Black Lives Matter-Utah, si kwuo, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maara ya tupu oge a.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ọganihu na ''Nnupụisi USA'' === Onye na-eme ihe ike James Sullivan, nwanne John, na-akọ na John bụ onye na-eme nchedo "ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya".<ref name="Mackey"/> James Sullivan guzobere "Civilized Awakening", akụkụ nke nnukwu òtù Patriot.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wusa9.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/man-turns-in-brother-capitol-riots/65-12ca4cd6-ce84-409c-934f-1afff89d58e5|title=This man turned in his own brother for his involvement in the Capitol insurrection|date=21 January 2021|work=Wusa9.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Na June 2020, John Sullivan guzobere "Insurgence USA", otu na-ekere òkè na ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=357|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html|accessdate=2020-01-17|title=About Insurgence USA|archivedate=2021-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220636/https://www.insurgenceusa.com/about-insurgence-usa.html}}</ref> E boro Sullivan ebubo na ọ na-erigbu òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ maka uru onwe onye. ''The Salt Lake Tribune'' kwuru na Sullivan anọwo na-ere ahịa ma na-etinye onwe ya n'ịkwalite onwe ya n"ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ; ebe nrụọrụọrụ weebụ ya nke Insurgence USA na-ere ihe ndị metụtara ngagharị iwe, dị ka uwe ojii, gloves, na ihe nkpuchi gas, nke a na-akpọ "bloc gear collective".<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> === Ngagharị iwe ụgbọ ala, ịgba égbè na njide === Na June 29, 2020, Sullivan duziri ngagharị iwe mbụ ya, na Provo, Utah. Onye isi BLM Lex Scott chetara, sị: "Mkpesa mbụ ya o mere bụ nke a gbagburu".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ihe omume ahụ bụ ngagharị iwe megide ihe omume na-akwado ndị uwe ojii ebe otu Back the Blue na-anya ụgbọala gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Provo.<ref name="dese_Twom">{{Cite web|title=Two more charged in Provo protest that turned violent|work=Deseret News|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/13/21323124/two-more-charged-in-provo-protest-that-turned-violent-police-brutality-counterprotest}}</ref><ref name="dese_Orga">{{Cite web|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats|work=Deseret News|date=10 July 2020|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats}}</ref><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Bink">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KTVX]]|title=Utah activist who provided video of deadly D.C. riot to investigators arrested|first=Addy|author=Bink|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-who-provided-video-of-deadly-d-c-riot-to-investigators-arrested/|date=14 January 2021|quote=The criminal complaint filed against Sullivan lists him as the "leader of an organization called Insurgence USA through which he organizes protests". According to Sullivan's website, Sullivan was in the U.S. Capitol in early January when rioters violently entered the building.}}</ref> Ka ọ dịgodị, Sullivan na ndị ọzọ haziri ngagharị iwe na-egbochi ụgbọala na itinye aka na okporo ụzọ n'okporo ámá na-ekwo ekwo. E boro otu nwoke jikọtara ya na Sullivan, Jesse Taggart, ebubo ịnwa igbu ọchụ maka ịgba égbè na imerụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe n'etiti ìgwè ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Onye a gbagburu enweghị njikọ na otu ngagharị iwe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Annie|author=Knox|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=Utahn charged with shooting at driver during Provo protest ordered to pay higher bail or return to jail|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/8/4/21345073/racial-justice-protests-bail-raised-for-utahn-charged-with-shooting-at-suv-in-crowd-provo|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref><ref name="Roberts">{{Cite news|publisher=[[KUTV]]|url=https://kutv.com/news/local/police-man-arrested-for-shooting-at-provo-protest-is-known-instigator|first=Alyssa|author=Roberts|date=3 July 2020|title=Police: Man arrested for shooting at Provo protest is known|quote=Some, including an organizer with Insurgence USA, indicated they believe the driver who was shot was trying to drive into protesters who were blocking the road. "After seeing the violence... and everything that transpired that day, it came to my realization that this place needed it the most, because nowhere in Salt Lake City have I seen that just blatant hatred, people trying to run people over. Just disrespectful," John Sullivan told 2News.}}</ref> E jidere Sullivan ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme ọgba aghara, na-eyi egwu ime ihe ike na mpụ.<ref name="Reavy" /> Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii si kwuo, Sullivan mebiri ụgbọala ma soro ndị Insurgence USA rụkọọ ọrụ iji nweta ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ngagharị iwe. Sullivan gosipụtara na ya chere na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Taggart gbara na-anwa ịgba ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, nkwupụta ndị uwe ojii na-arụ ụka dabere na ihe akaebe vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Reavy">{{Cite news|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=10 July 2020|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/10/21320220/organizer-of-provo-protest-arrested-accused-of-rioting-making-threats|first=Pat|author=Reavy|title=Organizer of Provo protest arrested, accused of rioting, making threats}}</ref><ref name="Richardson">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Herald (Utah)]]|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/top-utah-county-stories-2-provo-protests-inspire-state-legislation/article_c58ae168-b3c7-5624-9423-e7d72394fec4.html|title=Top Utah County stories (2): Provo protests inspire state legislation|first=Ryan|author=Richardson|quote=One of the organizers of the event, 25-year-old John Earle Sullivan of Sandy, was also taken into custody for his involvement in the unlawful assembly. The protest was considered unlawful because organizers had not received a permit for the event, according to arrest documents. Sullivan and his organization, Insurgence USA, reportedly promoted the event online and made social media postings that advocated for other protesters to join. Authorities alleged that Sullivan committed riotous acts as a protest organizer, and he was arrested under the suspicion of third-degree felony rioting, class A misdemeanor criminal mischief and class B misdemeanor threat of violence.|accessdate=2021-01-08}}</ref> === Njikọ ya na ụmụ nwoke dị mpako ===   Sullivan haziri ihe omume na Provo, Utah, nke na-ese okwu na BLM. Sullivan nwere obi abụọ ka ukwuu mgbe ihe omume July 1, 2020, ebe ọ kpọrọ okwu site na Proud Boys, otu American extreme-right, neo-fascist nzukọ na-akwalite ma na-etinye aka na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>Far-right: </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46772274/a-small-compromise-goes-a-long-way-counter-protesters-ask-for-unity-with-provo-group|title='A small compromise goes a long way': Counter-protesters ask for unity with Provo group|first=Sean|author=Walker|work=Ksl.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke Sullivan na Proud Boys mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe BLM jụ iso ya rụọ ọrụ.<ref name="Mackey"/> Sullivan mechara nweta ọzụzụ égbè nke otu ya.<ref name="Mackey" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, nwanne Sullivan bụ James kwuru okwu na nnọkọ Proud Boys na Portland maka otu aka nri James bụ Civilized Awakening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2020/09/26/a-few-hundred-proud-boys-rally-in-north-portland-surrounded-by-police/|title=A Few Hundred Proud Boys Rally in North Portland, Surrounded by Police|work=[[Willamette Week]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/01/organized-far-right-threat-jan-6-comes-into-sharper-focus/|title=The organized far-right threat on Jan. 6 comes into sharper focus|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu-xZ07ShVg|title=Proud Boy members and counter protesters gather in Portland|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> === Nkatọ maka ngagharị iwe === N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, Sullivan mere ngagharị iwe n'onwe ya na Utah State Capitol, na-ebu AR-15. Ngagharị iwe ahụ were awa ole na ole, n'oge ahụ, ndị ikom iri abụọ ji égbè si Utah Citizens' Alarm zutere ya.<ref name="militia"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ewan Palmer|accessdate=2021-01-15|title=20 men with guns confront solo armed black protester at Utah Capitol|url=https://www.newsweek.com/utah-armed-protesters-capitol-uca-1519925|date=23 July 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Ka ọ malitere iburu égbè iji mee ngagharị iwe, nke a kpọsara mmegide site n'aka nri na aka ekpe.<ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Gehrke"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, e mere ihe nkiri Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'èzí US Capitol. Sullivan kwuru banyere "ịkụ ihe a ọkụ" wee gwa ìgwè mmadụ ahụ "anyị ga-ewepụ [[Donald Trump|Trump]] n'ọfịs ahụ n'ebe ahụ" ka ọ na-ezo aka na White House; ọ gbakwụnyere "anyị anaghị echere ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cox|first=Erin|date=14 January 2021|title=Utah activist John Sullivan arrested for involvement in Capitol riot|url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/utah-activist-john-sullivan-arrested-for-involvement-in-capitol-riots|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Fox 13 News Utah (Kstu)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruiz|first=Michael|date=8 January 2021|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots, once said 'burn it all down'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|accessdate=2021-01-15|publisher=Fox News|language=en}}</ref> Lex Scott kwuru na Sullivan yiri ka ọ nwere "ọchịchọ ọnwụ" ebe ọ chere na ọ ga-abụ "dị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya, ma ọ bụrụ na e gbuo ya na ngagharị iwe wee malite mgbanwe".<ref name="Mackey"/> Ọ gọnahụkwara na Sullivan bụ onye otu BLM-Utah ma gosipụta obi abụọ banyere ịchọ otuto ya, na-agbakwụnye na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara nzukọ BLM ọ bụla ma ọ bụ soro ha rụọ ọrụ iji kwalite atụmatụ ha.<ref name="Gehrke"/> === Mụ na Jade Sacker na-arụ ọrụ === ka James Sullivan si kwuo, ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2020, ya na nwanne ya nwoke John bụ ndị Jade Sacker na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref name="JamesOnSacker">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6u_yObs4_g&t=427|title=James Sullivan talks about Jan 6th......The Truth - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A kọrọ na Sacker jiri ìgwè abụọ dekọọ mbọ ụmụnne ahụ gbara. [isi iyi Sacker ga-eso John Sullivan banye na Capitol na Jenụwarị 6.<ref name="JamesOnSacker" /> === A katọrọ ya ma chụpụ ya === Otu onye na-eme ngagharị iwe si Portland dọrọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịtụkwasị ya obi, mgbe o jisiri ike jide ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ na Septemba 2020 site n'ịduga ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi wee banye n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii; A na-enyo Sullivan enyo na ọ bụ onye ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ maka mmanye iwu. N'ime ìgwè nkata Signal, Sullivan ga-eji akụkọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ bebi mee ihe iji mepụta megide echiche efu na ndị ọzọ na-agbachitere aha John Sullivan. Onye na-arụ ọrụ Talia Jane kwuru na Sullivan "a na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ n'ebe niile".<ref name="Mackey"/> == Ntinye aka na mwakpo Capitol nke 2021 ==   John Sullivan sonyere na mwakpo nke United States Capitol. Ọ na-eyi uwe elu na ihe nkpuchi gas, na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ site na windo gbajiri agbaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/15/politics/giuliani-unfounded-antifa-claim-invs/index.html|title=Giuliani uses unfounded 'Antifa' argument to defend Trump|author=Curt Devine|work=Cnn.com|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Sullivan weputara vidiyo di iche iche, gụnyere vidiyo nke ịgba Ashli Babbitt.<ref name="justice_1354781"/><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Washington Post]] via [[Seattle Times]]|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/video-shows-fatal-shooting-of-ashli-babbitt-in-the-capitol/|date=8 January 2021|title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol|quote=John Sullivan, a liberal activist who shoots video at a range of protests and who filmed the footage on Wednesday}}</ref><ref name="Ruiz">{{Cite news|publisher=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-trump-activist-entered-capitol-wednesday|first=Michael|author=Ruiz|title=BLM activist inside Capitol claims he was 'documenting' riots|quote=Sullivan says he was standing near Air Force veteran Ashli Babbitt when she was shot and killed in the Capitol, and video appears to show him on the scene.}}</ref> A na-anụ Sullivan ka ọ na-ekwu "Dude, ihe a ga-agbasa" mgbe ọnwụ Babbitt gasịrị. Sullivan mere ihe nkiri nke onwe ya na-eti mkpu "anyị na-achọ ịgba ihe a ọkụ" na "anyị rụzuru ihe a". Anyị mere nke a ọnụ. Fuck ee! Anyị niile bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme a", "Anyị ga-ere ihe a ọkụ", na "Ọ bụ ụlọ anyị, ndị nne na-azụ ahịa!" O jikwa megaphone mee ihe ma tie mkpu nkwado.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson">{{Cite web|author=Donaldson|first=Amy|date=7 January 2021|title=Utah activist inside U.S. Capitol says woman killed was first to try and enter House chamber|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22219733/utah-activist-inside-u-s-capitol-says-woman-killed-was-first-to-try-and-enter-house-chamber-sullivan|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ ekwu okwu ===   N'èzí ebe mbata nke ọkà okwu, Sullivan sere onwe ya na-agwa ndị ọzọ nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ na o nwere mma. O mechara gọnahụ inwe mma, na-azọrọ na ya "jiri nke ahụ mee ka onwe ya gaa n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ". Mgbe o ruru n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, ọ gwara onye ọrụ mmanye iwu na-eche ọnụ ụzọ ahụ: "Anyị chọrọ ka ị laa n'ụlọ. Ana m edekọ ma enwere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ma ha ga-akwalite ha Bro, ahụla m ka ndị mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ. Achọghị m ịhụ ka ị ga-enweta<ref name="Donaldson"/><ref name="justice_1354781"/> === Ajụjụ ọnụ ọha na eze ===   Obere oge mgbe a gbagburu Babbitt, Sullivan gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na-enweghị isi na onye na-egwu egwu na-akọwa na ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Infowars. Ka e mesịrị n'abalị ahụ, Sullivan na Jade Sacker pụtara na CNN's ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', na-egosi ihe nkiri Sullivan nke ịgba égbè Babbitt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-01-06/segment/01|title=Lawmakers Will Resume Counting Electoral College Votes After Pro-Trump Rioters Stormed Capitol; Interview With Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT); U.S. Capitol Secured, Woman Dead After Rioters Stormed Halls Of Congress To Try To Block President-Elect Biden's Win.|date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7PXvchh2WQ|title=Activist John Sullivan on CNN Anderson Cooper discussing US Capitol riots - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ọnụ FBI === Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị uwe ojii DC Metro jidere Sullivan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3_0f5LeIxU|title=BLM Insurgence USA John Earle Sullivan detained after the Jan. 6, 2021 Storming of the Capitol - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 7, ndị ọrụ FBI gbara Sullivan ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ịgba égbè ahụ.<ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Bill|title=Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Sullivan kwuru na ya na BLM ma ọ bụ antifa enweghị njikọ, ma ọ bụ na ndị na-akwado Trump, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwado Black Lives Matter. Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka iji hashtags antifa mee ihe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ya, ọ jụrụ ịbụ onye otu ahụ, mana o kwuru na ya, ya na otu ya, bụ ndị na-emegide ndị Fascist. O kwetara na ya na-eti mkpu na-akwado ya n'oge mwakpo ahụ, mana o kwuru na ọ mere ihe ndị a naanị iji "gwakọta" na ndị na-akwado Trump.<ref name="Gehrke"/><ref name="wash_Manw">{{Cite news|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|author=Tom Jackman|work=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/}}</ref><ref name="Mackey"/><ref name="Donaldson"/> Nwanne ya nwoke, James Sullivan, kwuru na o zigara FBI ndụmọdụ banyere John Sullivan ihe dị ka otu izu mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị. Na Jenụwarị 13, 2021, onye ọka ikpe bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike njide nwere ebubo atọ metụtara ọgba aghara Washington DC. Nkwupụta ahụ dabeere na ọrụ nke Ngalaba Na-emegide iyi ọha egwu nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States na Onye Ọkaiwu United States maka District of Columbia. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru na Sullivan banyere n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Capitol site n'ịgbagote na windo mebiri emebi. O mechara bịaruo windo ọzọ nso ma nụ mkpọtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbajiri. Sullivan kwuru, "M mebiri ya. Ihe mgbu m, arịrịọ m. Ọfọn, ha agbajiela windo, yabụ ị maara, amaghị m na m kụrụ ya nke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị onye nwetara nke ahụ na igwefoto. " Otu ebubo, "40 U.S.C. § 5104 (e) (2) (D) ", bụ mpụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịbanye ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na House of Congress na-enweghị ikike.<ref name="just_Utah">{{Cite web|title=Utah Man Charged in Federal Court Following Events at the United States Capitol|work=justice.gov|date=14 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/utah-man-charged-federal-court-following-events-united-states-capitol}}</ref><ref name="affadavit">{{Cite web|title=AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT|author=Matthew B. Foulger|work=justice.gov|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354916/download}}</ref><ref name="just_complaint">{{Cite web|title=Criminal complaint|work=justice.gov|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1354921/download}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Man arrested during Provo protests back in custody related to Capitol breach|author=Isaac Hale|work=Daily Herald|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220235/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/man-arrested-during-provo-protests-back-in-custody-related-to-capitol-breach/article_e8599d33-6679-5777-a106-2e398f6b3c52.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Utah man who recorded nearly 2 hours of his participation in Capitol riots arrested|author=Ariane Datil|work=WUSA9|date=16 January 2021|accessdate=17 January 2021|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/john-sullivan-utah-man-arrested-capitol-insurrection-recorded-footage/65-441a6fb8-8132-4a75-b254-6193eeb9953c}}</ref> === Njide na ebubo === E jidere Sullivan na Tooele County, Utah, wee pụta n'ihu onye ọka ikpe na Jenụwarị 15, 2021. Ndị FBI weghaara kọmputa abụọ, ekwentị mkpanaaka abụọ, na ngwaọrụ igwefoto. A tọhapụrụ ya na ọnọdụ siri ike tupu ikpe.<ref name="wash_Manw"/><ref name="dese_Judg">{{Cite web|title=Judge releases Utahn charged in U.S. Capitol riot despite objections|author=Dennis Romboy|work=Deseret News|date=15 January 2021|accessdate=16 January 2021|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/15/22234004/capitol-violence-john-sullivan-criminal-charges-utah-chaos-donald-trump-released-jail-riot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Reavy|first=Pat|title=Salt Lake Valley man charged federally for alleged role in U.S. Capitol riot|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/14/22231783/salt-lake-valley-man-charged-federally-for-alleged-role-in-u-s-capitol-riot-insurrection-trump|accessdate=January 14, 2021|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=January 14, 2021|language=en|quote=A Sandy man who participated in a pro-Trump rally at the U.S. Capitol that turned into a violent attack has been charged for his alleged involvement that day. John Earle Sullivan, 25, was charged federally on Wednesday with being on restricted property, civil disorder and "violent entry or disorderly conduct", according to a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia.}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru ezu iji jide ya, na n'okpuru ọnọdụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ oge niile; ọ na-anọ n'ụlọ ma e wezụga ịga ọrụ, ụka ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe; naanị ozi na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta iji rịọ ọrụ; ọ naghị ahapụ Utah ma nyefee paspọtụ ya n'aka ndị ọchịchị; ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ọzọ na Insurgence USA ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ekwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ azụmahịa ego ya na ụtụ isi; o nweghị nyocha ahụike uche.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Associated Press, Report for America|publisher=[[The Spectrum (Utah)|The Spectrum]]|url=https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2021/01/15/john-sullivan-utah-activist-who-filmed-capitol-shooting-arrested/4172987001/|first=Sophia|author=Eppolito|date=15 January 2021|title=Utah activist who filmed Capitol shooting released from jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/15/utah-activist-john/|first=Sara|author=Tabin|date=16 January 2021|title=Utah's John Sullivan, accused of taking part in riot at U.S. Capitol, is out of jail|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> === Echiche nke nkata aghụghọ ===   Rudy Giuliani na The Gateway Pundit kwuru na Sullivan tinyere aka na ọgba aghara ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na-ebo ndị na-emegide ya na ọgbaghara ahụ.<ref name="Herndon">{{Cite web|title=How Republicans Are Warping Reality Around the Capitol Attack|first=Astead W.|author=Herndon|work=The New York Times|date=17 January 2021|accessdate=18 January 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/17/us/politics/Capitol-conspiracy-theories-blm-antifa.html|quote=Reached by email, the site's founder, Jim Hoft, did not reply to questions but did send along several of his own news articles related to claims of antifa involvement in the Capitol attack — citing the case of a man named John Sullivan, whom the right-wing media has dubbed an "antifa leader" in efforts to prove its theory of infiltration. He was the same man cited by Giuliani in tweets that threatened to "expose and place total blame on John and the 226 members of antifa that instigated the Capitol 'riot'."}}</ref> Giuliani bipụtara ihe osise nke ozi sitere n'aka James Sullivan na-agụ "M na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na FBI iji kpughee ma na-ata John na ndị otu 226 nke antifa nke kpaliri 'ọgba aghara' nke Capitol ụta zuru oke".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|title=Rudy W. Giuliani auf Twitter: "Why wasn't this presented to the witch Hunt Impeachment Congress. Because they have no interest in the truth that riots had nothing to do with the Trump speech. They were organized before speech and carried out on their own by groups like ANTIFA trained to riot.… HTTPS://T.co/VIHJceQfoI"|work=twitter.com|accessdate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092406/https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1350010694029242368|archivedate=15 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti amatabeghị Sullivan dị ka onye otu antifa na FBI mara ọkwa na Jenụwarị 8 enweghị ihe akaebe nke itinye aka na nnọchibido ahụ.<ref name="Curt Devine, Majlie de Puy Kamp and Scott Glover"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/technology/fbi-says-there-is-no-evidence-antifa-participated-in-storming-the-capitol.html|title=F.B.I. says there is no evidence antifa participated in storming the Capitol.|first=Davey|author=Alba|authorlink=Davey Alba|work=The New York Times|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> BLM Utah kewapụrụ onwe ya na Sullivan ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na nchegbu na enwere ike ijikọta ya na Proud Boys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/09/facebook-posts/facebook-posts-wrongly-claim-left-wing-activist-an/|title=PolitiFact - Facebook posts wrongly claim left-wing activist, antifa 'incited' US Capitol mob|work=@politifact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/|title=Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm|first=Tom|author=Jackman|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> === Nkwupụta nke ịbụ onye nta akụkọ === Sullivan akpọwo onwe ya onye nta akụkọ nwa amaala ma kwuo na ọ nọ na mwakpo Capitol naanị dị ka onye nta akụkọ foto. Otu akwụkwọ ozi FBI na-agbagha nkwupụta na ọ bụ onye na-ese foto, ọ na-enweghị asambodo mgbasa ozi. [isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya?Ndị ọkàiwu na-ekwu na na Disemba 2020, Sullivan gọnahụrụ n'ihu ọha ịbụ onye nta akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/29/united-states-v-sullivan/|title=Memorandum in Opposition – #29 in United States v. SULLIVAN (D.D.C., 1:21-cr-00078)|work=CourtListener.com|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke Sullivan bụ ihe a kọwara dị ka ihe nkiri nke onye mbụ ọ wepụtara na YouTube n'okpuru aha Shooting and Storming of the US Capitol na Washington DC. J. Hoberman, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri na-ede na Artforum, nyochara ihe nkiri Sullivan, na-akọwa ya dị ka "cinema dị ka ihe aka''ebe''" ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Zapruder nke ogbugbu Kennedy, ebe ọ na-akọwakwara ya dị ka" akụkọgonzo".<ref name="hoberman"/> E ji akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mee ihe na ikpe nke abụọ nke Donald Trump. CNN, NBC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation na The Washington Post so na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kwụrụ Sullivan ụgwọ maka vidiyo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-seizes-90000-man-who-sold-footage-us-capitol-riot-2021-05-21/|title=U.S. seizes $90,000 from man who sold footage of U.S. Capitol riot|date=May 21, 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/u-s-capitol-siege/crime-does-not-pay-government-defends-seizure-of-90k-from-capitol-siege-defendant-who-sold-video-to-cnn-nbc/|title=Government Defends Seizure of $90k from Capitol Siege Defendant Who Sold Video to CNN, NBC|work=Lawandcrime.com|date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>Tom Jackman, Marissa J. Lang & Jon Swaine (Jan. 16, 2021), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/16/sullivan-video-arrested/ "Man who shot video of fatal Capitol shooting is arrested, remains focus of political storm], ''The Washington Post:'' "Sullivan sold The Washington Post rights to use a portion of his video for a story on the shooting."</ref><ref>(Feb. 16, 2021), [https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59147023/14/united-states-v-sullivan/ "United States v. SULLIVAN Memorandum in Support of Pretrial Detention — Document #14"] District Court, District of Columbia Docket Number: 1:21-cr-00078</ref> Mgbe ọ banyere na capitol, Sullivan sooro Jade Sacker, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Los Angeles]], onye na'ihe nkiri John Sullivan akụkụ nke ihe nkiri banyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke, James.<ref>{{Cite news|title=About|url=https://www.jadesacker.com/about|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=Jade Sacker}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite news|title=Woman in video at Capitol with arrested activist is not with CNN|url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9906367046|accessdate=17 January 2021|work=AP News|date=15 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT maka itinye aka na Capitol riot (gụnyere screenshots si na ọwa vidiyo Sullivan) * "Ihe anyị maara banyere John Sullivan, onye e boro ebubo na ọgba aghara na US Capitol" ''Salt Lake Tribune'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181122/https://www.johnsullivan.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] E debere Wayback Machine {{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qafpe2mdzmyayob3a68mmb7ktsxueza John Hargrave 0 28919 671085 117892 2026-07-02T10:07:03Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671085 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''John Gordon Hargrave''' (6 June 1894 - 21 November 1982), (aha osisi 'White Fox'), bụ onye ndú ndị ntorobịa a ma ama na Britain noge 1920s na 1930s, Onye isi nke Kibbo Kift, kọwara na obituary ya dị ka 'onye edemede, onye naese ihe nkiri, onye mepụtara, onye naikwu okwu, onye na onye naeme ihe nkiri na onye naịgwọ mmụọ'.<ref>''The'' ''Times'', 25 November 1982: see similar lists in Hargrave's obituaries in the ''Guardian'', 26 November 1982 and the ''Daily Telegraph'', 1 December 1982.</ref> Ọ bụ onye naeche echiche Utopian, onye kwere na sayensị na anwansi, yana onye isi maka Social Credit movement na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift|author=Cathy Ross|first=and Oliver Bennet|publisher=Philip Wilson Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-1-78130-040-4|location=London|pages=17}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Midhurst, Sussex, nime ezinụlọ Quaker na-agagharị agagharị, Hargrave bụ nwa nke onye naese ihe Gordon Hargrave na nwunye ya Babette Bing, nke sitere na ndị Juu Hungary.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref><ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Oge ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ nọrọ nakụkụ ụfọdụ na Lake District, hapụrụ ya na mmasị maka okike na ọchịchọ siri ike maka agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye site nịgụ akwụkwọ na ileba anya nụwa gbara ya gburugburu. N'afọ 1908, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Latimer ebe nafọ 1909 Hargrave sonyeere ndị First Chorleywood Scouts, otu ndị Boy Scouts nke Baden Powell.<ref name="kibbo" /> Nafọ 1910, ọrụ ya dị ka onye naese ihe osise nakwụkwọ malitere mgbe ụfọdụ nime ihe osise ya pụtara na mbipụta nke ''Gulliver na Liliiput'', nke Thomas Nelson & Sons bipụtara, ọrụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a haziri site na nkwado nke Lady Chesham. E nyekwara ya ikpe otu afọ dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri na Evening Times. Ọ ghọrọ onye naefe ofufe nke onye naahụ maka ihe okike Ernest Thompson Seton, na otu nime ndị isi Scout na Woodcraft.<ref name="kibbo" /> Mmasị ya na scouting, okike na nka jikọtara iji mepụta akwụkwọ nke mere aha ya, ma ọ bụ karịa aha scouting ya nke 'White Fox'. Nke a bụ Lonecraft nke Constable bipụtara na 1913 ma naewebata ụdị 'White Fox' nke ederede naenweghị isi, nke nwere foto na eserese. Nịgbago nọchịchị ndị Scout, Hargrave mepụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ scouting na woodcraft maka C. Arthur Pearson Ltd, onye nyere ya ọkwa onye naese ihe na 1914, ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Kibbo Kift == Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ, Hargrave sonyeere Royal Army Medical Corps ma hụ ọgụ na Agha nke Gallipoli. Egwu agha mere ka udo nke Quaker nke Hargrave sikwuo ike.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Ahụmahụ ahụ mere ka o kwenye na mmepeanya nke oge a emeela nke ọma ma kwupụta mmetụta ya na esemokwu iwe ya nke 1919, The Great War Brings It Home . Nke a bụ oku ka ndị otu niile naahụ maka ahụike na àgwà nke ọgbọ ndị naabịa nihu mee ihe. Hargrave kpọrọ oku maka atụmatụ mba ọhụrụ maka iwulite àgwà na ọzụzụ anụ ahụ, ihe si na ya pụta bụ ntọala nke Kindred nke '''Kibbo Kift''' nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1920. Ebumnuche ya bụ ka ọ bụrụ òtù maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile, Kibbo Kift nyere agụmakwụkwọ, ya mere ọ naaga nihu, ihe ọzọ na Boy Scouts. A họpụtara Hargrave na mbụ dị ka 'Onye isi' dị ka ihe naadịru nwa oge, mana ka ọ naerule afọ 1924, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịghọ onye ndú a naapụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Dị ka Onye isi, ọ webatara nime Kindred mmasị ya na ememe na nka, yana echiche nke ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye, sayensị, anwansi, na omume dị mma. Ọ bụ onye kwenyesiri ike na evolushọn Darwinian, naekwusi ike na ọzụzụ Kibbo Kift gaemepụta ndị ziri ezi na ndị nwere ahụike, site na ha, ụmụ mmadụ nozuzu ha gaaghọ ọnọdụ ka mma. O kwenyere na iwulite ndị mmadụ ka mma bụ ụzọ isi wuo ọha mmadụ ka mma, si otú a naanọpụ iche na ndị nọ naka ekpe na aka nri bụ ndị kwenyere na steeti dị ka isi ihe naeme ka mgbanwe ọha na eze. Ọhụụ Hargrave banyere ọha mmadụ ka mma ga-abịa sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Quaker ya: ọ hụrụ ọha mmadụ n'ọdịnihu naenweghị agha, ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ ndụ furu efu, ha niile naejikọta ọnụ site na ọzụzụ onwe onye nke ndị nwere nghọta. Kindred nke Kibbo Kift weere aha ya site na okwu ochie Kentish maka ike ma dọta nkwado site naka ọtụtụ ndị naeche echiche naaga nihu, gụnyere: Patrick Geddes, Evelyn Sharp, H. G. Wells, na Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Ndị otu nọgidere naadị obere (600-800) na 1920s ma gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi nka na ndị ọrụ ntorobịa. Ọtụtụ ndị zụlitere iguzosi ike nihe siri ike nye Hargrave, naanọnyere ya noge mgbanwe Kindred nime Green Shirts, na Social Credit Party. == Onye naese ihe na onye edemede == Nafọ 1920, ọrụ Hargrave dị ka onye naese ihe jupụtara na atụmatụ, eserese na eserese ọ mepụtara maka Kibbo Kift. Ha niile naegosipụta mmasị ya na 'ihe nnọchianya', iji akara ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya eji eme ihe iji nye nkọwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift|author=Cathy Ross|first=and Oliver Bennet|publisher=Philip Wilson Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-1-78130-040-4|location=London|pages=17}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCathy_Ross2015">Cathy Ross, and Oliver Bennet (2015). ''Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift''. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. p.&nbsp;17. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-78130-040-4|<bdi>978-1-78130-040-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-achịkwa ụdị anya nke mmegharị ahụ, naemepụta uwe 'ọchịchị', baajị, akara, ihe nkiri na regalia n'onwe ya: ọ bụ ezie na a naagba ndị otu ọ bụla ume imepụta ma mee ihe oyiyi nke onwe ha. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye naese ihe n'èzí, nagbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị iguzobe onwe ya dị ka onye eserese ma ọ bụ onye naede ihe. Nafọ 1924, o gosipụtara nhọrọ nke 'ihe osise ihe atụ' ya 'mgbalị iji gosipụta echiche site na ihe osise karịa ihe nonwe ha'.<ref>Quoted in Ross and Bennett, op cit., p.33</ref> N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1920 na 1930, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, naemepụta nhazi maka Lever Brothers, onye onye njikwa mgbasa ozi ya bụ Colin Hurry bụ enyi ya; na maka Carlton Studios, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka Watney na Boot's the Chemist na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara nihu naere ihe osise nye ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ọrụ mkpuchi maka Mills & Boon na 1922.<ref name=":0" /> Hargrave nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihu ọha dị ka onye naede akwụkwọ akụkọ, naebipụta akwụkwọ kachasị ere ''Harbottle'': A Modern Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That is to Come na 1924, ma soro ya na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama nke Duckworth bipụtara. Ọtụtụ nime ha bụ akụkọ ifo ndị na-agbaziri ihe site na akwụkwọ ndị Hargrave nwere mmasị na ha: Harbottle dabeere na John Bunyan, na Young Winkle (1926) dabeere na ''Kim'' nke Rudyard Kipling. Otú ọ dị, ihe mbụ kpamkpam bụ Hargrave's experimental modernist masterpiece Summer Time Ends (1935). Ihe odide symphonic a naachọ ọnọdụ nke redio na ihe nkiri, naakpa okwu ndị na-ede ya nime na nèzí nke ụda na ụda. A nabatara akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma na America (John Steinbeck bụ onye na-akwado ya), Ezra Pound, onye naenwe mmasị na Hargrave, toro ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The American Ezra Pound|author=Stallard Flory|first=Wendy|publisher=Yale|year=1989}}</ref> == Aha ọha na eze == Nafọ 1924, a kọwaara Hargrave echiche akụ na ụba nke Social Credit, okike nke C. H. Douglas. Hargrave ji ịnụ ọkụ nobi nabata nkwenkwe ahụ, nke 'eziokwu' ya yiri ka ọ bụ nke sayensị na mmetụta nke ọrụ ya dọtara mmasị ya. Social Credit gbanwere nkwenye Hargrave na onye gbanwere dịka isi ihe maka ọha mmadụ ka mma: isi ihe bụ nezie, ọ kwenyere ugbu a, usoro akụ na ụba gbanwere. Ka ọ naerule ngwụcha afọ 1920, o meela ka Kindred bụrụ 'megaphone' maka otuto ọha na eze, naewetara ọha na eze echiche akụ na ụba.<ref>Ross and Bennett, ''op cit'', p. 108 reproduces a Kibbo Kift cartoon of 16 November 1928 showing the Kindred in the role of a 'New Economic Megaphone'.</ref> A gbanwere ndị otu Kibbo Kift fọdụrụnụ ka ha bụrụ ndị agha, ka naadọ aka ná ntị ma nwee ahụike mana ugbu a ha naetinye aka na 'usoro agha naenweghị agha'.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Hargrave sonyeere Legion of the Unemployed na Coventry na 1930, ma nye ha uwe elu naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref name="kibbo" /> Ka ọ naerule 1932, ndị Kibbo Kift nọkwa na ejiji naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ha abụọ guzobere '''Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit'''.<ref name="kibbo" /> Noge naadịghị anya, Green Shirts ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nokporo ámá nke afọ 1930, na-alụ ọgụ na ndị otu Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, Black Shirts, na ndị Red Shirt naakwado ndị Communist Party of Great Britain.<ref name="kibbo" /> Hargrave mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama maka mmegharị Social Credit ya, ngwaọrụ K abụọ naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na oji, nke ọ kpọrọ 'Key Symbol'.<ref>Examples of the use of the key symbol as a brand can be seen on items from the Museum of London's collections: see the 'Collections Online' section of www.museumoflondon.org.uk</ref> O webatara ihe nkiri siri ike nime mkpesa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Green Shirts, na ngagharị omenala gburugburu Bank of England, ịpị ọkpọ, 'ịgba ụta nokporo ámá' na mgbasa ozi dị ka ịtụ brik naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ime 11 Downing Street. Na mbido naanọghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu, Hargrave gbanwere obi ya na 1935, na-agbanwe aha Green Shirt dị ka Social Credit Party nke Great Britain na Northern Ireland maka ebumnuche nke ịlụ ọgụ na 1935 General Election. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Social Credit Party nke Alberta (Canada) masịkwara ya.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Douglas megidere ịbanye n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu. Noge na-adịghị anya, Hargrave gara Alberta, na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'ihi enweghị ọganihu nke gọọmentị Social Credit nọ nebe ahụ naeme.<ref name="kibbo" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na Gọọmentị Alberta ma Douglas gọnahụrụ ya. Ọ hapụrụ [[Kánada|Canada]] na 1936, laghachi iji hụ Social Credit Party na ọgba aghara mgbe Public Order Act 1936 machibidoro iyi uwe ndị ọrụ naabụghị ndị agha.<ref name="kibbo" /> Nenweghị nkụda mmụọ, Hargrave duziri Social Credit Party nime ọnọdụ ozioma, naewebata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okwu okpukpe ('God's Providence is Mine Inheritance') ma naahazi 'Services of National Regeneration'. Ọ hapụrụ Ezra Pound, ihe omume nke gosipụtara mmegide ya na Fascism. E gbochiri Social Credit Party noge agha ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Hargrave gbalịrị ime ka echiche ya dị ndụ site na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, The Message from Hargrave. A gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945, mana ọ bụghị: naanị ịlaghachi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze na 1950 mgbe ọ guzoro dị ka onye naazọ ọkwa na Hackney North na Stoke Newington na ntuliaka nke afọ 1950. votu 551 ọ natara mere ka Hargrave kwenye ịhapụ, na 1951 ọ gbasara pati ahụ.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> == Onye mepụtara ihe, onye naagwọ ọrịa na onye naese ihe nkiri == N'afọ 1937, Hargrave malitere ichegbu onwe ya maka idozi nsogbu teknụzụ nke iji map na-agagharị nụgbọelu. Ka ọ na-erule nafọ 1938, prototype nke Hargrave Automatic Navigator dị njikere itinye akwụkwọ na Patent Office ma kwadebe isiokwu nke njikọ maka 'Hargrave Aviation Ltd.' A nwalere prototype ahụ n'oge agha ahụ, site na nkwado gọọmentị, mana enweghị isi obodo pụtara na emeghị ihe e mepụtara. Ihe nchoputa ahụ kwụsịrị ruo 1976 mgbe Hargrave gbara Gọọmentị Britain akwụkwọ, naazọrọ na ngosipụta map naagagharị agagharị nke Britain nyere Concorde supersonic, bụ, nezie, Automatic Navigator ya. Ndị nta akụkọ weghaara nkwupụta ya, nke mechara mee ka nyocha ọha na eze.<ref>see, for example, Tony Crooks, ''The Sunday Times'' 11 February 1973.</ref> Hargrave siri ọnwụ na ọ naarịọ maka nkwenye, karịa ụgwọ ọrụ ego ọ bụla, mana nyocha ọha na eze chọpụtara megide ya.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Noge agha ahụ, Hargrave laghachiri na mmasị ya na sayensị na anwansi (ọ naewere ha abụọ dịka ụzọ ziri ezi maka iji ike okike mee ihe). O kwenyesiri ike na ike nke ya ma guzobe dị ka onye naagwọ ọrịa, naenye usoro dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Isi n'ime ndị a bụ iji 'Therapeutic Psychographs', ihe osise naenweghị atụ nke Hargrave mepụtara nke e nyere ndị ọrịa ya ntụziaka ile ihe osise anya maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref>Some of his psychographs are reproduced on the Museum of London website (Collections Online) or Ross and Bennett, ''op cit''., pp.136–7</ref> N'afọ 1950, Hargrave nwetara ihe ọ naeri dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri, naarụ ọrụ nokpuru aha 'Spiv' ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị 'H'. Ọrụ ya pụtara na Cavalcade, The Sketch na Time and Tide .<ref>some of his cartoons are reproduced in Ross & Bennett, chapter 5</ref> E nyere ya ọrụ ide ihe odide banyere Paracelsus maka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Hargrave bipụtara The Life and Soul of Paracelsum na 1951). O zigara ọtụtụ ihe odide, ihe nkiri redio na ihe nkiri na ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, naachọ mgbe niile ohere iji ghọta echiche ya: ọ nọgidere naekwere na Social Credit bụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu akụ na ụba ụwa.<ref>His many unpublished manuscripts from the 1950s and 1960s are all held in the Hargrave Mss. at the British Library of Political and Economic Science.</ref> John Hargrav nwụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1982, mgbe ọ dị afọ 88 nụlọ ya na Branch Hill Lodge, Hampstead.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na akwụkwọ ndị dị ndụ == Hargrave lụrụ Ruth Clark, nwa nwanyị nke injinia William Clark na 28 Nọvemba 1919. Alụmdi na nwunye ha mụrụ otu nwa nwoke ọ bụ ezie na di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1952.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ na 1968, nwunye ọhụrụ ya bụ onye naeme ihe nkiri Gwendoline Florence Gray.<ref name="bio" /> A naedebe akwụkwọ nke John Hargrave, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na mss ndị a naebipụtaghị, na British Library of Political and Economic Science. Ọrụ nka ya, gụnyere atụmatụ maka Kibbo Kift, ọrụ dị ka onye naese ihe na foto ezinụlọ naeme na Museum of London (Kibbo Kift Collection). A naeme Model III nke Hargrave's Automatic Navigator na Science Museum. == Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa e bipụtara == * ''Ịnọpụ'' Onwe (1913) * Na Suvla Bay (1916) * ''Akwụkwọ Wigwam'' (1916) * Okwu Totem (1918) * ''Ọzụzụ agbụrụ'' (1919) * ''Agha Ukwu Naeweta Ya N'Ụlọ'' (1919) * ''Nkwupụta nke Kibbo Kift'' (1927) * Oge ''Oge'' Ọchị Agwụ (1935) * ''Prọfesọ Skinner onye a naakpọ Montagu Norman'' (1935) * ''Akụkọ Alberta'' (1937) * ''Okwu'' Win Wars (1940) * ''Nkọwa'' doro anya nke aha ọha na eze (1945) * ''Ndụ na Mkpụrụ Obi nke Paracelsus'' (1951) * ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Paragon'' (1952) * ''Ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Suvla'' naada (1964) * ''Eziokwu nke Ikpe Banyere Hargrave Automatic Navigator maka Ụgbọelu'' (1969) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * Works by John Hargrave at Project Gutenberg * Works by or about John Hargrave at Internet Archive [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ddehekyls6wfl3m3267ilvtwl4p3kdp 671087 671085 2026-07-02T10:08:10Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671087 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''John Gordon Hargrave''' (6 June 1894 - 21 November 1982), (aha osisi 'White Fox'), bụ onye ndú ndị ntorobịa a ma ama na Britain noge 1920s na 1930s, Onye isi nke Kibbo Kift, kọwara na obituary ya dị ka 'onye edemede, onye naese ihe nkiri, onye mepụtara, onye naikwu okwu, onye na onye naeme ihe nkiri na onye naịgwọ mmụọ'.<ref>''The'' ''Times'', 25 November 1982: see similar lists in Hargrave's obituaries in the ''Guardian'', 26 November 1982 and the ''Daily Telegraph'', 1 December 1982.</ref> Ọ bụ onye naeche echiche Utopian, onye kwere na sayensị na anwansi, yana onye isi maka Social Credit movement na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift|author=Cathy Ross|first=and Oliver Bennet|publisher=Philip Wilson Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-1-78130-040-4|location=London|pages=17}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Midhurst, Sussex, nime ezinụlọ Quaker na-agagharị agagharị, Hargrave bụ nwa nke onye naese ihe Gordon Hargrave na nwunye ya Babette Bing, nke sitere na ndị Juu Hungary.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref><ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Oge ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ nọrọ nakụkụ ụfọdụ na Lake District, hapụrụ ya na mmasị maka okike na ọchịchọ siri ike maka agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye site nịgụ akwụkwọ na ileba anya nụwa gbara ya gburugburu. N'afọ 1908, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Latimer ebe nafọ 1909 Hargrave sonyeere ndị First Chorleywood Scouts, otu ndị Boy Scouts nke Baden Powell.<ref name="kibbo" /> Nafọ 1910, ọrụ ya dị ka onye naese ihe osise nakwụkwọ malitere mgbe ụfọdụ nime ihe osise ya pụtara na mbipụta nke ''Gulliver na Liliiput'', nke Thomas Nelson & Sons bipụtara, ọrụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a haziri site na nkwado nke Lady Chesham. E nyekwara ya ikpe otu afọ dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri na Evening Times. Ọ ghọrọ onye naefe ofufe nke onye naahụ maka ihe okike Ernest Thompson Seton, na otu nime ndị isi Scout na Woodcraft.<ref name="kibbo" /> Mmasị ya na scouting, okike na nka jikọtara iji mepụta akwụkwọ nke mere aha ya, ma ọ bụ karịa aha scouting ya nke 'White Fox'. Nke a bụ Lonecraft nke Constable bipụtara na 1913 ma naewebata ụdị 'White Fox' nke ederede naenweghị isi, nke nwere foto na eserese. Nịgbago nọchịchị ndị Scout, Hargrave mepụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ scouting na woodcraft maka C. Arthur Pearson Ltd, onye nyere ya ọkwa onye naese ihe na 1914, ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Kibbo Kift == Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ, Hargrave sonyeere Royal Army Medical Corps ma hụ ọgụ na Agha nke Gallipoli. Egwu agha mere ka udo nke Quaker nke Hargrave sikwuo ike.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Ahụmahụ ahụ mere ka o kwenye na mmepeanya nke oge a emeela nke ọma ma kwupụta mmetụta ya na esemokwu iwe ya nke 1919, The Great War Brings It Home . Nke a bụ oku ka ndị otu niile naahụ maka ahụike na àgwà nke ọgbọ ndị naabịa nihu mee ihe. Hargrave kpọrọ oku maka atụmatụ mba ọhụrụ maka iwulite àgwà na ọzụzụ anụ ahụ, ihe si na ya pụta bụ ntọala nke Kindred nke '''Kibbo Kift''' nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1920. Ebumnuche ya bụ ka ọ bụrụ òtù maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile, Kibbo Kift nyere agụmakwụkwọ, ya mere ọ naaga nihu, ihe ọzọ na Boy Scouts. A họpụtara Hargrave na mbụ dị ka 'Onye isi' dị ka ihe naadịru nwa oge, mana ka ọ naerule afọ 1924, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịghọ onye ndú a naapụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Dị ka Onye isi, ọ webatara nime Kindred mmasị ya na ememe na nka, yana echiche nke ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye, sayensị, anwansi, na omume dị mma. Ọ bụ onye kwenyesiri ike na evolushọn Darwinian, naekwusi ike na ọzụzụ Kibbo Kift gaemepụta ndị ziri ezi na ndị nwere ahụike, site na ha, ụmụ mmadụ nozuzu ha gaaghọ ọnọdụ ka mma. O kwenyere na iwulite ndị mmadụ ka mma bụ ụzọ isi wuo ọha mmadụ ka mma, si otú a naanọpụ iche na ndị nọ naka ekpe na aka nri bụ ndị kwenyere na steeti dị ka isi ihe naeme ka mgbanwe ọha na eze. Ọhụụ Hargrave banyere ọha mmadụ ka mma ga-abịa sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Quaker ya: ọ hụrụ ọha mmadụ n'ọdịnihu naenweghị agha, ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ ndụ furu efu, ha niile naejikọta ọnụ site na ọzụzụ onwe onye nke ndị nwere nghọta. Kindred nke Kibbo Kift weere aha ya site na okwu ochie Kentish maka ike ma dọta nkwado site naka ọtụtụ ndị naeche echiche naaga nihu, gụnyere: Patrick Geddes, Evelyn Sharp, H. G. Wells, na Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Ndị otu nọgidere naadị obere (600-800) na 1920s ma gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi nka na ndị ọrụ ntorobịa. Ọtụtụ ndị zụlitere iguzosi ike nihe siri ike nye Hargrave, naanọnyere ya noge mgbanwe Kindred nime Green Shirts, na Social Credit Party. == Onye naese ihe na onye edemede == Nafọ 1920, ọrụ Hargrave dị ka onye naese ihe jupụtara na atụmatụ, eserese na eserese ọ mepụtara maka Kibbo Kift. Ha niile naegosipụta mmasị ya na 'ihe nnọchianya', iji akara ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya eji eme ihe iji nye nkọwa.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ na-achịkwa ụdị anya nke mmegharị ahụ, naemepụta uwe 'ọchịchị', baajị, akara, ihe nkiri na regalia n'onwe ya: ọ bụ ezie na a naagba ndị otu ọ bụla ume imepụta ma mee ihe oyiyi nke onwe ha. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye naese ihe n'èzí, nagbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị iguzobe onwe ya dị ka onye eserese ma ọ bụ onye naede ihe. Nafọ 1924, o gosipụtara nhọrọ nke 'ihe osise ihe atụ' ya 'mgbalị iji gosipụta echiche site na ihe osise karịa ihe nonwe ha'.<ref>Quoted in Ross and Bennett, op cit., p.33</ref> N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1920 na 1930, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, naemepụta nhazi maka Lever Brothers, onye onye njikwa mgbasa ozi ya bụ Colin Hurry bụ enyi ya; na maka Carlton Studios, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka Watney na Boot's the Chemist na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara nihu naere ihe osise nye ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ọrụ mkpuchi maka Mills & Boon na 1922.<ref name=":0" /> Hargrave nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihu ọha dị ka onye naede akwụkwọ akụkọ, naebipụta akwụkwọ kachasị ere ''Harbottle'': A Modern Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That is to Come na 1924, ma soro ya na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama nke Duckworth bipụtara. Ọtụtụ nime ha bụ akụkọ ifo ndị na-agbaziri ihe site na akwụkwọ ndị Hargrave nwere mmasị na ha: Harbottle dabeere na John Bunyan, na Young Winkle (1926) dabeere na ''Kim'' nke Rudyard Kipling. Otú ọ dị, ihe mbụ kpamkpam bụ Hargrave's experimental modernist masterpiece Summer Time Ends (1935). Ihe odide symphonic a naachọ ọnọdụ nke redio na ihe nkiri, naakpa okwu ndị na-ede ya nime na nèzí nke ụda na ụda. A nabatara akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma na America (John Steinbeck bụ onye na-akwado ya), Ezra Pound, onye naenwe mmasị na Hargrave, toro ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The American Ezra Pound|author=Stallard Flory|first=Wendy|publisher=Yale|year=1989}}</ref> == Aha ọha na eze == Nafọ 1924, a kọwaara Hargrave echiche akụ na ụba nke Social Credit, okike nke C. H. Douglas. Hargrave ji ịnụ ọkụ nobi nabata nkwenkwe ahụ, nke 'eziokwu' ya yiri ka ọ bụ nke sayensị na mmetụta nke ọrụ ya dọtara mmasị ya. Social Credit gbanwere nkwenye Hargrave na onye gbanwere dịka isi ihe maka ọha mmadụ ka mma: isi ihe bụ nezie, ọ kwenyere ugbu a, usoro akụ na ụba gbanwere. Ka ọ naerule ngwụcha afọ 1920, o meela ka Kindred bụrụ 'megaphone' maka otuto ọha na eze, naewetara ọha na eze echiche akụ na ụba.<ref>Ross and Bennett, ''op cit'', p. 108 reproduces a Kibbo Kift cartoon of 16 November 1928 showing the Kindred in the role of a 'New Economic Megaphone'.</ref> A gbanwere ndị otu Kibbo Kift fọdụrụnụ ka ha bụrụ ndị agha, ka naadọ aka ná ntị ma nwee ahụike mana ugbu a ha naetinye aka na 'usoro agha naenweghị agha'.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Hargrave sonyeere Legion of the Unemployed na Coventry na 1930, ma nye ha uwe elu naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref name="kibbo" /> Ka ọ naerule 1932, ndị Kibbo Kift nọkwa na ejiji naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ha abụọ guzobere '''Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit'''.<ref name="kibbo" /> Noge naadịghị anya, Green Shirts ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nokporo ámá nke afọ 1930, na-alụ ọgụ na ndị otu Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, Black Shirts, na ndị Red Shirt naakwado ndị Communist Party of Great Britain.<ref name="kibbo" /> Hargrave mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama maka mmegharị Social Credit ya, ngwaọrụ K abụọ naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na oji, nke ọ kpọrọ 'Key Symbol'.<ref>Examples of the use of the key symbol as a brand can be seen on items from the Museum of London's collections: see the 'Collections Online' section of www.museumoflondon.org.uk</ref> O webatara ihe nkiri siri ike nime mkpesa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Green Shirts, na ngagharị omenala gburugburu Bank of England, ịpị ọkpọ, 'ịgba ụta nokporo ámá' na mgbasa ozi dị ka ịtụ brik naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ime 11 Downing Street. Na mbido naanọghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu, Hargrave gbanwere obi ya na 1935, na-agbanwe aha Green Shirt dị ka Social Credit Party nke Great Britain na Northern Ireland maka ebumnuche nke ịlụ ọgụ na 1935 General Election. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Social Credit Party nke Alberta (Canada) masịkwara ya.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Douglas megidere ịbanye n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu. Noge na-adịghị anya, Hargrave gara Alberta, na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'ihi enweghị ọganihu nke gọọmentị Social Credit nọ nebe ahụ naeme.<ref name="kibbo" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na Gọọmentị Alberta ma Douglas gọnahụrụ ya. Ọ hapụrụ [[Kánada|Canada]] na 1936, laghachi iji hụ Social Credit Party na ọgba aghara mgbe Public Order Act 1936 machibidoro iyi uwe ndị ọrụ naabụghị ndị agha.<ref name="kibbo" /> Nenweghị nkụda mmụọ, Hargrave duziri Social Credit Party nime ọnọdụ ozioma, naewebata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okwu okpukpe ('God's Providence is Mine Inheritance') ma naahazi 'Services of National Regeneration'. Ọ hapụrụ Ezra Pound, ihe omume nke gosipụtara mmegide ya na Fascism. E gbochiri Social Credit Party noge agha ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Hargrave gbalịrị ime ka echiche ya dị ndụ site na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, The Message from Hargrave. A gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945, mana ọ bụghị: naanị ịlaghachi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze na 1950 mgbe ọ guzoro dị ka onye naazọ ọkwa na Hackney North na Stoke Newington na ntuliaka nke afọ 1950. votu 551 ọ natara mere ka Hargrave kwenye ịhapụ, na 1951 ọ gbasara pati ahụ.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> == Onye mepụtara ihe, onye naagwọ ọrịa na onye naese ihe nkiri == N'afọ 1937, Hargrave malitere ichegbu onwe ya maka idozi nsogbu teknụzụ nke iji map na-agagharị nụgbọelu. Ka ọ na-erule nafọ 1938, prototype nke Hargrave Automatic Navigator dị njikere itinye akwụkwọ na Patent Office ma kwadebe isiokwu nke njikọ maka 'Hargrave Aviation Ltd.' A nwalere prototype ahụ n'oge agha ahụ, site na nkwado gọọmentị, mana enweghị isi obodo pụtara na emeghị ihe e mepụtara. Ihe nchoputa ahụ kwụsịrị ruo 1976 mgbe Hargrave gbara Gọọmentị Britain akwụkwọ, naazọrọ na ngosipụta map naagagharị agagharị nke Britain nyere Concorde supersonic, bụ, nezie, Automatic Navigator ya. Ndị nta akụkọ weghaara nkwupụta ya, nke mechara mee ka nyocha ọha na eze.<ref>see, for example, Tony Crooks, ''The Sunday Times'' 11 February 1973.</ref> Hargrave siri ọnwụ na ọ naarịọ maka nkwenye, karịa ụgwọ ọrụ ego ọ bụla, mana nyocha ọha na eze chọpụtara megide ya.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Noge agha ahụ, Hargrave laghachiri na mmasị ya na sayensị na anwansi (ọ naewere ha abụọ dịka ụzọ ziri ezi maka iji ike okike mee ihe). O kwenyesiri ike na ike nke ya ma guzobe dị ka onye naagwọ ọrịa, naenye usoro dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="kibbo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104722/http://kibbokift.org/jhbio.htm Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive)] and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.</ref> Isi n'ime ndị a bụ iji 'Therapeutic Psychographs', ihe osise naenweghị atụ nke Hargrave mepụtara nke e nyere ndị ọrịa ya ntụziaka ile ihe osise anya maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref>Some of his psychographs are reproduced on the Museum of London website (Collections Online) or Ross and Bennett, ''op cit''., pp.136–7</ref> N'afọ 1950, Hargrave nwetara ihe ọ naeri dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri, naarụ ọrụ nokpuru aha 'Spiv' ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị 'H'. Ọrụ ya pụtara na Cavalcade, The Sketch na Time and Tide .<ref>some of his cartoons are reproduced in Ross & Bennett, chapter 5</ref> E nyere ya ọrụ ide ihe odide banyere Paracelsus maka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Hargrave bipụtara The Life and Soul of Paracelsum na 1951). O zigara ọtụtụ ihe odide, ihe nkiri redio na ihe nkiri na ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, naachọ mgbe niile ohere iji ghọta echiche ya: ọ nọgidere naekwere na Social Credit bụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu akụ na ụba ụwa.<ref>His many unpublished manuscripts from the 1950s and 1960s are all held in the Hargrave Mss. at the British Library of Political and Economic Science.</ref> John Hargrav nwụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1982, mgbe ọ dị afọ 88 nụlọ ya na Branch Hill Lodge, Hampstead.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na akwụkwọ ndị dị ndụ == Hargrave lụrụ Ruth Clark, nwa nwanyị nke injinia William Clark na 28 Nọvemba 1919. Alụmdi na nwunye ha mụrụ otu nwa nwoke ọ bụ ezie na di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1952.<ref name="bio">H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ na 1968, nwunye ọhụrụ ya bụ onye naeme ihe nkiri Gwendoline Florence Gray.<ref name="bio" /> A naedebe akwụkwọ nke John Hargrave, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na mss ndị a naebipụtaghị, na British Library of Political and Economic Science. Ọrụ nka ya, gụnyere atụmatụ maka Kibbo Kift, ọrụ dị ka onye naese ihe na foto ezinụlọ naeme na Museum of London (Kibbo Kift Collection). A naeme Model III nke Hargrave's Automatic Navigator na Science Museum. == Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa e bipụtara == * ''Ịnọpụ'' Onwe (1913) * Na Suvla Bay (1916) * ''Akwụkwọ Wigwam'' (1916) * Okwu Totem (1918) * ''Ọzụzụ agbụrụ'' (1919) * ''Agha Ukwu Naeweta Ya N'Ụlọ'' (1919) * ''Nkwupụta nke Kibbo Kift'' (1927) * Oge ''Oge'' Ọchị Agwụ (1935) * ''Prọfesọ Skinner onye a naakpọ Montagu Norman'' (1935) * ''Akụkọ Alberta'' (1937) * ''Okwu'' Win Wars (1940) * ''Nkọwa'' doro anya nke aha ọha na eze (1945) * ''Ndụ na Mkpụrụ Obi nke Paracelsus'' (1951) * ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Paragon'' (1952) * ''Ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Suvla'' naada (1964) * ''Eziokwu nke Ikpe Banyere Hargrave Automatic Navigator maka Ụgbọelu'' (1969) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * Works by John Hargrave at Project Gutenberg * Works by or about John Hargrave at Internet Archive [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2i12ow460hbua9vt0nc4mnx36qy8x8v Mgbanwe agbanwe 0 28929 671036 182668 2026-07-02T08:50:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671036 wikitext text/x-wiki Mgbanwe '''mgbanwe''' bụ usoro ọhụrụ nke osisi nke na-ejigide ihe owuwu ọhịa maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntụgharị iji chekwaa ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. & Tappeiner, J.C. (1997). Alternative silvicultural approaches to [[Timber harvest|timber harvesting]]: Variable retention harvest systems. In textbook: Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. (eds K.A. Kohn & J.F. Franklin), pp. 111. Island Press, Washington, D.C.</ref> Ihe atụ ụfọdụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ njikọ mkpuchi ọhịa, nkwụsi ike ala, microclimate n'okpuru osisi ndị e jidere, ebe obibi ndị metụtara osisi dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi nchekwa ebe [[Óshíshí|obibi]], na nchekwa nke ụzọ anụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enyekwa aka n'iṅomi nsogbu okike site n'ịhapụ ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụnụ site na nguzo gara aga nke bụ ihe atụ maka iguzo dochie anya nsogbu Usoro ọdịnala silviculture dị ka clearcut, patch cut, shelterwood, wdg na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta osisi na mmelite n'ọdịnihu nke osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=J.F.|year=2002|title=Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using douglas-fir forests as an example|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=25965&content=PDF|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=155|issue=1–3|pages=399–423|doi=10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00575-8}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-ejigide<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=The retention system: Reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems|journal=Forestry Chronicle|volume=78|issue=3|pages=397–403|doi=10.5558/tfc78397-3|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2698|author=Mitchell|first=S.J.}}</ref> == Uru nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe == Mgbanwe agbanwe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aghọ ngwá ọrụ a na-akwalite nke ọma maka inyere aka idozi nsogbu dị n'etiti ihe achọrọ maka osisi na ihe achọrọ iji lekọta ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe [[Ńkú|obibi]] na ụdị dị iche iche na [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dịgasị iche iche na ọhịa a na-elekọta. a na-ese okwu bụ otú ọrụ ọhịa nwere ike isi banye n'enweghị nsogbu na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ n'ime ọhịa. Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebelata mmetụta nke ọrụ ịkpụ osisi site na ịhapụ ihe nketa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike (osisi nọọsụ na snags). Enwere ike ijigide osisi ole na ole ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ osisi n'okpuru usoro njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe, a pụkwara ijigide ya na patches (nchịkọta njigide) ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'otu n'otu (nchịkwa na-agbasasị); ya mere aha ahụ bụ "nchịkọta na-agbanwere agbanwe".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Nicholas J.|date=2012|title=Effects of Low Levels of Dispersed Retention on the Growth and Survival of Young, Planted Douglas-Fir|journal=Forests|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=230–243|doi=10.3390/f3020230|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2717}}</ref> Ọ bụ usoro maka ijigide osisi dị ka isi ihe owuwu nke ebe a na-ewe ihe ubi ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na-esote na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche, ebe obibi dị iche iche na usoro metụtara ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beese|first=W J|date=2003|title=Maintaining attributes of old-growth forests in coastal B.C. through variable retention|journal=The Forestry Chronicle|volume=79|issue=3|pages=570–578|doi=10.5558/tfc79570-3|issn=0015-7546|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2701}}</ref> Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2014 nke nchọpụta nchedo ọhịa chọpụtara "nkwado maka ojiji sara mbara nke nchedo ọhịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebelata mmetụta owuwe ihe ubi na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fedrowitz|first=Katja|date=2014|title=REVIEW: Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|language=en|volume=51|issue=6|pages=1669–1679|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12289|issn=1365-2664|pmid=25552747|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2719}}</ref> E nwere usoro anọ dị mkpa nke a na-eche na njigide dị iche iche na-eme ka [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche dị iche dị iche iche: [citation needed] * Site n'inye ihe owuwu na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'ihi omume ọhịa nke oge a na nke a maara na ọ dị mkpa maka nnweta [[Habitat|ebe obibi]], dị ka nnukwu osisi, obere osisi, ihe mgbochi, na ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike * Site n'inye ebe mgbaba zuru oke maka ụdị dị iche iche ga-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa ka ọ na-azụlite ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị * Site n'ịmepụta ebe obibi, Patch dynamics, nke nwere ike ije ozi dị ka stepping stones maka mgbasa nke ụmụ ọhụrụ, mkpụrụ, na spores * Site n'ịbawanye ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ a na-achịkwa == Mgbanwe dị iche iche - Ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi == Usoro nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ usoro a kpachapụrụ anya karịa ịkpụcha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, helikọpta na-ewepụ osisi. Ojiji nke helikọpta na-ezere mkpa iwu okporo ụzọ osisi n'ime ọhịa ma si otú a zere nsogbu nke ala ọhịa. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ịkpụ osisi helikọpta adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa iji gwongworo. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi nke na-eji njigide dị iche iche na-anwa iṅomi nsogbu ọhịa. N'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ, a na-ahapụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ n'ime oghere na osisi. Osisi ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ dị otú ahụ na-enye ihe na-eto eto maka fungi na epiphytes, yana nri na ebe obibi maka ụmụ ahụhụ na nnụnụ. Ndị na-egbu osisi na-ahapụkwa osisi ndị na-eto eto ga-anọgide na-eto. Mgbanwe mgbanwe ncheta na-ejigide ihe karịrị 15% nke ebe mbụ na ma n'akpa uwe na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke osisi ndị a na-emetụbeghị aka na ebe mgbaba. Ọdịdị ọhịa echekwara nwere osisi ndị dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke na-eme ka ọdịdị dị iche iche dịkwuo iche, ma na-enye [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] maka ihe dị iche iche na-adị ndụ na-adịkarị n'ọhịa a na-egbutu egbutu. Ọchịchị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na-enye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị ka ọ na-emepụta ohere zuru ezu iji kụọ ma melite ụdị osisi bara uru maka osisi, yana iweghachi akụkọ ihe mere eme coniferous na / ma ọ bụ deciduous osisi na ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ osisi egbochiwo ojiji nke mgbanwe na-ejigide silviculture naanị na-enweghị ọ bụla nke ụdị osisi ndị dị ụkọ ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa. == Arụmụka == Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-ele usoro nchekwa dị iche iche nke owuwe ihe ubi anya dị ka nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa karịa igbu osisi. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-esiri ike, na-agwụ ike, na'ewe oge ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ịkpụcha. Nnyocha nke ọmụmụ na British Columbia na ụdị ọhịa ndị yiri ya na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na nchịkọta na nke gbasasịrị agbakọta nwere ike inye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka mmepụta osisi dịka mmebi ikuku na osisi ndị e jidere na mbelata uto nke mmelite osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpocha, na-emechi maka ịkwado ebumnuche nchịkwa mgbanwe maka imezi ihe ndị na-asọmpi nke mmepụta osisi na nchekwa dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beese|first=William J.|date=2019|title=Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation|journal=Ecological Processes|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13717-019-0181-9|issn=2192-1709}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọhịa, dị ka Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), na-akwado njigide dịgasị iche iche ma na-ekwupụta ugbu a osisi nwetara site na usoro owuwe ihe ubi dị ka osisi a kwadoro maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọtụtụ ọrụ ọhịa na mpaghara Canada nke British Columbia, gụnyere MacMillan Bloedel, na-eji usoro njigide dịgasị iche iche ewepụta osisi n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egbutu osisi ejighi mkpebi zuru oke iji wepụ mkpocha na ịnakwere owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọbụnakwa MacMillan Bloedel emeela mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ ghara itinye aka na mkpocha. Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa ụwa na-amalite ịrịọ maka osisi a kwadoro kpamkpam site na owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụghị doro anya ma ndị na-azụ ahịa ga-adị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka osisi dị otú ahụ. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}}  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080204125733/http://www.mrc.com/issues/silviculture_harvesting.html Ụlọ ọrụ Mendocino Redwoo: Silviculture na Harvesting Methods] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070920192940/http://www.manometmaine.org/patch.html Manomet Forest Conservation Program: Patch Retention Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009052008/http://cedar-indoor.org/why_real_cedar/environment.htm Osisi Na-adịgide Adịgide, Mgbukpọ, Ndị Na-eweta Osisi Red Cedar] * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.004|volume=242|issue=2–3|title=Changes in forest structure following variable-retention harvests in Douglas-fir dominated forests|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|pages=708–726|year=2007|author=Maguire|first=Douglas A.}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://faculty.washington.edu/jff/index.htm Home page nke Jerry F. Franklin - prọfesọ nke nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, Mahadum Washington] * [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-10-1999/0000929997&EDATE= TimberWest na Phase Clearing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209080854/http://www.spruceroots.org/Dec04/Tree.html SpruceRoots Magazine: Ihe doro anya nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826214736/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/workplans/greenridgeplan.asp Green Ridge State Forest Work Plan maka afọ 2008] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607213129/http://www.mongabay.com/reference/environment/Variable_retention.html Mongabay.com: Nkọwa okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihe onwunwe gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tanem2hdiks2fe4znpch2qiduax11xr Michael Bailey (onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi) 0 28935 671051 149101 2026-07-02T09:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Bailey''', onye a kọwara dị ka "otu n'ime ndị agha kachasị mma n'oge anyị" dị ka Rex Weyler si kwuo, bụ onye guzobere Greenpeace, tinyere Paul Watson, Patrick Moore, David McTaggart na ndị ọzọ.<ref>''Greenpeace: How a Group of Journalists, Ecologists and Visionaries changed the World'', by Rex Weyler (Rodale, 2004), page 580.</ref> Ọ lekọtara ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace mbụ, Rainbow Warrior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenpeacefoundation.org/about/gpMovement.cfm |title=Greenpeace Foundation History |accessdate=2012-08-01 |archivedate=2011-06-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615041919/http://www.greenpeacefoundation.org/about/gpmovement.cfm }}</ref> == Nzukọ nke Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe == Ka ọ na-eje ozi [https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081122/http://www.theclimatesummit.org/ ugbu] a dị ka onye nduzi ọrụ maka The Climate Summit, nke na-eji teknụzụ mkparịta ụka vidiyo na-emekọrịta ihe nke Cisco Systems Inc., Bailey na-eduzi ngosi ma na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere nsogbu na-arịwanye elu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ bụ onye na-enye ikike nke The Climate Project nke Al Gore guzobere, onye zụrụ Bailey na nka nke ngosi metụtara nsogbu ihu igwe, acidfication nke oké osimiri na ikuku. == Mgbalị megide Ịchụ nta Whale == Dị ka onye na-echekwa ihe na onye na-emepụta mmemme njem, ọ na-enwe mmasị pụrụ iche na Cetacea. Bailey sonyeere Greenpeace na 1975 wee wepụta onwe ya ịnya ụgbọ mmiri Zodiac na-ebu ikuku n'ihu ụgbọ mmiri Russian harpoon, na-akpata ihe oyiyi nke ndị na-egbu whale na-agba egbe 90 mm na ndị na-eme ihe ike ga-eguzobe Greenpeace na uche ọha na eze. Omume ndị a mere ka a kpọọ ya "''Zodiac Mike''" ma ọ bụ "''Generalissimo''".<ref>''Greenpeace: How a Group of Journalists, Ecologists and Visionaries changed the World'', by Rex Weyler (Rodale, 2004), page 423,</ref><ref>''Warriors of the Rainbow: a Chronicle of the Greenpeace Movement'', by Robert Hunter (Henry Holt, 1979), page 404.</ref> Bailey ekerewo òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite echiche ọha na eze na nkwado gọọmentị megide ụlọ ọrụ whaling yana dịka onye nleba anya na International Whaling Commission..<ref>''Whalesong: The Story of Hawaii and the Whales'', by MacKinnon Simpson and Robert B. Goodman (Beyond Words, 1990), page ?</ref> == Mgbalị Banyere Anụ Ọhịa Kuwait == E gosipụtara na mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ National Geographic, Earthtrust bụ nzukọ gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ ịbanye Kuwait mgbe agha Gulf 1991 gasịrị, ya na Michael Bailey na Rick Thorpe na-enyocha mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata site na ọkụ na Kuwait mmanụ ala Kuwait.  Ha mechara guzobe Kuwait Environmental Information Center ma tinye ihe mgbochi mmanụ iji chebe ala mmiri wee mee ihe butere ọkụ na-agbanyụ ngwa ngwa.  Echetara nke a na akwụkwọ akụkọ Earthtrust nke mba ụwa niile na Hell on Earth yana obere usoro mgbasa ozi Canada nke nwere akụkụ ise..<ref>Canby, Thomas Y. After the Storm. National Geographic 180:2-32 Aug '91.</ref> == Mgbasa Ozi Nri == Bailey emeela mkpọsa megide radieshon nri ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke Kansụl Nchekwa nke Hawai'i.<ref>Is Zapping Food the Answer? by Cliff Rothman. Vegetarian Times, page 12, Dec 1997</ref> == Ihe ndị ọzọ ọ rụzuru == N'afọ 2005, Kansụl Nchekwa nke [[Hawaii]] nyere ya onyinye Anuenue maka ịbụ 'onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke afọ' maka nraranye ya na "ịmepụta ụwa ka mma maka anụ ọhịa na ọgbọ ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu" site na idepụta [[mmetọ plastik]], ime mkpọsa iji chebe Arctic site na igwu mmanụ na ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala dịka Gwich'in na Inupiaq; gụnyere ịhazi Arctic Film Festival.{{Tinye edensibịa}} == Ihe nkiri == * Oil on ice [http://www.oilonice.org/], Onyinye Pare Lorentz nke 2004 nke International Documentary Association maka Democratic Sensibility na Activist. Ihe nkiri Sierra Club * 'Great Adventures' 1999- 2005. Onye na-emepụta ihe, onye na-ese foto na-ekwu maka njem ugwu na Antarctica. * 'Wild Rescues' maka Animal Planet TV Series. * Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn 'Effective Microorganisms' kwa izu == Akụkọ ndụ == * ''The Greenpeace story'' by Michael Harold Brown, Prentice-Hall (University of Michigan) Canada, 1989 * ''Men and Whales'' by Richard Ellis. Robert Hale, (University of Virginia) 1992 == Hụkwa == * Mgbalị Nchekwa * Ịhụnanya maka gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi]] * Ịchụ nta nke dolphin == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://planetviews.com/ Planetviews Productions] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081214115740/http://thecovemovie.com/] * [http://savejapandolphins.com/ Zọpụta Japan Dolphins] * [http://conservehi.org/ Kansụl Nchekwa maka Hawaii] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n22dey0oic35al00cnijt6y8d34nmjz Mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu 0 28973 671038 654626 2026-07-02T09:02:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A DC-10 Tanker na-arụ ọrụ site na onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta onwe onye maka U.S. Forest Service na-egosi na mmiri dara n'oge "Thunder Over The Empire Air Fest" na March Air Reserve Base, [[California|Calif]].]] .<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/index.htm|title=USDA Forest Service Wildland Fire Chemicals|accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref>Ọkụ ọkụ nke ikuku, nke a makwaara dị ka ogbunigwe mmiri, bụ iji ụgbọ elu na akụrụngwa ikuku ndị ọzọ na-alụso ọkụ ọgụ ọgụ. Ụdị ụgbọ elu eji agụnye ụgbọ elu nwere nku na helikopta. A na-ekewakwa ndị na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ na ndị na-akụ ụgbụ a dị ka ndị na-agbanyụ ọkụ ikuku, ndị a na-ebuga n'ọkụ ahụ site na parachute dị iche iche nke ụgbọ elu nwere nku dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ndị na-esi n'ụgbọelu helikọpta na-apụ. Chemical ndị a na-eji alụso ọkụ ọgụ nwere ike ịgụnye mmiri, ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị ka foams na gels, na ihe ndị pụrụ iche na-egbochi ọkụ dị ka Phos-Chek.[1]. A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu eme ihe na mgbasa ozi a ma ama maka ụgbọelu (na usoro) eji eme ihe na ọkụ ọkụ. Okwu air'''tanker''' ma ọ bụ air tanker na-ezo aka n'ụgbọelu na-akwụsi ike na United States; a na-eji "airtanker" eme ihe na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.<ref name="9th">{{Cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9810173|title=FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions.|accessdate=19 November 2016|archivedate=3 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903174132/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9810173}}</ref> A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "waterbomber" mee ihe na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ gọọmentị Canada maka otu ụdị ụgbọ ala ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-ekwu maka anụ ndị bi na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165883.html|title=Aviation Services - Aviation, Forest Fire and Emergency Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410162208/http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165883.html|archivedate=2014-04-10|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources}}</ref><ref name="redbook17">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nifc.gov/red_book/2007/Chapter17.pdf|title=Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007, Chapter 17|accessdate=2007-08-31|quote=The popular media also frequently use the terms '''water bomber''', '''fire bomber''' or '''borate bomber'''. Helicopters often are used to drop retardant or water on a wildfire, whether they're functioning as helitankers (a heavy helicopter outfitted with a belly tank for dropping water or retardant on a fire), or medium- or light-weight helicopters equipped with buckets for smaller drops on fires). Some helicopters are used on fires for cargo (helitack) delivering supplies to firefighters, usually with netted cargo slung under a helicopter, and other helicopters are certified for and used for personnel transport -- ferrying wildland firefighters to remote locations where ground transport is either difficult or impossible.|publisher=National Interagency Fire Center|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013524/http://www.nifc.gov/red_book/2007/Chapter17.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casr.ca/so-wildfire-air-tanker-approaches.htm|title=Wildfire Fighting: Provincial & Territorial Approaches to Air Tankers|date=May 2016|publisher=Canadian American Strategic Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013711/http://www.casr.ca/so-wildfire-air-tanker-approaches.htm|archivedate=2016-06-11}}</ref> 5dtvtv48qw62o8ulp1twk5m6j3b0y0w Erickson Inc. 0 28995 671269 118234 2026-07-02T11:35:23Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 671269 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Erickson Air-crane (N189AC) "Gypsy Lady" arriving at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|thumb|]]'''Erickson Incorporated''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ụgbọelu na onye na-enye ọrụ ụgbọelu nke dị na Portland, Oregon, United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erickson Incorporated|url=https://ericksoninc.com/|publisher=Erickson|accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref> Tọrọ ntọala na 1971, a maara ya maka imepụta na ịrụ ọrụ helikọpta S-64 Aircrane, nke a na-eji na [[Mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu|mgbanyụ ọkụ]] na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Erickson Incorporated na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile ma nwee ụgbọ elu 69 na-agbagharị agbagharị na-akwụsi ike gụnyere 20 S-64s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erickson About|url=https://ericksoninc.com/about/|publisher=Erickson|accessdate=28 October 2019}}</ref> A maara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka '''Erickson Air-Crane Incorporated''' ruo n'afọ 2014. Isi ụlọ ọrụ Erickson dị na mpaghara Southern Oregon nke Central Point. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gill|first=Holly|title=Jack Erickson builds extraordinary life around two passions: aircraft and logging|url=https://pamplinmedia.com/msp/129-news/404388-301842-jack-erickson-builds-extraordinary-life-around-two-passions-aircraft-and-logging|accessdate=28 October 2019|work=The Madras Pioneer|date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>.N'afọ 1969, Jack Erickson gbaziri helikopta Sikorsky S-61 site na Wes Lematta nke Columbia Helicopters iji nwalee ịdị irè nke helikopta maka ịkụ osisi.[1] N'ịgbaso ule a, Erickson ghọtara na ọ ga-achọ helikopta buru ibu. Ọ zụtara S-64 Skycranes atọ n'ime ụgbọ elu Sikorsky wee hiwe Erickson Air-Crane na Disemba 1971.[2] Ọ gbasapụrụ ngwa ngwa azụmahịa ahụ ka ọ gụnyere ịrụ eriri ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ. Na 1973, Erickson malitere iji Aircranes dochie nkeji HVAC n'elu ụlọ elu.<ref name="hist">{{Cite web|title=Erickson Incorporated History|url=https://ericksoninc.com/about/history/|publisher=Erickson|accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="hist" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Erickson mepụtara ngwaọrụ mgbochi ntụgharị nke na-eme ka ibu kwụsie ike ma nye nnukwu arụmọrụ na agility. Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ a nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ohere ịmalite iwu ụlọ elu eletrik.<ref name="hist" /> N'afọ 2007, e rere Erickson na ZM Private Equity Fund, onye na 2009 kwagara isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Portland. Mgbe ahụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye, Erickson kwupụtara atụmatụ ịga n'ihu ọha na 2010, nke e yigharịrị n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Siemers|first=Erik|title=Erickson Air-Crane sets IPO price range of $13 to $15|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/01/30/erickson-air-crane-sets-ipo-price.html|accessdate=4 February 2012|work=Portland Business Journal|date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Siemers|first=Erik|title=Report: Erickson Air-Crane IPO delayed|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/02/03/report-erickson-air-crane-ipo-delayed.html|accessdate=4 February 2012|work=Portland Business Journal|date=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Siemers|first=Erik|title=Erickson Air-Crane, for second time, issues IPO price range|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/03/21/erickson-air-crane-for-second-time.html|accessdate=March 21, 2012|work=Portland Business Journal|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2012, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara nye ọha na eze ma malite ịzụ ahịa na ahịa NASDAQ, ebe ZM Private Equity Fund na-ejigide 63% nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Siemers|first=Erik|title=IPO drought ends, Oregon yawns|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/2012/04/the-anti-climactic-end-to-oregons.html|accessdate=April 11, 2012|work=Portland Business Journal|date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara otu helikọpta Evergreen International Aviation maka $ 250 nde na Machị 2013. Erickson wee zụta ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas nke dị na Brazil bụ HRT Participações em Petroleo, a na-atụ anya na a ga-emecha nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Stevens|first=Suzanne|title=Erickson Air-Crane to acquire oil and gas assets of HRT|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning_call/2012/11/erickson-air-crane-to-acquire-brazilian.html|accessdate=8 March 2013|work=Portland Business Journal|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Stevens|first=Suzanne|title=Erickson Air to pay up to $75M for HRT aerial services unit|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2013/03/07/erikson-air-crane-to-pay-up-to-75m.html|accessdate=8 March 2013|work=Portland Business Journal|date=March 7, 2013}}</ref> A gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Erickson Inc. na Febụwarị 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kish|first=Matthew|title=A new name for Erickson Air-Crane Inc.|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/2014/02/a-new-name-for-erickson-air-crane-inc.html|accessdate=27 February 2014|work=Portland Business Journal|date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ haziri n'ime ngalaba azụmaahịa atọ: Ọrụ ụgbọ elu azụmahịa, Ọrụ ụgbọ elu gọọmentị, na Manufacturing na MRO.<ref name="hist" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere '''Erickson Air-Crane Admin Offices Heliport''' ( : ), otu onwe, 130 x 130 ft. (40 x 40 m) heliport. p8j5jlq38frneg2wo4y4c7ai52t4geg EPA WaterSense 0 29065 671255 118082 2026-07-02T11:26:41Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ */ 671255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoore2017">Moore, Keara B. (December 4, 2017). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787 "WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program"]. ''Congressional Research Service''.</cite></ref> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDeOreo2020">DeOreo, William B. (July 2020). "The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States". ''Journal - American Water Works Association''. '''112''' (7): 60–65. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/awwa.1537|10.1002/awwa.1537]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225616477 225616477].</cite></ref> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoore2017">Moore, Keara B. (December 4, 2017). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787 "WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program"]. ''Congressional Research Service''.</cite></ref> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoore2017">Moore, Keara B. (December 4, 2017). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787 "WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program"]. ''Congressional Research Service''.</cite></ref><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017">US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0 "Professional Certification"]. ''US EPA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lyhqmhafsbunmd9di4efxbfe24914dw 671256 671255 2026-07-02T11:28:06Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga */ 671256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDeOreo2020">DeOreo, William B. (July 2020). "The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States". ''Journal - American Water Works Association''. '''112''' (7): 60–65. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/awwa.1537|10.1002/awwa.1537]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225616477 225616477].</cite></ref> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017">US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0 "Professional Certification"]. ''US EPA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oap5q2m209pt5mzhnmfyqw53rycivgh 671257 671256 2026-07-02T11:28:31Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga */ 671257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1" /> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017">US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0 "Professional Certification"]. ''US EPA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 15x7q2x19xlxlbd9rvqtbjbnnzae4eo 671258 671257 2026-07-02T11:29:21Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ */ 671258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1" /> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphreys2020">Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128 "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization"]. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5" /> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017">US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0 "Professional Certification"]. ''US EPA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f4ffdnbezbyoq2pbdf2t46zsl44u1d5 671260 671258 2026-07-02T11:30:34Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga */ 671260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1" /> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5" /> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5" /> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5" /> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017">US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0 "Professional Certification"]. ''US EPA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hlz5wfbpqkti44556x6a4gl2y815yp9 671262 671260 2026-07-02T11:31:06Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ */ 671262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1" /> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5" /> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5" /> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5" /> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7" /> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d8p4bj3g04vk1iaeabi84o6rm6ak5cm National Forestry and Grassland Administration 0 29671 670704 130803 2026-07-01T18:04:33Z HyBoxwood 64021 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 670704 wikitext text/x-wiki       {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |National Forestry and Grassland Administration | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">国家林业和草原局</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|163x163px]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[National Emblem of the People's Republic of China]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:State_Forestry_Administration_of_P.R.China_badge.svg|153x153px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Administration</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:National_Forestry_and_Grassland_Administration_(20210204164027).jpg|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Agency overview |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Formed | class="infobox-data" |1949 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jurisdiction | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[China|People's Republic of China]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data" |18 Hepingli East Street, [[Dongcheng District, Beijing|Dongcheng District]], [[Beijing]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agency executive | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Guan Zhiou </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngalaba Ndị Nne na Nna | class="infobox-data" |Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |https://web.archive.org/web/20230311222529/http://english.forestry.gov.cn/ |} '''National Forestry and Grassland Administration''' (Chinese: 国家林业和草原局) bụ nchịkwa nke Republic of China, na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara oke ọhịa. E hiwere ya na 1949 ka Ministry of Forestry and Farming. Na Nọvemba 5, 1951, ọ gbanwere ịbụ Ministry of Forestry, ma nyefee ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na Ministry of Agriculture. Na Machị 10, 1998, a kpọgharịrị aha ya State Forestry Administration. Na 10 Eprel 2018, na-eso mgbanwe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mba sara mbara, agbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nchịkwa oke ọhịa na Grassland steeti. Ọchịchị ahụ nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ministry of Natural Resources == Ndepụta nke ndị nduzi (ndị minista) == * Liang Xi (Ọktoba 19, 1949 - Jun 4, 1956) * Liu Wenhui (April 28, 1959 - October 6, 1967) * Wang Yun (Ọktoba 6, 1967 - ?) (onye nduzi nke kọmitii nchịkwa ndị agha nke Ministry of Forestry) * [[Luo Yuchuan]] (Feb. 16, 1979 - Ọg. 30, 1980) * [[Yong Wentao]] (Ọgọst 30, 1980 - Apr 9, 1982) * Yang Zhong (April 9, 1982 - June 23, 1987) * Gao Dezhan (Jun. 23, 1987 - March 29, 1993) * Xu Youfang (Mach 29, 1993 - August 29, 1997) * Chen Yaobang (Ọgọst 29, 1997 - Apr 5, 1998) * [[Wang Zhibao]] (April 5, 1998 - Dec. 2, 2000) * Zhou Shengxian (Dec. 2, 2000 - Dec. 2, 2005) * Jia Zhibang (Dec. 2, 2005 - March 30, 2012) * [[Zhao Shucong]] (March 30, 2012 - July 16, 2015) * [[Zhang Jianlong]] (July 16, 2015 - June 8, 2020) * [[Guan Zhiou]] (June 8, 2020 -) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311222529/http://english.forestry.gov.cn/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke State Forestry and Grassland Administration] {{State Council of the People's Republic of China}}{{authority control}} i7ofebw7mgmm2of47sk52k9xmuat2p2 Mahadum Western Delta 0 30043 670945 623776 2026-07-01T23:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670945 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles using infobox university]] '''Mahadum Western Delta''' dị na Oghara, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]] State, Nigeria. E guzobere ya n'afọ 2007 ma bụrụ mahadum onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10785.htm|title=Western Delta University|publisher=www.4icu.org/|accessdate=7 August 2015|archivedate=30 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530002817/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10785.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/know-your-university-nigerias-59-private-universities-locations-vice-chancellors/381h3pl|title=Nigeria’s 59 private universities …locations, Vice Chancellors names, websites, dates of establishment|publisher=pulse.ng|work=Kukogho Iruesiri Samson|date=22 April 2015|accessdate=7 August 2015|archivedate=1 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201031835/https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/know-your-university-nigerias-59-private-universities-locations-vice-chancellors/381h3pl}}</ref> National Universities Commission NUC, Nigeria akwadowo Western Delta University WDU.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=List of Courses Offered by Western Delta University|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/western-delta-university-courses/|accessdate=2021-09-16|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta Urhobo guzobere Mahadum Western Delta n'okpuru nkwado nke Urhobo Advancement Foundation (UAF) bụ ndị hụrụ mkpa maka mahadum na-akwụ ụgwọ onwe ya n'ala mmiri nke Delta State, Nigeria. Kemgbe e guzobere ya n'afọ 2007, WDU enyewo ohere inweta ohere agụmakwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://campuslead.com.ng/university/western-delta-university/|title=Western Delta University|publisher=Campus Lead|date=2 April 2022|accessdate=7 April 2022|archivedate=27 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927180058/https://campuslead.com.ng/university/western-delta-university/}}</ref> == Ntinye aka == Mahadum Western Delta na-anabata ụmụakwụkwọ site na ule JAMB UTME na Mbata site na Mahadum ọzọ n'ime ọmụmụ dị iche iche. Ihe achọrọ maka nnabata na Mahadum Western Delta bụ asambodo GCE O / Level, SSCE, NECO ma ọ bụ NABTEB na-agafe na ọ dịkarịa ala isiokwu ise (5) gụnyere Asụsụ Bekee, [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]], na otu isiokwu sayensị ma ọ bụ [[Amamihe|sayensị]] mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya e nwetara na-agafeghị nnọkọ abụọ. A na-atụ anya na ndị na-achọ ịbanye kpọmkwem ga-enwe ezigbo diplọma (nke nwere opekampe kredit dị nta), NCE (nke nwere opekampe kredit dị nta) site na ụlọ ọrụ ama ama ma ọ bụ 2 Advanced Level GCE na-agafe na isiokwu ndị dị mkpa. == Nchịkwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/Mba. !Aha ya !Ọnọdụ |- |1. |Prọfesọ Augustine Ovuoronye Ikelegbe |Onye isi ala<ref>{{Cite web|title=professor ikelegbe augustine Ovuoronye|url=https://wdu.edu.ng/staff/ikelegbe-augustine-ovuoronye/|accessdate=2022-09-07|work=Western Delta University, Oghara|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907225410/https://wdu.edu.ng/staff/ikelegbe-augustine-ovuoronye/}}</ref> |- |2. |Dr. Ivwighreghweta Oghenetega |Onye Nnukwu Ọbá Akwụkwọ |- |3. |Maazị Ebereghwa Paul M. |Bursar |} == Ngalaba Ihe omuma == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ngalaba anọ bụ: # Kọleji nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọdịdị # College of Social & Management Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Delta University courses, details and contact information - CoursesEye.com|url=https://www.courseseye.com/colleges-and-universities/172-western-delta-university.aspx|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=www.courseseye.com|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213083954/https://www.courseseye.com/colleges-and-universities/172-western-delta-university.aspx}}</ref> # Kọleji nke Sayensị Ahụike # Kọleji Iwu == Ngalaba == Ihe ndị na-esonụ bụ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ugbu a: Biochemistry, Microbiology na Biotechnology, Basic na Industrial Chemistry, [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na sayensị kọmputa, Sayensị Kọmputa, Nchịkọta dị ọcha na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] na Energy Studies, Physics & Electronics, Geology & Petroleum Studies, Ịgụ ego, Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Nlekọta Njem, Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa, Mgbasa Ozi Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchịkwa ọha na eze na Sociology, Sayensị osisi na Microbiology, Mmekọrịta mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=List of Courses Offered by Western Delta University|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/western-delta-university-courses/|accessdate=2021-09-16|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-08|title=List of All Courses Offered at Western Delta University, Cut Off Mark & Requirements|url=https://eduloaded.com/blog/western-delta-university-courses/|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=Eduloaded|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213084735/https://eduloaded.com/blog/western-delta-university-courses/}}</ref> Sayensị nke ụlọ nyocha ahụike Sayensị Nọọsụ Iwu == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ == Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bụ inye ihe onwunwe na ọrụ ndị dị mkpa nke ga-eme ka usoro mmụta mahadum dịkwuo mma maka agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha, na mmụta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ụmụakwụkwọ nke Mahadum ahụ nwere ohere na-enweghị mgbochi maka akwụkwọ nyocha na ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ sitere na nchekwa ngwaọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ụwa niile n'ihi ọrụ nyocha, ọzụzụ, na nkwado. Dị ka o kwere omume n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke oge a n'ụwa niile, anyị ewuwokwa ụlọ nkwakọba ihe anyị, nke na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịnweta ihe ndị WDU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Main Library|url=https://wdu.edu.ng/library/main-library/|accessdate=2022-12-28|work=Western Delta University, Oghara|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228210216/https://wdu.edu.ng/library/main-library/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == Ọ́bá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria == Ebensidee == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806223506/http://wdu.edu.ng/about.aspx Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Western Delta University] * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200804072060.html Naịjirịa: Western Delta Varsity na-apụ na Oghara] {{Universities in Nigeria}}  ji1ljfu1gylkl8f0c61gwh7ft9z0ez4 Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa 0 30389 670997 594891 2026-07-02T06:02:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670997 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal|title=[[Andreas Kaplan]]: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010|journal=Business Horizons}}</ref>A Master of Business Administration ( MBA; nakwa Master in Business Administration ) bụ akara ule postgraduate lekwasịrị anya na ịzụ ahịa .  [1] Isi ihe kpatara na mmemme MBA na-ekpuchi dị iche iche nke azụmahịa dị ka iche ego, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndịre n'akpa, mmadụ, n ihi okwu, azụmahịa, iwu azụmahịa, njikwa, ahia, ahia,  ego, ụgbọala, njikwa, echekwa, njikwa, ọkọnọ .  -chain management, na njikwa ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mkpa na nyọcha njikwa na n'ụzọ.  Ọ nkiri na United States na-ekiri awụ nke 20 mgbe obodo mepere emepe na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa ngosi . Ụfọdụ mmemme gụ usoro mkpaka na nleba anya maka ịga n'ihu n'ihe n'otu mpaghara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ego, ego, akara aha, na ụzọ ndị, mana MBA ezubere ka ọ mmemme n'ozuzu ya.  achọ MBA na United States na-achọrọ imecha ihe dị ka kredit iri a anọ na iri isii (iri isii na iri አምስት na ibu iri na ise ), dị elu ụfọdụ kredit iri atọ (iri atọ na isii ruo iri a anọ na ise na onye isi anọ na ise.  ) na-achọ maka ogo na-ekpuchi ụfọdụ.  nke otu ihe dị ka Master of Economics, Master of Finance, Master of Accountancy, Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Otu "Executive MBA", ma ọ bụ EMBA, bụ mmemme nzere yiri mmemme MBA nke ahaziri ahazi maka ma lekwasịrị anya maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị isi njikwa bụ ndị nọbu n'ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Article Sources|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/executive-mba.asp|title=Executive MBA (EMBA) Definition|publisher=Investopedia.com|date=2021-05-21|accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == . <ref name="Stabile2007">{{Cite book|author=Donald Stabile|title=Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84720-716-6|pages=101–}}</ref>akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ gụnyere: * 1930: Usoro nchịkwa mbụ na nchịkwa nchịkwa maka ndị isi na ndị isi nwere ahụmahụ na-arụ ọrụ ( Sloan Fellows Program na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology ). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Sloan Legacy|url=http://www.london.edu/newsandevents/news/2009/11/The_Sloan_Legacy_1046.html|journal=London.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=MIT's contributions to business and economics|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/economics/|work=boston.com|date=15 May 2011}}</ref> * 1943: Mmemme MBA mbụ (EMBA) maka ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Chicago Booth School of Business . [ nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Chicago bụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ iji guzobe ogige na-adịgide adịgide na kọntinent atọ na Chicago (USA), Barcelona (Europe), na Singapore (Asia). Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego taa na-enye MBA ndị isi ha akụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Kemgbe e hiwere mmemme ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ akwagala ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ma dabere ugbu a na Chicago, [[London]] na Hong Kong. * 1946: MBA mbụ lekwasịrị anya na njikwa ụwa na Thunderbird School of Global Management . <ref>[https://thunderbird.asu.edu/global-impact/vision-history Our Vision and History | Thunderbird School of Global Management]. Thunderbird.asu.edu. Retrieved on 1 February 2018.</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1950: MBA mbụ na mpụga United States, na Canada ( Ivey Business School na The University of Western Ontario ), sochiri Mahadum Pretoria na South Africa na 1951. * 1953: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Asia na Institutelọ Ọrụ Ọha na Ọha na Ọha na Azụmaahịa India na Calcutta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2017|first=Somdatta|author=Basu|title=Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> * 1957: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Europe ( INSEAD ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f1gmat.com/business-school-profiles/insead-mba|title=Insead MBA|work=www.f1gmat.com}}</ref> * 1963: Mmemme MBA mbụ enyere na ụwa na-asụ Spanish site na ESAN - Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ na Perú (South America), n'okpuru nduzi nke Stanford Graduate School of Business, United States. Ndị USAID - United States Agency for International Development kwadoro, na arịrịọ nke onye isi ala mbụ John F. Kennedy, nke na-ahazi ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa bụ isi na United States iji mụọ na nyochaa ohere nke ịmepụta ọrụ nchịkwa nchịkwa na Latin America. Ya mere, na July 25, 1963, la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados- ESAN tọrọ ntọala, n'ime usoro nke nkwekọrịta n'etiti gọọmenti Peru na United States na-enye Master's mmemme na Business Administration maka mmasị na-arịọ arịrịọ si n'akụkụ nile. Latin America. <ref>{{Cite book|title=An academic adventure : the founding of ESAN|author=Coleman|first=Alan|location=ESAN Cendoc|year=2006}}</ref> * 1963: MBA izizi nyere na Korea site na Korea University Business School (KUBS). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|title=Korea University Business School|work=kubs.korea.ac.kr|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=3 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172855/http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en}}</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1986: Mmemme MBA mbụ chọrọ ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nwee kọmpụta laptop na klas na Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business na Rollins College (Florida). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roe|first=William|title=Innovation In Business Education: Developing A High Quality Online MBA|journal=American Journal of Business Education|date=2015|volume=8|issue=2|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1057572.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Malite na afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1992–1993, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Azụmahịa Columbia chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ niile na-abata zụta kọmpụta laptọọpụ nwere sọftụwia ọkọlọtọ, na-aghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ mere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19920918-01.2.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 18 September 1992 — Columbia Spectator|work=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu|accessdate=25 September 2023|archivedate=10 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910031421/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19920918-01.2.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Ray|title=Providing Universal Student Access to Technology: A Summary of Alternative Models|journal=Proceedings 31st Annual Small College Computing Symposium|date=16 April 1998|url=http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_1998/proceedings.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> * 1994: Mmemme MBA izizi n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Athabasca (Canada). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athabasca University|url=http://www.athabascau.ca/aboutau/history.php}}</ref> [ Ihe na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Mahadum zuru ụwa ọnụ na mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe anabatala nzere MBA. <ref>McIntyre, John R. and Ilan Alon, eds. (2005), ''Business and Management Education in Transitioning and Developing Countries: A Handbook'', Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.</ref> * Associations to Advance Collegiate School of Business (AACSB), * Council nzere ntozu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na mmemme (ACBSP), na * Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka agụmakwụkwọ azụmahịa kọleji (IACBE). <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Kyle E.|author=Brink|title=A Comparison of AACSB, ACBSP, and IACBE Accredited U.S. Business Programs: An Institutional Resource Perspective|journal=Business Education & Accreditation|volume=4|issue=2|pages=1–15|date=2012}}</ref> Otu ndị a niile na-enyekwa ụlọ akwụkwọ na-abụghị US ikike. Ndị ACBSP na IACBE bụ ndị otu Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) nabatara n'onwe ha na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations|title=CHEA Directory of Programmatic Accrediting Organizations}} Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> Mmemme MBA nwere ọpụrụiche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achụso ọrụ na njikwa ahụike tozuru oke maka nzere site na Commission na nzere nzere nlekọta ahụike ahụike (CAHME). Enwere ike ịnata mmemme MBA US na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ikike n'ozuzu gụnyere: * Middle States Association nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (MSA), * Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji nke New England (NEASC), * Kọmishọna mmụta dị elu (HLC), * Kọmịshọna nzere mmụta mmụta anya (DEAC), * Northwest Commission na kọleji na mahadum (NWCCU), * Ndị otu South nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (SACS), na * Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Koenig|first=Ann|title=Higher Education Accreditation in the United States|publisher=EAIE Conference|date=18 September 2004|url=http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061102102633/http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archivedate=2 November 2006}}</ref> === Obodo ndị ọzọ === == Mmemme == Mmemme MBA oge niile na-emekarị ihe karịrị afọ agụmakwụkwọ abụọ (ya bụ ihe dị ka ọnwa 18 nke oge oge). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Northern Hemisphere, ha na-amalitekarị n'ọgwụgwụ August ma ọ bụ mmalite Septemba nke afọ otu ma na-aga n'ihu ruo May ma ọ bụ June nke afọ abụọ, na-enwe ezumike okpomọkụ nke ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'etiti afọ otu na abụọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eji ezi uche abanye na ahụmahụ ọrụ mbụ nke ụwa ma na-amụ ihe n'ime ụbọchị izu ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum ndị ọzọ. Ụdị oge zuru oke, ngwa ngwa, nwa oge, ma ọ bụ modular MBA chọrọ kredit 60 (awa klaasị 600) nke ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Mmemme MBA accelerated bụ mgbanwe nke mmemme afọ abụọ. Ha na-agụnye ibu nkuzi dị elu yana klaasị siri ike na usoro nyocha ma na-agbakọkarị n'ime otu afọ. Ha na-enwekarị obere oge n'oge mmemme yana n'etiti semesters. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweghị ezumike ọnwa atọ ruo ọnwa anọ, na n'etiti semesters enwere ike ịnwe ezumike ụbọchị asaa ruo iri karịa ezumike izu atọ ruo ise. Mmemme emelitere na-enwekarị ọnụ ala karịa mmemme afọ abụọ oge niile. Mmemme MBA nwa oge na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu. Mmemme nwa oge na-adịkarị afọ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, bụ ndị na-ebu obere obere ihe ọmụmụ ruo ogologo oge ruo mgbe emezuola ihe achọrọ ngụsị akwụkwọ. N'uhuruchi (ngbanwe nke abụọ) Mmemme MBA bụ mmemme oge niile na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu, mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu maka afọ abụọ. Studentsmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, ndị na-enweghị ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha ịchụso MBA ngbanwe oge niile. A na-enye ọtụtụ mmemme mgbanwe nke abụọ na mahadum dị na India. Mmemme MBA (EMBA) Executive (nke oge) emepụtara iji gboo mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị njikwa na ndị isi, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere inweta MBA (ma ọ bụ akara ugo mmụta ọzọ metụtara azụmahịa) n'ime afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ obere ka ha na-arụ ọrụ oge niile. Ndị sonyere na-abịa site na ụdị ọ bụla na nha nke nzukọ - uru, enweghị uru, gọọmentị - na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ akwụkwọ EMBA na-enwekarị ahụmịhe ọrụ dị elu, mgbe mgbe afọ 10 ma ọ bụ karịa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ MBA ndị ọzọ. Na nzaghachi nye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba nke mmemme EMBA, e hibere Council Executive MBA na 1981 iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi. Mmemme MBA mmụta anya na -ejide klaasị na-anọghị n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ịnye mmemme ndị a n'ụdị dị iche iche: nkuzi akwụkwọ ozi site na ozi nzipu ozi ma ọ bụ email, vidiyo mgbasa ozi na-abụghị mmekọrịta, vidiyo edekọburu, teleconference ndụ ma ọ bụ vidiyo vidiyo, nkuzi kọmputa na-anọghị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ n'ịntanetị. Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye mmemme ndị a. Mmemme mmụta agwakọtara jikọtara mmụta dị anya na nkuzi ihu na ihu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=de l'Etraz, Paris|title=What Can an Online Program Do for You?|url=http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|date=1 November 2009|publisher=BizEd Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040945/http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2014}}</ref> Mmemme ndị a na-elekwasịkarị anya ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịga mmemme nwa oge ọdịnala. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Karen Hebert-Maccaro|title=Blended MBA Programs: An Optimized Form of Learning|url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127165803/http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-27|date=8 September 2011|publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute}}</ref> Mmemme ogo abụọ MBA jikọtara MBA na ndị ọzọ (dị ka MS, MA, MEng, ma ọ bụ JD, wdg) iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ belata ọnụ ahịa (mmemme abụọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa ịchụso ogo abụọ iche), chekwaa oge na agụmakwụkwọ na hazie nkuzi mmụta azụmaahịa ka mkpa ha dị. A na-enwetakarị nke a site n'ikwe ka usoro ọmụmụ nke otu mmemme gụọ dị ka ndị ahọpụtara na nke ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na-enye mmemme nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nweta ma nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa azụmahịa yana MBA n'ime afọ ise. Obere-MBA bụ okwu nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ndị na-erite uru na-eji kọwaa usoro ọzụzụ lekwasịrị anya na ntọala azụmahịa. N'oge gara aga, a na-enye mmemme Obere-MBA dị ka usoro ọmụmụ na-enweghị kredit nke chọrọ ihe na-erughị awa 100 nke mkpokọta mmụta. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi nkatọ nke asambodo ndị a, ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ atụgharịala mmemme ha ugbu a iji nye nkuzi maka kredit zuru oke ka e wee tinye ha na nzere MBA ọdịnala zuru oke. Nke a bụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịchọpụta ọrụ nkuzi metụtara azụmahịa maka ebumnuche ọrụ ma ka na-enye ohere ịmecha mmemme nzere MBA zuru oke na oge ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahọpụtara ime ya. == Usoro nnabata == Ule nnabata nchịkwa nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ (GMAT) bụ ule nnabata a na-ejikarị maka nnabata na mmemme MBA. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmemme MBA niile na-anabatakwa ule nyocha nke Graduate Record (GRE) iji mezuo ule nnabata ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịnwe. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ anaghị atụba akara ule mbata dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ, ụfọdụ mmemme anaghị achọ akara ule mbata maka nnabata. Iji nweta klaasị dị iche iche, ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-atụlekwa ebumnuche nwoke na nwanyị na oke ụmụ akwụkwọ mpaghara na mba ụwa. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụfọdụ ogo MBA anaghị achọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nweta akara ugo mmụta mahadum na ha ga-anabata ahụmịhe njikwa dị ukwuu n'ọnọdụ akara ugo mmụta mahadum. Na UK, ọmụmaatụ, a Higher National Diploma (HND) ma ọ bụ ọbụna Higher National Asambodo (HNC) na-anabata na ụfọdụ mmemme. Ndị na-achọ MBA na-achọsi ike na-eji ọrụ ndụmọdụ nnabata MBA mee ihe iji kwalite ohere nnabata ha. Ha na-ahụkarị na US, yana ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ na-eji ọrụ ndị a na 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Murray|first=Seb|date=2017-10-18|title=Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees?|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ha na-enweta ewu ewu n'ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere India <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-28|title=Handholding the hopefuls|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/handholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28|accessdate=2023-08-05|work=Business Today|language=en|first=Anusha|author=Subramanian}}</ref> na Canada. Ndị na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ nwere ike ịnye nkuzi bụ isi gụnyere enyemaka na nhọrọ mmemme, ajụjụ ọnụ ọchị, na ịgụgharị edemede, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ga-enye ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ide edemede sitere na ọkọ. Ọtụtụ kọmitii nnabata ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-ewute ojiji nke ọrụ ndụmọdụ, na ngwa nwere ike imerụ ahụ site n'ile anya dị ka e dere ya na onye ndụmọdụ, dị ka site n'inwe ọkwa dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu onye nyocha ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ihe pụrụ iche. Ụfọdụ na-ekwupụtakwa nchegbu na ha na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu nke ọrụ ahụ uru na-ezighị ezi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Silverman|first=Rachel Emma|title=Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834/|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 6, 2011|page=B5|language=en|id={{ProQuest|2729708834}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawrence|first=Diana|title=Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=September 6, 2012|page=M.4.|language=en|id={{ProQuest|1038106119}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title="It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor"|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor|author=Porter|first=Jane|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> N'ozuzu, a na-ahazi mmemme MBA gburugburu usoro ọmụmụ - usoro ọmụmụ bụ isi <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05|title=MFT-MBA Test Description|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> - yana usoro ọmụmụ nke (nwere ike) na-enye ohere maka isiokwu ọpụrụiche ma ọ bụ itinye uche. Ya mere, n'ime afọ mbụ nke mmemme (ma ọ bụ akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ma ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ nchịkwa na nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka ndị a, ebe n'afọ nke abụọ (akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agbaso usoro ọmụmụ, nke nwere ike ịgụta ọkachamara. (Enwere ike itinye isiokwu na ụkpụrụ azụmahịa na ọkwa izugbe ma ọ bụ ọkachamara. ) Mgbe afọ mbụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ọrụ oge niile. Ngosipụta a na-ejedebe na ọrụ nkuzi na atụmatụ azụmaahịa, mmemme mmemme . Akwụkwọ edemede ma ọ bụ nnukwu oru ngo na-abụkarị ihe achọrọ nrịgo ka emechara ọrụ nkuzi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke; hụ okpuru. Emebere mmemme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wee nweta nghọta na tiori na omume otu. Ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere nkuzi, ọmụmụ ihe, na ọrụ otu; Ngwakọta ahụ n'agbanyeghị, ga-adịgasị iche site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronaldyeaple/2012/07/09/is-the-mba-case-method-passe/|title=Is the MBA Case Method Passé?|first=Ronald|author=Yeaple|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> na n'ụdị . A na-ekpuchi usoro ihe ọmụmụ na klas site na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-akwado ya site na usoro ikpe, na-etinye nwa akwụkwọ ahụ n'ọrụ nke onye na-eme mkpebi. Yiri ọnọdụ azụmahịa ụwa n'ezie, ikpe gụnyere ma mgbochi yana ozi ezughị ezu. Mmụta bara uru (imikpu ubi) na-agụnyekarị ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ezigbo ndị ahịa, a na-emekarị ya na otu (ma ọ bụ "syndicates"). <ref>{{Cite web|title=MBA Consulting Projects|url=https://www.darden.virginia.edu/mba/academics/experiential-learning/consulting/|work=Darden School of Business UVA|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Ihe ndị bara uru (yana ihe ọmụmụ ihe) na-agụnyekarị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga -mgbe ụfọdụ ndị isi azụmahịa-na-akwado nkuzi sitere na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. (Lee Business school § Ọmụmụ ikpe na § Ụzọ ndị ọzọ ; na, n'ozuzu, Business education § Postgraduate agụmakwụkwọ . ) {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" | colspan="3" |Nhazi usoro MBA |- | rowspan="4" | Isi |- | Nyocha | Akaụntụ, akụnụba maka njikwa, omume nhazi, nyocha ọnụọgụ ( nyocha arụmọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụmahịa ). |- | Na-arụ ọrụ | Njikwa ego, njikwa akụ mmadụ, njikwa ahịa, njikwa ọrụ . |- | Ụkpụrụ omume | Ụkpụrụ azụmahịa, ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ . |- | Ndị ahọpụtara | colspan="2" | Nhọrọ sara mbara nke a na-ahụkarị gụnyere: ịzụ ahịa, azụmahịa mba ụwa, usoro ozi njikwa, iwu azụmahịa, nyocha ahịa, nhazi nhazi, mkparita uka, ego mba ụwa, njikwa oru ngo, ijikwa enweghị uru na itinye ego ụlọ . Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-enye ọtụtụ nhọrọ nhọrọ ndị ọzọ nke ọdịdị pụrụiche karịa. |- | rowspan="2" | Nkume nkume | Atụmatụ | Usoro njikwa na njikwa azụmaahịa . |- | Nyocha | Usoro nyocha na akwụkwọ edemede / isi oru ngo . |} A na-ekpuchikarị nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka njikwa na mbụ. Usoro akwụkwọ ndekọ ego nwere ike na-emeso akaụntụ ego na njikwa iche iche ma ọ bụ n'otu usoro ngwakọ. Ego ndekọ ego na-emekọ tumadi na nkọwa (na nkwadebe) nke ego nkwupụta mgbe management aza ajụjụ tumadi na analysis nke esịtidem results. The Economics N'ezie na-ekpuchi njikwa akụnụba, a teknuzu N'ezie na tumadi na-elekwasị anya ngwaahịa ọnụahịa dị ka mmetụta microeconomic tiori, na aggregate-ma ọ bụ macroeconomics, nke na-emeso isiokwu dị ka ụlọ akụ usoro, ego ọkọnọ, na onu oriri. A na-ejikọta nyocha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Mkpebi njikwa" ma ọ bụ " Mkpebi nke ọnụọgụ "; Enwere ike jikọta omume nhazi na njikwa ọrụ mmadụ n'otu aka ahụ. N'ọtụtụ mmemme, ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ nwere nzụlite kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ịwepụ na usoro nyocha dị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ụfọdụ mmemme na-emeso usoro ọmụmụ ebe a n'akụkụ abụọ: usoro nke mbụ na-enye nkọwa, ebe nke abụọ na-elegharị isiokwu ahụ anya na omimi (ikekwe dị ka ọkachamara); N'aka nke ọzọ, nke mbụ na-eleba anya obere oge, nsogbu aghụghọ, ebe nke abụọ na-ekwu maka ogologo oge, nsogbu usoro (dịka, "Financial Management I" nwere ike kpuchie njikwa ego na-arụ ọrụ, ebe akụkụ II na-ekpuchi mkpebi ntinye ego ego ). A na-etinyewanye usoro mmụta sistemụ / teknụzụ ozi dị ka usoro isi arụ ọrụ kama ịbụ nhọrọ. A na-enyekarị ọzụzụ gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na ọrụ nkuzi na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ. Rịba ama na nkuzi ebe a, ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dị na ọdịnaya bụ, n'ikpeazụ, gbadoro ụkwụ na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ. (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nkuzi ego bụ isi nwere ike ikpuchi teknụzụ nke nleba anya ngwa ego na n'ịkwalite isi ego, mana ọ na-elekwasị anya na ego njikwa na njikwa ego . ) Usoro nkuzi dabere na teknụzụ, ọ bụrụ na enyere ya, ga-esite na ọkachamara. Mmemme nwekwara ike na-agụnye (coursework dabeere) ọzụzụ na nkà mkpa na agadi ọkwa nke management: soft skills, dị ka (n'ozuzu) ndu na mkparita uka; nkà siri ike, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ na njikwa ọrụ; ikike iche echiche dị ka ihe ọhụrụ na imepụta ihe. Ọzụzụ na mpaghara dị ka multiculturalism na ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-agụnye n'otu aka ahụ. Nleta ụlọ ọrụ (gụnyere njem mba ofesi), yana nkuzi ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ nzukọ ọmụmụ nwere ndị isi na ndị njikwa nwere ike ịgụnye. Ndị a, na isiokwu ndị bụ isi, na-enye ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ obosara, ebe ọmụmụ ihe pụrụ iche na-enye omimi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke . Ule ahaziri ahazi nke mba a maara dị ka Major Field Test for MBAs (MFT-MBA) ka etinyere ya na mmemme MBA nke ihe karịrị mahadum US 300. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|title=2013 Major Field Test Comparative Data Guide: Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MBA)|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194137/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2014}}</ref> MFT-MBA bu n'obi itule nka, ihe omuma, na ikike iche echiche n'ime ngalaba nke ọkọlọtọ MBA. <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description"/> Ọ bụ ọrụ nnwale agụmakwụkwọ na-elekọta ya. Nhọrọ ọzọ ama ama maka ule ọpụpụ zuru oke bụ Nleba Ọkachamara Component Comprehensive maka MBA (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) nke Peregrine Academic Services nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf|title=Business Administration CPC-Based COMP Exam Summary: Masters Level|publisher=Peregrine Academic Services|accessdate=22 November 2016|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002244/https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmemme na-ahọrọ ijikwa ule ime ụlọ nke onwe ha karịa ule ahaziri ahazi. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qexymrokoc9ynwj4z8j2t16jgd7886c Mbụ Cry 0 30455 671259 122182 2026-07-02T11:30:06Z Johnnybam 24488 671259 wikitext text/x-wiki Àgwà mbụ, bụ ụlọ ọrụ e-commerce nke India, nke nwere isi na Pune. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke malitere na afọ Puku abụọ na iri , lekwasịrị anya na mbụ na ire ngwaahịa ụmụaka. Na Jenụwarị afọ Puku niri abụọ na iri abụo , ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ahịa narị atọ na iri iteghete gafee India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/344451|title=FirstCry Has Revamped Baby Apparel Shopping In India|author=Marya|first=Ashita|date=2020-01-02|work=Entrepreneur|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> agwa mbụ meghere ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya na Srinagar n'afọ Puku abụọ na iri iteghete <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/firstcry-com-opens-outlet-in-srinagar/|title=FirstCry.com opens outlet in Srinagar|date=2019-05-29|work=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> Ọ dị n'ime usoro ego ya nke E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/softbank-investing-rs-1055-57-crore-in-firstcry/1859335/|title=SoftBank investing Rs 1,055.57 crore in FirstCry|date=2020-02-07|work=The Financial Express|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> N'afọ Puku abụọ na iri isi,agwa mbụ nwetara Nwa Oye, nke otu Mahindra nwere, maka ₹ 362 crore ( ₹ crore US $ 65 ).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chanchani|first=Madhav|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/firstcry-acquires-mahindras-baby-care-franchisee-business-for-rs-362-crore/articleshow/54868369.cms|title=Firstcry acquires Mahindra's baby care franchisee business for Rs 362 crore|date=2016-10-15|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na-azụ ahịa ugbu a n'okpuru aha agwa mbụ com, agwa mbụ Mahindra Venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/firstcry-mahindra-retail-consolidate-business/article9224266.ece|title=FirstCry, Mahindra Retail consolidate business|author=|first=|date=15 October 2016|work=@businessline|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3lBpyHYzkPSlSNrAEzF0IN/Mahindra-sells-BabyOye-to-FirstCry-for-Rs3621-crore.html|title=FirstCry buys Mahindra's BabyOye for Rs362.1 crore|author=Chakraborty|first=Sayan|date=2016-10-15|work=Livemint|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu Oi umuakwukwo egwuriegwu .<ref name="play">{{Cite news|author=Mohapatra|first=Debasis|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/firstcry-secures-around-400-mn-from-softbank-as-part-of-series-e-funding-120021901299_1.html|title=Firstcry secures around $400 mn from Softbank as part of series-E funding|date=2020-02-19|work=Business Standard India|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/softbank-backed-firstcry-acquires-playschool-chain-oi/articleshow/72285799.cms|title=SoftBank-backed FirstCry acquires playschool chain Oi|author=Chanchani|first=Madhav|date=29 November 2019|work=The Times of India|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref> == Nkwado == Agwa mbụ weputara INR 95 Cr ($ 13 Mn) na ego ego site na pi Ventures.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bhalla|first=Kritti|title=Exclusive: Firstcry Valuation Close To $2 Bn After $13 Mn Round|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/exclusive-firstcry-valuation-close-to-2-bn-after-13-mn-round/|work=Inc42 Media|date=29 March 2021|language=en}}</ref>{{Reflist}} 4kg81rfxkryep9239pvpqy8li8n1wae Edith Pye 0 30507 671304 145792 2026-07-02T11:50:05Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=|image=Edith pye.jpg|birth_date=20 October 1876|birth_place=[[London, United Kingdom]]|death_date={{death-date and age|16 December 1965|20 October 1876}}|death_place=[[Somerset]], United Kingdom|occupation=Midwife and International Relief Organizer|relatives=[[Sybil Pye]] (sister), [[Ethel Pye]] (sister), [[David Randall Pye]] (brother); [[William Pye (sculptor)|William Pye]] (nephew), [[David Pye (furniture)|David Pye]] (nephew)|signature=Signature d'Edith Pye - Archives nationales (France).png}} [[Category:Biography with signature]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Edith Mary Pye''' (20 Ọktoba 1876 - 16 Disemba 1965) [1] bụ onye England na-amụ nwa na International Relief Organizer.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị inyom gbara ọsọ ndụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke British Midwives Institute. Tinyere ịbụ onye otu Friends Germany Emergency Committee, Red Cross, na International Commission for the Assistance of Child Refugees. N'afọ 1907, ọ ghọrọ Superintendent of District Nurses na London, na-agbaso ọrụ ogologo oge ochie nakwa n'oge oge ya na mbọ enyemaka nke Ike na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ ahụ mba ụwa na dị ka ndị ọzọ ụra mbụ Nile nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ka onye na-amụ nwa. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Somerset na 1965.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Suffrage Days: Stories from the women's suffrage movement|author=Holton|first=Sandra|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0-415-10941-8|location=New York, NY|pages=203}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na 20 Ọktoba 1876 na [[London]], nke William Arthur Pye JP, onye na-ere mmanya, na Margaret Thompson Kidston, nwa nwanyị nke James Burns Kidston nke Glasgow. [1]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/palgravemacmilla00hend|author=Uglow, Hendry|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan |Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-230-50577-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/palgravemacmilla00hend/page/n492 472]}}</ref> Ụmụnne ya gụnyere Sybil Pye, onye na'akwụkwọ, onye na - Ethel Pye na David Randall Pye, ọkà mmụta sayensị na nna nke onye na-ese ihe William Pye. Ethel na Sybil so n'òtù ndị enyi Rupert Brooke, nke a maara dị ka ndị Neo-pagans. == Ọrụ == Edith Pye ghọrọ onye na-amụ nwa na 1906 site na Clapham School of Midwifery.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb1538-rcms/rcms/2|title=Papers of Edith Pye|date=1892–1906|work=Archives Hub|publisher=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] Archives}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Society of Friends (Quakers) na 1908 ma, ya na enyi ya Dr Hilda Clark, onye dọkịta na onye ọrụ enyemaka, haziri Friends War Victim Relief na Disemba 1914 na Chalons-sur-Marne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rcogheritage.wordpress.com/2013/11/15/archive-explored-explore-your-archive-2013/|title=ARCHI'VE EXPLORED: Explore Your Archive, 2013|author=RCOG HERITAGE COLLECTIONS BLOG|date=November 15, 2013}}</ref> Ha haziri ụlọ ọgwụ na-amụ nwa n'ime mpaghara agha ma nyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ndị agha metụtara aka na France.<ref name=":0" /> Maka mgbali siri Ike na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ ahụ na ihe niile ụmụ ndị ikom dị otú ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị a, e nyere Pye Legion d'honneur.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|author=Uglow|first=Jennifer|publisher=Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=1-55553-421-X|location=Great Britain|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/128 128]|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/128}}</ref> N'afọ 1923, ọ gara China iji gaa n'ihu na ọrụ enyemaka na njikọ aka na Women's International League.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://rcmheritage.wordpress.com/tag/edith-pye/|title=Nursing Notes & Midwives' Chronicle, March 1936|author=RCOG Heritage Collections Blog|date=March 6, 2015|work=Midwives Chronicles}}</ref> Ọ haziri ọrụ ndị enyi na Spain n'oge Agha Obodo nke Spain ma sonye na International Commission for the Assistance of Child Refugees na Women's International League for peace and freedom.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ kwadoro iwepụ mgbochi nke ndị agha na mgbalị iji kwe ka e zigara ndị agụụ na-agụ na Europe nri na ọgwụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Feminism, Pacifism and Political Violence in Europe and China in the Era of the World Wars|author=Siegel|first=Mona|year=2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi otu Kọmitii Enyemaka Ụnwụ nri ma na-agba mbọ na Ministry of Economic Warfare. N'agbata afọ 1941 na 1955 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na France na Gris ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na mbọ ya maka udo na enyemaka agha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọnwụ == Pye nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na 4 Overleigh, Street, Somerset na 16 Disemba 1965. E liri ya n'okpuru otu nkume isi dị ka Hilda Clark.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L–Z|author=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|authorlink=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|location=New York}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2000">[[Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey]]; [[Obi Ụtọ Harvey|Harvey, Joy]] (2000). ''The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L–Z''. New York: Routledge.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Akwụkwọ ==   9lt80lqxupf1g0a2snfkcemsoc5oaeb John Olulu 0 33144 671221 134100 2026-07-02T11:06:30Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671221 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Olulu''' (20 Mee 1944 &#x2D; 17 Machị 1972) bụ onye Kenya na-akụ ọkpọ. O sonyere na asọmmpi nke 1964 Summer Olympics nakwa 1968 Summer Olympics. Na asọmmpi 1968 Summer Olympics, Arto Nilsson nke Finland meriri ya. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0zic8c2vntk784hp9s2iwcv67j2amzs John Nanzip Shagaya 0 33663 671208 134789 2026-07-02T11:02:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''John Nanzip Shagaya''' (Danburam Langtang II) (2 Septemba 1942 - 11 Febụwarị 2018) bụ onye omeiwu Naijiria na onye bụbu onye agha bụ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabeloboh_Center_For_Save_Our_Stars na Eprel 2007 iji nọchite anya People's Democratic Party (PDP) na Plateau State dị ka onye otu Senate Naijiria maka Plateau South . <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163|title=Lar beats Useni, Shagaya to Senate...Dariye clinches ticket too|work=Daily Trust|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=2011-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502071940/http://www.dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163#|archivedate=2011-05-02}}</ref> gbara ọsọ maka nhọpụta ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011 na ikpo okwu Labour Party (LP), mana Victor Lar nke People's Democratic Party (PDP) meriri ya. Dị ka onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ (NCO) na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na [[Abeokuta]], o sonyere na nnupụisi nke Naijiria nke 1966. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ John Shagaya na Septemba 2, 1942, nke Mallam Sikji Miri Wazhi (nke a na-akpọ SHAGAYA) na Oriakụ Maryamu Zwancit. Ọ gara Junior Primary School na Nyer, na Sudan United Mission Primary School, Langtang (1952-1959).Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Agha Naijiria Zaria 1960-1964. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}</ref> == Ọrụ agha == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e zigara Shagaya na [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naịjirịa]], wee zigara ya na 3 Marine Commando mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi nke abụọ. O sonyere na Marine Commando na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]] (1967-1970).Nhọpụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye ọrụ Grade Three Nigeria Army School of Infantry, Jaji, Director of Cadets, Nigerian Defence Academy, Director of the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, Brigade Commander, 9 Mechanised Infantry Brigade, Military Secretary, Army Headquarters, and General Officer Commanding; 1st Mechanised infantry Division <ref name="self" /> N'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], Shagaya bụ Minista Federal nke Internal Affairs, onye otu ndị agha na-achịkwa Council na onye otu ndị uwe ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii e guzobere na 1987 iji kpebie ndị otu Naịjirịa nke Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Shagaya tinyere aka n'ịdepụta usoro iwu maka [[Economic Community of West African States]]. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html "PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR"]. Senator John Shagaya. Archived from [http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html the original] on 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> ka onye otu National Boundary Commission, o nyere aka dozie esemokwu ya na [[Benin]] na [[Chad]]. họpụtara Shagaya ka ọ bụrụ Field Commander na ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force na [[Liberia]] na Septemba 1993, na-ewepụ Major General [[Tunji Olurin]].Na Nọvemba 17, 1993, General [[Sani Abacha]] ghọrọ onye isi ala mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị. Abacha atụkwasịghị Brigadier John Shagaya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf|title=Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993|first=Nowa|author=Omoigui|publisher=Nowa Omoigui|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715001833/http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf#|archivedate=2011-07-15}}</ref> "ụmụ nwoke IBB" ndị ọzọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Babangida.<ref name="this1020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|title=Still a Langtang Mafiosi|date=2002-10-20|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061517/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|archivedate=2010-04-24}}</ref>'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, a kpọghachiri Shagaya na Liberia, wepụ ya site na Major General ruo Brigadier General wee laa ezumike nká na ndị agha. == Ntinye aka na Nchịkọta Ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke July 1966 == <ref name="Siollun">{{Cite book|author=Siollun|first=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora|isbn=9780875867090}}</ref>, mgbe ahụ Corporal na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na Abeokuta, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị agha sitere n'ebe ugwu Naijiria (gụnyere 2nd Lieutenant [[Sani Abacha]], Lieutenant [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako, Major [[Theophilus Danjuma]], Lieutenant Colonel Murtala Muhammed, na Lieutenant [[Ibrahim Babangida]] n'etiti ndị ọzọ), bụ ndị mere ihe a maara dị ka mmegide nke Naijiria nke 1966 n'ihi mkpesa ha nwere n'ebe gọọmentị General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]] nọ nke mere ka ọ kwụsịrị ọchịchị ahụ. == Ihe omume ndị nkịtị == John Shagaya bụ onye nduzi nke Lion Bank (Nigeria) n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2003. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html "PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR"]. Senator John Shagaya. Archived from [http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html the original] on 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-12</span></span>.</cite></ref>Shagaya bụ onye guzobere United Nigeria People's Party (UNPP), na-agba ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka oche Senatorial nke Plateau South na ntuli aka 1999. Tupu ntuli aka nke af<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|title=SHAGAYA:AN OFFICER UNGENTLEMANLY|date=March 19, 2009|first=Joshua|author=Yahaya|publisher=NewsDiary|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173939/http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|archivedate=July 14, 2011}}</ref> 2003 ọ sonyeere [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP), mana e meriri ya ọzọ. == Ọrụ Senate == Shagaya gbanwere site n'onye isi agha gaa n'onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nweta aha nke onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro, <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> ma họpụta ya dị ka Senator maka Plateau South n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, na-agba ọsọ na ikpo okwu nke PDP. <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160062.html|title=Appeal Court Affirms Shagaya's Election|first=Seriki|author=Adinoyi|date=16 December 2008|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> mara nhọpụta ya aka, ma mee ka ụlọ ikpe mkpesa nke ntuli aka ghara ịdị irè, mana na Disemba 2008 ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Jos tụgharịrị mkpebi a ma nye iwu ka Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) nye Shagaya asambodo nloghachi ozugbo. Na June 2009, Shagaya dọrọ aka ná ntị na inye mgbaghara nye ndị agha Niger Delta nwere ike ọ gaghị akwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ. Ndị ag<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|title=Why Amnesty Won't Work – Gen. Shagaya|date=June 28, 2009|first=James|author=Ume|work=Nigeria Daily News|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183156/http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|archivedate=July 14, 2011}} </ref> ahụ nwere ike izochi ngwá agha ha kachasị mma, ma weghachite naanị ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe na ndị mebiri emebi.N'ajụjụ ọnụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, ọ gbachitere ntinye aka ndị agha dị iche iche ebe ọ bụ na Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe, ma kwuo na mmetụta nke ndị ọchịagha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ 1999 gosipụtara ọzụzụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ha. '''Ọnwụ''' John Nanzip Shagaya tinyere aka n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ na-alaghachi Jos site na Langtang, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Brig-General John Shagaya 1942-2018|url=https://dailytrust.com/brig-general-john-shagaya-1942-2018|accessdate=2020-10-10|work=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> n'oge ọ na-etinye aka n'ime ka esemokwu dị n'Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa. <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> '''BIBLIOGRAPHY''' * {{Cite book|title=The Internal Affairs Ministry: an overview|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Alfa Communications|year=1990|isbn=978-30993-0-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Governance in Nigeria: the IBB era, an insider's view|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Viewpoint Communications Ltd.|year=2003|isbn=978-33747-5-3}} == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Interior Ministers of Nigeria}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 6th National Assembly}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Plateau]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9mb3v4y2xvjkedimi92hrlozvoltluq 671212 671208 2026-07-02T11:03:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''John Nanzip Shagaya''' (Danburam Langtang II) (2 Septemba 1942 - 11 Febụwarị 2018) bụ onye omeiwu Naijiria na onye bụbu onye agha bụ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabeloboh_Center_For_Save_Our_Stars na Eprel 2007 iji nọchite anya People's Democratic Party (PDP) na Plateau State dị ka onye otu Senate Naijiria maka Plateau South . <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163|title=Lar beats Useni, Shagaya to Senate...Dariye clinches ticket too|work=Daily Trust|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=2011-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502071940/http://www.dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163#|archivedate=2011-05-02}}</ref> gbara ọsọ maka nhọpụta ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011 na ikpo okwu Labour Party (LP), mana Victor Lar nke People's Democratic Party (PDP) meriri ya. Dị ka onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ (NCO) na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na [[Abeokuta]], o sonyere na nnupụisi nke Naijiria nke 1966. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ John Shagaya na Septemba 2, 1942, nke Mallam Sikji Miri Wazhi (nke a na-akpọ SHAGAYA) na Oriakụ Maryamu Zwancit. Ọ gara Junior Primary School na Nyer, na Sudan United Mission Primary School, Langtang (1952-1959).Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Agha Naijiria Zaria 1960-1964. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}</ref> == Ọrụ agha == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e zigara Shagaya na [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naịjirịa]], wee zigara ya na 3 Marine Commando mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi nke abụọ. O sonyere na Marine Commando na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]] (1967-1970).Nhọpụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye ọrụ Grade Three Nigeria Army School of Infantry, Jaji, Director of Cadets, Nigerian Defence Academy, Director of the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, Brigade Commander, 9 Mechanised Infantry Brigade, Military Secretary, Army Headquarters, and General Officer Commanding; 1st Mechanised infantry Division <ref name="self" /> N'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], Shagaya bụ Minista Federal nke Internal Affairs, onye otu ndị agha na-achịkwa Council na onye otu ndị uwe ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii e guzobere na 1987 iji kpebie ndị otu Naịjirịa nke Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Shagaya tinyere aka n'ịdepụta usoro iwu maka [[Economic Community of West African States]]. <ref name="self" /> ka onye otu National Boundary Commission, o nyere aka dozie esemokwu ya na [[Benin]] na [[Chad]]. họpụtara Shagaya ka ọ bụrụ Field Commander na ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force na [[Liberia]] na Septemba 1993, na-ewepụ Major General [[Tunji Olurin]].Na Nọvemba 17, 1993, General [[Sani Abacha]] ghọrọ onye isi ala mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị. Abacha atụkwasịghị Brigadier John Shagaya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf|title=Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993|first=Nowa|author=Omoigui|publisher=Nowa Omoigui|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715001833/http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf#|archivedate=2011-07-15}}</ref> "ụmụ nwoke IBB" ndị ọzọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Babangida.<ref name="this1020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|title=Still a Langtang Mafiosi|date=2002-10-20|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061517/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|archivedate=2010-04-24}}</ref>'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, a kpọghachiri Shagaya na Liberia, wepụ ya site na Major General ruo Brigadier General wee laa ezumike nká na ndị agha. == Ntinye aka na Nchịkọta Ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke July 1966 == <ref name="Siollun">{{Cite book|author=Siollun|first=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora|isbn=9780875867090}}</ref>, mgbe ahụ Corporal na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na Abeokuta, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị agha sitere n'ebe ugwu Naijiria (gụnyere 2nd Lieutenant [[Sani Abacha]], Lieutenant [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako, Major [[Theophilus Danjuma]], Lieutenant Colonel Murtala Muhammed, na Lieutenant [[Ibrahim Babangida]] n'etiti ndị ọzọ), bụ ndị mere ihe a maara dị ka mmegide nke Naijiria nke 1966 n'ihi mkpesa ha nwere n'ebe gọọmentị General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]] nọ nke mere ka ọ kwụsịrị ọchịchị ahụ. == Ihe omume ndị nkịtị == John Shagaya bụ onye nduzi nke Lion Bank (Nigeria) n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2003. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html "PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR"]. Senator John Shagaya. Archived from [http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html the original] on 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-12</span></span>.</cite></ref>Shagaya bụ onye guzobere United Nigeria People's Party (UNPP), na-agba ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka oche Senatorial nke Plateau South na ntuli aka 1999. Tupu ntuli aka nke af<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|title=SHAGAYA:AN OFFICER UNGENTLEMANLY|date=March 19, 2009|first=Joshua|author=Yahaya|publisher=NewsDiary|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173939/http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|archivedate=July 14, 2011}}</ref> 2003 ọ sonyeere [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP), mana e meriri ya ọzọ. == Ọrụ Senate == Shagaya gbanwere site n'onye isi agha gaa n'onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nweta aha nke onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro, <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> ma họpụta ya dị ka Senator maka Plateau South n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, na-agba ọsọ na ikpo okwu nke PDP. <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160062.html|title=Appeal Court Affirms Shagaya's Election|first=Seriki|author=Adinoyi|date=16 December 2008|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> mara nhọpụta ya aka, ma mee ka ụlọ ikpe mkpesa nke ntuli aka ghara ịdị irè, mana na Disemba 2008 ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Jos tụgharịrị mkpebi a ma nye iwu ka Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) nye Shagaya asambodo nloghachi ozugbo. Na June 2009, Shagaya dọrọ aka ná ntị na inye mgbaghara nye ndị agha Niger Delta nwere ike ọ gaghị akwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ. Ndị ag<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|title=Why Amnesty Won't Work – Gen. Shagaya|date=June 28, 2009|first=James|author=Ume|work=Nigeria Daily News|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183156/http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|archivedate=July 14, 2011}} </ref> ahụ nwere ike izochi ngwá agha ha kachasị mma, ma weghachite naanị ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe na ndị mebiri emebi.N'ajụjụ ọnụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, ọ gbachitere ntinye aka ndị agha dị iche iche ebe ọ bụ na Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe, ma kwuo na mmetụta nke ndị ọchịagha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ 1999 gosipụtara ọzụzụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ha. '''Ọnwụ''' John Nanzip Shagaya tinyere aka n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ na-alaghachi Jos site na Langtang, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Brig-General John Shagaya 1942-2018|url=https://dailytrust.com/brig-general-john-shagaya-1942-2018|accessdate=2020-10-10|work=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> n'oge ọ na-etinye aka n'ime ka esemokwu dị n'Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa. <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> '''BIBLIOGRAPHY''' * {{Cite book|title=The Internal Affairs Ministry: an overview|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Alfa Communications|year=1990|isbn=978-30993-0-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Governance in Nigeria: the IBB era, an insider's view|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Viewpoint Communications Ltd.|year=2003|isbn=978-33747-5-3}} == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Interior Ministers of Nigeria}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 6th National Assembly}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Plateau]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 596xbytsnff7q46j7sb27xx1cd77uv7 671214 671212 2026-07-02T11:04:26Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''John Nanzip Shagaya''' (Danburam Langtang II) (2 Septemba 1942 - 11 Febụwarị 2018) bụ onye omeiwu Naijiria na onye bụbu onye agha bụ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabeloboh_Center_For_Save_Our_Stars na Eprel 2007 iji nọchite anya People's Democratic Party (PDP) na Plateau State dị ka onye otu Senate Naijiria maka Plateau South . <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163|title=Lar beats Useni, Shagaya to Senate...Dariye clinches ticket too|work=Daily Trust|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=2011-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502071940/http://www.dailytrust.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18239:lar-beats-useni-shagaya-to-senatedariye-clinches-ticket-too&catid=76:election-2011&Itemid=163#|archivedate=2011-05-02}}</ref> gbara ọsọ maka nhọpụta ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011 na ikpo okwu Labour Party (LP), mana Victor Lar nke People's Democratic Party (PDP) meriri ya. Dị ka onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ (NCO) na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na [[Abeokuta]], o sonyere na nnupụisi nke Naijiria nke 1966. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ John Shagaya na Septemba 2, 1942, nke Mallam Sikji Miri Wazhi (nke a na-akpọ SHAGAYA) na Oriakụ Maryamu Zwancit. Ọ gara Junior Primary School na Nyer, na Sudan United Mission Primary School, Langtang (1952-1959).Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Agha Naijiria Zaria 1960-1964. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://johnshagaya.com/bio.html|title=PROFILE OF SENATOR DR. JOHN SHAGAYA OFR|publisher=Senator John Shagaya|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024504/http://www.johnshagaya.com/bio.html|archivedate=2010-01-11}}</ref> == Ọrụ agha == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e zigara Shagaya na [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naịjirịa]], wee zigara ya na 3 Marine Commando mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi nke abụọ. O sonyere na Marine Commando na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]] (1967-1970).Nhọpụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye ọrụ Grade Three Nigeria Army School of Infantry, Jaji, Director of Cadets, Nigerian Defence Academy, Director of the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, Brigade Commander, 9 Mechanised Infantry Brigade, Military Secretary, Army Headquarters, and General Officer Commanding; 1st Mechanised infantry Division <ref name="self" /> N'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], Shagaya bụ Minista Federal nke Internal Affairs, onye otu ndị agha na-achịkwa Council na onye otu ndị uwe ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii e guzobere na 1987 iji kpebie ndị otu Naịjirịa nke Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Shagaya tinyere aka n'ịdepụta usoro iwu maka [[Economic Community of West African States]]. <ref name="self" /> ka onye otu National Boundary Commission, o nyere aka dozie esemokwu ya na [[Benin]] na [[Chad]]. họpụtara Shagaya ka ọ bụrụ Field Commander na ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force na [[Liberia]] na Septemba 1993, na-ewepụ Major General [[Tunji Olurin]].Na Nọvemba 17, 1993, General [[Sani Abacha]] ghọrọ onye isi ala mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị. Abacha atụkwasịghị Brigadier John Shagaya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf|title=Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993|first=Nowa|author=Omoigui|publisher=Nowa Omoigui|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715001833/http://www.omoigui.com/files/palace_coup_november_1993.pdf#|archivedate=2011-07-15}}</ref> "ụmụ nwoke IBB" ndị ọzọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Babangida.<ref name="this1020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|title=Still a Langtang Mafiosi|date=2002-10-20|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061517/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/20/20021020pro01.html|archivedate=2010-04-24}}</ref>'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, a kpọghachiri Shagaya na Liberia, wepụ ya site na Major General ruo Brigadier General wee laa ezumike nká na ndị agha. == Ntinye aka na Nchịkọta Ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke July 1966 == <ref name="Siollun">{{Cite book|author=Siollun|first=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora|isbn=9780875867090}}</ref>, mgbe ahụ Corporal na 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron na Abeokuta, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị agha sitere n'ebe ugwu Naijiria (gụnyere 2nd Lieutenant [[Sani Abacha]], Lieutenant [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako, Major [[Theophilus Danjuma]], Lieutenant Colonel Murtala Muhammed, na Lieutenant [[Ibrahim Babangida]] n'etiti ndị ọzọ), bụ ndị mere ihe a maara dị ka mmegide nke Naijiria nke 1966 n'ihi mkpesa ha nwere n'ebe gọọmentị General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]] nọ nke mere ka ọ kwụsịrị ọchịchị ahụ. == Ihe omume ndị nkịtị == John Shagaya bụ onye nduzi nke Lion Bank (Nigeria) n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2003. <ref name="self" />Shagaya bụ onye guzobere United Nigeria People's Party (UNPP), na-agba ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka oche Senatorial nke Plateau South na ntuli aka 1999. Tupu ntuli aka nke af<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|title=SHAGAYA:AN OFFICER UNGENTLEMANLY|date=March 19, 2009|first=Joshua|author=Yahaya|publisher=NewsDiary|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173939/http://newsdiaryonline.com/shagaya.htm|archivedate=July 14, 2011}}</ref> 2003 ọ sonyeere [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP), mana e meriri ya ọzọ. == Ọrụ Senate == Shagaya gbanwere site n'onye isi agha gaa n'onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nweta aha nke onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro, <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> ma họpụta ya dị ka Senator maka Plateau South n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, na-agba ọsọ na ikpo okwu nke PDP. <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190032/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=106|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200812160062.html|title=Appeal Court Affirms Shagaya's Election|first=Seriki|author=Adinoyi|date=16 December 2008|publisher=ThisDay|accessdate=2009-12-12}}</ref> mara nhọpụta ya aka, ma mee ka ụlọ ikpe mkpesa nke ntuli aka ghara ịdị irè, mana na Disemba 2008 ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Jos tụgharịrị mkpebi a ma nye iwu ka Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) nye Shagaya asambodo nloghachi ozugbo. Na June 2009, Shagaya dọrọ aka ná ntị na inye mgbaghara nye ndị agha Niger Delta nwere ike ọ gaghị akwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ. Ndị ag<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|title=Why Amnesty Won't Work – Gen. Shagaya|date=June 28, 2009|first=James|author=Ume|work=Nigeria Daily News|accessdate=2009-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183156/http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=18442|archivedate=July 14, 2011}} </ref> ahụ nwere ike izochi ngwá agha ha kachasị mma, ma weghachite naanị ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe na ndị mebiri emebi.N'ajụjụ ọnụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, ọ gbachitere ntinye aka ndị agha dị iche iche ebe ọ bụ na Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe, ma kwuo na mmetụta nke ndị ọchịagha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ 1999 gosipụtara ọzụzụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ha. '''Ọnwụ''' John Nanzip Shagaya tinyere aka n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ na-alaghachi Jos site na Langtang, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Brig-General John Shagaya 1942-2018|url=https://dailytrust.com/brig-general-john-shagaya-1942-2018|accessdate=2020-10-10|work=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> n'oge ọ na-etinye aka n'ime ka esemokwu dị n'Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa. <ref name="intervention">{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/24014/|title=General Joshua Dogonyaro and Memories of a Disappearing Power Clan|publisher=Intervention|accessdate=2021-05-21}}</ref> '''BIBLIOGRAPHY''' * {{Cite book|title=The Internal Affairs Ministry: an overview|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Alfa Communications|year=1990|isbn=978-30993-0-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Governance in Nigeria: the IBB era, an insider's view|author=John Nanzip Shagaya|publisher=Viewpoint Communications Ltd.|year=2003|isbn=978-33747-5-3}} == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Interior Ministers of Nigeria}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 6th National Assembly}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Plateau]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0cin0qtt0gaebbupx6vaoep7vhx44t8 Edith Badham 0 33865 671292 213462 2026-07-02T11:44:13Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|caption=Portrait of Badham in 1903. Signed by herself.}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Edith Annesley Badham''' (6 Disemba 1853 - 17 Mee 1920) bụ onye nkuzi Australia na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ [[New South Wales]]">Darlinghurst" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SCEGGS Darlinghurst">Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School na Darlinghurst, New South Wales (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Sydney), nke a maara ugbu a dị ka SCEGGS Darlinghurth. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Badham na England na [[Lincolnshire]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Louth, Lincolnshire">Louth, Lincolnshire. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Reverend Charles Badham na nwunye mbụ ya, Julia Matilda (née Smith). <ref name="Fitzgerald May 2016" /> gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Dinant, [[France]], ebe nna ya kụziiri ya, onye ghọtara onyinye ya maka asụsụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1867, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Sydney, ebe nna ya bụ Prọfesọ nke Classics na Principal nke Mahadum Sydney. <ref name="Fitzgerald May 2016">{{Cite book|author=Fitzgerald|first=Tanya|title=Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s|date=2016|publisher=IAP|isbn=978-1-68123-448-9|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|accessdate=4 March 2020}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzgeraldMay2016">Fitzgerald, Tanya; May, Josephine (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 ''Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s'']. IAP. pp.&nbsp;32–34. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-68123-448-9|<bdi>978-1-68123-448-9</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite> </ref> bụ ezie na a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị gaa mahadum, ọ mụrụ ihe niile gbasara nka ma bụrụ onye maara nke ọma nke na o nyeere nna ya aka n'ọrụ ya ma dozie akwụkwọ nyocha ya.afọ 1883-84, ọ lekọtara ụlọ nwanne ya nwoke na Tenterfield. == Ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi == <ref name="Fitzgerald May 2016" />{{Cite book|author=Fitzgerald|first=Tanya|title=Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s|date=2016|publisher=IAP|isbn=978-1-68123-448-9|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|accessdate=4 March 2020}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzgeraldMay2016">Fitzgerald, Tanya; May, Josephine (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 ''Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s'']. IAP. pp.&nbsp;32–34. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-68123-448-9|<bdi>978-1-68123-448-9</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite> </ref> okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ bụkwa onye otu kọmitii nwa oge nke Chọọchị England guzobere nke e guzobere iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ụmụ agbọghọ n'okpuru Chọọchị maka ụgwọ ọrụ aha n'etiti ịda mba niile.meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ [[New South Wales]]">Darlinghurst" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SCEGGS Darlinghurst">Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School na Darlinghurst, New South Wales (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Sydney) na 17 Julaị 1895 n'ihu ndị bishọp isii na naanị otu nwa akwụkwọ. Dị ka nna ya, Edith hụrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji zụlite ọzụzụ na àgwà siri ike. Karịsịa, o lekwasịrị anya na nkuzi nke asụsụ oge ochie dịka Latịn na Grik; Otú ọ dị, usoro mmụta ahụ gụnyekwara ọtụtụ ọmụmụ. N'otu isiokwu dị na Cosmos Magazine nke e dere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1895, ọ katọrọ Akwụkwọ ndị Australia dị ka ndị dị ala karịa akwụkwọ ndị Europe oge ochie. N'afọ 1896, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ buru ibu na Potts Point. E meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na 1900, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwagara ọzọ n'ụlọ buru ibu na Barham, Forbes Street. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe e meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ alaka na Bowral na 1906 na North Sydney na 1911. E debara aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na Ngalaba Mmụta Ọha nke New South Wales na 1914. Otú <ref name="Fitzgerald May 2016">{{Cite book|author=Fitzgerald|first=Tanya|title=Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s|date=2016|publisher=IAP|isbn=978-1-68123-448-9|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|accessdate=4 March 2020}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzgeraldMay2016">Fitzgerald, Tanya; May, Josephine (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 ''Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s'']. IAP. pp.&nbsp;32–34. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-68123-448-9|<bdi>978-1-68123-448-9</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite> </ref> dị, n'ememe inye onyinye kwa afọ nke afọ ahụ, o kwuru otu o si chọọ iwepụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na Ngalaba ahụ n'ihi na o kwenyere na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ịgụ. == Echiche onwe onye na ederede == A kọwawo echiche Badham banyere agụmakwụkwọ na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka [[Conservatism|onye na-agbaso omenala]]; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ onye na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị (na-arụ ụka megide ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu na The Brisbane Courier na 1895), ma kwuo na [[Nne|ịbụ nne]] na [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]] bụ mmepe kachasị elu nke ọdịdị ụmụ nwanyị, isiokwu agụmakwụkwọ ya kụnyere n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="Fitzgerald May 2016">{{Cite book|author=Fitzgerald|first=Tanya|title=Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s|date=2016|publisher=IAP|isbn=978-1-68123-448-9|pages=32–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|accessdate=4 March 2020}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzgeraldMay2016">Fitzgerald, Tanya; May, Josephine (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 ''Portraying Lives: Headmistresses and Women Professors 1880s–1940s'']. IAP. pp.&nbsp;32–34. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-68123-448-9|<bdi>978-1-68123-448-9</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite> </ref> mmadụ n'ozuzu ha nwere echiche ya, ụlọ akwụkwọ ya wee nwee ọganihu. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 6cvon3ugk3uqy3lg27db2apctp8yn6n Islwyn Davies (onye ụkọchukwu) 0 33987 670890 135186 2026-07-01T20:03:11Z Timzy D'Great 12485 670890 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hywel Islwyn Davies''' (nke a na-akpọ Islwyn) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Anglịkan n'etiti narị afọ nke 20.<ref /><ref /> A mụrụ ya na 14 Febụwarị 1909 ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Gowerton Grammar School na Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge, a họpụtara ya na 1936. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Merthyr Tydfil, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na St David's College, Lampeter. N'afọ 1953, o nyere aka n'otu akụkọ ihe mere eme na Cyngres yr Eglwys yngri__wol____wol____wol__ 1953 - Congress of the Church in Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Llanstephan, Llanbadarn Fawr na Llanelli tupu a họpụta ya Dean nke Bangor na 1957. N'afọ 1961, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke Mahadum Ife ma bụrụ Prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma okpukpe n'ebe ahụ site na 1966 ruo 1969. Ọ bụ Rector nke Collyweston site na 1969 ruo 1976. <ref>'' Deaths'' [[The Times]] Monday, Feb 23, 1981; pg. 24; Issue 60859; col A</ref> nwụrụ na 19 Febụwarị 1981. [1] == Ihe odide == <references /> d3zfmhfv8roabvacdlo17cfqdlj4ng8 670891 670890 2026-07-01T20:03:29Z Timzy D'Great 12485 670891 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hywel Islwyn Davies''' (nke a na-akpọ Islwyn) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Anglịkan n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 A mụrụ ya na 14 Febụwarị 1909 ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Gowerton Grammar School na Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge, a họpụtara ya na 1936. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Merthyr Tydfil, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na St David's College, Lampeter. N'afọ 1953, o nyere aka n'otu akụkọ ihe mere eme na Cyngres yr Eglwys yngri__wol____wol____wol__ 1953 - Congress of the Church in Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Llanstephan, Llanbadarn Fawr na Llanelli tupu a họpụta ya Dean nke Bangor na 1957. N'afọ 1961, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke Mahadum Ife ma bụrụ Prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma okpukpe n'ebe ahụ site na 1966 ruo 1969. Ọ bụ Rector nke Collyweston site na 1969 ruo 1976. <ref>'' Deaths'' [[The Times]] Monday, Feb 23, 1981; pg. 24; Issue 60859; col A</ref> nwụrụ na 19 Febụwarị 1981. [1] == Ihe odide == <references /> h1879xjlrg2x2owqbxpo7y3o1qcp9hd Ebe ụgbọ okporo ígwè Montego Bay dị 0 34282 671004 516491 2026-07-02T06:52:56Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè Montego Bay meghere 1894 ma mechie na 1992 mgbe ọrụ ndị njem niile na Jamaica kwụsịrị na mberede. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kingston ruo Montego Bay isi akara na alaka site na May pen ruo Frankfield, Obodo Spanish ruo Ewarton, Bog Gaa ije ruo Port Antonio na Linstead ruo Ọrụ ọhụrụ. dị 112.75 site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Kingston. == Ihe owuwu == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ụlọ osisi dị okpukpu abụọ <ref name="photo">[[:File:Montego Bay railway station c1905.jpg]]</ref> nke nwere Elu ụlọ zinc gable nke nwere ogwe osisi na akwado ya.na eji ọnụ ụzọ panel siri ike na windo sash mee ihe n'ụlọ ahụ dum. == Nhazi nke ụzọ == mNa mgbakwunye na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nwere otu ikpo okwu, e nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala engine, ahịrị alaka abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ ruo n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na (fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ) tebụl ntụgharị. == Ụgwọ ụgbọ ala == <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230427071308/http://www.jamaicanfamilysearch.com/Samples/1910d36.htm 1910 Directory], Jamaican Family Search Genealogy Research Library, 2006.</ref>'afọ 1910, ụgbọ njem klas nke atọ site na Montego Bay gaa Kingston bụ 8/- (shillings asatọ); klas mbụ bụ ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ. == Hụkwa == * Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Jamaica == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=18.4685834&lon=-77.9220289&z=18&l=0&m=b&v=8 Ihe a na-ahụ n'elu] * Foto: [http://www.bwiphilately.com/jamrwy/MoBayPhotos.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008084837/http://images.travelpod.com/users/kris/nostophobia.1185647940.mobays-abandoned-train-station.jpg] 7qihr341r6lchu3spka5b3xjga2xj73 Ministri nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Azụmaahịa (Jamaica) 0 34317 671219 135888 2026-07-02T11:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ozi nke ugbo and Fisheries ('''MoAF''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] . Isi ụlọ ọrụ <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408033542/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php MoAF Archive: "Hope Gardens Kingston 6 JAMAICA"] .retrieved 31 December 2013.</ref> dị na [[Kingston]] . <ref name="us" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.moa.gov.jm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo na Azụmaahịa nke Jamaica (MoAF)] 2kw9u0ayqrccg4lkgjlt4rocb0evtx0 Errol Thompson (onye injinia na-ege ntị) 0 34458 671290 143393 2026-07-02T11:43:43Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671290 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] {{Databox}}Errol Thompson (29 Disemba 1948 - 13 Nọvemba 2004), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "ET", bụ onye na-edekọ ihe na Jamaica, onye injinia ọdịyo, na otu n'ime ndị injinia studio izizi sonyere na egwu dub.. == Ọrụ == Thompson nwetara ahụmịhe studio Studio One, na-arụkọ ọrụ na Joe Gibbs. . Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka Bunny Lee na na 1970 ọ rụrụ ọrụ (yana Niney) dị ka onye injinia na Randy's Studio 17, na Kingston, Jamaica. Thompson rụpụtara album reggae nke mbụ, The Undertaker nke Derrick Harriott na The Crystalites wepụtara na 1970. [1] Ọ gara n'ihu soro Joe Gibbs rụọ ọrụ site na 1975. <ref name="Thompson" /> maara Gibbs na Thompson n'ozuzu ha dị ka Mighty Two. abụọ mepụtara egwu site na Junior Byles, Dennis Brown, Gregory Isaacs, Althea na Donna, Prince Far I na Eek-A-Mouse, tupu mmekọrịta ha agwụ na 1983 mgbe Gibbs kwagara Miami. Thompson rụkwara egwu nke [[Bob Marley]], The Abyssinians, Augustus Pablo, Big Youth, Culture, Yellowman, Frankie Paul na Burning Spear. Na mgbakwunye, o mepụtara ọrụ nke I-Roy, Cornell Campbell, Freddie McGregor na Barrington Levy. Thompson sokwa onye na-emepụta ihe, [[Clive Chin]] rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya, "Hard Times Riddim", nke ya na Stephen Gibson, nwa onye mmekọ Joe Gibbs, rụkọtara ọrụ, nyere aka n'ịmepụta mmeghachi omume na dancehall. Abọm ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị isi na-eme reggae n'oge ahụ gụnyere, Capleton, I Wayne, Richie Spice, Chuck Fenda na Luciano. <ref>{{Cite news|first=David|author=Katz|authorlink=David Katz (author)|title=Obituary: Errol Thompson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/dec/09/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=2004-12-09|accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> oge na-aga, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ egwu wee nwee nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na North Parade, n'etiti obodo Kingston. Thompson nwụrụ, mgbe ọtụtụ ọrịa strokes gasịrị, na 13 Nọvemba 2004, mgbe ọ dị afọ 55. == Nkọwapụta == ; Abọm === Mụ na Eze Tubby === * Eze Tubby / Errol Thompson - The Black Foundation In Dub (2000, Heartbeat Records) ; Singles & EPs * Jamaican Born & Bred / Version (7") (1971, Ashanti) * Prince Far I / Errol Thompson - Otu mma / Dagger dị iche (7") (1999, Crazy Joe) * Nkume, Errol Thompson & The Mighty Artons - Penetrate (7") * Linval Thompson / Scientist & Errol Thompson - Touch Up The Key (7") * Johnnie Clarke / Errol Thompson, Joe Gibbs & The Professionals - Kpachara anya / Leba anya (7") * The Echoes / Joe Gibbs, Errol Thompson & The Professionals - Nsogbu N'ịbụ Onye Egwu / Nsogbu Egwu (7") * Errol Thompson / J Gibson & Clint Eastwood / Bigger T - Atụmatụ Mmepụta / Atụmatụ Nde Dollar (7") * Kojack & Miss Glitter / Joe Gibbs & Errol Thompson - Enweghị m ike ịkwụsị ịhụ gị n'anya / ịhụ gị n"anya (7") ; Onye na-ese ihe * The Rough Guide to Dub (2005, World Music Network) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080701231402/http://www.reggae-vibes.com/concert/errolthompson/errolthompson.htm Reggae Vibes obere akụkọ ndụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081816/http://www.roots-archives.com/artist/221 Ndepụta nke injinia na mmepụta Thompson] na Roots Archives * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/199912-Errol-Thompson Nkọwapụta na Discogs] p0n9qewq7heqyqnx8mzh53uhh4s8nwv 671291 671290 2026-07-02T11:43:59Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671291 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] {{Databox}}Errol Thompson (29 Disemba 1948 - 13 Nọvemba 2004), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "ET", bụ onye na-edekọ ihe na Jamaica, onye injinia ọdịyo, na otu n'ime ndị injinia studio izizi sonyere na egwu dub.. == Ọrụ == Thompson nwetara ahụmịhe studio Studio One, na-arụkọ ọrụ na Joe Gibbs. . Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka Bunny Lee na na 1970 ọ rụrụ ọrụ (yana Niney) dị ka onye injinia na Randy's Studio 17, na Kingston, Jamaica. Thompson rụpụtara album reggae nke mbụ, The Undertaker nke Derrick Harriott na The Crystalites wepụtara na 1970. [1] Ọ gara n'ihu soro Joe Gibbs rụọ ọrụ site na 1975. maara Gibbs na Thompson n'ozuzu ha dị ka Mighty Two. abụọ mepụtara egwu site na Junior Byles, Dennis Brown, Gregory Isaacs, Althea na Donna, Prince Far I na Eek-A-Mouse, tupu mmekọrịta ha agwụ na 1983 mgbe Gibbs kwagara Miami. Thompson rụkwara egwu nke [[Bob Marley]], The Abyssinians, Augustus Pablo, Big Youth, Culture, Yellowman, Frankie Paul na Burning Spear. Na mgbakwunye, o mepụtara ọrụ nke I-Roy, Cornell Campbell, Freddie McGregor na Barrington Levy. Thompson sokwa onye na-emepụta ihe, [[Clive Chin]] rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya, "Hard Times Riddim", nke ya na Stephen Gibson, nwa onye mmekọ Joe Gibbs, rụkọtara ọrụ, nyere aka n'ịmepụta mmeghachi omume na dancehall. Abọm ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị isi na-eme reggae n'oge ahụ gụnyere, Capleton, I Wayne, Richie Spice, Chuck Fenda na Luciano. <ref>{{Cite news|first=David|author=Katz|authorlink=David Katz (author)|title=Obituary: Errol Thompson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/dec/09/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=2004-12-09|accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> oge na-aga, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ egwu wee nwee nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na North Parade, n'etiti obodo Kingston. Thompson nwụrụ, mgbe ọtụtụ ọrịa strokes gasịrị, na 13 Nọvemba 2004, mgbe ọ dị afọ 55. == Nkọwapụta == ; Abọm === Mụ na Eze Tubby === * Eze Tubby / Errol Thompson - The Black Foundation In Dub (2000, Heartbeat Records) ; Singles & EPs * Jamaican Born & Bred / Version (7") (1971, Ashanti) * Prince Far I / Errol Thompson - Otu mma / Dagger dị iche (7") (1999, Crazy Joe) * Nkume, Errol Thompson & The Mighty Artons - Penetrate (7") * Linval Thompson / Scientist & Errol Thompson - Touch Up The Key (7") * Johnnie Clarke / Errol Thompson, Joe Gibbs & The Professionals - Kpachara anya / Leba anya (7") * The Echoes / Joe Gibbs, Errol Thompson & The Professionals - Nsogbu N'ịbụ Onye Egwu / Nsogbu Egwu (7") * Errol Thompson / J Gibson & Clint Eastwood / Bigger T - Atụmatụ Mmepụta / Atụmatụ Nde Dollar (7") * Kojack & Miss Glitter / Joe Gibbs & Errol Thompson - Enweghị m ike ịkwụsị ịhụ gị n'anya / ịhụ gị n"anya (7") ; Onye na-ese ihe * The Rough Guide to Dub (2005, World Music Network) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080701231402/http://www.reggae-vibes.com/concert/errolthompson/errolthompson.htm Reggae Vibes obere akụkọ ndụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081816/http://www.roots-archives.com/artist/221 Ndepụta nke injinia na mmepụta Thompson] na Roots Archives * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/199912-Errol-Thompson Nkọwapụta na Discogs] hzoicmfvmuf99bzr7ybyp5rl4c02gqx John Milton (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Florida) 0 34779 671145 144882 2026-07-02T10:34:00Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=John Milton Florida.jpg|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]}} {{Databox}}'''John Milton''' (April 20, 1807 - April 1, 1865) bụ gọvanọ nke [[Flórídạ|Florida]] n'ime ihe ka ukwuu n'[[Agha Obodo America]]. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu nke jere ozi na ndị omeiwu Florida, ọ kwadoro nkewa nke Florida site na Union wee ghọọ gọvanọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1861. N'ọkwa ahụ, ọ gbanwere steeti ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-eweta nri maka Confederacy. N'ozi ikpeazụ ya nye ndị omeiwu steeti ka agha ahụ na-agwụ, o kwupụtara na ọnwụ ga-aka mma karịa ịbịakọta na North. Mgbe o gburu onwe ya, nwa ya nwoke Jefferson Davis Milton bụ nwata. == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == Milton bụ nwa nke otu ezinụlọ a ma ama n'ebe ndịda na onye ikwu nke onye na-ede uri Bekee a ma ama nke otu aha ahụ. <ref name="Cox">{{Cite book|title=The History of Jackson County, Florida: The Civil War Years|author=Cox|first=Dale|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2010|isbn=978-1448685141|location=Two Egg, FL|pages=191}}</ref> bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ gọvanọ nke Florida n'ọtụtụ oge nke Agha Obodo, ịbụ onye na-akwado nkewa, yana onye nwe ohu. Ọ bụ nwa Homer Virgil Milton, onye ọrụ agha lụrụ agha n'Agha nke 1812, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-0UAAAAYAAJ&q=homer+virgil+milton&pg=RA1-PA1899|title=The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans ...|first=Rossiter|author=Johnson|date=1 September 2018|publisher=Biographical Society}}</ref> na nwa nwa nke dike nke Revolutionary War, onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke United States na 1789, na onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Georgia, John Milton. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential Election of 1789: A Resource Guide|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1789.html|work=Presidential Elections, Library of Congress|publisher=The Library of Congress|accessdate=24 September 2021}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na nso Louisville, Georgia, John Milton lụrụ Susan Cobb n'ihe dị ka 1830, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ. Ha biri na Georgia ma mesịa biri na Alabama. <ref>Gene M. Burnett: ''Florida's Past'' (Band 1: ''People and Events That Shaped the State''), 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CbztMj1gMPYC&pg=PA197 page 197]</ref> lụrụ Caroline Howze si Alabama ọzọ na 1844; ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị asaa. John na Caroline biri na Alabama, New Orleans, <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Milton|url=https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/florida-governors/john-milton/|work=Florida Department of State|accessdate=20 July 2022}}</ref> ma mesịa biri na Marianna (n'ebe ugwu Florida). Otu n'ime ụmụ ha nwoke bụ onye iwu Old West Jeff Milton, na nwa nwa, William Hall Milton, bụ Onye omeiwu United States si Florida na 1908 na 1909. == Ọrụ == N'oge ọrụ ya, Milton ghọrọ onye ọka iwu, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ obodo na [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]] na [[Alabama]], tupu ọ gaa biri na New Orleans. Ọ bịara Florida na 1846, wee banye ngwa ngwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Florida. N'afọ 1848, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ntụli aka maka steeti ahụ, mgbe ahụ n'afọ 1850 a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Florida. == Agha Obodo America == Dị ka onye na-akwado ma na-eme ka ịgba ohu, ọ bụ onye nkwado mbụ maka nkewa nke Florida site na Union. Ọ bụ onye nnọchiteanya na 1860 Democratic National Convention si Florida ma n'otu afọ ahụ gbaa ọsọ maka ọfịs gọvanọ. A kpọrọ nzukọ iji kwado okwu nkewa ma na Jenụwarị 10, 1861, iwu ahụ gafere. Ọ ṅụrụ iyi n'ọkwa n'October 7, 1861. N'oge [[Agha Obodo America|Agha Obodo]], Milton mesiri ike mkpa Florida dị ka onye na-eweta ngwongwo, karịa ndị ikom, ebe Florida bụ nnukwu onye na-enye nri na nnu maka ndị agha Confederate. Ka agha ahụ na-eru ná njedebe na Confederacy na-eru nso mmeri, nrụgide nke ọfịs ya mere ka ọ daa mbà. Gọvanọ Milton hapụrụ Tallahassee maka ubi ya, Sylvania, na Marianna, Florida. == Ọnwụ == <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/05/01/archives/suicide-of-gov-milton-of-florida.html|title=Suicide of Gov. Milton, of Florida.|date=1865-05-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref>'ozi ikpeazụ ya nye ndị omeiwu steeti, o kwuru na ndị isi ndị agha Northern "mepụtara àgwà ọjọọ nke na ọnwụ ga-aka mma karịa ịgakwuru ha". N'April 1, 1865, nwa ya nwoke, William Henry Milton, hụrụ ya nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ a gbagburu ya n'isi. Ezinụlọ <ref name="Cox" />, ụka, na West Florida News kọrọ na ọnwụ ya bụ ihe mberede. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b89b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD|title=Florida Governor John Milton|publisher=[[National Governors Association]]|accessdate=1 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209065203/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b89b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD|archivedate=9 December 2009}}</ref>''The New York Times'' chere na ọnwụ Gọvanọ Milton bụ igbu onwe ya na atụmanya nke mmeri Union na gọọmentị Republican. [1] Onye isi oche nke Senate Florida, Abraham K. Allison, ṅụrụ iyi dị ka gọvanọ nke Florida ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ. E liri Gọvanọ John Milton na Saint Luke's Episcopal Cemetery na Marianna. Dị ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ nke oge ahụ, Reconstruction bụ oge siri ike maka ezinụlọ gọvanọ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na Jackson County, Florida. <ref name="Dutton">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi58|title=Milton, Jefferson Davis|author=Dutton|first=Robin|date=2010-06-15|work=tshaonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-13}}</ref> Milton nke ikpeazụ, Jefferson Davis Milton (1861-1947) kwagara Texas, mgbe e mesịrị Arizona. O gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye Texas Ranger, onyeisi ndị uwe ojii nke El Paso, ma jee ozi ihe karịrị afọ 25 dị ka onye ọrụ ókèala mbụ nke America. William Hall Milton (1864-1942), nwa nwa nke gọvanọ ahụ, bụ onye omeiwu US si Florida site na 1908-1909.<ref name="Dutton" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> * "The Hatcher-Harris Family Tree," Our Genealogy/History Directory, nke Beverly & Bob Whitaker, https://web.archive.org/web/20070416082056/http://home.kc.rr.com/gentutor/ * ''Akwụkwọ Ozi John Milton'', Florida Historical Society, Cocoa, Florida == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503063704/http://www.museumoffloridahistory.com/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=12 Foto Gọvanọ na akụkọ ndụ nke steeti Florida] * John MiltonnaChọta Ili * {{Cite web|title=Florida and the Civil War (November 1862)|author=Boyd (Florida Memory, Florida Department of State)|date=November 20, 2012|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2012/11/20/florida-and-the-civil-war-november-1862/}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Madison S. Perry]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Florida|Governor of Florida]]|years=1860}} {{s-aft|after=[[David S. Walker]]}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title=[[List of Governors of Florida|Governor of Florida]]|before=[[Madison S. Perry]]|after=[[Abraham K. Allison]]|years=October 7, 1861 – April 1, 1865}} {{s-end}}{{Governors of Florida}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kh2f5hndk6gjxystzsu1rvps6tuxlws Eno Ebenso 0 34854 671150 184728 2026-07-02T10:35:37Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Eno E. Ebenso|Eno E. Ebenso]]''' (amụrụ 18 Nọvemba 1964) bụ ọkammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Physical Chemistry]] bụ ọkachamara na [[w:Corrosion inhibitor|mgbochi ihe ịta nchara]]. === Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ Eno Ebenso na 18 Novemba 1964 n'okpuru ọchịchị [[w:Okobo Local Government Area, Nigeria|Okobo]], Steeti Akwa Ibom, Naijiria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title= Eno Ebenso {{!}} North-West University - Academia.edu|url=https://nwu.academia.edu/EnoEbenso/CurriculumVitae|access-date=2021-12-14|website=nwu.academia.edu} }</ref> Ebenso nwetara nzere BSc n'isi ọmụmụ Chemistry site na [[w:|Mahadum Calabar]], Naijiria n'afọ 1986, nzere MSc n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Physical Chemistry]] na Mahadum Ibadan, Naijiria n'afọ 1990, na nzere PhD n'isi ọmụmụ Physical Chemistry sitere na Mahadum Calabar, Naijiria n'afọ 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2021|title=Eno Ebenso|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/ebenso/| website=[[African Scientists Directory]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ebenso {{!}} Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Africa Ebenso {{!}} Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Africa Ebenso {{!}} Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Afrịka Ebenso |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/ebenso/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Akwụkwọ ndekọ sayensị nke Africa |language=en-US}} </ref> === Ọrụ Ya=== Eno Ebenso malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na Mahadum Calabar dị na Naijiria n'afọ 1990, na-ewere ọrụ nke onye nkuzi enyemaka.{{Cite webụ |date=14 Disemba 2021 |title=Eno Ebenso |url=https://scholar.google.co.za/citations?user=bljjT44AAAAJ&hl=en |website=[[Google scholar]]}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị na mahadum, ọ weere ọrụ nchịkwa dị iche iche, gụnyere onye isi oche isiokwu na Chemistry, onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mathematical na Physical Sciences, Executive Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, and onye nduzi nwa mgbe nke Material Science Innovation and Modelling Research Focus Area (MaSIM). Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye osote onye isi oche (nyocha na atụmatụ) na Mahadum Mafikeng nke North-West. Ruo 31 Disemba 2019, ọ nọ n'ọkwá Executive Dean nke ngalaba Natural and Agricultural Sciences na Mahadum North-West niile.<ref name=":2" /> === Nnyocha ndị O Mere === {{Scholia}} Mmasị nnyocha Ebenso gụnyere [[w:|ịta nchara]], [[w:|adsorption]], [[w:|inorganic chemistry]], [[w:|electrochemistry]], na [[w:|Langmuir adsorption model]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eno E. Ebenso: H-index & Awards - Profile Academic |url=https: //research.com/u/eno-e-ebenso |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Research.com |language=en}}</ref> Ebenso bụ onye ama ama na chemistry nke ihe ịta nchara onye bipụtarala ihe nke ukwuu na mpaghara Kemịstrị [[w:Corrosion inhibitor|igbochi ihe ịta nchara]]. N'ihe dị ka ebe Jun 2023, O nwere [[w:H-index|H-Index]] n'ógó nke iri itoolu na asatọ na ihe karịrị ikpọtu ihe ndị o dere aha karịrị ugboro puku iri atọ na otu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Eno E Ebenso {{!}} news.nwu.ac.za|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/experts/eno-e-ebenso|access-date=2021-12-14|website=news.nwu.ac.za} }</ref> O nwere mmetụta ntụaka nke 1% karịa nkezi ụwa; ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ kachasị mma na ngalaba nke mgbochi ihe ịta nchara n'ụwa nile ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ya bụ nke ise akacha ebudata n'ụwa nile na ngalaba nke mgbochi ihe ịta nchara.<ref name=":1" /> === Edensibia === <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebenso, Eno}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Nigerian chemists]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1964]] [[Category: Ndị dị ndụ]] 99o3vkbti6jnomj4nev6237rcxwd3bf Fred Zinnemann 0 37102 670948 539566 2026-07-02T00:07:30Z Sayvhior 13464 670948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Alfred Zinnemann''' (April 29, 1907 - March 14, 1997) bụ onye Austria-America <ref name="rzenews">/onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. O meriri [[Academy Awards|Ihe nrite Academy]] Awards anọ maka iduzi na imepụta ihe nkiri n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe egwu, ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe nkiri noir na egwuregwu. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Europe tupu ọ kwaga US, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na mkpirikpi tupu o mee ihe nkiri iri abụọ na ise n'oge ọrụ afọ iri ise ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nduzi mbụ na-ekwusi ike na iji ezigbo ebe na iji ngwakọta kpakpando na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri iji mee ka ihe nkiri ya bụrụ ihe dị adị. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike maka itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ma si otú ahụ mepụta ihe nkiri pụrụ iche, ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ya bụ ihe nkiri banyere ndị mmadụ na-anọ naanị ha na ndị nwere ụkpụrụ nke ihe omume ọdachi nwalere. Dị ka otu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, ụdị Zinnemann gosipụtara echiche ya nke "echiche nke uche na mkpebi siri ike ya ime foto bara uru nke na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu. N'etiti ihe nkiri ya bụ The Search (1948), The Men (1950), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), ''Oklahoma!'' (1955), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), A Man For All Seasons (1966), The Day of the Jackal (1973), na ''Julia'' (1977). Ihe nkiri ya enwetala nhọpụta Oscar iri isii na ise, merie iri; a họpụtara Zinnemann n'onwe ya maka iri, ma merie Onye nduzi kacha mma maka From Here to Eternity (1953), ihe nkiri kacha mma na onye nduzi kachasị mma maka A Man for All Seasons (1966), na Best Documentary, Short Subjects maka ''Benjy'' (1951). Zinnemann duziri ma webata ọtụtụ kpakpando na ihe nkiri mbụ ha na US, gụnyere [[Marlon Brando]], Rod Steiger, Pier Angeli, Julie Harris, Brandon deWilde, Montgomery Clift, Shirley Jones na Meryl Streep. Ọ duziri ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iri na itoolu na nhọpụta Oscar, gụnyere Frank Sinatra, Montgomery Clift, Audrey Hepburn, [[Glynis Johns]], Paul Scofield, Robert Shaw, Wendy Hiller, Jason Robards, [[Vanessa Redgrave]], Jane Fonda, Gary Cooper na Maximilian Schell. == Oge ọ malitere ==   <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiK_3d6a7DQC&pg=PR17|title=Fred Zinnemann: Interviews|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 2018|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9781578066988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvFkAAAAMAAJ|title=My Life in the Movies: An Autobiography|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 1992|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9780684190501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA|title=Civil Registration Book of Jewish Children in Rzeszów 1906–1909|date=1909|publisher=National Records Office in Rzeszów|accessdate=August 26, 2018|archivedate=October 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233234/https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA}}</ref> mụrụ Zinnemann na Rzeszów, <ref name="rzenews">{{Cite web|title=Fred Zinnemann will return to Rzeszów. In August for an extraordinary film festival |url=http://rzeszow-news.pl/fred-zinnemann-wroci-do-rzeszowa-w-sierpniu-na-niezwykly-filmowy-festiwal/ |date=July 12, 2018 |work=rzeszow-news|accessdate=October 25, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://rzeszow-news.pl/fred-zinnemann-wroci-do-rzeszowa-w-sierpniu-na-niezwykly-filmowy-festiwal/ "Fred Zinnemann will return to Rzeszów. In August for an extraordinary film festival"]. ''rzeszow-news''. July 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="forbes22">{{Cite web|title=The Immigrant who Directed The American Classic High Noon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2018/09/07/the-immigrant-who-directed-the-american-classic-high-noon/ |work=Forbes |accessdate=October 25, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Fred Zinnemann never mentioned his native Rzeszów?|url=http://www.biznesistyl.pl/ludzie/sylwetki/7293_fred-zinnemann-nigdy-nie-wspominal-o-rodzinnym-rzeszowie.html|work=biznesistyl|date=August 16, 2018}}</ref> nwa Anna (Feiwel) na Oskar Zinnemann, onye dọkịta. <ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/proms/10233613/The-music-behind-Hollywoods-golden-age.html the London telegraph: "The music behind Hollywood's golden age – As the Proms pays tribute to Hollywood's golden age, Tim Robey looks at the composers who redefined the film score"] By Tim Robey. </ref> <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> nna ya bụ ndị Juu Austria. O nwere otu nwanne nwoke nke obere. Zinnemann tolitere na Vienna n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, n'oge ọtụtụ n'ime ha nna ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka agha na ndị agha Austro-Hungarian na Eastern Front. Zinnemann mechara cheta <ref> Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. </ref> ahụmahụ agha ya na-echegbu ya nke ukwuu ma na-arịa ọrịa nrọ ọjọọ mgbe niile. Mgbe ọ na-etolite na First Austrian Republic, nke e guzobere dị ka ala nke Alaeze Ukwu dara ada na 1918 na nke o mechara kọwaa dị ka, "obere, meriri, mba dara ogbenye", <ref> Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. </ref> Zinnemann chọrọ ịghọ onye na-agụ egwú, mana ọ gara n'ihu gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Vienna na 1927. <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> Mgbe ọ na-amụ iwu, ọ malitere ịmasị ihe nkiri ma mee ka ndị mụrụ ya kwenye ka ha hapụ ya ka ọ mụọ mmepụta ihe nkiri na Third French Republic. Mgbe <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ otu afọ na Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie na Paris, Zinnemann ghọrọ Onye na-ese foto ma chọta ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri a na-eme na Babelsberg Studio na Berlin, n'oge Weimar Republic, tupu ọ kwaga United States. Nne na nna Zinnemann abụọ, bụ ndị o mechara kọwaa dị ka ndị na-achọsi ụbọchị ndị eze Habsburg ike ike, laghachiri [[Poland]] mgbe Anschluss gasịrị ebe ndị Germany mechara gbuo ha n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. Ruo mgbe <ref name="Nolletti">Nolletti, Arthur, ed. </ref> nwụrụ, Zimmerman na ha na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi, ha niile dere na Polish.: 86  == Ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi == === Ọrụ mmalite === Zinnemann rụrụ ọrụ na Germany na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-amalite (Billy Wilder na Robert Siodmak sokwa ya rụọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri People on Sunday nke 1929) mgbe ọ gụsịrị ihe nkiri na France. Mmasị ya maka eziokwu na izi ezi pụtara ìhè na ihe ngosi mbụ ya The Wave (1936), nke a gbara na Mexico na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe nkiri akụkọ. <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> mbido afọ iri, n'ezie, Zinnemann so onye na-ede akwụkwọ Robert Flaherty rụọ ọrụ, "ma eleghị anya, ọ bụ onye kachasị nwee mmetụta n'ọrụ m dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri", ka o kwuru. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị nka nke Germany masịrị ya, na ihe nkiri ya, egwu na ihe nkiri, ọ makwaara na mba ahụ nọ na nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba. Ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na Berlin mgbe ọ nọgidere na-ahụ mmebi anya na okomoko dị n'akụkụ enweghị ọrụ. Ndị ọgaranya na-aga n'aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ogbenye n'aka ekpe. "Ọ dịla anya mmetụta uche amalitela iwepụ uche", ka o kwuru.:: 16  N'ihi mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na Ihe nkiri na-ada ụda abịala na Europe, nke na-akwadoghị iji mepụta nke ha, mmepụta ihe nkiri na Europe niile belatara nke ukwuu. ;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span>, onye dị naanị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'oge ahụ, nwetara ikike nne na nna ya ịga America ebe o nwere olileanya na ohere ime ihe nkiri ga-akawanye ukwuu. : 16 (Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3593}} * [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/3994/fred-zinnemann Akwụkwọ banyere Fred Zinnemann] * [http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=65700 Akwụkwọ Fred Zinnemann], Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences * [https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/1634/hash/8qAzHrD5// Fred Zinnemann] (n'asụsụ German) site na ebe nchekwa ihe ochie nke Österreichische Mediathek [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 64zvr6bme45oyvegsxem13oormwbr1d 670949 670948 2026-07-02T00:12:42Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Alfred Zinnemann''' (April 29, 1907 - March 14, 1997) bụ onye Austria-America <ref name="rzenews">/onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. O meriri [[Academy Awards|Ihe nrite Academy]] Awards anọ maka iduzi na imepụta ihe nkiri n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe egwu, ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe nkiri noir na egwuregwu. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Europe tupu ọ kwaga US, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na mkpirikpi tupu o mee ihe nkiri iri abụọ na ise n'oge ọrụ afọ iri ise ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nduzi mbụ na-ekwusi ike na iji ezigbo ebe na iji ngwakọta kpakpando na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri iji mee ka ihe nkiri ya bụrụ ihe dị adị. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike maka itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ma si otú ahụ mepụta ihe nkiri pụrụ iche, ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ya bụ ihe nkiri banyere ndị mmadụ na-anọ naanị ha na ndị nwere ụkpụrụ nke ihe omume ọdachi nwalere. Dị ka otu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, ụdị Zinnemann gosipụtara echiche ya nke "echiche nke uche na mkpebi siri ike ya ime foto bara uru nke na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu. N'etiti ihe nkiri ya bụ The Search (1948), The Men (1950), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), ''Oklahoma!'' (1955), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), A Man For All Seasons (1966), The Day of the Jackal (1973), na ''Julia'' (1977). Ihe nkiri ya enwetala nhọpụta Oscar iri isii na ise, merie iri; a họpụtara Zinnemann n'onwe ya maka iri, ma merie Onye nduzi kacha mma maka From Here to Eternity (1953), ihe nkiri kacha mma na onye nduzi kachasị mma maka A Man for All Seasons (1966), na Best Documentary, Short Subjects maka ''Benjy'' (1951). Zinnemann duziri ma webata ọtụtụ kpakpando na ihe nkiri mbụ ha na US, gụnyere [[Marlon Brando]], Rod Steiger, Pier Angeli, Julie Harris, Brandon deWilde, Montgomery Clift, Shirley Jones na Meryl Streep. Ọ duziri ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iri na itoolu na nhọpụta Oscar, gụnyere Frank Sinatra, Montgomery Clift, Audrey Hepburn, [[Glynis Johns]], Paul Scofield, Robert Shaw, Wendy Hiller, Jason Robards, [[Vanessa Redgrave]], Jane Fonda, Gary Cooper na Maximilian Schell. == Oge ọ malitere ==   <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiK_3d6a7DQC&pg=PR17|title=Fred Zinnemann: Interviews|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 2018|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9781578066988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvFkAAAAMAAJ|title=My Life in the Movies: An Autobiography|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 1992|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9780684190501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA|title=Civil Registration Book of Jewish Children in Rzeszów 1906–1909|date=1909|publisher=National Records Office in Rzeszów|accessdate=August 26, 2018|archivedate=October 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233234/https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA}}</ref> mụrụ Zinnemann na Rzeszów, <ref name="rzenews" /> <ref name="forbes22">{{Cite web|title=The Immigrant who Directed The American Classic High Noon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2018/09/07/the-immigrant-who-directed-the-american-classic-high-noon/ |work=Forbes |accessdate=October 25, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Fred Zinnemann never mentioned his native Rzeszów?|url=http://www.biznesistyl.pl/ludzie/sylwetki/7293_fred-zinnemann-nigdy-nie-wspominal-o-rodzinnym-rzeszowie.html|work=biznesistyl|date=August 16, 2018}}</ref> nwa Anna (Feiwel) na Oskar Zinnemann, onye dọkịta. <ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/proms/10233613/The-music-behind-Hollywoods-golden-age.html the London telegraph: "The music behind Hollywood's golden age – As the Proms pays tribute to Hollywood's golden age, Tim Robey looks at the composers who redefined the film score"] By Tim Robey. </ref> <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> nna ya bụ ndị Juu Austria. O nwere otu nwanne nwoke nke obere. Zinnemann tolitere na Vienna n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, n'oge ọtụtụ n'ime ha nna ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka agha na ndị agha Austro-Hungarian na Eastern Front. Zinnemann mechara cheta <ref> Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. </ref> ahụmahụ agha ya na-echegbu ya nke ukwuu ma na-arịa ọrịa nrọ ọjọọ mgbe niile. Mgbe ọ na-etolite na First Austrian Republic, nke e guzobere dị ka ala nke Alaeze Ukwu dara ada na 1918 na nke o mechara kọwaa dị ka, "obere, meriri, mba dara ogbenye", <ref> Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. </ref> Zinnemann chọrọ ịghọ onye na-agụ egwú, mana ọ gara n'ihu gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Vienna na 1927. <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> Mgbe ọ na-amụ iwu, ọ malitere ịmasị ihe nkiri ma mee ka ndị mụrụ ya kwenye ka ha hapụ ya ka ọ mụọ mmepụta ihe nkiri na Third French Republic. Mgbe <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ otu afọ na Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie na Paris, Zinnemann ghọrọ Onye na-ese foto ma chọta ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri a na-eme na Babelsberg Studio na Berlin, n'oge Weimar Republic, tupu ọ kwaga United States. Nne na nna Zinnemann abụọ, bụ ndị o mechara kọwaa dị ka ndị na-achọsi ụbọchị ndị eze Habsburg ike ike, laghachiri [[Poland]] mgbe Anschluss gasịrị ebe ndị Germany mechara gbuo ha n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. Ruo mgbe <ref name="Nolletti">Nolletti, Arthur, ed. </ref> nwụrụ, Zimmerman na ha na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi, ha niile dere na Polish.: 86  == Ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi == === Ọrụ mmalite === Zinnemann rụrụ ọrụ na Germany na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-amalite (Billy Wilder na Robert Siodmak sokwa ya rụọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri People on Sunday nke 1929) mgbe ọ gụsịrị ihe nkiri na France. Mmasị ya maka eziokwu na izi ezi pụtara ìhè na ihe ngosi mbụ ya The Wave (1936), nke a gbara na Mexico na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe nkiri akụkọ. <ref name="Hillstrom">Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. </ref> mbido afọ iri, n'ezie, Zinnemann so onye na-ede akwụkwọ Robert Flaherty rụọ ọrụ, "ma eleghị anya, ọ bụ onye kachasị nwee mmetụta n'ọrụ m dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri", ka o kwuru. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị nka nke Germany masịrị ya, na ihe nkiri ya, egwu na ihe nkiri, ọ makwaara na mba ahụ nọ na nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba. Ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na Berlin mgbe ọ nọgidere na-ahụ mmebi anya na okomoko dị n'akụkụ enweghị ọrụ. Ndị ọgaranya na-aga n'aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ogbenye n'aka ekpe. "Ọ dịla anya mmetụta uche amalitela iwepụ uche", ka o kwuru.:: 16  N'ihi mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na Ihe nkiri na-ada ụda abịala na Europe, nke na-akwadoghị iji mepụta nke ha, mmepụta ihe nkiri na Europe niile belatara nke ukwuu. ;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span>, onye dị naanị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'oge ahụ, nwetara ikike nne na nna ya ịga America ebe o nwere olileanya na ohere ime ihe nkiri ga-akawanye ukwuu. : 16 (Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3593}} * [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/3994/fred-zinnemann Akwụkwọ banyere Fred Zinnemann] * [http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=65700 Akwụkwọ Fred Zinnemann], Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences * [https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/1634/hash/8qAzHrD5// Fred Zinnemann] (n'asụsụ German) site na ebe nchekwa ihe ochie nke Österreichische Mediathek [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2fukv7w14hm15070daho0ey8ppmm65p Milly Nassolo 0 38524 671192 516889 2026-07-02T10:51:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Milly Kikomeko|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Milly Nassolo|birth_date=1993|birth_place=Kikumbo Village, [[Butambala District]], [[Uganda]]|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Uganda]]n|other_names=Milly Nassolo Kikomeko|alma_mater=Mpigi Mixed Secondary School, Mpigi High School|occupation=[[social entrepreneur]], [[Activist]], [[lawyer]]|known_for=Activism, peer education, Woman Empowerment, social entrepreneurship|spouses={{plainlist| * {{marriage|Robert Kikomeko Tumusabe|2016}} }}}} '''Milly Nassolo Kikomeko''' bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze n' [[Uganda|Ugandan]], onye na-eme ihe ike na onye ọka iwu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/working-for-women-makes-nassolo-happy--3339696|title=Working for women makes Nassolo happy|date=March 28, 2021|work=Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kampalapost.com/content/milly-nassolo-unveils-maisha-holistic-africa-foundation-kagadi-district|title=Milly Nassolo Unveils Maisha Holistic Africa Foundation in Kagadi District &#124; the Kampala Post}}</ref> ọ bụ onye guzobere ''Maisha Holistic Africa Foundation'', otu na-enweghị uru nke dị na Kagadi Distrikit . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2023/10/milly-nassolo-passion-for-empowering-women.html|title=MILLY NASSOLO: Passion for Empowering Women|first=PML DAILY EDITOR &#124; PML Daily|author=Editorial|date=October 26, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ug/lifestyle/milly-nassolos-legal-career-balancing-law-practice-and-activism-for-social-change/6zdx3pw|title=Milly Nassolo's legal career: Balancing law practice and activism for social change|first=Mzee|author=Asingwire|date=May 17, 2023|work=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nassolo n'ime obodo Kikumbo, Kibibi Subkonti , n'ime Butambala Distrikit Ọ gara ụlọakwụkwọ praịmarị nke Gombe maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya, Mpigi Mikst sekondiri Skuul maka O-Levulu sochiri ya, wee gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ A-level ya na Mpigi High School. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta Bachelo of lọọ na Mahadum Kampala International . <ref name="auto"/> == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daparrot.com/here-are-all-the-amazing-things-milly-nassolo-is-doing-to-advocate-for-the-girl-child/|title=Here Are All The Amazing Things Milly Nassolo Is Doing To Advocate For The Girl Child* &#124; DaParrot &#124; Building Communities, Outlining Possibilities|first=Arajab|author=Wampula|date=October 25, 2023|accessdate=March 10, 2024|archivedate=February 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228182517/https://daparrot.com/here-are-all-the-amazing-things-milly-nassolo-is-doing-to-advocate-for-the-girl-child/}}</ref> kemgbe afọ 2014, Nassolo anọwo na-eje ozi dịka onye enyemaka iwu na Lubega, Ssaka na Co. Advocates mgbe ọ ka na-agụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="auto"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetowerpost.com/2023/10/26/activist-milly-kikomeko-launches-get-talking-with-milly-tweet-chat-initiative/|title=Activist Milly Kikomeko Launches "Get Talking with Milly" Tweet Chat Initiative – TowerPostNews|date=October 26, 2023|work=thetowerpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/world/2019/04/social-entrepreneur-milly-nassolo-launches-maisha-holistic-africa-foundation.html|title=Social Entrepreneur Milly Nassolo Launches Maisha Holistic Africa Foundation|date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mugibson.com/through-maisha-holistic-africa-foundation-social-entrepreneur-milly-nassolo-seeks-to-help-those-in-need/|title=Through Maisha Holistic Africa Foundation, Social Entrepreneur Milly Nassolo Seeks to Help Those in Need - MUGIBSON|date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mugibson.com/activist-milly-nassolo-extends-helping-hand-through-health-camp-in-kagadi-district/|title=Activist Milly Nassolo Extends Helping Hand Through Health Camp In Kagadi District - MUGIBSON|first=Mugibson|author=Mugisha|date=February 1, 2023|work=mugibson.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mugibson.com/meet-milly-nassolo-a-champion-for-a-brighter-future-for-children-women-inuganda/|title=Meet Milly Nassolo: A Champion For A Brighter Future For Children & Women In Uganda - MUGIBSON|first=Mugibson|author=Mugisha|date=May 18, 2023|work=mugibson.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kampalaedgetimes.com/milly-nassolo-fostering-childrens-and-womens-rights-in-uganda/|title=Milly Nassolo Fostering Children's and Women's Rights in Uganda|first=John Kenny|author=Adeya|date=October 19, 2023|work=Kampala Edge Times|accessdate=March 10, 2024|archivedate=April 21, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421075546/https://kampalaedgetimes.com/milly-nassolo-fostering-childrens-and-womens-rights-in-uganda/}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>'afọ 2014, o guzobere ''Maisha Holistic Afrịka fandashon'' , [1] [2] otu na-enweghị uru nke dị na Kagadi Distrikit. [3] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/NV_125540|title=Nassolo supports disadvantaged people|work=Bukedde|accessdate=2024-03-10|archivedate=2023-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218210455/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/NV_125540}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a malitere nzukọ ahụ na 2019. [3] [4] == Ndụ Onwe == Nassolo lụrụ Robert Kikomeko Tumusabe n'afọ 2016 na Kamwokya Chọọchị ọf God. Ntikota ọnụ ha .enwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Tyler Kaeb K. Tumusabe na Travis Silver K. Tumusebe<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/family/437690-ugandan-wife-admits-she-lied-about-everything-first-time-she-met-man-who-married-her/|title=I lied to him about everything the first time we met, Ugandan wife discloses|first=Hillary|author=Lisimba|date=December 21, 2021|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/world/2019/04/social-entrepreneur-milly-nassolo-launches-maisha-holistic-africa-foundation.html|title=Social Entrepreneur Milly Nassolo Launches Maisha Holistic Africa Foundation|date=17 April 2019}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g1lb7yaz9370xsu6zv8waxuuf79bnaj Michelle Bernard 0 39005 671089 515590 2026-07-02T10:09:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Michelle Denise Bernard''' (amụrụ na Julaị 30, 1963, [[Washington, D.C.]]) <ref name="Curr Bio">{{Cite book|title=Current Biography Yearbook 2011|year=2011|publisher=H.W. Wilson|location=Ipswich, MA|isbn=9780824211219|pages=[https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/65 65–67]|chapter=Bernard, Michelle|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/65}}</ref> bụ onye nta akụkọ America, onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ọka iwu, onye edemede, na onye isi oche na onye isi nke Bernard Center maka ụmụ nwanyị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na amụma ọha. == Mmụta == Bernard gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard na B.A. na nkà ihe ọmụma na obere na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O nwere nzere Juris Doctor na Georgetown University Law Center. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na lobbyist na ụlọ ọrụ iwu Patton Boggs. N'afọ 2000, ọ bụ onye otu Bush-Cheney Kọmiti mmeghe nke onye isi ala. Ọ bụbu onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị nọọrọ onwe ha na olu ụmụ nwanyị nọọrọ onwe ha . <ref name="ronnee">Ronnee Schreiber, 'Pro-Women, Pro-Palin, Antifeminist: Conservative Women and Conservative Movement Politics', in ''Crisis of Conservatism? The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, & American Politics After Bush'', Gillian Peele, Joel D. Aberbach (eds.), Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2011, p. 135</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women and Men, Work and Power|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/33732/women-and-men-work-and-power|publisher=fastcompany.com|date=February 1998|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="QA">[http://www.c-span.org/video/?205250-1/qa-michelle-bernard C-SPAN Q&A with Michelle Bernard]. [[C-SPAN]]. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11</ref> Ọ bụ ya bụ onye isi oche nke District nke Columbia's Redevelopment Land Agency, bụ nke kwurịtara ego nke ọha na eze na nkeonwe nke District's MCI Arena. Bernard bụ onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke iwu maka MSNBC, Al Jazeera, <ref name="Al Jazeera">Bernard, Michelle [http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/third-rail/2015/6/is-the-us-election-season-too-long1.html Is the US Election Season Too Long?]. [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]. June 6, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015</ref> CNN, <ref name="Smer">Bernard, Michelle [https://web.archive.org/web/20210515101423/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1406/14/smer.01.html ''Smerconish transcript''] [[CNN]].14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014</ref> NPR na The McLaughlin Group. <ref name="Belle">Bernard, Michelle [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/amma-asantes-belle_b_5319226.html Amma Asante's 'Belle' May Lead to Real Freedom for Women Around the World]. [[Huffington Post]]. May 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014</ref><ref name="Syria">Bernard, Michelle [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/09/06/congress-cannot-ignore-weigh-violence-against-women-in-syria/ ''Congress cannot ignore violence against women in Syria'']. [[Washington Post]] September 6, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2014</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Parents Are Arrested for 'Stealing' a Public Education|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftea2eF2fdM|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=4 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804215649/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftea2eF2fdM|archivedate=4 August 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="seventy-four">Bernard, Michelle [https://web.archive.org/web/20170720100449/https://www.the74million.org/page/supporters The74million.org Journalism Advisory Board]. www.the74million.org. June 23, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015</ref> bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka ''Roll Call''; [1] ma bụrụkwa onye na-enye aka maka 'The Seventy-Four', [2] The Root, The Washington Post's <ref name="CQRollCall">Bernard, Michelle [http://cqrollcall.com/about-cq-roll-call/masthead/ Masthead CQ Roll Call]. [[Roll Call]] March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016</ref> "She the People, " na ''Huffington Post''. <ref name="QA"/> bụ onye nweere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=IWFDC Our Members - IWFDC|url=https://iwfdc.org/our-members/|publisher=iwfdc.org|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=12 December 2014|archivedate=13 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213232651/https://iwfdc.org/our-members/}}</ref> bụ onye otu Board of Trustees nke Mahadum Hampton ma nọrọ na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Njikọ aka maka ohere na agụmakwụkwọ na ndị isi nke International Women's Forum nke Washington, D.C. ebe ọ bụ Mmekọrịta Foundation Leadership. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=HU to Host Town Hall Meeting|url=http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/HU-to-Host-Town-Hall-Meeting-on-School-Choice|publisher=hamptonu.edu|accessdate=22 August 2014|date=23 January 2014|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515101423/http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/HU-to-Host-Town-Hall-Meeting-on-School-Choice}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=ABOUT THE COALITION|url=http://opportunityined.org/about-the-coalition/|publisher=opportunityined.org|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=12 December 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141213010220/http://opportunityined.org/about-the-coalition/|archivedate=13 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=Michelle Bernard - Washington Speaker's Bureau|url=http://www.washingtonspeakers.com/speakers/speaker.cfm?SpeakerID=6410|publisher=www.washingtonspeakers.com|accessdate=19 August 2014|archivedate=11 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153206/http://www.washingtonspeakers.com/speakers/speaker.cfm?SpeakerID=6410}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=ABCTE|url=http://abcte.org/about-us/board/|publisher=abcte.org|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=12 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095114/http://abcte.org/about-us/board/|archivedate=17 December 2014}}</ref> nke a, ọ bụ onye otu ndụmọdụ nke American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence, [1] na ọkà okwu maka Washington Speaker's Bureau. [2] Ihe nketa ezinụlọ <ref>Bill Steigerwald, "Michelle Bernard Looks for the Right McCain" "Anderson Free Press" August 29, 2008 </ref> bụ [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] Amerikan, na-ekwu n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Bill Steigerwald, "Ndị mụrụ m bụ ụmụ amaala Amerika, mana ha si Jamaika. A zụlitere m na ụkpụrụ ndị America na ndị Jamaica. Na ọdịbendị anyị, anyị nwere mmetụta siri ike nke mpako na nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ na ịdabere n'onwe ya. " == Onyinye == * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Charter Day Howard University|url=https://www.howard.edu/charterday/awards.htm/|publisher=howard.edu|date=1 February 2016|accessdate=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211094521/http://www.howard.edu/charterday/awards.htm|archivedate=11 February 2016}}</ref> nyere Bernard 2016 Howard University Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award na Fields of Media, Journalism and Public Policy. * <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mary Louise Smith Chair in Women and Politics|url=https://cattcenter.las.iastate.edu/2015/03/26/spring-2015-michelle-bernard/|publisher=cattcenter.las.iastate.edu|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> kpọrọ Bernard Onye isi oche Mary Louise Smith na Women and Politics site na Mahadum Iowa State na Machị 23, 2015. [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anvil of Freedom|url=http://estlow.org/anvil-of-freedom/|publisher=estlow.org|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=7 February 2015|archivedate=7 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207234040/http://estlow.org/anvil-of-freedom/}}</ref> natara Anvil of Freedom Award for Journalism and Democracy site na Mahadum Denver's Estlow International Center for Journism & New Media na Jenụwarị 23, 2015. [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Risings Stars: Michelle Bernard|url=http://m.essence.com/2014/10/02/rising-stars-michelle-bernard/|publisher=essence.com|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=14 March 2024|archivedate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307075034/http://m.essence.com/2014/10/02/rising-stars-michelle-bernard}}</ref>, a kpọrọ aha ya na November 2014 nke Essence Magazine dị ka Rising Star na ndepụta Money & Power ha. [1] == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hobbs|first=Christie|title=IWF Names New President|url=http://www.iwf.org/iwfmedia/show/19020.html|publisher=[[Independent Women's Forum]]|accessdate=23 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020010321/http://iwf.org/iwfmedia/show/19020.html|archivedate=20 October 2007|date=18 October 2005}}</ref> lụrụ onye nta akụkọ CNN bụ Joe Johns ruo mgbe di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 2008. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=Single Mothers Are Not Responsible For A Decline In Newspaper Sales|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/single-mothers-are-not-responsible-for-a-decline-in-newspaper-sales_b_4037946.html|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|accessdate=19 August 2014|date=3 October 2013}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web|author=Cook|first=John|title=Softball Interview Question Leads to Awkward Answer|url=http://gawker.com/5205389/softball-interview-question-leads-to-awkward-answer|publisher=[[Gawker]]|accessdate=14 July 2014|date=9 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829180312/http://gawker.com/5205389/softball-interview-question-leads-to-awkward-answer|archivedate=29 August 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michelle Bernard: 'The Republican Party Needs to Find Its Soul'|url=http://www.iwf.org/news/2435006/Michelle-Bernard:-%27The-Republican-Party-Needs-to-Find-Its-Soul%27|accessdate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183349/http://www.iwf.org/news/2435006/Michelle-Bernard%3A-%27The-Republican-Party-Needs-to-Find-Its-Soul%27|archivedate=14 July 2014|date=9 April 2009}}</ref> Bernard lụrụ di ọzọ na 2014 ma soro di ya Keith Bell biri na Potomac, Maryland, yana ụmụ abụọ sitere na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya. Keith Bell nwụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michelle Bernard meets with the LNP editorial board|url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/AiCvLUYCaM4|publisher=Lancaster Newspapers, Inc.|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=19 January 2015}}</ref> 2019. [1] == Akwụkwọ == * Bernard, Michelle D. (2013), Moving America Toward Justice: The Lawyers' Committee For Civil Rights Under Law, 1963-2013, The Donning Company Publishers.   * Bernard, Michelle D. (2007), Ọganihu Ụmụ nwanyị: Otu ụmụ nwanyị si baa ọgaranya, nwee ahụike, na ndị nweere onwe ha karịa mgbe ọ bụla, Spence Pub.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-890626-69-4|1-890626-69-4]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://bernardcenter.org Bernard Center for Women, Politics & Public Policy] * ỌdịdịnaC-SPAN * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/ Michelle Bernard] na The Huffington Post''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Huffington Post'' * [http://sojo.net/biography/michelle-d-bernard Ebe ndebe ihe ochie na Sojourners] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3yd8qbt4h7p5c5i18gfcuyz91c6zpj3 Maria Orłowska 0 39023 670989 195156 2026-07-02T02:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Maria Elżbieta Orłowska''' FAA (amụrụ 1951 na Warsaw ) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa nke [[Poland]], agụmakwụkwọ na onye isi oche. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na sistemụ nchekwa data, njikọta na nsogbu arụmọrụ nke nnukwu sistemụ. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị na akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche nke mba ụwa. Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke patent, gụnyere ngwọta maka azụmahịa echekwara na usoro akụ na ụba. Ọ bụ Secretary nke State na Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education ihe karịrị afọ isii. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974 na ngalaba nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mechanics, Mahadum Warsaw . Na 1981 ọ nwetara doctorate na Mahadum Warsaw . Na 2003, ọ nwetara DSc na Mahadum Queensland . Habilitation na 2004 na Ụlọ ọrụ sayensị Kọmputa. Na February 11, 2009 ọ natara aha nke prọfesọ nke teknuzu sayensị. Site na 1988 ruo 2007 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum Queensland, ebe a kwalitere ya na prọfesọ na ngalaba sayensị na 1990. Na 1995 a họpụtara ya onye isi nke Distributed Systems Technology Center (National Center for Research in the Field of Distributed Systems). N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara ya ịbụ onye otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị [[Ostraliya|Australia]] . Na 2007 ọ laghachiri Poland, ebe a họpụtara ya prọfesọ na [[:pl:Polsko-Japońska Wyższa Szkoła Technik Komputerowych w Warszawie|Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology]] na Warsaw. Ọ nabatara Dọkịta Honoris Cousa na Mahadum Queensland na Julaị 2013. Ọ na-elekọta ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 32 PhD. Otu n'ime ha, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa Shazia Sadiq . == Ọrụ n'ọchịchịrị == Na Jenụwarị 1, 2008, a họpụtara ya odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na Ministri Sayensị na Mmụta Kasị Elu nke Poland. Na February 1, 2012, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa a, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925112201/http://www.nauka.gov.pl/aktualnosci-ministerstwo/kierownictwo-mnisw-w-nowym-skladzie.html management MSHE the new line] nauka.gov.pl, 2012-01-31. [Accessed 2012-01-31].</ref> ma emesịa họpụta ya Secretary nke State na Ministry of Finance. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173016/http://www.archbip.mf.gov.pl/bip/14307.html Maria Orlowska appointed Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance]. mf.gov.pl, 2012-02-02. [Accessed 2012-02-02].</ref> O jichiri ọnọdụ a obere oge tupu ahọpụtakwa ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na Ministry of Science and Higher Education na Mee 28, 2012. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925112524/http://www.nauka.gov.pl/aktualnosci-ministerstwo/nowy-sekretarz-stanu-w-mnisw,akcja,pdf.html The new Secretary of State at the Ministry] nauka.gov.pl, 2012-05-28. [Accessed 2012-05-28].</ref> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ahụ na Disemba 4, 2013. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140814055204/http://www.nauka.gov.pl/aktualnosci-ministerstwo/zmiany.html Change in the Ministry] nauka.gov.pl, 2013-12-04. [Accessed 2013-12-04].</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] alsbcou9uq1o92vcxe2d4telptsa2qr Megan Sileno 0 39086 671009 155203 2026-07-02T07:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Megan Sileno (amuru May 1, 1989) bu onye egwu egwu mmiri South Africa, na onye nkuzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Polo - SILENO Megan|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1398730-sileno-megan.htm|accessdate=2021-08-16|work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|language=en-us|archivedate=16 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816223730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1398730-sileno-megan.htm}}</ref>. Ọ bụ onye otu egwuregwu polo mmiri nke ụmụ nwanyị South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=staff|first=Sport24|title=Tokyo Olympics full squad &#124; Team SA brings largest ever contingent to Japan|url=https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/olympics2020/tokyo-olympics-full-squad-team-sa-brings-largest-ever-contingent-to-japan-20210706|accessdate=2021-07-06|work=Sport|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Van Niekerk and Le Clos named in South African team heading to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team|accessdate=2021-07-06|work=Tokyo 2020|language=en-US|archivedate=9 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210215/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-06|title=Tokyo Olympics &#124; Team SA: The FULL list of athletes heading for Japan|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/|accessdate=2021-07-06|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2021-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712015819/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/}}</ref> Ọ so na ndị otu na asọmpi mmiri mmiri nke ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi Olimpik Summer 2020 Ọ na-azụ na St. Anne's Diocesan College . <ref>{{Cite web|title=St Anne's head waterpolo coach is off to the Olympics (News: 28 Jun 2021)|url=https://www.mycomlink.co.za/posting.php?i=70837|accessdate=2021-07-08|work=MyComLink|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{South Africa women's water polo squad 2020 Summer Olympics}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dridt2mu47s3grnnx79dvc8fz31ribf Meaza Ashenafi 0 39312 671205 176824 2026-07-02T11:02:02Z Johnnybam 24488 671205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Meaza Ashenafi, fondatrice de l'Ethiopian Women's Lawyers Association lors d'une conférence.jpg|thumb|Meaza Ashenafi]]'''Meaza Ashenafi''' (amụrụ na 25 Julaị 1964) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Meaza-Ashenafi|title=Pioneer African Women in Law}}</ref> bụ onye ọka iwu Etiopia. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, ndị omeiwu etiti họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ethiopia ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 2023. <ref name="washingtonpost.com">Paul Schemm (November 1, 2018), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/womens-rights-activist-named-to-head-ethiopias-supreme-court-in-new-reform/2018/11/01/9ed28fc4-ddbd-11e8-b3f0-62607289efee_story.html Women’s rights activist named to head Ethiopia’s Supreme Court] ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Meaza na Asosa, Etiopia. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Asosa wee sonye na ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum Addis Ababa. Ọ natara nzere Bachelor <ref name="washingtonpost.com" />of Laws (LL.B.) na Mahadum Addis Ababa na Master of Arts (M.A.) na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadụ Connecticut. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Araya Asfaw, Prọfesọ nke Physics na Mahadum Addis Ababa, ha nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. == Ọrụ == Meaza jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ethiopia n'etiti afọ 1989 na 1992. N'afọ 1993, Kọmitii Iwu nke Etiopia họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu. <ref name="Vieceli2005">{{Cite book|author=Vieceli|first=Alberto|title=1000 Peacewomen Across the Globe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIQnAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Scalo|isbn=978-3-03939-039-7}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Meaza guzobere Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) ya na Atsedeweine Tekle na Maria Yusuf, ọ ga-abụ onye isi nchịkwa ya. [2]<ref name="irinnews.org">{{Cite news|title=ETHIOPIA: Interview with Meaza Ashenafi, head of women lawyers association|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/47120/ethiopia-interview-with-meaza-ashenafi-head-of-women-lawyers-association|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=IRIN|date=7 November 2003}}</ref> Site na kọntaktị iwu ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Etiopia; otu ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị na Ethiopia nwere ihe dịka ndị ọka iwu 45 gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-arụ maka ya na 2002. <ref name="BareguTrust2002">{{Cite book|author=Baregu|first=Mwesiga Laurent|title=Peace-building in the Great Lakes Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTMXAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=SAPES Books|isbn=978-1-77905-120-2}}</ref> Meaza anọwo n'ọkwa na United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. O keere òkè na mmepe nke ụlọ akụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Etiopia, Enat Bank, nke e guzobere na 2011; ka ọ na-erule 2016, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ndị nduzi ya.<ref name="Makers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.makers.com/blog/human-rights-lawyer-meaza-ashenafi-interview|title=Exclusive Q&A With Human Rights Lawyer Meaza Ashenafi|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2016|work=|publisher=Makers|accessdate=February 4, 2016|quote=}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, HoPR họpụtara Meaza ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nọ na kọmitii nke Praịm Minista Abiy Ahmed. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First woman chief justice sworn in for Ethiopia {{!}} African Legal Information Institute|url=https://africanlii.org/article/20181101/first-woman-chief-justice-sworn-ethiopia|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=africanlii.org}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ anọ, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ahụ na osote onye isi ala Solomon Areda na 17 Jenụwarị 2023. Ndị omeiwu Etiopia họpụtara Tewdros Mihret dị ka onye isi ala na Abeba Embiale dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu n'aha Meaza na Solomon.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=2023-01-17|title=Head of Ethiopia's Supreme Court resigns|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/17/head-of-ethiopias-supreme-court-resigns/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'okwu 2009 Meaza kwuputara n'echiche efu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na obodo Etiopia, na-ekwu banyere ilu Amharic maka otu esi aghọta ụmụ nwanyị, na-akọwakarị ha dị ka ndị siri ike na adịghị ike.Omenala nzikọrịta ozi ka oge na-aga ejirila ilu ndị a kwalite nwoke na iweda ụmụ nwanyị ala.Ụfọdụ echiche ndị ilu ndị a na-enye bụ na ọnọdụ nwanyị bụ naanị n'ọrụ ụlọ nakwa na ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu enweghị ọgụgụ isi na enweghị ọrụ.[10] == Nkwado == N'afọ 2003, Meaza ghọrọ onye nwetara onyinye Hunger Project Award, na-emeri ihe nrite Grassroots Etiopia Women of Substance Africa Prize, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara ya maka Nrite Nobel Peace. A tụgharịrị ikpe ya ama ama ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri Etiopia 2014 Difret, nke Angelina Jolie kwalitere dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe wee nweta mmeri World Cinematic Dramatic Audience Award. na 2014 Sundance Film Festival.<ref name="irinnews.org">{{Cite news|title=ETHIOPIA: Interview with Meaza Ashenafi, head of women lawyers association|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/47120/ethiopia-interview-with-meaza-ashenafi-head-of-women-lawyers-association|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=IRIN|date=7 November 2003}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tadias: Ethiopian-American Lifestyle and Business Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f0qAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Tadias, Incorporated}}</ref> <ref name="ethioscoop.com">{{Cite news|title=Meaza Ashenafi Mengistu|first=Nassir|author=Mohammed|url=http://www.ethioscoop.com/biography/3511-meaza-ashenafi-mengistu.html|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=Ethioscoop Review Magazine|date=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">Paul Schemm (November 1, 2018), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/womens-rights-activist-named-to-head-ethiopias-supreme-court-in-new-reform/2018/11/01/9ed28fc4-ddbd-11e8-b3f0-62607289efee_story.html Women’s rights activist named to head Ethiopia’s Supreme Court] ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụmụ nwanyị n'Etiopia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Woldeyes|first=Billene Seyoum|title=Transformative Spaces: Enabling Authentic Female Leadership Through Self Transformation – the Association of Women in Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQSdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|year=2014|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90502-4}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cik1n89k4av4tajllazgxssb0stafwm Michaela Angela Davis 0 39724 671078 156839 2026-07-02T10:02:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Michaela Angela Davis''' bụ onye edemede banyere ụdị, agbụrụ, okike na omenala hip-hop na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United Steeti]]. Ọ bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe ejiji na "onye na ahụ maka ihe oyiyi". == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Michaela Angela Davis na Machị 31, 1964, na Landshut, Germany, ma zụlite ya na [[Washington, D.C.]] Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Harold Edward Gregory Davis na Helen Jean Butler. Nne ya kwenyesiri ike na nwa ya ọzọ ga abụ nwa nwoke, mgbe ọ gachara Sistine Chapel n'oge ọ dị ime, o kpebiri ịkpọ ya Michael Angelo. Mgbe amụrụ Davis, nne ya nyere ya ụdị nwanyị nke aha ahụ, Michaela Angela . <ref name="clutch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171129033603/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2008/08/michaela-angela-davis-the-makings-of-an-urbanista/ "Michaela Angela Davis: The Makings of an Urbanista"], Ganeka Gray, ''Clutch Magazine'', August 1, 2008</ref> Davis nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, Debbie na Monica, na nwanne nwoke, Eddie.[1] Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ya na Duke Ellington Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Arts na Washington, D.C., dị ka National Arts Scholar. Ọ gara kọleji na Mahadum New York, <ref name="clutch"/> wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Stella Adler Conservatory na-arụ ọrụ, na Alvin Ailey Ụlọ ihe nkiri American Dance. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210515085932/http://www.thesaudavoice.com/the_sauda_voice/2008/12/beautiful-black-spotlight-michaela-angela-davis.html BEAUTIFUL BLACK SPOTLIGHT: Michaela Angela Davis], ''The Sauda Voice'', December 21, 2008</ref> == Ọrụ mbipụta na edemede == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, Davis gara rụọ ọrụ na 1991 maka Essence dị ka onye nchịkọta ejiji. <ref name="apb">[http://www.apbspeakers.com/speaker/michaela-angela-davis Michaela Angela Davis biography], American Program Bureau speakers</ref> Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ejiji nke Anita Hill na nkwadebe maka akaebe ya n'ihu Congress maka ikpe nke Clarence Thomas dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref name="clutch"/> Davis ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka ejiji, ọdịbendị na onye isi ejiji na ịma mma maka magazin Essence. <ref name="criticized">{{Cite web|url=http://urbanmecca.net/news/?p=14343|title=Essence magazine criticized for hiring white Fashion Director : Urbanmecca.com &#124; African American News|format=|accessdate=2011-04-26|archivedate=2011-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211064814/http://urbanmecca.net/news/?p=14343}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere onye nduzi ejiji maka magazin Vibe, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ ikpeazụ nke Honey, magazin maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị afọ 18 ruo 34. Davis enyewo aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ, dị ka Ihe niile ma ibu: Ihe ndị ọcha na-enweta site na omenala ojii (ed. Greg Tate; <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Everything-But-Burden-People-Culture/dp/076791497X ''Everything But the Burden''], ''amazon.com''. </ref> Broadway Books, 2003). O dere Beloved Baby: A Baby's Scrapbook and Journal (Pocket Books, 1995). <ref name="apb"/> N'afọ 2020, ya na Mariah Carey bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta akpọrọ, Ihe ọ pụtara Mariah Careay, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/09/931728500/mariah-careys-memoir-is-further-proof-she-has-a-gift-for-storytelling|title=Mariah Carey's Memoir Is Further Proof: She Has A Gift For Storytelling|accessdate=March 22, 2021|work=NPR}}</ref> na 2022 ha bipụtara akwụkwọ foto, Nke Eze ekeresimesi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-01-14|title=Mariah Carey Announces First Children's Book: "The Christmas Princess"|url=https://bookriot.com/mariah-carey-the-christmas-princess/|accessdate=2022-09-28|work=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onye na-ese ejiji == Davis arụwo ọrụ dị ka onye na emepụta ejiji maka ndị dị ka [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], Prince, Diana Ross, Mary J. Blige na LL Cool J. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Onye na-emepụta ihe ejiji na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''Paid in Full'' (2002). <ref name="apb"/> == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == E gosipụtara ya na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri gụnyere Mkpụrụ obi ụmụ agbọghọ ojii (2008). Davis emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri telivishọn, na nso nso a na BET na ngosi ha nke Hip Hop vs. Amerika II: Abụ m onye nche nwanne m nwanyị?   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Onye isi Davis mepụtara ihe nkiri Hulu nke 2022 "The Hair Tales" ya na [[Oprah Winfrey]] na Tracee Ellis Ross. <ref>{{Cite web|title='The Hair Tales' Celebrates A Night Of Coils, Kinks, And Curls With The Black Hair Experience|url=https://www.vibe.com/lifestyle/beauty/hule-the-hair-tales-the-black-hair-experience-1234702234/|author=Corrine|first=Amber|date=20 October 2022|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Vibe|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Davis na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ Mgbanwe nke Obi Ụtọ: Ọrụ Mkparịta ụka Akwụkwọ na Dijitalụ . <ref name="MADTE">{{Cite web|title=This Black Girl Rocks: Image Activist Michaela Angela Davis|date=July 21, 2011|author=The Editor|url=http://madamenoire.com/66209/this-black-girl-rocks-image-activist-michaela-angela-davis/|work=Madame Noire|accessdate=March 27, 2024|archivedate=August 31, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002636/https://madamenoire.com/66209/this-black-girl-rocks-image-activist-michaela-angela-davis/}}</ref> Ọ bụ njedebe nke "nkwurịta okwu dị n'etiti ọgbọ na ndị inyom ojii na eche echiche mgbanwe banyere ịkpaghasị ihe mgbu nke na-eburu ma ọ bụ na-emetọ onwe anyị dị mma".[1]<ref name="MADTE" /> Davis bụ onye ndú nke "Mad Free," mkparịta ụka dị iche iche, ọtụtụ ọgbọ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Tumblr]]|url=http://madfreetv.tumblr.com/|title=Mad Free|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504065951/http://madfreetv.tumblr.com/|archivedate=2015-05-04}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3227961}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b49lbc8er0cl7qazeb9wtjkn4gjiqgi Enyemaka nke Iwu Ndị Ogbenye 1795 0 40144 671248 157419 2026-07-02T11:23:41Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Iwu enyemaka nke ndị ogbenye 1795''' ( 36 Geo. 3. c. 23) bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu nke ndị omeiwu nke Great Britain kwadoro. Iwu ahụ megharịrị Iwu enyemaka Ogbenye 1722 site n'ịkagbu ahịrịokwu ndị ahụ machibidoro enyemaka n'èzí . <ref>{{Cite book|first=George|author=Nicholls|title=A History of the English Poor Law in Connection with the State of the Country and the Condition of the People, Volume II: A.D. 1714 to 1853|location=New York|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|date=1898}}</ref> Iwu ahụ kwuru na nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na a chọpụtala na mmachibido iwu ahụ abụghị ihe na-adịghị mma na mmegbu, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-egbochikarị onye ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike ịnweta enyemaka oge ụfọdụ dị ka nke kachasị mma maka ikpe ya pụrụ iche, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-ewepụta ọnọdụ enyemaka. na-emerụ ahụ nkasi obi na ọnọdụ ụlọ na obi ụtọ nke ndị ogbenye dị otú ahụ." Iwu ahụ nyere ndị nlekọta enyemaka na-adịghị mma na parish ọ bụla (site n'ikike nke vestry ma ọ bụ ikpe ziri ezi nke udo ) inye onye ogbenye ọ bụla na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụlọ ha enyemaka na-adịghị mma n'achọghị ka ha banye n'ụlọ ọrụ . Iwu ahụ nyekwara ndị ikpe ziri ezi nke udo inye ndị ogbenye ọ bụla na-arụsi ọrụ ike enyemaka na-adịghị mma n'ụlọ ha otu ọnwa. <ref name="Nicholls" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị ikpe abụọ nke udo nwere ike ịgbatị enyemaka maka ọnwa ọzọ "na ndị ọzọ site n'oge ruo n'oge, dị ka oge ahụ ga-achọ". == Ihe ndetu == maka ikpe ya pụrụ iche, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-ewepụta ọnọdụ enyemaka. na-emerụ ahụ nkasi obi na ọnọdụ ụlọ na obi ụtọ nke{{Reflist}} d0c94fn16ec3yyef3zf0kudbwrzihgw 671249 671248 2026-07-02T11:23:57Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Iwu enyemaka nke ndị ogbenye 1795''' ( 36 Geo. 3. c. 23) bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu nke ndị omeiwu nke Great Britain kwadoro. Iwu ahụ megharịrị Iwu enyemaka Ogbenye 1722 site n'ịkagbu ahịrịokwu ndị ahụ machibidoro enyemaka n'èzí . <ref>{{Cite book|first=George|author=Nicholls|title=A History of the English Poor Law in Connection with the State of the Country and the Condition of the People, Volume II: A.D. 1714 to 1853|location=New York|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|date=1898}}</ref> Iwu ahụ kwuru na nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na a chọpụtala na mmachibido iwu ahụ abụghị ihe na-adịghị mma na mmegbu, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-egbochikarị onye ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike ịnweta enyemaka oge ụfọdụ dị ka nke kachasị mma maka ikpe ya pụrụ iche, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-ewepụta ọnọdụ enyemaka. na-emerụ ahụ nkasi obi na ọnọdụ ụlọ na obi ụtọ nke ndị ogbenye dị otú ahụ." Iwu ahụ nyere ndị nlekọta enyemaka na-adịghị mma na parish ọ bụla (site n'ikike nke vestry ma ọ bụ ikpe ziri ezi nke udo ) inye onye ogbenye ọ bụla na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụlọ ha enyemaka na-adịghị mma n'achọghị ka ha banye n'ụlọ ọrụ . Iwu ahụ nyekwara ndị ikpe ziri ezi nke udo inye ndị ogbenye ọ bụla na-arụsi ọrụ ike enyemaka na-adịghị mma n'ụlọ ha otu ọnwa. Otú ọ dị, ndị ikpe abụọ nke udo nwere ike ịgbatị enyemaka maka ọnwa ọzọ "na ndị ọzọ site n'oge ruo n'oge, dị ka oge ahụ ga-achọ". == Ihe ndetu == maka ikpe ya pụrụ iche, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-ewepụta ọnọdụ enyemaka. na-emerụ ahụ nkasi obi na ọnọdụ ụlọ na obi ụtọ nke{{Reflist}} 7rcp3ag6hejfiad8ieye4z2ra7e8ahb Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine 0 40776 670967 406882 2026-07-02T00:59:56Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ fixed reference errors 670967 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mine Diamond Gahcho Kué dị na tundra Canada na mpaghara ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ.  Ọ dị na Kennady Lake (<nowiki><span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{  ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-inline-zoro ezo{gosi: ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-  mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{oghe-oghe:nowrap}</span></nowiki>63°26′04″N 109°11′10″W / 63.43444°N 109.18611°W /64;  -109.18611 (Kennady Lake)), na Akaitcho Treaty 8 Territory[1] ngọngọ, nke dị 85 km (53 mi) ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Snap Lake Diamond Mine na ihe dịka 280 km (170 mi) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Yellowknife.[  1]  Ebe ahụ bụ Gahcho Kue Aerodrome na-eje ozi, nke nwere ma ụzọ ụgbọ elu ice n'oge oyi na okporo ụzọ ajịrịja nke afọ, yana mkpali nke Tibbitt ruo Contwoyto Winter Road si Lupine Mine.[1]  Isi ogige dị na <nowiki><span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{ngosi:  inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-inline-zoro ezo{gosi: ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-mmepụta .  longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{oghe-ọcha:nowrap}</span></nowiki>63°26′05″N 109°12′02″W / 63.43472°N 109.20056°W / 62;4.  -109.20056 (Gahcho Kué Diamond Mine, north site), n'ebe ugwu nke ice warara, nwere obere saịtị na <nowiki><span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-  mmepụta .geo-dms,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dec{ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-  mmepụta .geo-inline-ezoro ezo{ngosi:ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-ofe:nowrap}</span></nowiki>63°25′48″N 109°12  ′00″ W / 63.43000°N 109.20000°W / 63.43000;  -109.20000 (Gahcho Kué Diamond Mine, ebe ndịda), ndịda nke runway == ndabere == <ref name="debeerscanada.com" /> Gahcho Kué Diamond Mine bụ njikọ aka n'etiti diamond Mountain Province (49%) na De Beers Canada (51%) <ref name="Mountain Province Diamonds">[http://www.mountainprovince.com Mountain Province Diamonds]</ref> Ngwuputa, nke meghere n'ihu ọha na 20 September 2016, agụ ọkpọkọ Gahcho Kué kimberlite, nke dị n'okpuru Kennady Lake.  E gburu ọtụtụ ihe omume kimberlite a na-ahụta gbasasa n'elu ọtụtụ kilomita <ref name="debeerscanada.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/pdf_documents/gahcho-factsheet-102604.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2009-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709005130/http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/pdf_documents/gahcho-factsheet-102604.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/pdf_documents/gahcho-factsheet-102604.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([[Atiri:CS1 maint: oyiri echekwara ka aha|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]</ref> <ref name="Mountain Province Diamonds"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1993, Canamera Geological mmetụta mpaghara maka Mountain Province Mining Joint Venture (ugbu a Mountain Province Diamonds ).  Nchọgharị mmetụta na mpaghara ebe a na-arụkwa ọnọdụ na 1995. Na 1997, Monopros, ugbu a De Beers Canada, weghaara akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe ha sonyeere n'ugwu ugwu Mining Joint Venture.  Na 1998 De Beers ngosi kimberlite iji Tube ọkpọ Gahcho Kué anọ.  Mkpọpu ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri na dị mma butere akwụkwọ ịga n'ihu A malitere ọmụmụ ihe n'afọ 2004. Mmemme nleba anya n'afọ 2006 sochiri ya wee bụrụ mmemme igwu mmiri na nlele n'afọ 2007. Na Septemba 2009, a malitere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ogbunigwe a chọrọ, bụ nke emechara na Septemba 2010. De Beers na ndị mmekọ ya kwadoro ya na June 2011 ma na-akwado atụmatụ na mmefu ego maka mkpebi ikpeazụ ma ọ ga-aga n'ihu na ọrụ m.<ref name="facts">[http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/pdf_documents/gahcho-factsheet-102604.pdf Gahcho Kué factsheet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709005130/http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/pdf_documents/gahcho-factsheet-102604.pdf |date=9 July 2011 }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-aga n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ, a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-egwupụta 3,000,000 nke kimberlite, na ịmepụta 4,500,000 kwa afọ karịa ndụ afọ 11. <ref name="facts" /> Na 2005, Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board (MVEIRB), mgbechachara gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ, ihe na ngwa De Beers maka ikike iji ala na ikike mmiri ga-achọ ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ezu.  De Beers mgbasa a n'ikpe Kasị Elu NWT, mana a ụgbọ ya n'April 2007, usoro n'ihi na 2007. N'ihi ihe gbasara akụ na aka, De Beers na-egbu oge ịdebanye ohere ịnọ ebe obibi (  EIS) na bọọdụ ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ na Mee 2010. De Beers nyere ọkwa na Nọvemba wee tinye akwụkwọ EIS na 23 Disemba 2010, na mgbe ụfọdụ nlegharị anya na-esote iji lebara egwu eru ole na ole, MVEIRB nabatara ya na 26  Julaị 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Forever 2030 Goals|url=https://www.debeersgroup.com/sustainability-and-ethics/building-forever-2030-goals|work=www.debeersgroup.com|publisher=De Beers Group|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>Ewebere na 2013 na Hatch dị ka ụlọ ọrụ injinịa EPCM .  [1] Mine mmetụta na 2016. Satịt ahụ nwere nnukwu mepere emepe, ihe omume na mgbake na- iku kimberlite ore na diamond siri ike, yana mgbaàmà nkwado agha, ọdụ ụgbọ elu, na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ.  Dị ka nke 2020, olulu 5034 na Hearne na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke na ihe mbụ nke olulu Tuzo ibusola.  [2] Na 2020, De Beers Group elele maka ogbunigwe ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-anọpụ iche carbon site na 2030 == Omenala ojiji == Gahcho Kué bụ Chipewyan omenala, ndị Dene, aha maka mpaghara ɔdɔ mmiri Kennady yana na Dene Suline "Ebe Nnukwu oke bekee".  Onye ahụ, maka Barren-ground caribou, ejirila omenala Dene sitere na Łutselk'e na Métis of Fort Resolution .  N'oge mbụ Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), nakwa Dene, ndị mmadụ jikwa mpaghara ahụ ahụ.<ref>[http://reviewboard.ca/upload/project_document/1155311358_938.PDF De Beers EA – Final Submission to Public Registry]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ogbunigwe diamond  [[Òtù:Aha]] thcnhxw9lwknffponkmib7n91ioq9wu Emma Booth-Tucker 0 42300 671169 246453 2026-07-02T10:43:00Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye isi ndị agha nzọpụta */ 671169 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Emma-booth-tucker.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Kaadị ozi 'Na memoriam' maka Emma Booth-Tucker (c.1903)]] Emma Moss Booth-Tucker (8 Jenụarị 1860 – 28 Ọktoba 1903), nke a maara dị ka 'The Consul', bụ nwa nke anọ na ada nke abụọ nke William Booth, onye nchoputa nke Salvation Army . == Onye isi ndị agha nzọpụta ==   N'ịbụ onye mbụ mgbe ọ dị obere, Emma Booth kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha na nke n'oge akwụkwọ na St Leonards.  [1] N'ịbụ onye dị nanị afọ 19, Emma Booth onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ndị ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ nke Salvation Army maka ụmụ anọ.  Na 10 ekiri 1888 ọ ngosi Major Frederick Tucker, nwa nwoke na-enwe ngosi bi na India, onye na-akpa mbụ ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ na India n'afọ gara aga.  Emma Booth na Frederick Tucker na-egosi na Clapton Congress Hall.  Dị ka ọ na-eme na akara Booth n'oge ahụ, Tucker ịgbakwunye aha nri ya na nke ya, ihe Booth-Tucker.  Di na ahụ ahụ nwere ikike nke ndụ;  Frederick, Catherine Motee, Lucy, Herbert, John na Muriel na atọ ndị ọzọ, William, Evangeline na Bramwell Tancred ndị nwụrụ na nwata <ref>Booth-Tucker, pg 82</ref> <ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904EEDA143BEE33A25752C3A9659C94679ED7CF] 'Her Infant Child Dead: Bad News Comes to Mrs. Booth-Tucker From London' ''[[The New York Times]]'' 31 March 1896</ref> <ref name="IHC" /> <ref group="note">Frederick Kristodas Booth-Tucker (15 April 1892-25 July 1945) died in [[Los Angeles]] where he owned Six Wheels, Inc. (Families of Lancaster, Philadelphia & York County, PA on 'Rootsweb'). <br />Their daughter Catherine Motee became a [[Salvation Army officer]] in 1913 from [[Shimla|Simla]], in India, where the Booth-Tucker family had lived. She married Major Hugh Sladen in 1916, and in 1921 the couple were Divisional Commanders for Newport.<br />Muriel Booth-Tucker was born on 17 May 1903, the youngest child of Frederick Booth-Tucker and his second wife, Emma Moss Booth, and granddaughter of the founder William Booth. She was commissioned as a Salvation Army officer in 1925, and after appointments in Britain (1925-1935), served in India (1935-1938), Australia (1938-1950), International Training College (1950-1952), Territorial Commander, Madras and Telegu, India (1952-1957), Officer Commanding, Ireland (1958-1960), Territorial Commander, Belgium (1960-1963). She retired from active service on 17 May 1963, and lived until 13 March 1995.</ref> Ha LED oge na India, ma emesịa la ihie na London n'ihi ahụ ike Emma Booth-Tucker.  [1] Ha ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army International Headquarters na London tupu ezigara ha United States na 1896, ebe ha nọchiri nwanne Emma Ballington na ozi ya Maud bụ ndị na Salvation Army.  Ha jisiri ike nwetaghachi ọtụtụ ndị ntụgharị furu efu nke ikpe Ballington Booth, na nna ya nyere Emma Booth-Tucker aha 'The Consul'.  Ozi bụ isi nke Booth-Tuckers bụ ụlọ ụlọ na ime okpuru ọchịchị maka ndị ogbenye bi n'obodo mepere emepe nke a ụzọ anya n'akwụkwọ William Booth In Darkest England and the Way Out . <ref name="IHC">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki_ihc.nsf/vw-search/03610CA97C1B7B4C802570580031C446?opendocument|title=International Heritage Centre: Emma Moss Booth|accessdate=2010-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015849/http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki_ihc.nsf/vw-search/03610CA97C1B7B4C802570580031C446?opendocument|archivedate=2011-09-28}} Emma Moss Booth on The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre website</ref> Na 1903, mgbe ọ dị afọ 43, Emma Booth-Tucker nwụrụ n'ihi ịbụ isi gbajiri agbaji na ọdịdị ahụ dị n'ime ya na ụgbọ oloko na-esi Amity Colony, Colorado gaa Chicago, ebe ọ na-aga izute di.  ya.  Emere emume olili ozu ya na Carnegie Music Hall na New York City na 1 Nọvemba 1903, e wee lie ya na Kensico Cemetery na Valhalla, New York. Emma Booth-Tucker nwụrụ na-ahapụ di na ụmụ isii.  Nwanne ya nke nta bụ Evangeline Booth meri ya n'ọnụ ya na United States. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Akara ''egwu'' egwu egwu (1896) * ''Njikọ ịhụnanya bụ ngalaba nnapụta nke ndị agha nzọpụta'' (1896) * ''Akpọpụtara!'' ''na ihe si na ya pụta'' ya na Herbert Howard Booth (1887) * ''Ụmụnne ndị nta Ihe ndekọ dị mkpirikpi nke ọrụ afọ mbụ n'ime ụlọ Cherry-Tree'' (ihe dị ka 1900) * ''Magazin Warrior'' (Jan 1902) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opac.libraryworld.com/opac/search.php?term=001:89034|accessdate=28 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318101931/http://opac.libraryworld.com/opac/search.php?term=001%3A89034|archivedate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> * ''Ozi obi'' (ya na Frederick St George De Lautour Booth-Tucker) (1903) * ''Na memoriam Consul Oriakụ Booth-Tucker.'' ''Usoro ọrụ, Ụlọ Nzukọ Carnegie, Nov. 1, 1903'' (1903) * ''Obe nkasi obi anyi : ịbụ nhọrọ sitere na odide nke Consul Emma Booth Tucker'' (1907) * ''Ọtụtụ nde India: ịbụ nchịkọta nke nkuzi gbasara ọrụ ndị agha nzọpụta na India'' (1923) * ''Ọbịa ekeresimesi mara mma nke akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (amaghị ama) == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Chappell, Jennie ''Women ndị rụworo ọrụ ma merie : akụkọ ndụ nke Oriakụ Spurgeon, Oriakụ Booth-Tucker, FR Havergal, na Ramabai'' (1904) == Ihe ndetu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF ' Oriakụ] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF Booth-Tucker nwụrụ anwụ; Egburu Onye Ndu Nzọpụta na Mbipu ụgbọ okporo ígwè Missouri.] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF Ọ nọ n'ụzọ iji sonyere di na Chicago wee malite mkpọsa -- iri atọ na atọ ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ'] ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' 30 Ọktoba 1903 * [https://books.google.com/books?id=SH2gvsnfzcoC ''The Consul: Ihe osise Emma Booth Tucker''] nke Frederick De LaTour Booth-Tucker ''Akwụkwọ Google'' * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDA1039E333A2575AC0A9679D946297D6CF 'Ọrụ Ncheta maka Oriakụ Booth-Tucker; Ụtụ Oriakụ Sage nyere Onye Ndú Nzọpụta Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ.] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDA1039E333A2575AC0A9679D946297D6CF Nnukwu igwe mmadụ na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Majestic -- A na-agwa ihe ndị mere na ọrụ Consul.] ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' na November 1903 [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 1br6gtb1pzmq37wijkn62f2mtc5b0ii 671170 671169 2026-07-02T10:43:21Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye isi ndị agha nzọpụta */ 671170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Emma-booth-tucker.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Kaadị ozi 'Na memoriam' maka Emma Booth-Tucker (c.1903)]] Emma Moss Booth-Tucker (8 Jenụarị 1860 – 28 Ọktoba 1903), nke a maara dị ka 'The Consul', bụ nwa nke anọ na ada nke abụọ nke William Booth, onye nchoputa nke Salvation Army . == Onye isi ndị agha nzọpụta ==   N'ịbụ onye mbụ mgbe ọ dị obere, Emma Booth kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha na nke n'oge akwụkwọ na St Leonards.  [1] N'ịbụ onye dị nanị afọ 19, Emma Booth onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ndị ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ nke Salvation Army maka ụmụ anọ.  Na 10 ekiri 1888 ọ ngosi Major Frederick Tucker, nwa nwoke na-enwe ngosi bi na India, onye na-akpa mbụ ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ na India n'afọ gara aga.  Emma Booth na Frederick Tucker na-egosi na Clapton Congress Hall.  Dị ka ọ na-eme na akara Booth n'oge ahụ, Tucker ịgbakwunye aha nri ya na nke ya, ihe Booth-Tucker.  Di na ahụ ahụ nwere ikike nke ndụ;  Frederick, Catherine Motee, Lucy, Herbert, John na Muriel na atọ ndị ọzọ, William, Evangeline na Bramwell Tancred ndị nwụrụ na nwata <ref>Booth-Tucker, pg 82</ref> <ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904EEDA143BEE33A25752C3A9659C94679ED7CF] 'Her Infant Child Dead: Bad News Comes to Mrs. Booth-Tucker From London' ''[[The New York Times]]'' 31 March 1896</ref> <ref name="IHC" /> Ha LED oge na India, ma emesịa la ihie na London n'ihi ahụ ike Emma Booth-Tucker.  [1] Ha ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army International Headquarters na London tupu ezigara ha United States na 1896, ebe ha nọchiri nwanne Emma Ballington na ozi ya Maud bụ ndị na Salvation Army.  Ha jisiri ike nwetaghachi ọtụtụ ndị ntụgharị furu efu nke ikpe Ballington Booth, na nna ya nyere Emma Booth-Tucker aha 'The Consul'.  Ozi bụ isi nke Booth-Tuckers bụ ụlọ ụlọ na ime okpuru ọchịchị maka ndị ogbenye bi n'obodo mepere emepe nke a ụzọ anya n'akwụkwọ William Booth In Darkest England and the Way Out . <ref name="IHC">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki_ihc.nsf/vw-search/03610CA97C1B7B4C802570580031C446?opendocument|title=International Heritage Centre: Emma Moss Booth|accessdate=2010-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015849/http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki_ihc.nsf/vw-search/03610CA97C1B7B4C802570580031C446?opendocument|archivedate=2011-09-28}} Emma Moss Booth on The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre website</ref> Na 1903, mgbe ọ dị afọ 43, Emma Booth-Tucker nwụrụ n'ihi ịbụ isi gbajiri agbaji na ọdịdị ahụ dị n'ime ya na ụgbọ oloko na-esi Amity Colony, Colorado gaa Chicago, ebe ọ na-aga izute di.  ya.  Emere emume olili ozu ya na Carnegie Music Hall na New York City na 1 Nọvemba 1903, e wee lie ya na Kensico Cemetery na Valhalla, New York. Emma Booth-Tucker nwụrụ na-ahapụ di na ụmụ isii.  Nwanne ya nke nta bụ Evangeline Booth meri ya n'ọnụ ya na United States. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Akara ''egwu'' egwu egwu (1896) * ''Njikọ ịhụnanya bụ ngalaba nnapụta nke ndị agha nzọpụta'' (1896) * ''Akpọpụtara!'' ''na ihe si na ya pụta'' ya na Herbert Howard Booth (1887) * ''Ụmụnne ndị nta Ihe ndekọ dị mkpirikpi nke ọrụ afọ mbụ n'ime ụlọ Cherry-Tree'' (ihe dị ka 1900) * ''Magazin Warrior'' (Jan 1902) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opac.libraryworld.com/opac/search.php?term=001:89034|accessdate=28 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318101931/http://opac.libraryworld.com/opac/search.php?term=001%3A89034|archivedate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> * ''Ozi obi'' (ya na Frederick St George De Lautour Booth-Tucker) (1903) * ''Na memoriam Consul Oriakụ Booth-Tucker.'' ''Usoro ọrụ, Ụlọ Nzukọ Carnegie, Nov. 1, 1903'' (1903) * ''Obe nkasi obi anyi : ịbụ nhọrọ sitere na odide nke Consul Emma Booth Tucker'' (1907) * ''Ọtụtụ nde India: ịbụ nchịkọta nke nkuzi gbasara ọrụ ndị agha nzọpụta na India'' (1923) * ''Ọbịa ekeresimesi mara mma nke akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (amaghị ama) == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Chappell, Jennie ''Women ndị rụworo ọrụ ma merie : akụkọ ndụ nke Oriakụ Spurgeon, Oriakụ Booth-Tucker, FR Havergal, na Ramabai'' (1904) == Ihe ndetu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF ' Oriakụ] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF Booth-Tucker nwụrụ anwụ; Egburu Onye Ndu Nzọpụta na Mbipu ụgbọ okporo ígwè Missouri.] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CEEDC1039E333A25753C3A9669D946297D6CF Ọ nọ n'ụzọ iji sonyere di na Chicago wee malite mkpọsa -- iri atọ na atọ ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ'] ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' 30 Ọktoba 1903 * [https://books.google.com/books?id=SH2gvsnfzcoC ''The Consul: Ihe osise Emma Booth Tucker''] nke Frederick De LaTour Booth-Tucker ''Akwụkwọ Google'' * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDA1039E333A2575AC0A9679D946297D6CF 'Ọrụ Ncheta maka Oriakụ Booth-Tucker; Ụtụ Oriakụ Sage nyere Onye Ndú Nzọpụta Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ.] [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDA1039E333A2575AC0A9679D946297D6CF Nnukwu igwe mmadụ na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Majestic -- A na-agwa ihe ndị mere na ọrụ Consul.] ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' na November 1903 [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] cb5554ui09fy1secb0zjso8y88odgp1 John McMillan (Onye ọrụ Salvation Army) 0 42473 671139 161595 2026-07-02T10:30:49Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Commissioner|name=John McMillan|honorific-suffix=|image=[[File:THE SAVELOY CLUB of the Salvation Army (cropped).jpg|225px]]|caption=McMillan with the rank of a major in 1909|imagesize=|office=5th [[Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army|Chief of the Staff]]|1blankname=[[General of The Salvation Army|General]]|1namedata=[[Evangeline Booth]]|predecessor=[[Henry Mapp]]|successor=Alfred G. Cunningham|term_start=21 May 1937|term_end=22 September 1939|birth_name=|birth_date=1874|birth_place=[[Glasgow, Scotland|Glasgow]], Scotland|death_date=22 September 1939|death_place=London, England|nationality=Scottish|spouse=Frances White<ref name="Mrs. McMillan">{{cite web |title=Mrs. John McMillan Dies at 86; Commissioner in Salvation Army |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/21/archives/mrs-john-mcmillan-dies-at-86-commissioner-in-salvation-army.html |website=nytimes.com |publisher=New York Times |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> <small>(m. 1901)</small>|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=|education=}}  <ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion: Mapp Out|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,847896,00.html|publisher=TIME|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>John McMillan bụ onye ozi Scotland na onye ọrụ Salvation bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke ise nke ndị ọrụ nke The Salvation Army site na 1937 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1939. == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref name="Death">{{Cite web|title=900 ATTEND SERVICE FOR JOHN M'MILLAN|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/10/14/112718764.html?pageNumber=19|work=nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>Amụrụ na Glasgow, Scotland, McMillan na nne na nna ya ịjụ Ndị na 1879. Enyere nne na nna ya ọrụ ndị ọrụ nke Salvation Army wee jee ozi n'ebe ugwu England.  Na 1888, a mgbaàmà nne na nna McMillans n'ọkwa na Canada.  [1] Na 1901, ọ ngosi onye isi ndị agha Salvation Army Frances White.  McMillan nwụrụ na 22 Septemba 1939. == Ọrụ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Catalog Number 1986.0013.02.009|url=https://salvationarmy.pastperfectonline.com/photo/96FEDBFE-1D8B-4EBB-A9C3-953217143672|work=pastperfectonline.com|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>Ọ yer onye ndị agha ọrụ n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na Canada ma bụrụ onye izizi ihe ka ọ bụrụ otu ndị agha na mpaghara Ontario .  O mechara jee ozi dị ka nganu nke ọchịchịagha egwu Canada na Bermuda dị na Toronto .  Ọ gara Australia na 1896 ebe ọ jere ozi ruo 1916. Site n'ọkwa nke Colonel, a mgbaàmà dị ka onye isi mmalite nke ngalaba ọmụmụ Canada, ebe ọ jere ozi site na 4 Ọgọst 1916 ruo 31 October 1923, obere oge ka ọtụtụ  ndị isi ọrụ Canada nwụnahụrụ na Empress nke Ireland ngwaọrụ .  [1] [2] [3] Ebuliri ya n'ọkwa kọmishana wee bụrụ onye ọchịagha mpaghara nke mpaghara etiti Salvation Army na United States. <ref name=":0" />Mgbe ọ jesịrị ozi dị ka onye ọchịchịagha mpaghara nke mpaghara Canada na Bermuda, General Evangeline Booth mgbaàmà McMillan ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ndị ọrụ nke The Salvation Army n'isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke ihe na London, nọchiri Henry Mapp .  [1] N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ na-akọrọ ọrụ, McMillan dara ọrịa nke ukwuu wee sị n'ọkwa.  Ụfọdụ chere na ọ ga-abụ na ọ nọchiri anya Booth dị ka ọchịchịagha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-erighị ugwu.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu puku mmadụ gara olili ya na New York City. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] lct7y8aj5fgdfplds52tzrrqpm0vhm9 John D. Trasviña 0 43048 671028 162366 2026-07-02T08:41:15Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John D. Trasviña|image=John Trasvina official portrait.jpg|image_size=220px|caption=|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1958}}|birth_place=[[San Francisco, California]]|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[Harvard University]]<br />[[Stanford Law School]]|occupation=[[Lawyer|Attorney]]<br /> former dean of the [[University of San Francisco School of Law]]}} John David Trasviña bụ onye ọka iwu ikike mmadụ.  Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law .  Tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Equal Opportunity na US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Francis oche oche na ụmụaka izugbe nke Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF), na iche iche maka mbata na ikpe  akara mbata na ndidi.  Omume na-edu ezi na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US.  [1] [2] [3] Akpọrọ aha onye isi akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na US Immigration and Customs Enforcement na Jenụwarị 2021 == Ọrụ == Trasviña bụ onye San Francisco, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Lowell ;  o akara akara akara na Mahadum Harvard na Stanford Law School .  [1] [2] O lekwasịrị anya n'ọwara ya na mpaghara na elekere etiti na ikike, ikike ihe vootu, ọhụ mbata na ike, ikike ndị ọrụ na ike<ref name="defend" /> Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Stanford Law School, Trasviña akụkọ ọrụ ya dị ka onye osote onye ọka iwu obodo na San Francisco site na 1983 ruo 1985, wee gaa MALDEF na Washington, DC, site na 1985 ruo 1987 dị ka onye ndu omebe iwu.  .  [1] Site n'ebe ahụ ọ kwagara Capitol Hill ka onye ọrụ maka Paul Simon na 1987 mbụ dị ka nwata na 1993 dị ka onye ndu izugbe na onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nke United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution,  Ikike obodo na ikike ihe onwunwe N'oge ụmụaka Clinton, a nchọpụta ya ịbụ onye isi isi iche maka omume na- ike isi mbata na ike na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US na 1997. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote osote onye ọka iwu n'ozuzu  maka ihe ndị omebe iwu na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na United States <ref name="ICAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/%5Cbios%5Ctrasvina.html|title=Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị DOJ na 2001 ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ịkpa oke na Berkeley wee kuziere ya na Stanford Law School. <ref name="DRC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm|title=Discrimination Research Center|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Impact Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028101954/http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-10-28}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na MALDEF, wee were ọnọdụ onye isi ala na onye ndụmọdụ izugbe na Nọvemba 2006. <ref name="SanAntonio">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA072907.04B.MALDEF_QA.33e81e6.html|title=MALDEF chief comes to S.A.|publisher=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=2007-07-28}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.maldef.org/news/releases/statement_032709/ "MALDEF President and General Counsel Tapped to Serve as Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Assistant Secretary"], MALDEF press release, March 27, 2009.</ref> Na Ma ọchịchị 26, 2009, a mara ọkwa Trasviña dị ka onye nhọpụta President Obama ka ọ bụrụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Ohere nhata na Ngalaba Housing na Mmepe Obodo US .  [1] [2] [3] Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu US akwụkwọ nhọpụta ya na Mee 1, 2009. Na May 2013, a nlele Trasviña onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law, irẹ dị na June 17, 2013. O kwubiri okwu ya dị ka onye isi na June 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|title=John Trasviña Named Dean of USF School of Law - University of San Francisco School of Law|accessdate=2013-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506035917/http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|archivedate=2013-05-06}}</ref> <ref>Karen Sloan, [http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202600079955&University_of_San_Francisco_Finds_Next_Law_Dean_at_HUD&slreturn=20130611114351 "University of San Francisco Finds Next Law Dean at HUD"], ''[[The National Law Journal]]'', May 14, 2013.</ref> == Ntinye aka obodo == <ref name="campaign">{{Cite web|url=http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|title=Trasvina Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|publisher=College Campaign|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827204502/http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|archivedate=2008-08-27}}</ref>Trasviña abụrụla onye otu San Francisco Elections Commission, Oga oche nke Harvard Club nke San Francisco .  O jerela ozi na ọdụ nke La Raza Lawyers Association, CORO nke Northern California, Lowell High School Alumni Association (họpụtara onye isi oche na Jenụwarị 2016), ozi nke Women Voters na Pacific Coast Immigration Museum, Latino Issues Forum, Mgbasa Ozi maka Ohere College  na Harvard Club nke Southern California. Ọ bụkwa onye isi na DC Hispanic Bar Association, Hispanic National Bar Association Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership, na DC Commission on Asia na Pacific Islander Affairs <ref name="ICAS" /> Akpọrọ ya otu n'ime 100 Kachasị see Hispanik na United States site na akwụkwọ ozi Hispanic Business .  N'afọ 2000, ihe nrite MALDEF maka Ọkachamara na Ọkachamara Ọkachamara na Nrite Ọrụ Ọpụrụiche sitere na ogbako on Asia Pacific American Leadership. <ref name="ICAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/%5Cbios%5Ctrasvina.html|title=Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.icasinc.org/%5Cbios%5Ctrasvina.html "Biography"]. Institute for Corean-American Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.usfca.edu/law/faculty/john_trasvina/ John Trasviña biography] na Mahadum San Francisco School of Law website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122117/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp Ụlọ ọrụ nke ezi ụlọ na ohere nha anya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022332/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp%2Fonline-complaint Nyefee mkpesa ịkpa oke ụlọ] * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508060434/http://www.hud.gov/news/release.cfm?content=pr09-046.cfm "Kanovsky, Kovar na Trasviña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ enyemaka HUD"], mwepụta akụkọ HUD, Mee 5, 2009. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603195455/http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/Assistant-Secretary/index.cfm Akụkọ ndụ John D. Trasviña, odeakwụkwọ enyemaka] na webụsaịtị HUD (wepụtara June 2, 2009). [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] 4phfhms4hcy1tyg03jus20gjif5859s 671029 671028 2026-07-02T08:42:09Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John D. Trasviña|image=John Trasvina official portrait.jpg|image_size=220px|caption=|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1958}}|birth_place=[[San Francisco, California]]|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[Harvard University]]<br />[[Stanford Law School]]|occupation=[[Lawyer|Attorney]]<br /> former dean of the [[University of San Francisco School of Law]]}} John David Trasviña bụ onye ọka iwu ikike mmadụ.  Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law .  Tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Equal Opportunity na US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Francis oche oche na ụmụaka izugbe nke Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF), na iche iche maka mbata na ikpe  akara mbata na ndidi.  Omume na-edu ezi na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US.  [1] [2] [3] Akpọrọ aha onye isi akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na US Immigration and Customs Enforcement na Jenụwarị 2021 == Ọrụ == Trasviña bụ onye San Francisco, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Lowell ;  o akara akara akara na Mahadum Harvard na Stanford Law School .  [1] [2] O lekwasịrị anya n'ọwara ya na mpaghara na elekere etiti na ikike, ikike ihe vootu, ọhụ mbata na ike, ikike ndị ọrụ na ike<ref name="defend" /> Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Stanford Law School, Trasviña akụkọ ọrụ ya dị ka onye osote onye ọka iwu obodo na San Francisco site na 1983 ruo 1985, wee gaa MALDEF na Washington, DC, site na 1985 ruo 1987 dị ka onye ndu omebe iwu.  .  [1] Site n'ebe ahụ ọ kwagara Capitol Hill ka onye ọrụ maka Paul Simon na 1987 mbụ dị ka nwata na 1993 dị ka onye ndu izugbe na onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nke United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution,  Ikike obodo na ikike ihe onwunwe N'oge ụmụaka Clinton, a nchọpụta ya ịbụ onye isi isi iche maka omume na- ike isi mbata na ike na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US na 1997. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote osote onye ọka iwu n'ozuzu  maka ihe ndị omebe iwu na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na United States <ref name="ICAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/%5Cbios%5Ctrasvina.html|title=Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị DOJ na 2001 ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ịkpa oke na Berkeley wee kuziere ya na Stanford Law School. <ref name="DRC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm|title=Discrimination Research Center|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Impact Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028101954/http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-10-28}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na MALDEF, wee were ọnọdụ onye isi ala na onye ndụmọdụ izugbe na Nọvemba 2006. <ref name="SanAntonio">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA072907.04B.MALDEF_QA.33e81e6.html|title=MALDEF chief comes to S.A.|publisher=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=2007-07-28}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.maldef.org/news/releases/statement_032709/ "MALDEF President and General Counsel Tapped to Serve as Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Assistant Secretary"], MALDEF press release, March 27, 2009.</ref> Na Ma ọchịchị 26, 2009, a mara ọkwa Trasviña dị ka onye nhọpụta President Obama ka ọ bụrụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Ohere nhata na Ngalaba Housing na Mmepe Obodo US .  [1] [2] [3] Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu US akwụkwọ nhọpụta ya na Mee 1, 2009. Na May 2013, a nlele Trasviña onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law, irẹ dị na June 17, 2013. O kwubiri okwu ya dị ka onye isi na June 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|title=John Trasviña Named Dean of USF School of Law - University of San Francisco School of Law|accessdate=2013-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506035917/http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|archivedate=2013-05-06}}</ref> <ref>Karen Sloan, [http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202600079955&University_of_San_Francisco_Finds_Next_Law_Dean_at_HUD&slreturn=20130611114351 "University of San Francisco Finds Next Law Dean at HUD"], ''[[The National Law Journal]]'', May 14, 2013.</ref> == Ntinye aka obodo == <ref name="campaign">{{Cite web|url=http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|title=Trasvina Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|publisher=College Campaign|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827204502/http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|archivedate=2008-08-27}}</ref>Trasviña abụrụla onye otu San Francisco Elections Commission, Oga oche nke Harvard Club nke San Francisco .  O jerela ozi na ọdụ nke La Raza Lawyers Association, CORO nke Northern California, Lowell High School Alumni Association (họpụtara onye isi oche na Jenụwarị 2016), ozi nke Women Voters na Pacific Coast Immigration Museum, Latino Issues Forum, Mgbasa Ozi maka Ohere College  na Harvard Club nke Southern California. Ọ bụkwa onye isi na DC Hispanic Bar Association, Hispanic National Bar Association Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership, na DC Commission on Asia na Pacific Islander Affairs <ref name="ICAS" /> Akpọrọ ya otu n'ime 100 Kachasị see Hispanik na United States site na akwụkwọ ozi Hispanic Business .  N'afọ 2000, ihe nrite MALDEF maka Ọkachamara na Ọkachamara Ọkachamara na Nrite Ọrụ Ọpụrụiche sitere na ogbako on Asia Pacific American Leadership. <ref name="ICAS" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.usfca.edu/law/faculty/john_trasvina/ John Trasviña biography] na Mahadum San Francisco School of Law website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122117/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp Ụlọ ọrụ nke ezi ụlọ na ohere nha anya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022332/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp%2Fonline-complaint Nyefee mkpesa ịkpa oke ụlọ] * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508060434/http://www.hud.gov/news/release.cfm?content=pr09-046.cfm "Kanovsky, Kovar na Trasviña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ enyemaka HUD"], mwepụta akụkọ HUD, Mee 5, 2009. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603195455/http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/Assistant-Secretary/index.cfm Akụkọ ndụ John D. Trasviña, odeakwụkwọ enyemaka] na webụsaịtị HUD (wepụtara June 2, 2009). [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] c5s1syssvxf8tvtlqtwix5kh3aeenu3 671305 671029 2026-07-02T11:51:42Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John D. Trasviña|image=John Trasvina official portrait.jpg|image_size=220px|caption=|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1958}}|birth_place=[[San Francisco, California]]|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[Harvard University]]<br />[[Stanford Law School]]|occupation=[[Lawyer|Attorney]]<br /> former dean of the [[University of San Francisco School of Law]]}} John David Trasviña bụ onye ọka iwu ikike mmadụ.  Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law .  Tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Equal Opportunity na US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Francis oche oche na ụmụaka izugbe nke Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF), na iche iche maka mbata na ikpe  akara mbata na ndidi.  Omume na-edu ezi na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US.  [1] [2] [3] Akpọrọ aha onye isi akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na US Immigration and Customs Enforcement na Jenụwarị 2021 == Ọrụ == Trasviña bụ onye San Francisco, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Lowell ;  o akara akara akara na Mahadum Harvard na Stanford Law School .  [1] [2] O lekwasịrị anya n'ọwara ya na mpaghara na elekere etiti na ikike, ikike ihe vootu, ọhụ mbata na ike, ikike ndị ọrụ na ike Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Stanford Law School, Trasviña akụkọ ọrụ ya dị ka onye osote onye ọka iwu obodo na San Francisco site na 1983 ruo 1985, wee gaa MALDEF na Washington, DC, site na 1985 ruo 1987 dị ka onye ndu omebe iwu.  .  [1] Site n'ebe ahụ ọ kwagara Capitol Hill ka onye ọrụ maka Paul Simon na 1987 mbụ dị ka nwata na 1993 dị ka onye ndu izugbe na onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nke United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution,  Ikike obodo na ikike ihe onwunwe N'oge ụmụaka Clinton, a nchọpụta ya ịbụ onye isi isi iche maka omume na- ike isi mbata na ike na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na US na 1997. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote osote onye ọka iwu n'ozuzu  maka ihe ndị omebe iwu na Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na United States <ref name="ICAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/%5Cbios%5Ctrasvina.html|title=Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị DOJ na 2001 ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ịkpa oke na Berkeley wee kuziere ya na Stanford Law School. <ref name="DRC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm|title=Discrimination Research Center|accessdate=2008-04-01|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Impact Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028101954/http://www.impactfund.org/pages/drc.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-10-28}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na MALDEF, wee were ọnọdụ onye isi ala na onye ndụmọdụ izugbe na Nọvemba 2006. <ref name="SanAntonio">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA072907.04B.MALDEF_QA.33e81e6.html|title=MALDEF chief comes to S.A.|publisher=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=2007-07-28}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.maldef.org/news/releases/statement_032709/ "MALDEF President and General Counsel Tapped to Serve as Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Assistant Secretary"], MALDEF press release, March 27, 2009.</ref> Na Ma ọchịchị 26, 2009, a mara ọkwa Trasviña dị ka onye nhọpụta President Obama ka ọ bụrụ osote ụlọ nke Office of Fair Housing na Ohere nhata na Ngalaba Housing na Mmepe Obodo US .  [1] [2] [3] Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu US akwụkwọ nhọpụta ya na Mee 1, 2009. Na May 2013, a nlele Trasviña onye isi nke Mahadum San Francisco School of Law, irẹ dị na June 17, 2013. O kwubiri okwu ya dị ka onye isi na June 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|title=John Trasviña Named Dean of USF School of Law - University of San Francisco School of Law|accessdate=2013-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506035917/http://www.usfca.edu/law/news/trasvina_named_dean/|archivedate=2013-05-06}}</ref> <ref>Karen Sloan, [http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202600079955&University_of_San_Francisco_Finds_Next_Law_Dean_at_HUD&slreturn=20130611114351 "University of San Francisco Finds Next Law Dean at HUD"], ''[[The National Law Journal]]'', May 14, 2013.</ref> == Ntinye aka obodo == <ref name="campaign">{{Cite web|url=http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|title=Trasvina Biography|accessdate=2008-04-01|publisher=College Campaign|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827204502/http://www.collegecampaign.org/about-us/board-of-directors/trasvina.html|archivedate=2008-08-27}}</ref>Trasviña abụrụla onye otu San Francisco Elections Commission, Oga oche nke Harvard Club nke San Francisco .  O jerela ozi na ọdụ nke La Raza Lawyers Association, CORO nke Northern California, Lowell High School Alumni Association (họpụtara onye isi oche na Jenụwarị 2016), ozi nke Women Voters na Pacific Coast Immigration Museum, Latino Issues Forum, Mgbasa Ozi maka Ohere College  na Harvard Club nke Southern California. Ọ bụkwa onye isi na DC Hispanic Bar Association, Hispanic National Bar Association Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership, na DC Commission on Asia na Pacific Islander Affairs <ref name="ICAS" /> Akpọrọ ya otu n'ime 100 Kachasị see Hispanik na United States site na akwụkwọ ozi Hispanic Business .  N'afọ 2000, ihe nrite MALDEF maka Ọkachamara na Ọkachamara Ọkachamara na Nrite Ọrụ Ọpụrụiche sitere na ogbako on Asia Pacific American Leadership. <ref name="ICAS" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.usfca.edu/law/faculty/john_trasvina/ John Trasviña biography] na Mahadum San Francisco School of Law website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122117/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp Ụlọ ọrụ nke ezi ụlọ na ohere nha anya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022332/http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=%2Fprogram_offices%2Ffair_housing_equal_opp%2Fonline-complaint Nyefee mkpesa ịkpa oke ụlọ] * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508060434/http://www.hud.gov/news/release.cfm?content=pr09-046.cfm "Kanovsky, Kovar na Trasviña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ enyemaka HUD"], mwepụta akụkọ HUD, Mee 5, 2009. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603195455/http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/Assistant-Secretary/index.cfm Akụkọ ndụ John D. Trasviña, odeakwụkwọ enyemaka] na webụsaịtị HUD (wepụtara June 2, 2009). [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] rzqg84lzq015ew1ciwwc1shtjrkzyo1 John H. Davis (diplomat) 0 43052 671081 162372 2026-07-02T10:05:01Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''John Herbert Davis''' (October 5, 1904 - Febụwarị 28, 1988) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97025259.html|title=Davis, John H. (John Herbert), 1904-1988|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ America na onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa, nke a kacha mara amara na mmalite ọrụ ya maka ọrụ ya na agribusiness (okwu ọ na-enyere mkpụrụ ego aka), na n'ọrụ ya mechara maka isi. Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na ọrụ United Nations maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Palestine na nso East (UNRWA). == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na azụmahịa == Davis gara Iowa State University of Science and Technology, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ, na Mahadum Minnesota, ebe ọ nwetara Masters na Ph.D. ogo na akụnụba ugbo. <ref name="Jhddies">{{Cite news|title=JOHN H. DAVIS, FORMER USDA, U.N. OFFICIAL, DIES|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/03/01/john-h-davis-former-usda-un-official-dies/378b9723-44a2-41bc-8538-82ec972ea9e4/|accessdate=20 January 2021|work=The Washington Post|date=March 1, 1988}}</ref> Ọ kụziri n'ọkwa dị iche iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ Iowa site na 1928 ruo 1939, yana ezumike na 1935-36 nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ugbo US . <ref name="wrmea">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/84-washington-report-archives-1982-1987/december-30-1985/582-personality-dr-john-h-davis.html|title=Personality: Dr. John H. Davis|work=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]|date=December 30, 1985|page=12}}</ref> Site na 1939 ọ tinyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ New Deal metụtara ọrụ ugbo, na-arụ ọrụ maka Commodity Credit Corporation, [[National Council of Farmer Cooperatives]], na [[National Wool Marketing Corporation]], n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Site na 1953 ruo 1954, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke Agriculture na nchịkwa Eisenhower . Site na 1954 ruo 1959 ọ bụ prọfesọ na Harvard Business School . N'ebe ahụ, o dere akwụkwọ abụọ nwere mmetụta na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, bụ nke e ji dee okwu ahụ bụ "agribusiness": ''A Concept of Agribusiness'' (1957, with [[Ray A. Goldberg]] ) <ref>Ray A. Goldberg & John H. Davis (1957), [https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMzzgEACAAJ ''A Concept of Agribusiness''], Google Books </ref> na ''Farmer in a Business Suit'' (1957). <ref name="wrmea" /> == Ọrụ diplomatic == Davis hapụrụ Harvard na 1959 ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke anọ na kọmishọna-General nke United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees na nso East site na 1959 ruo 1963. <ref>Benjamin N. Schiff, ''Refugees Unto the Third Generation: UN Aid to Palestinians'', (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p. 292.</ref> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ nọgidere na-eme ihe ndị metụtara esemokwu Israel na Palestine . O dere akwụkwọ na-akọwa echiche ya banyere atụmanya udo ( ''The Evasive Peace'', 1970), ma guzobe ma jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke American Near East Refugee Aid . <ref name="wrmea">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/84-washington-report-archives-1982-1987/december-30-1985/582-personality-dr-john-h-davis.html|title=Personality: Dr. John H. Davis|work=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]|date=December 30, 1985|page=12}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/84-washington-report-archives-1982-1987/december-30-1985/582-personality-dr-john-h-davis.html "Personality: Dr. John H. Davis"]. ''[[Nkwupụta Washington na Middle East Affairs|Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]''. December 30, 1985. p.&nbsp;12.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees na nso East ndị ọrụ == Edensibia == Site na 1953 ruo 1954, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke Agriculture na nchịkwa{{Reflist}} 5h8zavf7kgbfs8s5cpi28e1ung077s5 671082 671081 2026-07-02T10:06:06Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''John Herbert Davis''' (October 5, 1904 - Febụwarị 28, 1988) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97025259.html|title=Davis, John H. (John Herbert), 1904-1988|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ America na onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa, nke a kacha mara amara na mmalite ọrụ ya maka ọrụ ya na agribusiness (okwu ọ na-enyere mkpụrụ ego aka), na n'ọrụ ya mechara maka isi. Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na ọrụ United Nations maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Palestine na nso East (UNRWA). == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na azụmahịa == Davis gara Iowa State University of Science and Technology, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ, na Mahadum Minnesota, ebe ọ nwetara Masters na Ph.D. ogo na akụnụba ugbo. <ref name="Jhddies">{{Cite news|title=JOHN H. DAVIS, FORMER USDA, U.N. OFFICIAL, DIES|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/03/01/john-h-davis-former-usda-un-official-dies/378b9723-44a2-41bc-8538-82ec972ea9e4/|accessdate=20 January 2021|work=The Washington Post|date=March 1, 1988}}</ref> Ọ kụziri n'ọkwa dị iche iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ Iowa site na 1928 ruo 1939, yana ezumike na 1935-36 nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ugbo US . <ref name="wrmea">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/84-washington-report-archives-1982-1987/december-30-1985/582-personality-dr-john-h-davis.html|title=Personality: Dr. John H. Davis|work=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]|date=December 30, 1985|page=12}}</ref> Site na 1939 ọ tinyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ New Deal metụtara ọrụ ugbo, na-arụ ọrụ maka Commodity Credit Corporation, [[National Council of Farmer Cooperatives]], na [[National Wool Marketing Corporation]], n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Site na 1953 ruo 1954, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke Agriculture na nchịkwa Eisenhower . Site na 1954 ruo 1959 ọ bụ prọfesọ na Harvard Business School . N'ebe ahụ, o dere akwụkwọ abụọ nwere mmetụta na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, bụ nke e ji dee okwu ahụ bụ "agribusiness": ''A Concept of Agribusiness'' (1957, with [[Ray A. Goldberg]] ) <ref>Ray A. Goldberg & John H. Davis (1957), [https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMzzgEACAAJ ''A Concept of Agribusiness''], Google Books </ref> na ''Farmer in a Business Suit'' (1957). <ref name="wrmea" /> == Ọrụ diplomatic == Davis hapụrụ Harvard na 1959 ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke anọ na kọmishọna-General nke United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees na nso East site na 1959 ruo 1963. <ref>Benjamin N. Schiff, ''Refugees Unto the Third Generation: UN Aid to Palestinians'', (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p. 292.</ref> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ nọgidere na-eme ihe ndị metụtara esemokwu Israel na Palestine . O dere akwụkwọ na-akọwa echiche ya banyere atụmanya udo ( ''The Evasive Peace'', 1970), ma guzobe ma jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke American Near East Refugee Aid . <ref name="wrmea" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees na nso East ndị ọrụ == Edensibia == Site na 1953 ruo 1954, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke Agriculture na nchịkwa{{Reflist}} 6unhk94e5a9rvrtfgjell7jkybt52bo Echiche Ndị Na-achụ nta 0 43278 671243 162635 2026-07-02T11:19:15Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Hunters_View_Community_Housing_(33759239800).jpg|thumb| Onye nnọchi anya Nancy Pelosi na-ekwu maka mmepe na-aga n'ihu na Hunters View na 2017]] '''Nlele Hunters''' bụ ọrụ ụlọ na mpaghara Hunters Point na San Francisco . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Saịtị a, nke e wuru na 1957 ma zubere ka ọ bụrụ nwa oge, [1] nke US Department of Housing and Urban Development akwụkwọ na 2007 na akara 26 n'ime 100, ma ọ dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ụlọ , n'ime 100. na United States, [1] nwere nsogbu dị ka ụlọ ndị na-abanye n'ime ụlọ, ihe nke ihe na-ahụ ọkụ ọkụ, ebu, ngwa ndị gbajiri agbaji, oghere dị na ọkụ, oghere mgbọ na ike, iko na- asọfe n'okporo ụzọ n'ihi ọkpọkọ gbajiri agbaji, na mkpọ mkpọfu, [2] bụ ebe ọkụ ụlọ gbara na 1997 nke gburugburu 6. ndị mmadụ. [3] Obodo ahụ ihuenyo ikpe nde $12 nye ndị ọkụ ọkụ n'April 2009. [4] == Nrụgharị == Enwere atụmatụ ugbu a iji megharịa mgbagwoju anya, <ref name="CHRON9">{{Cite web|author=Lelchuk|first=Ilene|date=2005-08-11|title=SAN FRANCISCO / Hunters View up for redeveloping / Housing agency to consider plan at meeting today|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Hunters-View-up-for-redeveloping-2617266.php|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-15|work=SFGate}}</ref> nke na-agaghị agbaji ruo mgbe 2009, <ref name="CHRON10">{{Cite web|author=Knight|first=Heather|date=2007-09-16|title=Fixing mess at Hunters View won't be quick, easy or cheap|url=https://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Fixing-mess-at-Hunters-View-won-t-be-quick-easy-2540482.php|accessdate=2020-06-15|work=SFGate}}</ref> dịka mmepe a na-atụnyere ụfọdụ ndị bi dị ka mba nke atọ . <ref name="CHRON11">{{Cite web|author=Knight|first=Heather|date=2007-11-16|title=Ceiling break at public housing unit draws Third World comparison|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Ceiling-break-at-public-housing-unit-draws-Third-3236521.php|accessdate=2020-06-15|work=SFGate}}</ref> <ref name="CHRON12">{{Cite web|author=Knight|first=Heather|date=2007-11-17|title=S.F. probe finds foul water, not sewage, doused boy in public housing|url=https://www.sfgate.com/health/article/S-F-probe-finds-foul-water-not-sewage-doused-3300853.php|accessdate=2020-06-15|work=SFGate}}</ref> Malite na 2007, nrụgharị nke dị anya a na-aga n'ihu. Na 2016, nke abụọ n'ime otu anọ ka emechara wee n'ilu 80 "ahụta" yana 27 "ọnụahịa" (maka na-eme isiokwu 55 nke ego etiti ma ọ bụ ihe na- mgbochi) maka nkeji nke $ 84 nde maka n'ọnụ 107. (Ụrịre ọnụ nke $785,000 kwa otu) [1] achị ego nke usoro niile ga-abụ $450 nde maka usoro nke nsogbu 700 (ọnụahịa nke $643,000 kwa otu) == Edensibia == {{Reflist|35em}} pd86if76fol17em50tuoox63uxnwz4x Lucas Sithole 0 43610 670908 163966 2026-07-01T21:45:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucas Sithole''' OIS (1931-1994) bụ onye na-akpụ akpụ South Africa kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya n'ime oke ọhịa ụmụ amaala, yana maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na ọla, nkume na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ. A mụrụ ya na 15 Nọvemba 1931, na Springs, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa; ọ nwụrụ na 8 Mee 1994, na Pongola Transvaal. A mụrụ ya na nna Zulu na nne Swazi; ọ lụrụ di, nwere ụmụ asaa. Ọ biri na Kwa-Thema, Springs, Transvaal, ruo 1981, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na nso Pongola na ókè [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] / [[Mozambique]]. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara gafere ókèala South Africa, ma e wezụga [[Lesotho]], Namibia na Swaziland. == Ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ == * Lucas Sithole 1958 - 1979 by F.F. Haenggi - {{ISBN|0-620-03982-5}} * African Arts Magazine, UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center, Los Angeles ("Lucas Sithole by F.F. Haenggi", Review by John Povey: August, 1980, Vol. 13, No. 4: 26-27+85) - ISSN 0001-9933 * Images of Man - Contemporary S.A. Black Art and Artists, 1992 (de Jager), pp.&nbsp;120/124 - {{ISBN|1-86810-015-4}} * OUR ART 4 ONS KUNS, 1993 (Marilyn Martin) pp.&nbsp;178–185 - {{ISBN|0-7970-2832-3}} * Lucas Sithole 1931-1994 - Highlights 1966-1993 (F.F. Haenggi) - {{ISBN|978-3-033-04655-9}} * Full bibliography on https://web.archive.org/web/20220315041353/http://sithole.com/Bibliography.htm * 6 Educational Documentaries on Lucas SITHOLE linked on his memorial website * https://web.archive.org/web/20220210072545/http://www.sithole.com/ (original memorial site) * https://art-archives-southafrica.com/lucas-sithole-updates (addendum to original memorial site) {{Authority control}} h9whrqzrguro4nonslbn2tcbryl9351 Eclampsia 0 44415 671261 177346 2026-07-02T11:30:46Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition}} [[Usòrò:Dissection of uterus at term eclampsia.jpg|thumb|Dissection of uterus at term eclampsia.]] Eclampsia bu onset of seizures(convulsions) nke na eme nwaanyi nwere pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia bu obara mgbali elu nke afo ime nke n'egosi n'uzo ato nke gunyere onset of high blood pressure, mgbe protein kariri na mamiri maobu organ dysfunction na edema. O buru na agwo ya ofuma onwere Ike ibite cardiovascular disease na nsogbu ndi ozo nke ogologo oge, n'oge ufodu ona ebute onwu nke nne na nwa.<ref name="W2014">{{Cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|edition=24th|chapter=Chapter 40: Hypertensive Disorders}}</ref>.<ref name="Lamb2014">{{Cite journal|author=Lambert|first=G|title=Preeclampsia: an update.|journal=Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica|date=2014|volume=65|issue=4|pages=137–49|pmid=25622379}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Mark A.|date=July 2018|title=Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice|journal=Hypertension|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=24–43|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803|issn=0194-911X|pmid=29899139}}</ref><ref name="ACOG2013">{{Cite journal|title=Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy.|journal=Obstet. Gynecol.|date=November 2013|volume=122|issue=5|pages=1122–31|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88|pmid=24150027|url=http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf|author=American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists|accessdate=2015-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bokslag|first=Anouk|date=2016-11-01|title=Preeclampsia; short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378378216304030|journal=Early Human Development|language=en|volume=102|pages=47–50|doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.007|pmid=27659865|issn=0378-3782}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chappell|first=Lucy C.|date=2021-07-24|title=Pre-eclampsia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051884/|journal=Lancet|volume=398|issue=10297|pages=341–354|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32335-7|issn=1474-547X|pmid=34051884}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ nchọpụta maka pre-eclampsia bụ ọbara mgbali elu, nke na-eme mgbe izu 20 nke ime ma ọ bụ n'oge ọkara nke abụọ nke ime.<ref name="W2014" /> Ọ na-emekarị n'oge atọ nke afọ ime ma nwee ike ime tupu, n'oge, ma ọ bụ mgbe amuchara.[1] Ọrịa ndị ahụ bụ ụdị tonic-clonic ma na-adịkarị ihe dịka otu nkeji.[1] Mgbe nkụchi ahụ gasịrị, enwere oge mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ coma.[1] Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere oyi ịba n'ahụ, Ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ, nsogbu akụrụ, ọzịza akpa ume, Ọrịa HELLP, coagulopathy, abruption placental na nkwụsị obi.[1]<ref name="W2014" /> A na-atụ aro obere aspirin iji gbochie pre-eclampsia na eclampsia n'ime ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Low-Dose Aspirin Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/07/low-dose-aspirin-use-during-pregnancy|accessdate=2023-01-27|work=www.acog.org|language=en}}</ref> Ntuziaka mgbochi ndị ọzọ gụnyere Mgbakwunye calcium n'ebe ndị calcium dị ala na ọgwụgwọ nke ọbara mgbali elu na ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara mgbali.<ref name="WHO2011">{{Cite book|title=WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.|year=2011|isbn=978-92-4-154833-5|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548335_eng.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Hend2014">{{Cite journal|author=Henderson|first=JT|title=Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=20 May 2014|volume=160|issue=10|pages=695–703|pmid=24711050|doi=10.7326/M13-2844}}</ref> Mmega ahụ n'oge ime nwekwara ike ịba uru.<ref name="W2014" />{{Cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|edition=24th|chapter=Chapter 40: Hypertensive Disorders}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"Chapter 40: Hypertensive Disorders". ''Williams Obstetrics'' (24th&nbsp;ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780071798938|<bdi>9780071798938</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ojiji nke intravenous ma ọ bụ intramuscular magnesium sulfate na-eme ka nsonaazụ dị mma na ndị nwere nnukwu pre-eclampsia na eclampsia ma bụrụ n'ozuzu ya na-adịghị ize ndụ. <ref name="BMC2013">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=JM|title=An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management.|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|date=5 February 2013|volume=13|pages=34|pmid=23383864|doi=10.1186/1471-2393-13-34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=McDonald|first=SD|title=A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes following magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in real-world use.|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|date=August 2012|volume=118|issue=2|pages=90–6|pmid=22703834|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.01.028}}</ref> Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara dịka hydralazine na inye nwa ahụ n'ọnọdụ mberede ma ọ bụ site na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nke a na-aṅụ ara.[4]<ref name="W2014" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na Pre-eclampsia na-emetụta ihe dị ka 5% nke ọmụmụ n'ụwa niile ebe eclampsia nwere mmetụta nke ihe dị ka 1.4% nke ọmụmụ.<ref name="Ab2013">{{Cite journal|author=Abalos|first=E|title=Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review.|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology|date=September 2013|volume=170|issue=1|pages=1–7|pmid=23746796|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005}}</ref> N'ime mba ndị mepere emepe, ọnụ ọgụgụ eclampsia bụ ihe dịka 1 n'ime ụmụ 2,000 n'ihi nlekọta ahụike ka mma ebe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ọ nwere ike imetụta okpukpu 10-30 karịa ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="W2014" />{{Cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|edition=24th|chapter=Chapter 40: Hypertensive Disorders}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"Chapter 40: Hypertensive Disorders". ''Williams Obstetrics'' (24th&nbsp;ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780071798938|<bdi>9780071798938</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Nsogbu ọbara mgbali elu nke ime ime bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-akpata ọnwụ n'ime ime.[3] Ha kpatara ọnwụ 46,900 na 2015. <ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|author=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> [[Ọnwụ nne]] n'ihi eclampsia na-eme na ọnụọgụ nke ihe dịka 0-1.8% nke ndị na-arịa ya na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị elu na ihe ruru 15% nke ndị na ya na mba na-enweta obere ego.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ghulmiyyah|first=Labib|date=2012-02-01|title=Maternal Mortality From Preeclampsia/Eclampsia|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146000511001571|journal=Seminars in Perinatology|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=56–59|doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2011.09.011|pmid=22280867|issn=0146-0005}}</ref> Okwu ''eclampsia'' sitere na okwu Grik maka àmụ̀mà.<ref name="Em2006" /> Nkọwa mbụ a maara banyere ọnọdụ ahụ bụ nke Hippocrates na narị afọ nke ise BC. [6]<ref name="Em2006">{{Cite book|author=Emile R. Mohler|title=Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease|date=2006|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=9781550093186|pages=407–408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCgURxhCJ-8C&pg=PA407}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == Eclampsia bụ nsogbu nke ime ime nke a na-ahụ site na nkụchi na ọnọdụ nke pre-eclampsia.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|title=Current diagnosis & treatment. Emergency medicine|author=Stone|first=C. Keith|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2017|isbn=9780071840613|edition=8th|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 19: Seizures|oclc=959876721}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe ịrịba ama / mgbaàmà na-egosi na awa ole na ole tupu nkụchi mbụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, nwanyị ahụ na-enwe ọbara mgbali elu tupu mmalite nke convulsion (nkwụsị). <ref name="pmid24489551">{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Contemporary Clinical Management of the Cerebral Complications of Preeclampsia|journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology International]]|volume=2013|pages=1–10|doi=10.1155/2013/985606|pmid=24489551}}</ref> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ ị ga-ele anya gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berhan|first=Yifru|date=June 2015|title=Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia: Systematic review of reports on eclampsia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jog.12697|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research|language=en|volume=41|issue=6|pages=831–842|doi=10.1111/jog.12697|pmid=25833188}}</ref> * Isi ọwụwa na-adịgide adịgide (na-adịgide) n'ihu ma ọ bụ occipital ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa égbè eluigwe) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeeman|first=Gerda G.|date=June 2009|title=Neurologic Complications of Pre-eclampsia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.003|journal=Seminars in Perinatology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=166–172|doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.003|pmid=19464507|issn=0146-0005}}</ref> * Nsogbu anya (ọhụhụ na-adịghị mma, photophobia, diplopopia) * Photophobia (ya bụ, ìhè na-egbuke egbuke na-akpata ahụ erughị ala) * Ihe mgbu nke afọ ** Ma ọ bụ na mpaghara epigastric (etiti afọ n'elu navel, ma ọ bụ eriri afọ) ** Na / ma ọ bụ n'elu akụkụ aka nri nke afọ (n'okpuru akụkụ aka nri ya nke eriri afọ) * Mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ uche (mgbagwoju anya) Ihe mgbaàmà ọ bụla n'ime ihe mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike ịdị tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụchi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics : Normal and Problem Pregnancies|author=Gabbe MD|first=Steven G.|publisher=Elsevier, Inc.|others=Jennifer R. Niebyl MD, Joe Leigh Simpson MD, Mark B. Landon MD, Henry L. Galan MD, Eric R.M. Jauniaux MD, PhD, Deborah A. Driscoll MD, Vincenzo Berghella MD and William A. Grobman MD, MBA|year=2017|isbn=9780323321082|edition=Seventh|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=661–705|chapter=Chapter 31: Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders|oclc=951627252}}</ref> O nwekwara ike ịbụ na nwanyị ahụ enweghị mgbaàmà tupu mmalite nke nkụchi. Ihe ịrịba ama ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute nkụchi ahụ gụnyere agbọ onunu, ịgbọ agbọ, isi ọwụwa, na ìsì. Ọ bụrụ na nsogbu nke ọdịda ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ na-esote, ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà nke akụkụ ahụ na - dara ada ga-apụta, dị ka ihe mgbu afọ, yellowness, iku ume dị mkpụmkpụ, na mbelata nsị. === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === Eclamptic seizure ka akpowara dika tonic-clonic seizure nke nwere Ike ebute Anya aju. Ona ebute kwa shriek maobu ite mkpu na muscle nke aka, ukwu, azu na obi is Ike. Mgbe oge tonic, nwanyi ahu nwere Ike Ina ahu cyanotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sanders|first=T G|date=August 1991|title=Brain in eclampsia: MR imaging with clinical correlation.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068315|journal=Radiology|volume=180|issue=2|pages=475–478|doi=10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068315|pmid=2068315|issn=0033-8419}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spurr|first=Frederick|title=Three Cases of Puerperal Eclampsia|date=June 1900|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)78186-x|journal=The Lancet|volume=155|issue=4007|pages=1717–1719|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)78186-x|issn=0140-6736}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wichert-Ana|first=Lauro|date=December 2006|title=Epistaxis during a generalized seizure leading to an atypical ictal SPECT finding at the skull base|journal=Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=225–227|doi=10.1590/s1676-26492006000700007|issn=1676-2649}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Enwere ihe ize ndụ nye nne na nwa e bu n'afọ mgbe eclampsia na-eme. Nwa e bu n'afọ nwere ike itolite nke ọma karịa ka ọ dị n'ime akpa nwa (akpa nwa) nke nwanyị nwere eclampsia, nke a na-akpọ Mgbochi uto intrauterine ma nwee ike ime ka nwatakịrị ahụ yie obere maka afọ ime ma ọ bụ amụọ ya na ịdị arọ dị ala.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Essence of Anesthesia Practice|author=Fleisher MD|first=Lee A.|publisher=Elsevier Inc|others=Roizen, Michael F.,, Roizen, Jeffrey D.|year=2018|isbn=9780323394970|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|pages=153–154|chapter=Chapter: Eclampsia|oclc=989062320}}</ref> Eclampsia nwekwara ike ịkpata nsogbu na Placenta. Placenta nwere ike ịba ọbara (ọbara ọgbụgba) ma ọ bụ malite ikewapụ n'oge site na mgbidi nke akpa nwa.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ ihe dị mma maka placenta ịpụ na mgbidi akpa nwa n'oge ịmụ nwa, mana ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ya ịpụ nwa tupu ịmụ nwa; a na-akpọ ọnọdụ a abruption placental ma nwee ike ịdị ize ndụ maka nwa e bu n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Creasy and Resnik's maternal-fetal medicine : principles and practice|others=Creasy, Robert K.,, Resnik, Robert,, Greene, Michael F.,, Iams, Jay D.,, Lockwood, Charles J.|year=2014|isbn=9781455711376|edition=Seventh|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=732–742|chapter=Chapter 46: Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, Abruptio Placentae, and Vasa Previa|oclc=859526325|author=Robert Resnik|first=MD}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke placenta nwekwara ike ime, ọnọdụ nke placenta na-enweghị ike ịkwado mmepe nwa e bu n'afọ kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na ọ pụghị inye nwa e bu pụta ìhè oxygen ma ọ bụ ihe oriri.[2] N'oge eclamptic seizure, ịkụ obi nwa ọhụrụ nwere ike ịdị nwayọ karịa ka ọ dị (bradycardia). [1] <ref name="ACOG">{{Cite journal|title=ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002|journal=Obstet Gynecol|volume=99|issue=1|pages=159–67|date=January 2002|pmid=16175681|doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01747-1|author=Acog Committee On Obstetric Practice}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime nsogbu ndị a emee, nsogbu nwa ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmalite. Ọgwụgwọ nke nkụchi nne nwekwara ike ijikwa bradycardia nwa ọhụrụ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice|date=April 2002|title=ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=77|issue=1|pages=67–75|issn=0020-7292|pmid=12094777}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike nke nwa e bu n'afọ ma ọ bụ nne dị elu, ọgwụgwọ doro anya maka eclampsia bụ ịmụ nwa. Ịmụ nwa site na ngalaba ịwa ahụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe atụ nke bradycardia nwa ọhụrụ anaghị edozi mgbe nkeji 10 ruo 15 nke ntinye aka resuscitative gasịrị. [5]<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Sibai|first=Baha M.|date=February 2005|title=Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=105|issue=2|pages=402–410|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000152351.13671.99|issn=0029-7844|pmid=15684172}}</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ ihe nchebe ịpụta nwa tupu oge eruo karịa ichere izu 40 zuru ezu nke mmepe nwa ọhụrụ iji gwụchaa, n'ihi ya, ịmụ nwa tupu oge bụkwa ihe mgbagwoju anya nke eclampsia. [2]<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=High risk pregnancy : management options|url=https://archive.org/details/highriskpregnanc00jame|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|others=James, D. K. (David K.), Steer, Philip J.|year=2011|isbn=9781416059080|edition=4th|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=[https://archive.org/details/highriskpregnanc00jame/page/n618 599]–626|chapter=Chapter 35: Hypertension|oclc=727346377}}</ref> N'ime nne, mgbanwe n'ọhụụ nwere ike ime n'ihi eclampsia, mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ọhụụ na-adịghị mma, ìsì otu akụkụ (ma ọ bụ nwa oge n'ihi amaurosis fugax ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ịdịgide adịgide n'ihi retinal detachment), ma ọ bụ ìsì cortical, nke na-emetụta ọhụụ site na anya abụọ.<ref name="pmid7726272">{{Cite journal|date=April 1995|title=Blindness associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia|journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]|volume=172|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=1291–8|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(95)91495-1|pmid=7726272}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=High Risk Pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/highriskpregnanc00jame|author=James|first=David K.|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|others=Steer, Philip J.|year=2011|isbn=9781416059080|edition=4th|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=[https://archive.org/details/highriskpregnanc00jame/page/n880 861]–891|chapter=Chapter 48: Neurologic Complications of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia|oclc=727346377}}</ref> Enwekwara nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịdị na akpa ume. Nwanyị ahụ nwere ike ịnwe mmiri na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-anakọta n'ime akpa ume n'usoro a maara dị ka ọzịza akpa ume.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Oh's Intensive Care Manual|author=Bersten|first=Andrew D.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd|others=Soni, Neil|year=2014|isbn=9780702047626|edition=Seventh|location=[Oxford]|pages=677–683|chapter=Chapter 63: Preeclampsia and eclampsia|oclc=868019515}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBersten2014">Bersten, Andrew D. (2014). "Chapter 63: Preeclampsia and eclampsia". ''Oh's Intensive Care Manual''. Soni, Neil (Seventh&nbsp;ed.). [Oxford]: Elsevier Ltd. pp.&nbsp;677–683. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780702047626|<bdi>9780702047626</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868019515 868019515].</cite></ref> N'oge eclamptic seizure, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka mmadụ gbasaa ihe dị n'ime afọ ma na-ekuru ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a n'usoro a maara dị ka aspiration.<ref name=":13" /> Ọ bụrụ na ọchịchọ ahụ emee, nwanyị ahụ nwere ike inwe nsogbu iku ume ozugbo ma ọ bụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa n'ime akpa ume mgbe e mesịrị, nke a na-akpọ aspiration pneumonia. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics : Normal and Problem Pregnancies|author=Gabbe MD|first=Steven G.|publisher=Elsevier, Inc.|others=Jennifer R. Niebyl MD, Joe Leigh Simpson MD, Mark B. Landon MD, Henry L. Galan MD, Eric R.M. Jauniaux MD, PhD, Deborah A. Driscoll MD, Vincenzo Berghella MD and William A. Grobman MD, MBA|year=2017|isbn=9780323321082|edition=Seventh|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=661–705|chapter=Chapter 31: Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders|oclc=951627252}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Rutherford's vascular surgery|author=Cronenwett|first=Jack L.|publisher=Saunders, Elsevier|others=Johnston, K. Wayne|year=2014|isbn=9781455753048|edition=Eighth|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=626–637|chapter=Chapter 40: Systemic Complications: Respiratory|oclc=877732063}}</ref> O nwekwara ike ịbụ na n'oge nkụchi iku ume ga-akwụsị nwa oge ma ọ bụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, a ga-ebelata oke oxygen na-eru n'ahụ na ụbụrụ nwanyị (n'ọnọdụ a maara dị ka hypoxia). [5]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Emergency medicine : clinical essentials|author=Adams|first=James|publisher=Elsevier/ Saunders|year=2013|isbn=9781437735482|edition=2nd|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=857–869|chapter=Chapter 99: Seizures|oclc=820203833}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-esiri nwanyị ahụ ike iku ume, ọ nwere ike ịchọ ka iku ume ya kwado nwa oge site na ngwaọrụ enyemaka na usoro a na-akpọ ventilation igwe. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ siri ike nke eclampsia, nne nwere ike ịda mbà ma bụrụ onye umengwụ (ụra) ma ọ bụ ọbụna onye nọ n'ọnọdụ coma.[2] Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na ụbụrụ na-ebu ibu (cerebral edema) ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgba (intracerebral hemorrhage). [2][3]<ref name=":2" /> == Ihe ize ndụ == Eclampsia, dị ka pre-eclampsia، na-emekarị na ime mbụ karịa ime ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine : Principles and Practice|publisher=Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.|others=Creasy, Robert K.,, Resnik, Robert,, Greene, Michael F.,, Iams, Jay D.,, Lockwood, Charles J.|year=2014|isbn=9781455711376|edition=Seventh|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=756–781|chapter=Chapter 48: Pregnancy-Related Hypertension|oclc=859526325}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics : Normal and Problem Pregnancies|author=Gabbe MD|first=Steven G.|publisher=Elsevier, Inc|year=2017|isbn=9780323321082|edition=Seventh|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=661–705.e3|chapter=Chapter 31: Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders|oclc=951627252|others=Jennifer R. Niebyl MD, Joe Leigh Simpson MD, Mark B. Landon MD, Henry L. Galan MD, Eric R.M. Jauniaux MD, PhD, Deborah A. Driscoll MD, Vincenzo Berghella MD and William A. Grobman MD, MBA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|author=Gardner|first=David G.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|others=Shoback, Dolores M.,, Greenspan, Francis S. (Francis Sorrel), 1920-2016.|year=2018|isbn=9781259589287|edition=Tenth|location=[New York]|chapter=Chapter 16: The Endocrinology of Pregnancy|oclc=995848612}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge tupu ha atụọ ime nwere ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu nke pre-eclampsia.[1][2] Ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu na pre-eclampsia nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke eclampsia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|date=June 2020|title=Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=135|issue=6|pages=e237–e260|doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891|pmid=32443079|url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx|accessdate=September 12, 2022}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrịa vascular ndị ọzọ dịbu adị (Ọrịa shuga ma ọ bụ nephropathy) ma ọ bụ ọrịa thrombophilia dị ka ọrịa antiphospholipid nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu iji mepụta pre-eclampsia na eclampsia.[1][2] Inwe placenta nke na-eto site na ọtụtụ ime ma ọ bụ hydatidiform mole na-emekwa ka ihe ize ndụ nke eclampsia dịkwuo ukwuu. [1] [2]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|author=Kasper|first=Dennis L.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|others=Fauci, Anthony S., 1940-, Hauser, Stephen L.,, Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis), 1949-, Jameson, J. Larry,, Loscalzo, Joseph|year=2015|isbn=9780071802154|edition=19th|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 117: Gynecologic Malignancies|oclc=893557976}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, enwere akụkụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa: nwanyị nne ya ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwanyị nwere ọnọdụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu karịa ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical genomics : practical applications in adult patient care|author=Murray|first=Michael F.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|others=Babyatsky, Mark W.,, Giovanni, Monica A.,, Alkuraya, Fowzan S.,, Stewart, Douglas R.|year=2014|isbn=9780071622448|edition=First|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 102: Pre-eclampsia|oclc=899740989}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere eclampsia nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka pre-eclampsia / eclampsía n'oge ime.[2] Ọbịbịa nke pre-eclampsia bụ 5% na ndị ọcha, 9% na ndị Hispanic, na 11% na ndị ọrịa Africa America na nke a nwere ike igosipụta ihe ize ndụ dị oke egwu nke ịmalite pre-eclempsia n'etiti agbụrụ.<ref name="WillObs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, e gosipụtara na ndị ọrịa ojii nwere ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịnwụ site na eclampsia.[7]<ref name="WillObs">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958829269|title=Williams obstetrics|others=Williams, J. Whitridge (John Whitridge), 1866-1931., Cunningham, F. Gary,, Leveno, Kenneth J.,, Bloom, Steven L.,, Spong, Catherine Y.,, Dashe, Jodi S.|date=12 April 2018|isbn=978-1-259-64432-0|edition=25th|location=New York|oclc=958829269}}</ref> 1moa7kk6bdcn2yt2n6rscivcxoufblj Lisa Bufano 0 45193 670881 516814 2026-07-01T19:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:LisaBufanoOrangeQueenAnneTableLegProstheses.jpg|thumb|Lisa Bufano na-eme ihe nkiri na ụkwụ tebụl oroma ya nke Queen Anne na All Worlds Fair 2013.]] '''Lisa Bufano''' (Ọktoba 20, 1972 - Ọktoba 3, 2013) <ref name=":8"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Performance Artist Lisa Bufano: In Remembrance|url=https://www.sfweekly.com/culture/performance-artist-lisa-bufano-in-remembrance/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211542/https://www.sfweekly.com/archives/performance-artist-lisa-bufano-in-remembrance/article_646beb82-30d1-5ced-8e15-4680e3ded0b4.html|archivedate=5 April 2023|accessdate=25 February 2021|work=[[SF Weekly]]|language=en-US|quote=Lisa "Louise" Bufano. October 20, 1972 – October 3, 2013.}}</ref> bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe ndị na-eme Nwa bebi, ọrụ akwa, ihe nkiri, na ịgba egwu. <ref name=":3"/> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Louis A. Bufano na Elizabeth "Betty" Bufano na 1972 na Bridgeport, Connecticut, <ref name=":9"/>Bufano gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Tufts na 2003, <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Ms. Lisa Bufano - Obituary & Service Information|url=https://vmpandco.store.helloflowers.com/obituaries/Lisa-Bufano/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230409224843/https://vmpandco.store.helloflowers.com/obituaries/Lisa-Bufano/%23!/Obituary|archivedate=9 April 2023|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=The Sympathy Store by HelloFlowers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241207153134/https://vmpandco.store.helloflowers.com/obituaries/Lisa-Bufano/ "Ms. Lisa Bufano - Obituary & Service Information"]. ''The Sympathy Store by HelloFlowers.com''. 2013. from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> ma mesịa si na School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (SMFA) na 2003.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":2"/>Onye na-eme egwuregwu mmega ahụ na-asọmpi dị ka nwatakịrị (na onye na-agba egwú na kọleji), [4] ọ ghọrọ onye nwere mkpịsị aka abụọ n'okpuru ikpere na mkpịsị mkpịsị ụkwụ zuru oke n'ihi ọrịa nje staphylococcus na-eyi ndụ egwu mgbe ọ dị afọ 21. [4] <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Hustic|first=Deborah|date=24 May 2008|title=Lisa Bufano – the Spiderwoman|url=http://www.body-pixel.com/2008/05/24/lisa-bufano-%E2%80%93-the-spiderwoman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808015923/http://www.body-pixel.com/2008/05/24/lisa-bufano-%E2%80%93-the-spiderwoman/|archivedate=8 August 2022|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=Body Pixel}}</ref>]<ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ tụfuru ụkwụ ya na ọtụtụ mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị ụkwụ ya, Bufano malitere ọrụ ịgba egwú ya mgbe prọfesọ na Mahadum Linz na-eme nchọpụta banyere ndụ ndị amputed chọpụtara ibe weebụ ya ma nye ya ụgwọ ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ na Vienna.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=[Lisa Bufano (Bachelor of Fine Arts '03)]|url=http://www.smfa.edu/lisa-bufano|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224094934/http://www.smfa.edu/lisa-bufano|archivedate=24 February 2013|work=[[School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]|accessdate=23 May 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''[[Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]''. Archived from on 5 October 2013.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Sadr|first=Esha|date=17 May 2010|title=Lisa Bufano from the series: On the Charm of the stigma|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/aaadish/5384753797|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172401/https://www.flickr.com/photos/aaadish/5384753797|archivedate=3 June 2016|accessdate=29 March 2015|publisher=[[Wien Museum]]}}</ref> Ọ gara njem site na 2006 ruo 2010 na AXIS Dance Company, na-eme ọrụ dị iche iche nke Victoria Marks, Joe Goode, na Kate Weare na-eme maka ndị na-ege ntị na Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, na Canada, ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ jupụtara na John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na mmemme na-asọpụrụ onye ibe ya nwere nkwarụ na onye na-agba egwú [[Homer Avila]] <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Lisa Bufano|url=http://2019.bergenassembly.no/contributors/lisa-bufano-2/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116102937/https://2019.bergenassembly.no/contributors/lisa-bufano-2/|archivedate=16 January 2022|accessdate=25 February 2021|work=Bergen Assembly 2019|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://2019.bergenassembly.no/contributors/lisa-bufano-2/ "Lisa Bufano"]. ''Bergen Assembly 2019''. 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220116102937/https://2019.bergenassembly.no/contributors/lisa-bufano-2/ Archived] from the original on 16 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> (nke gosipụtara na Modern Dance Videos) <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2007|title='Phoenix Dance' (film) / Lisa Bufano (dance)|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/videos/?id=M3111|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620125131/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/videos/?id=M3111|archivedate=20 June 2010|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|publisher=}}</ref> yana na Baryshnikov Arts Center na Judson Memorial Church, n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lisa Bufano - Watch Past Performances - 6/4/07: 'Phoenix Dance' (film) / Lisa Bufano (dance)|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=17636&source_type=B|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101214155/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=17636&source_type=B|archivedate=1 November 2013|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burbank|first=Linda|date=27 August 2013|title=Lisa Bufano|url=http://moderndancevideos.com/lisa-bufano|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211172538/http://moderndancevideos.com/lisa-bufano/|archivedate=11 February 2019|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=Modern Dance Videos|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":7"/> Ọrụ ịgba egwú ya na-agụnyekarị ihe dịgasị iche iche na ihe nnọchianya <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Lev|first=Nadya|date=15 September 2011|title=Lisa Bufano: Dancer/Shapeshifter|url=http://coilhouse.net/2011/09/lisa-bufano-dancershapeshifter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703000053/https://coilhouse.net/2011/09/lisa-bufano-dancershapeshifter/|archivedate=3 July 2022|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=Coilhouse|publisher=}}</ref> (dị ka iji ụkwụ tebụl Queen Anne dị ka ụkwụ na aka), <ref>{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Beth|date=5 June 2007|title=Lisa Bufano|url=http://strangedolls.wordpress.com/2007/06/05/lisa-bufano|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120192512/https://strangedolls.wordpress.com/2007/06/05/lisa-bufano/|archivedate=20 January 2016|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=Beth Robinson's Strange Dolls|publisher=}}</ref> mana ọ gụnyekwara akụkụ ebe ahụ ya na-enweghị ihe ịchọ mma bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na arụmọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2007|title=(Two) Bodies of Work - Dancing|url=http://www.similinton.com/blog/?p=11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326034552/http://www.similinton.com/blog/?p=11|archivedate=26 March 2016|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=Disability Culture Watch|publisher=}}</ref> Dị ka Bufano si kwuo, ọ na-achịkwa ahụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi nyochaa locomotion ọzọ (na afọ 34 ọ na-agba ọtụtụ kilomita n'ụbọchị na ụkwụ carbon fiber prosthetic), ọdịiche dị n'ahụ, njirimara mmekọahụ ya (otu akụkụ nke ọrụ ya nke nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ndị LGBT na-ese ihe), na mmegharị / njikwa, mmasị nke dugara n'ọtụtụ mmekorita na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Shea|first=Andrea|date=19 March 2007|title=Artist Takes Inspiration from Amputation|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7728628|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230405211721/https://www.npr.org/2007/03/19/7728628/artist-takes-inspiration-from-amputation|archivedate=5 April 2023|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=[[All Things Considered]]|publisher=[[NPR]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShea2007">Shea, Andrea (19 March 2007). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7728628 "Artist Takes Inspiration from Amputation"]. ''[[Ihe nile A Na-atụle|All Things Considered]]''. [[NPR]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211849/https://www.npr.org/2007/03/19/7728628/artist-takes-inspiration-from-amputation Archived] from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shea|first=Andrea|date=24 December 2013|title=Remembering Lisa Bufano, A Dancer Who Found Beauty In Amputation|url=https://www.wbur.org/artery/2013/12/24/lisa-bufano-remembrance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026042128/https://www.wbur.org/news/2013/12/24/lisa-bufano-remembrance|archivedate=26 October 2022|accessdate=25 February 2021|work=[[WBUR]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSheaBufano2013">Shea, Andrea; Bufano, Peter (24 December 2013). [https://www.wbur.org/artery/2013/12/24/lisa-bufano-remembrance "Remembering Lisa Bufano, A Dancer Who Found Beauty In Amputation"]. ''[[WBUR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221026042128/https://www.wbur.org/news/2013/12/24/lisa-bufano-remembrance Archived] from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebecca|first=Jeannie|date=18 September 2010|title=Profile Article: Lisa Bufano|url=http://jeannierebecca.com/features-and-profiles/profile-article-lisa-bufano/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607163155/http://jeannierebecca.com/features-and-profiles/profile-article-lisa-bufano/|archivedate=7 June 2015|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=Writing Folio|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Trans-Q TV Explores Gender, Sexuality, and Ecstatic Acts of Being|url=https://www.cmu.edu/art/news/2012/trans-q-tv-explores-gender-sexuality.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233722/https://www.cmu.edu/art/news/2012/trans-q-tv-explores-gender-sexuality.html|archivedate=3 March 2016|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=School of Art|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=March|first=Mary Corey|date=25 October 2013|title=The lllusion of 'when I have time' (in honor of Lisa Bufano)|url=https://marycoreymarch.wordpress.com/2013/10/25/the-lllusion-of-when-i-have-time-in-honor-of-lisa-bufano|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406152704/https://marycoreymarch.wordpress.com/2013/10/25/the-lllusion-of-when-i-have-time-in-honor-of-lisa-bufano/|archivedate=6 April 2023|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=From the Studio|publisher=}}</ref> Bufano depụtara n'etiti mmetụta ya ihe osise ahụike, ihe osise wax akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụmụ bebi, na ihe eji egwuri egwu anya; ụmụ bebi flip na ụmụ bebuli akwụkwọ; akụkụ nhazi nke ụmụ bebi ndị Japan jikọtara ọnụ, ọrụ ụmụ bebi Hans Bellmer, ntinye mkpụrụ ndụ Louise Bourgeois, na ihe nkiri nke Jan Švankmajer na Quay Brothers. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya bụ uwe muslin na-acha ọcha nke ghọrọ squid, nke ọ dụkọtara ọtụtụ puku ihe na-amị ara. "Ọ na-amasị ya ịkwa ihe ndị e ji ákwà mee," nwanne ya nwoke kwuru na ncheta. "O nwere ihe maka ihe na-eyi egwu, ihe dị iche iche, ihe dị egwu. Ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị ma mara mma. "<ref name=":0"/>   Ọ kọwakwara n'otu aka ahụ n'oge ọ nọ na School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston:   O nweela Ebe obibi onye na-ese ihe na Contemporary Artists Center, North Adams; <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Murray|first=Ginger|date=28 October 2014|title=Lisa Bufano: In Remembrance|url=https://medium.com/freelance-writer-archives/lisa-bufano-in-remembrance-7c8bc83a420d|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124815/https://medium.com/freelance-writer-archives/lisa-bufano-in-remembrance-7c8bc83a420d|archivedate=9 December 2014|accessdate=9 April 2023|work=|publisher=Freelance Writer Archives|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMurray2014">Murray, Ginger (28 October 2014). [https://medium.com/freelance-writer-archives/lisa-bufano-in-remembrance-7c8bc83a420d "Lisa Bufano: In Remembrance"]. Freelance Writer Archives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124815/https://medium.com/freelance-writer-archives/lisa-bufano-in-remembrance-7c8bc83a420d Archived] from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span> &#x2013; via [[Medium (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ)|Medium]].</cite></ref> nakwa na 8th Street Air Program (2010), Boise, Idaho. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bufano|first=Lisa|date=2010|title=Artist Residency, Boise Idaho|url=http://www.lisabufano.com/lbufanonews/?p=59|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101031748/http://www.lisabufano.com/lbufanonews/?p=59|archivedate=1 November 2010|work=Lisa Bufano}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye natara Franklin Furnace Fund na 2006-2007 .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Goodwin|first=Joy|date=15 January 2007|title=A Dancer's Hard-Won Debut|url=https://www.nysun.com/article/arts-dancers-hard-won-debut|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230409210304/https://www.nysun.com/article/arts-dancers-hard-won-debut|archivedate=9 April 2023|accessdate=25 February 2021|work=[[The New York Sun]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwin2007">Goodwin, Joy (15 January 2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250319224723/https://www.nysun.com/article/arts-dancers-hard-won-debut "A Dancer's Hard-Won Debut"]</span>. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Sun|The New York Sun]]''. from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Extravagant Bodies Festival › Extravagant Bodies › Performances › Five Open Mouths|url=http://www.kontejner.org/en/projekti/ekstravagantna-tijela/ekstravagantna-tijela-3/performansi-6/pet-otvorenih-usta|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409222211/http://www.kontejner.org/en/projekti/ekstravagantna-tijela/ekstravagantna-tijela-3/performansi-6/pet-otvorenih-usta|archivedate=9 April 2023|accessdate=9 April 2023|work=Kontejner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.kontejner.org/en/projekti/ekstravagantna-tijela/ekstravagantna-tijela-3/performansi-6/pet-otvorenih-usta "Extravagant Bodies Festival › Extravagant Bodies › Performances › Five Open Mouths"]. ''Kontejner''. 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230409222211/http://www.kontejner.org/en/projekti/ekstravagantna-tijela/ekstravagantna-tijela-3/performansi-6/pet-otvorenih-usta Archived] from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na mbụ, ọ dị na Boston, Massachusetts, <ref name=":1"/> wee kwaga San Francisco, California na Disemba 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bufano|first=Lisa|date=6 February 2012|title=From Boise Back in the Bay – by former AXIS Company Member Lisa Bufano|url=http://axisdance.org/2012/02/from-boise-back-in-the-bay-by-former-dancer-lisa-bufano|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224844/http://axisdance.org/2012/02/from-boise-back-in-the-bay-by-former-dancer-lisa-bufano/|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=12 November 2013|work=Axis Dance Company|publisher=}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Lisa Bufano gburu onwe ya n'October 3, 2013, na San Francisco, [[California]]; ọ nweghị akwụkwọ ozi igbu onwe ya achọtara. Mgbe ọnwa abụọ gachara, nwanne ya nwoke tụgharịrị uche n'ụdị ọnwụ ya a na-apụghị ịkọwa akọwa.   Ọtụtụ akụkụ gbara m gburugburu banyere ihe mere Lisa jiri wéré ndụ ya. Epekele Facebook, ndị enyi, ndi ọtú ezinụlọ, na ndị ihe ya na amasi na achọ ka hà mata.Ha chọrọ ka Ihe anekwu banye há n' ímé , ka hà ghọta ya nke ọma. Ha choro inodi nke ọma. Ikwu eziokwu, ha choro kà ọ laghachi. Ma na anam enwe ihe nram ahu na ihe banyere ihe ndia. Lisa anaghị achọ ka ndị mmadụ na ekwu n' uche nke aka ha banyere ya onwe yá. Anyị agaghi aghota ihe mere. Ọ gaghị enye ezi uche Ekwerem na obiri ndu ya niile , tinyere ndụ ya bú otutu ndu. Ekweghi m na ndụ ya bu ihé egbu biri n' ike. Ebu m n' obi ya bu ihé emezuru emezu , tinye kwara ọ ghotara nke ahụ nke ọma Mgbe ihapuru uwa nke a. Ọ nọ naanị ya tinyere nkịta ya na ụlọ ya n' ímé abalị<ref name=":10" /> Ihe karịrị otu afọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọrụ ya, tinyere nke Cara Levine, Shari Paladino na Sadie Wilcox, gụnyere na Four Choreographies na Worth Ryder Art Gallery na Berkeley, California.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2014|title=Four Choreographies: Lisa Bufano, Cara Levine, Shari Paladino, Sadie Wilcox|url=http://art.berkeley.edu/events/event/four-choreographies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510031055/http://art.berkeley.edu/events/event/four-choreographies/|archivedate=10 May 2015|accessdate=29 March 2015|work=Art Practice|publisher=University of California - Berkeley}}</ref> E mere ihe ngosi ọzọ na Storefront Lab na San Francisco na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2015|title=David Bufano + Sonsheree Giles // Talk|url=http://www.storefrontlab.org/calendar/2015/9/29/david-bufano-sonsheree-giles-talk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406152701/https://www.storefrontlab.org/calendar/2015/9/29/david-bufano-sonsheree-giles-talk|archivedate=6 April 2023|accessdate=9 April 2023|work=Store Front Lab|publisher=}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bufano, Lisa}} [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mcohesu5hxo8qrnr7pdvnhccgdjpozm Lynette Yiadom-Boakye 0 45622 670924 595736 2026-07-01T22:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670924 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Lynette Yiadom-Boakye''' (amụrụ 1977) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede nke Britain, nke ihe nketa Ghana. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe osise ya nke ihe ndị a na-eche n'echiche, ma ọ bụ ndị e nwetara site na ihe ndị a chọtara, bụ ndị a na-ese na agba agba ogbi. Ọrụ ya enyela aka na mweghachi na eserese ihe oyiyi ojii. A na-egosikarị ihe osise ya na ihe ngosi solo. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Lynette Yiadom-Boakye mụrụ na London, UK ebe o bi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-the-love-within/|title=LYNETTE YIADOM-BOAKYE: The Love Within {{!}} Contemporary And|work=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|accessdate=2018-03-26}}</ref> Nne na nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nọọsụ maka National Health Service mgbe ha si Ghana kwaga na 1960s. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Baruchello|first=Giorgio|date=2020|title=W. Friese et al. (eds.), Ascending and Descending the Acropolis: Movement in Athenian Religion; and T. Møbjerg et al. (eds.), The Hammerum Burial Site: Customs and Clothing in the Roman Iron Age (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2019)|journal=Nordicum-Mediterraneum|volume=15|issue=1|doi=10.33112/nm.15.1.10|issn=1670-6242}}</ref> Yiadom-Boakye na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "nwa na-agwụ ike--ezigbo akara ule, ọ dịghị ihe ọjọọ - ma ọ dịkwa ezigbo mma na ibi ndụ n'isi m, na-eji echiche m eme ihe dị ka mgbapụ." <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye|url=https://go-gale-com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Biographies&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&retrievalId=091b37fc-68cc-4bc0-a8f7-d55dbd0482e2&hitCount=1&searchType=PersonSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CK1606008200&docType=Biography&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAM-MOD1&prodId=BIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CK1606008200&searchId=R2&userGroupName=lln_alsu&inPS=true|accessdate=19 April 2023|work=Gale|publisher=Contemporary Black Biography}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ nwetara nkuzi ntọala nka dị ka nnwale ma mesịa hapụ ebumnobi ya gara aga ịghọ onye nyocha anya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese ihe <ref name=":5" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tate|title=Who is Lynette Yiadom-Boakye?|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/kids/explore/who-is/who-lynette-yiadom-boakye|accessdate=2023-04-05|work=Tate Kids|language=en-GB}}</ref> Yiadom-Boakye gara Central St. Martins College of Nkà na Nhazi (1996-7); Otú ọ dị, oge ya enweghị mmasị n'ebe ahụ, n'ihi ya, ọ gafere na Falmouth College of Art (1997-2000) bụ ebe e mesịrị nye ya akara ugo mmụta mahadum na 2000. Ọ mechaa nzere MA na Royal Academy Schools na 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/31/lynette-yiadom-boakye-painter-out-of-time-and-space|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: artist in search of the mystery figure|author=Cooke|first=Rachel|date=31 May 2015|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ, n'afọ ikpeazụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ka ọ bịara ghọta nke gbanwere ntụziaka ọrụ ya, na-eduga n'ịbụ onye a ma ama. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Dodie Kazanjian nke ''Vogue'' gbara ya, o kwuru "Kama ịgbalị itinye akụkọ dị mgbagwoju anya n'ọrụ m, ekpebiri m ime ka ọ dị mfe, na-elekwasị anya naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na otu esi ese ya. Nke ahụ n'onwe ya ga-ebu akụkọ ahụ. " <ref name=":5" /> Mgbe ọ gbasịrị kọleji ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya ruo 2006 mgbe ọ natara Arts Foundation Fellowship maka eserese ma nwee ike nwee ike ilekwasị anya naanị na eserese. <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 2010 ka [[Okwui Enwezor]] matara ọrụ ya. With curator Naomi Beckwith, [[Okwui Enwezor]] katalọgụ ihe ngosi ya na Studio Museum na Harlem . <ref>Hirsch, Faye. </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazanjian|first=Dodie|title=How British-Ghanaian Artist Lynette Yiadom-Boakye Portrays Black Lives in Her Paintings|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/artist-lynette-yiadom-boakye-paintings-portray-black-lives|work=Vogue|date=27 March 2017|accessdate=17 April 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ so na ndị a họpụtara maka ihe nrite Turner na 2013. <ref>McGreevy, Nora, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-these-stunning-paintings-fictitious-black-figures-subvert-traditional-portraiture-180976445/ Stunning Paintings of Fictitious Black Figures Subvert Traditional Portraiture]'', ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'', December 3, 2020, with slide show and video link</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ihe osise ya, Yiadom-Boakye akụziwo na Ruskin School of Art, Mahadum Oxford ebe ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta maka mmemme Master ha na Fine Arts. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ruskin School of Art - Lynette Yiadom Boakye|url=https://www.rsa.ox.ac.uk/people/lynette-yiadom-boakye|work=www.rsa.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref> Achọpụtara mmetụta ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na 2019 Powerlist wee depụta ya n'etiti "top 10" nke ndị kacha nwee mmetụta nke ihe nketa Africa ma ọ bụ African Caribbean na UK na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Who are the influential Black Britons honoured in Powerlist 2019?|url=https://melanmag.com/2018/10/27/influential-black-britons-honoured-in-powerlist-2019/|work=Melan Magazine|accessdate=17 April 2020|date=27 October 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's on the list of the most influential black people?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-50181195|work=BBC News|accessdate=17 April 2020|date=25 October 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ihe osise === Ọrụ Yiadom-Boakye nwere ọtụtụ ihe osise esere esere ihe gbasara isi ojii. Ihe osise ya na-abụkarị ihe atụ, nwere agba na-acha odo odo na agba. Amara njirimara gbara ọchịchịrị nke ọrụ ya maka ịmepụta mmetụta nke ịnọ jụụ nke na-enye aka na ọdịdị na-adịghị agafe agafe nke ndị ọ na-achị. <ref name=":4">[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye-16784/introduction-lynette-yiadom-boakye ''An Introduction to Lynette Yiadom-Boakye From her imagined figures to her poetic titles, discover this figurative painter’s work''], [[Tate Museum]], accessed December 5, 2020</ref> Ihe osise ya nke ndị mmadụ na-eche n'echiche na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-agụ akwụkwọ, na-ehi ụra, na izu ike n'ụdị omenala. Ọ na-eweta ihe ngosi nke ndị ọ na-achị ọdịdị ihu na-atụgharị uche na mmegharị ahụ dị jụụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ha na ọnọdụ ha dabara na ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ya. Ndị na-akọwa nkọwa ekwupụtawo ụfọdụ n'ime otuto nke ọrụ Yiadom-Boakye na njikọ a. Ọ na-agbalịsi ike ime ka ndị ọ na-achị ghara ịdị na-akpakọrịta na otu afọ iri ma ọ bụ oge; Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ya na-egosi ihe osise / ndị sitere na Africa. Nke a na-ebute nhọrọ dị ka ịghara ịse akpụkpọ ụkwụ na isiokwu ya, dịka akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-emekarị ka akara oge. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/06/19/lynette-yiadom-boakyes-imaginary-portraits|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye's Imaginary Portraits|author=Smith|first=Zadie|date=2017-06-12|accessdate=2019-03-03|language=en}}</ref> Ọnụọgụ ndị a na-anọkarị n'ihu nzụlite na-enweghị isi, na-ese n'elu n'ime agba ọchịchịrị monochromatic. Ihe ndị a dị egwu, mana mmetụta uche na-echetara ndị na-akọwa ndị nna ochie dị ka Velasquez na Degas. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://afropunk.com/2019/01/lynette-yiadom-boakyes-lovely-louder-new-paintings/|title=LYNETTE YIADOM-BOAKYE'S LOVELY, 'LOUDER' NEW PAINTINGS|date=2019-01-16|work=AFROPUNK|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-03}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Yiadom-Boakye ewepụtala ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ihe ngosi n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ngosi nka na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi solo ya a ma ama gụnyere ''ọnụọgụ ọ bụla nke nchegbu'' (2010), Studio Museum na Harlem, [[New York City|New York]] ; <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boyake. Under-song for a cipher.|date=2017|publisher=New Museum New York|isbn=9780915557141|location=New York|oclc=992527373}}</ref> ''Amaokwu Mgbe mgbede'' (2015), <ref>Yiadom-Boakye, Lynette, and Serpentine Gallery, host institution. </ref> Serpentine Galleries, [[London]] ; <ref>[https://soundcloud.com/serpentine-uk/lynette-yiadom-boakye-in-conversation-with-hans-ulrich-obrist "Lynette Yiadom-Boakye in conversation with Hans Ulrich Obrist (1 June 2015)"], Serpentine UK.</ref> ''Mmasị Maka Ụkpụrụ'' (2016), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye : A Passion To A Principle|url=https://contemporaryand.com/fr/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-a-passion-to-a-principle/|accessdate=2023-03-27|work=Contemporary And|language=de|archivedate=2023-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327151932/https://contemporaryand.com/fr/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-a-passion-to-a-principle/}}</ref> Kunsthalle Basel, [[Switzerland]] ; <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kunsthallebasel.ch/en/exhibition/lynette_yiadom-boakye/|title=A Passion To A Principle • Kunsthalle Basel|work=Kunsthalle Basel|accessdate=11 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> ''N'okpuru-Abụ Maka Cipher'' (2017), New Museum, New York; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Under-Song For A Cipher|author=Bell|first=Natalie|date=4 March 2017|work=New Museum|accessdate=1 December 2017|archivedate=17 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617012328/http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye}}</ref> <ref name="newmuseum.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Under-Song For A Cipher|work=www.newmuseum.org|language=en|accessdate=20 June 2017|archivedate=17 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617012328/http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye}}</ref> na ''Fly na Njikọ na abalị'' (2022-2023), Tate Britain, London. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tate|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Fly In League With The Night – Exhibition at Tate Britain|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye|accessdate=2022-03-04|work=Tate|language=en-GB}}</ref> O sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi nke otu, gụnyere 55th Venice Biennale (2013); Sharjah Biennial (2015); <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gibca.se/index.php/en/gibca2015/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye|title=GIBCA • Lynette Yiadom-Boakye|work=www.gibca.se|language=sv|accessdate=2018-03-26|archivedate=2018-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084517/http://www.gibca.se/index.php/en/gibca2015/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye}}</ref> 58th Venice Biennale (2019), <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/books/review/lynette-yiadom-boakye.html|title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye|author=Hirsch|first=Faye|date=2015-06-25|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-03-03|language=en-US}}</ref> na ''Afro-Atlantic History'' (2021-2022). <ref name="NGA exhibit listing">{{Cite web|title=Afro-Atlantic Histories|url=https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2022/afro-atlantic-histories.html|work=NGA|publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]]|accessdate=18 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003612/https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2022/afro-atlantic-histories.html|archivedate=18 April 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ Yiadom-Boakye gụnyere n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka na United States gụnyere Carnegie Museum of Art, na Pérez Art Museum Miami collection, na foto ''Eze maka oge awa'' na-ele anya na ngosi ogologo oge nke ụlọ ọrụ maka 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Collection at Perez|url=https://www.journeyhomme.com/collection-at-perez|accessdate=2023-04-11|work=website|language=en|archivedate=2023-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411150244/https://www.journeyhomme.com/collection-at-perez}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Yiadom-Boakye ka a na-eto ya nke ukwuu maka ọrụ ya, na-emeri nkwanye ùgwù gụnyere mkpakọrịta nke Arts Foundation maka eserese (2006), ihe nrite Pinchuk Foundation Future Generation Prize (2012), <ref>{{Cite web|title=History - English - Future Generation Art Prize|url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/en/history|accessdate=2023-04-04|work=futuregenerationartprize.org}}</ref> Ọgbọ na-abịa site na New Museum of Contemporary Art (2013), <ref name=":5"/> South Bank Sky Arts Award for Visual Art (2016) <ref name=":5" /> na Carnegie Prize na mbipụta 57th nke Carnegie International (2018). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Russeth|first=Andrew|date=2018-10-13|title=2018 Carnegie International's Prizes Go to Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Postcommodity|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/2018-carnegie-internationals-top-prizes-go-lynette-yiadom-boakye-postcommodity-11164/|accessdate=2023-09-06|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Turner (2013). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=122 |title=''Extracts and Verses'' |accessdate=2024-05-27 |archivedate=2018-01-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129025808/http://chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=122 }}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200617040528/https://english.princeton.edu/people/orlando-reade Orlando Reade], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231356/http://www.thewhitereview.org/features/life-outside-the-manet-paradise-resort-on-the-paintings-of-lynette-yiadom-boakye-2/ "Ndụ n'èzí Manet Paradaịs Resort: Na eserese nke Lynette Yiadom-Boakye"], ''Nyocha White'', Nọvemba 2012. * Eddie Chambers, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011161520/https://theibtaurisblog.com/2014/08/07/black-artists-in-british-art/ "Ndị omenkà ojii Britain bụ ndị kwesịrị ka amara nke ọma"], The IB Tauris Blog, 7 August 2014. * (Akpọrọ ụdị ọnlaịnụ bụ "ihe osise nke Lynette Yiadom-Boakye".) * Portraits of Lynette Yiadom-Boakye [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nyg5vsn87c9vwqmbmmka1djp7xp8t7w John Moore nke Ipswich 0 45986 671147 168896 2026-07-02T10:34:50Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671147 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">John Moore</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="459" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="526" decoding="async" height="192" resource="./File:John_Moore_of_Ipswich,_1890.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/220px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/330px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/440px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:John_Moore_of_Ipswich,_1890.png|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Woodbridge, Suffolk]]</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | E mere baptizim | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Abụọ 12, 1821 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Eprel 8, 1902 <span style="display:none">(1902-04-08)</span> (afọ ndụ&nbsp;81) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ebe izu ike | class="infobox-data label" | [[Old Ipswich Cemetery|Ebe ili ozu Ipswich ochie]] |} <ref name="CIM">{{Cite web|title=John Moore of Ipswich|url=https://cimuseums.org.uk/johnmoore/|work=Colchester + Ipswich Museums|publisher=Colchester + Ipswich Museums|accessdate=31 July 2021|date=12 February 2021|archivedate=31 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731113549/https://cimuseums.org.uk/johnmoore/}}</ref>John Moore (12 Febrụwarị 1821, Woodbridge - 8 mota 1902, Diss ) bụ onye ama ama Ipswich, mmuo maka oke osimiri ya.  Na mbụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-achọ mma, ọtọ onye na-ese ihe na-akpa onwe ya.  Ọ kwagara Ipswich tupu 1871 ma ọ bụrụ onye adi Ipswich Fine Art Club na 1874. Ọ ahụra ọtụtụ ndị nkwado n'etiti ndị oku bi n'obodo. == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="SA John Moore">{{Cite web|title=MOORE, John|url=https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451|work=suffolkartists.co.uk|accessdate=31 July 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614093220/https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451}}</ref>A match Moore na ebe a na-akpọ Theatre Street, Woodbridge, ma mee ya baputiziiz na 12 February 1821 na ọrịka St Mary .  Nna ya bụbu onye ụgbọ mmiri, Martin Moore bụ onye nlekọta onye na-ese mmiri na onye na-ese ụlọ .  Nne ya bụ Elizabeth née Warren.  John ẹkọ irụ nna ya ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-ede akara .  Na 1843 ọ ngosi na 1843 Caroline Upson, onye ya na nwa nwoke, nke a na-akpọ John.  Ka ọ na-erule 1868 ọ bi na Ipswich, mana ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka Jacob Mules nke Orwell Ebe. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe == O taka ọrụ ya na Ipswich Exhibition of Fine Arts and Industries, nke e mere na ndị Mgbakọ, Ipswich na September 1868. Ka ọ na-erule 1871 ọ na-akwado ngwa ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ma na-ebi na Ward's  Ụlọ ikpe, 6 Tower Terrace, Ipswich. <ref name="SA John Moore" /> == Ụbọchị ikpeazụ == Mgbe nri ya nwụsịrị, ọ gara biri na otu enyi ya a na-akpọ Mr Scolding na Diss.  ọ nwụrụ na 8 1902 wee lie ya n'ili Ochie Ipswich . <ref name="SA John Moore">{{Cite web|title=MOORE, John|url=https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451|work=suffolkartists.co.uk|accessdate=31 July 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614093220/https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451 "MOORE, John"]. ''suffolkartists.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614093220/https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451 Archived] from the original on 14 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery> Usòrò:Tower_Ramparts,_Ipswich_by_John_Moore.png|alt=1882: Old Tower Ramparts (lately demolished) illustrating the carnser there|1882:''Ochie[[Tower Ramparts|Ụlọ elu Tower]](nke e mebiri n'oge na-adịbeghị anya)''na-egosionye na-agba anụn'ebe ahụ </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} solzwc1xxosx0n7kpu5bn4y6238sp4h 671151 671147 2026-07-02T10:36:11Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671151 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">John Moore</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="459" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="526" decoding="async" height="192" resource="./File:John_Moore_of_Ipswich,_1890.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/220px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/330px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png/440px-John_Moore_of_Ipswich%2C_1890.png 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:John_Moore_of_Ipswich,_1890.png|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Woodbridge, Suffolk]]</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | E mere baptizim | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Abụọ 12, 1821 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Eprel 8, 1902 <span style="display:none">(1902-04-08)</span> (afọ ndụ&nbsp;81) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ebe izu ike | class="infobox-data label" | [[Old Ipswich Cemetery|Ebe ili ozu Ipswich ochie]] |} <ref name="CIM">{{Cite web|title=John Moore of Ipswich|url=https://cimuseums.org.uk/johnmoore/|work=Colchester + Ipswich Museums|publisher=Colchester + Ipswich Museums|accessdate=31 July 2021|date=12 February 2021|archivedate=31 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731113549/https://cimuseums.org.uk/johnmoore/}}</ref>John Moore (12 Febrụwarị 1821, Woodbridge - 8 mota 1902, Diss ) bụ onye ama ama Ipswich, mmuo maka oke osimiri ya.  Na mbụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-achọ mma, ọtọ onye na-ese ihe na-akpa onwe ya.  Ọ kwagara Ipswich tupu 1871 ma ọ bụrụ onye adi Ipswich Fine Art Club na 1874. Ọ ahụra ọtụtụ ndị nkwado n'etiti ndị oku bi n'obodo. == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="SA John Moore">{{Cite web|title=MOORE, John|url=https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451|work=suffolkartists.co.uk|accessdate=31 July 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614093220/https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=451}}</ref>A match Moore na ebe a na-akpọ Theatre Street, Woodbridge, ma mee ya baputiziiz na 12 February 1821 na ọrịka St Mary .  Nna ya bụbu onye ụgbọ mmiri, Martin Moore bụ onye nlekọta onye na-ese mmiri na onye na-ese ụlọ .  Nne ya bụ Elizabeth née Warren.  John ẹkọ irụ nna ya ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-ede akara .  Na 1843 ọ ngosi na 1843 Caroline Upson, onye ya na nwa nwoke, nke a na-akpọ John.  Ka ọ na-erule 1868 ọ bi na Ipswich, mana ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka Jacob Mules nke Orwell Ebe. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe == O taka ọrụ ya na Ipswich Exhibition of Fine Arts and Industries, nke e mere na ndị Mgbakọ, Ipswich na September 1868. Ka ọ na-erule 1871 ọ na-akwado ngwa ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ma na-ebi na Ward's  Ụlọ ikpe, 6 Tower Terrace, Ipswich. <ref name="SA John Moore" /> == Ụbọchị ikpeazụ == Mgbe nri ya nwụsịrị, ọ gara biri na otu enyi ya a na-akpọ Mr Scolding na Diss.  ọ nwụrụ na 8 1902 wee lie ya n'ili Ochie Ipswich . <ref name="SA John Moore" /> == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery> Usòrò:Tower_Ramparts,_Ipswich_by_John_Moore.png|alt=1882: Old Tower Ramparts (lately demolished) illustrating the carnser there|1882:''Ochie[[Tower Ramparts|Ụlọ elu Tower]](nke e mebiri n'oge na-adịbeghị anya)''na-egosionye na-agba anụn'ebe ahụ </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} t70u96uaihnt0eu9nt8shgndadg86nk John Lysaght Moore 0 45988 671113 168898 2026-07-02T10:17:25Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671113 wikitext text/x-wiki John Lysaght Moore (28 Maachị 1897 - 8 Juun 1965) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe na New Zealand, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-akpa akwa na akwa.  Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke National Library of New Zealand, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa na Auckland Art Gallery <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Moore, John Lysaght, 1897-1965|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22361578|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findnzartists.org.nz/en/artist/10623/john-lysaght-moore|title=Moore, John Lysaght|work=findnzartists.org.nz|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/1596|title=John Lysaght Moore: Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|work=collections.tepapa.govt.nz|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Moore|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/2336/|accessdate=2024-01-13|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A Business Moore na Hāwera na 1897 nye Francis Edward Moore na-enye Sophia Augusta Lysaght .  [1] Nna nna ya bụ Charles Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch .  [2] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Admiral Sir Arthur Moore na New Zealand cricketer Henry Moore .  [3] Ọ bụ nwanne nwanne Averil Lysight na Mary Watt <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lysaght, Averil Margaret (Dr), 1905-1981|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22392390|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=13 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taranakifoundation.org.nz/our-stories/the-lysaght-watt-fund/|title=The Lysaght-Watt Fund|work=Taranaki Foundation|accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref> . <ref name=":0" />Moore so nne ya kwaga Wellington, wee gaa Havelock North na Hawke's Bay .  [1] Ọ jere ozi ná mba ofesi na New Zealand Medical Corps n'oge Agha aha Mbụ .  [2] Foto nka na Wellington na DK Richmond na HL Richardson, wee gbanwee na Europe, na-aga Goldsmiths College, London School of Art, na British Academy na Rome site na 1923 ruo 1927 Mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke Hawke's Bay nke 1931 gachara, Moore na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe nke Hawke's Bay nyere nri n'etiti 60 na 70 agba nke mmiri mpaghara ka ree ya na nke ala ọma jijiji.  [1] Mgbe Auckland Society of Arts mere ihe ngosi nke ala mmiri ya na 1935, New Zealand Herald kwuru, sị: "Ọ na-achọpụta ihe okike n'ụdị ọnọdụ ya dị egwu, na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ọrụ ya.  na-emeri na agba, akwụkwọ ndụ dị nro, grays. na blues na-ebutekarị, nke na-acha aja aja na-ekpo mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji ya n'ihu <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Art Exhibition|journal=New Zealand Herald|date=20 May 1935|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350520.2.148}}</ref> <ref name=":0" />Moore ndịra ụlọ na York Bay na Lower Hutt na 1937, mana ọ si Havelock North ruo ruo 1947, mgbe nke ahụ ofufe, ya na nwanne ya egwuregwu Evelyn biri na York Bay. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} emdbrovtzxsvo9bgilcp9ojerz8i4hv Elspeth Huxley 0 46228 671122 514653 2026-07-02T10:20:35Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ */ 671122 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Elspeth Joscelin Huxley''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (née Grant; 23 Julaị 1907&nbsp;- 10 Jenụwarị 1997) <ref name="independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/obituary-elspeth-huxley-5585482.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Elspeth Huxley|first=Mary Anne|author=Fitzgerald|date=13 January 1997|accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref> bụ onye odee Bekee, onye nta akụkọ, onye mgbasa ozi, onye ọka iwu, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ndụmọdụ gọọmentị. O dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 40, gụnyere akwụkwọ egwu egwu ya kacha mara amara, ''Osisi ọkụ nke Thika'' na ''The Mottled Lizard'', dabere na ntorobịa ya na ugbo kọfị na British Kenya . Di ya, Gervas Huxley, bụ nwa nwa Thomas Henry Huxley na nwanne nwanne Aldous Huxley . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Nellie na Major Josceline Grant, nne na nna Elspeth, rutere Thika n'ebe bụ British East Africa na 1912, ịmalite ndụ dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo kọfị na Kenya colonial . Elspeth, dị afọ isii, bịarutere na Disemba 1913, ya na onye ọchịchị na nwa agbọghọ zuru oke. Nzụlite ya enweghị usoro; a "fọrọ nke nta ka a na-emeso ya dị ka ngwugwu, na-ebufe ya site n'aka ruo n'aka". Akwụkwọ Huxley's 1959 ''The Flame Trees of Thika'' na-enyocha otú ndị na-ebi na Britain n'oge mbụ si bụrụ ndị na-adịghị njikere maka ndụ ime obodo. Emegharịrị ya ka ọ bụrụ miniseries TV na 1981. Elspeth gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ naanị ndị ọcha na Nairobi . Ọ hapụrụ Africa na 1925, nweta akara ugo mmụta na ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Reading na England wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell dị na New York . Ọ na-alaghachi Africa mgbe ụfọdụ. == Ọrụ == A họpụtara Huxley onye inyeaka onye mgbasa ozi na Board Marketing na 1929. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya n'afọ 1932 ma mee njem n'ọtụtụ ebe. Huxley malitere ide ihe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ya gasịrị; Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Obodo White Man's Country: Lord Delamere na ime Kenya'' banyere onye ọbịa ọcha a ma ama, ka e bipụtara na 1935. Akwụkwọ Huxley dere na 1939 ''Red Strangers'' kọwara ndụ n'etiti Kikuyu nke Kenya n'oge ọbịbịa nke ndị Europe mbụ biri. E bu ụzọ ziga onye nkwusa Macmillan ihe odide ahụ, ma Harold Macmillan, bụ́ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ, kwetara ka e bipụta ya nanị site na mbelata dị ukwuu, gụnyere nkọwa nkọwa nke [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|ibi úgwù ụmụ nwanyị]] . Huxley jụrụ, ma Chatto &amp;amp; Windus bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ. Huxley chetara, sị: "Ọ bụụrụ m ụbọchị obi ụtọ mgbe praịm minista anyị n'ọdịnihu enweghị ike ịnara clitoridectomy ." Penguin Books ebigharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ na 1999 yana ọzọ Penguin Classics na 2000; Richard Dawkins rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'iwepụtaghachi akwụkwọ ahụ, wee dee okwu mmalite maka mbipụta ọhụrụ ahụ. Ngụkọta ikpeazụ ya nke akwụkwọ 42 gụnyere ọrụ iri nke akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ 29 na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, yana ọtụtụ puku akwụkwọ nta na akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=JSTOR|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/_afco_asc_558|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=African Studies Companion Online}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Huxley bụ onye mgbasa ozi maka BBC. Na 1960, a họpụtara Huxley ka ọ bụrụ onye nọọrọ onwe ya na Commission Advisory for Review of the Constitution of the Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland ( Monckton Commission ). Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ na mbụ na-akwado nkwado nke ịchịisi ọchịchị, o mesịrị kpọọ maka nnwere onwe nke mba Africa. N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-edekọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ''National Review'' . Huxley bụ enyi Joy Adamson, onye edemede nke ''Amụrụ n'efu'', ma akpọtụrụ ya na akụkọ ndụ Joy na George Adamson nke akpọrọ ''The Great Safari'' . Huxley dere okwu mmalite na akụkọ ndụ Joy ''The Search Spirit'' . == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Gervas Huxley, nwa dọkịta Henry Huxley (1865–1946) na 1931. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elspeth Huxley|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/1004944/elspeth-huxley.html?tab=penguin-biography|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=www.penguin.co.uk}}</ref> Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Charles, onye a mụrụ na February 1944. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == A na-enwe nchịkọta nke igbe iri na abụọ nke foto, mbipụta, ihe na-adịghị mma, mbipụta kọntaktị na slides na Bristol Archives na Alaeze Ukwu Britain na mkpokọta Commonwealth . Huxley mere ọtụtụ n'ime foto ndị a, ya na ndị ọzọ chịkọtara. Nchịkọta ahụ kpuchiri ọrụ Huxley dum (1896-1981) na isiokwu gụnyere mpaghara safari [[Kenya]] na ndị obodo (kpọmkwem ndị Kikuyu ), ọgba aghara Mau Mau, ndị ọbịa ọcha, Edwardian Mombasa, na ihe odide nke ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ were were. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain na Commonwealth (Ref. 1995/076). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museums.bristol.gov.uk/details.php?irn=237046|title=online catalogue|work=museums.bristol.gov.uk|accessdate=2024-05-31|archivedate=2024-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182854/http://museums.bristol.gov.uk/details.php?irn=237046}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọta mkpokọta ndị ọzọ metụtara Huxley n'ọbá akwụkwọ Bodleian na ngalaba ọba akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cambridge na ebe nchekwa mahadum. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F34363|title=The National Archives Discovery Catalogue page|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> == Ntụaka == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qvqy8s23mjd0pyzmifam5dx1vue9uym John Outterbridge 0 46700 671224 515432 2026-07-02T11:08:23Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671224 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:John Outterbridge, 1980.jpg|thumb|John Outterbridge]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/john-outterbridge|title=John Outterbridge|author=Choi|first=Connie H.|year=2016|publisher=[[Hammer Museum]]}}</ref>John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, [[California]].  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim|first=Nic Cha|date=January 18, 2021|title=Assemblage Artist John Outterbridge Leaves Behind Legacy of Arts Education|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/arts/2021/01/16/john-outterbridge-leaves-behind-legacy-of-arts-education-|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Spectrum News|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]].  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=2021-10-11|title=A Watts Towers mural faded in plain sight. Three generations of artists bring back its zing|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-11/watts-towers-arts-center-mural-john-outterbridge|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka. Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=2021-01-01|title=John Outterbridge, Who Turned Castoffs Into Sculpture, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/arts/john-outterbridge-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2021-02-02}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. <ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsenberg2005">Isenberg, Barbara S. (2005). ''State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work''. Ivan R. Dee. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/1-56663-631-0|<bdi>1-56663-631-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57341997 57341997].</cite></ref> Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/john-outterbridge-aspen-art-museum-592460|title=Why Artist John Outterbridge Is Key to the LA Art Scene|author=Neuendorf|first=Henri|date=August 5, 2016|work=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahn|first=Abe|date=2019-08-06|title=The LA Artists Who Advanced Black Stories Through Art-Making|url=https://hyperallergic.com/511733/the-riddle-effect-john-t-riddle-craft-contemporary/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Usoro ihe eji eme ihe'' (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}</ref> Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeaver2013">Weaver, A.M. (2013). "Reflections on John Outterbridge". ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art''. '''2014''' (35): 32–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/10757163-2827976|10.1215/10757163-2827976]]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191590946 191590946].</cite></ref> Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka ''The Rag Factory'' (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. ''Ụlọ ọrụ Rag'' bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/john-outterbridge/|title=John Outterbridge|author=Buckley|first=Annie|date=January 20, 2012|work=Art in America|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUeno2016">Ueno, Rihoko (October 7, 2016). [https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf "A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''aaa.si.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/outterbridge_john.html John Outterbridge] na ArtCyclopedia [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] baj8dkuinyhvemtd7ytnj1mazq98akt 671226 671224 2026-07-02T11:09:05Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671226 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:John Outterbridge, 1980.jpg|thumb|John Outterbridge]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/john-outterbridge|title=John Outterbridge|author=Choi|first=Connie H.|year=2016|publisher=[[Hammer Museum]]}}</ref>John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, [[California]].  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim|first=Nic Cha|date=January 18, 2021|title=Assemblage Artist John Outterbridge Leaves Behind Legacy of Arts Education|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/arts/2021/01/16/john-outterbridge-leaves-behind-legacy-of-arts-education-|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Spectrum News|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]].  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=2021-10-11|title=A Watts Towers mural faded in plain sight. Three generations of artists bring back its zing|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-11/watts-towers-arts-center-mural-john-outterbridge|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka. Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=2021-01-01|title=John Outterbridge, Who Turned Castoffs Into Sculpture, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/arts/john-outterbridge-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2021-02-02}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. <ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsenberg2005">Isenberg, Barbara S. (2005). ''State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work''. Ivan R. Dee. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/1-56663-631-0|<bdi>1-56663-631-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57341997 57341997].</cite></ref> Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/john-outterbridge-aspen-art-museum-592460|title=Why Artist John Outterbridge Is Key to the LA Art Scene|author=Neuendorf|first=Henri|date=August 5, 2016|work=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahn|first=Abe|date=2019-08-06|title=The LA Artists Who Advanced Black Stories Through Art-Making|url=https://hyperallergic.com/511733/the-riddle-effect-john-t-riddle-craft-contemporary/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Usoro ihe eji eme ihe'' (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}</ref> Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeaver2013">Weaver, A.M. (2013). "Reflections on John Outterbridge". ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art''. '''2014''' (35): 32–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/10757163-2827976|10.1215/10757163-2827976]]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191590946 191590946].</cite></ref> Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka ''The Rag Factory'' (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. ''Ụlọ ọrụ Rag'' bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/john-outterbridge/|title=John Outterbridge|author=Buckley|first=Annie|date=January 20, 2012|work=Art in America|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/outterbridge_john.html John Outterbridge] na ArtCyclopedia [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aqff0rflffoe757b6hx3g0ggx3rm9zc 671228 671226 2026-07-02T11:09:44Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671228 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:John Outterbridge, 1980.jpg|thumb|John Outterbridge]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/john-outterbridge|title=John Outterbridge|author=Choi|first=Connie H.|year=2016|publisher=[[Hammer Museum]]}}</ref>John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, [[California]].  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim|first=Nic Cha|date=January 18, 2021|title=Assemblage Artist John Outterbridge Leaves Behind Legacy of Arts Education|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/arts/2021/01/16/john-outterbridge-leaves-behind-legacy-of-arts-education-|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Spectrum News|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]].  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=2021-10-11|title=A Watts Towers mural faded in plain sight. Three generations of artists bring back its zing|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-11/watts-towers-arts-center-mural-john-outterbridge|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka. Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=2021-01-01|title=John Outterbridge, Who Turned Castoffs Into Sculpture, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/arts/john-outterbridge-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2021-02-02}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. <ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsenberg2005">Isenberg, Barbara S. (2005). ''State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work''. Ivan R. Dee. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/1-56663-631-0|<bdi>1-56663-631-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57341997 57341997].</cite></ref> Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/john-outterbridge-aspen-art-museum-592460|title=Why Artist John Outterbridge Is Key to the LA Art Scene|author=Neuendorf|first=Henri|date=August 5, 2016|work=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahn|first=Abe|date=2019-08-06|title=The LA Artists Who Advanced Black Stories Through Art-Making|url=https://hyperallergic.com/511733/the-riddle-effect-john-t-riddle-craft-contemporary/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Usoro ihe eji eme ihe'' (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}</ref> Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeaver2013">Weaver, A.M. (2013). "Reflections on John Outterbridge". ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art''. '''2014''' (35): 32–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/10757163-2827976|10.1215/10757163-2827976]]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191590946 191590946].</cite></ref> Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka ''The Rag Factory'' (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. ''Ụlọ ọrụ Rag'' bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/john-outterbridge/|title=John Outterbridge|author=Buckley|first=Annie|date=January 20, 2012|work=Art in America|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/outterbridge_john.html John Outterbridge] na ArtCyclopedia [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jmr9jb1p9djw8waoc9xen2w7ydabbwy 671229 671228 2026-07-02T11:10:18Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671229 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:John Outterbridge, 1980.jpg|thumb|John Outterbridge]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/john-outterbridge|title=John Outterbridge|author=Choi|first=Connie H.|year=2016|publisher=[[Hammer Museum]]}}</ref>John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, [[California]].  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim|first=Nic Cha|date=January 18, 2021|title=Assemblage Artist John Outterbridge Leaves Behind Legacy of Arts Education|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/arts/2021/01/16/john-outterbridge-leaves-behind-legacy-of-arts-education-|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Spectrum News|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]].  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=2021-10-11|title=A Watts Towers mural faded in plain sight. Three generations of artists bring back its zing|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-11/watts-towers-arts-center-mural-john-outterbridge|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka. Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=2021-01-01|title=John Outterbridge, Who Turned Castoffs Into Sculpture, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/arts/john-outterbridge-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2021-02-02}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. <ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ <ref name=":2" /> Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/john-outterbridge-aspen-art-museum-592460|title=Why Artist John Outterbridge Is Key to the LA Art Scene|author=Neuendorf|first=Henri|date=August 5, 2016|work=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahn|first=Abe|date=2019-08-06|title=The LA Artists Who Advanced Black Stories Through Art-Making|url=https://hyperallergic.com/511733/the-riddle-effect-john-t-riddle-craft-contemporary/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Usoro ihe eji eme ihe'' (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}</ref> Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeaver2013">Weaver, A.M. (2013). "Reflections on John Outterbridge". ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art''. '''2014''' (35): 32–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/10757163-2827976|10.1215/10757163-2827976]]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191590946 191590946].</cite></ref> Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka ''The Rag Factory'' (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. ''Ụlọ ọrụ Rag'' bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/john-outterbridge/|title=John Outterbridge|author=Buckley|first=Annie|date=January 20, 2012|work=Art in America|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/outterbridge_john.html John Outterbridge] na ArtCyclopedia [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hl45n63roolsb8eidkzbkz87zt8gojr 671232 671229 2026-07-02T11:11:52Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671232 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:John Outterbridge, 1980.jpg|thumb|John Outterbridge]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/john-outterbridge|title=John Outterbridge|author=Choi|first=Connie H.|year=2016|publisher=[[Hammer Museum]]}}</ref>John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, [[California]].  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim|first=Nic Cha|date=January 18, 2021|title=Assemblage Artist John Outterbridge Leaves Behind Legacy of Arts Education|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/arts/2021/01/16/john-outterbridge-leaves-behind-legacy-of-arts-education-|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Spectrum News|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]].  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/files/resources/finding-aids/pdf/outtjohn.pdf|title=A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art|author=Ueno|first=Rihoko|date=October 7, 2016|work=aaa.si.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Barbara S.|title=State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work|year=2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Ivan R. Dee]]|isbn=1-56663-631-0|oclc=57341997}}</ref> Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=2021-10-11|title=A Watts Towers mural faded in plain sight. Three generations of artists bring back its zing|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-11/watts-towers-arts-center-mural-john-outterbridge|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka. Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=2021-01-01|title=John Outterbridge, Who Turned Castoffs Into Sculpture, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/arts/john-outterbridge-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2021-02-02}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. <ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ <ref name=":2" /> Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/john-outterbridge-aspen-art-museum-592460|title=Why Artist John Outterbridge Is Key to the LA Art Scene|author=Neuendorf|first=Henri|date=August 5, 2016|work=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahn|first=Abe|date=2019-08-06|title=The LA Artists Who Advanced Black Stories Through Art-Making|url=https://hyperallergic.com/511733/the-riddle-effect-john-t-riddle-craft-contemporary/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Usoro ihe eji eme ihe'' (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weaver|first=A.M.|year=2013|title=Reflections on John Outterbridge|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2014|issue=35|pages=32–41|doi=10.1215/10757163-2827976}}</ref> Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. <ref name=":3" /> Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka ''The Rag Factory'' (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. ''Ụlọ ọrụ Rag'' bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/john-outterbridge/|title=John Outterbridge|author=Buckley|first=Annie|date=January 20, 2012|work=Art in America|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/outterbridge_john.html John Outterbridge] na ArtCyclopedia [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9dvpv9ikptanowjz7fpcvnz0pjpzs9a Leslie Garland Bolling 0 46840 670706 580892 2026-07-01T18:10:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Leslie Garland Bolling''' (Septemba 16, 1898 – Septemba 27, 1955) bụ onye ọkpụrụkpụ America. Ihe osise ya gosipụtara isiokwu kwa ụbọchị yana ụkpụrụ omume nke omenala ndị ojii na ndịda United States kewapụrụ iche na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Bolling jikọtara ya na Harlem Renaissance ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dịka otu n'ime ndị Africa-America ole na ole nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ha nwere otuto na-adịgide adịgide. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Leslie Bolling na obere obodo nke Dendon, na Surry County, Virginia, United States na Septemba 16, 1898, nwa Clinton C. Bolling, onye na-eji oji, na nwunye ya Mary. Bolling nọrọ afọ abụọ site na 1916 ruo 1918 na-aga Hampton Normal na Agricultural Institute, nke bụzi Mahadum Hampton ma bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ maka ngagharị ngagharị nke ndị ntorobịa Africa-American. Bolling enweghị ọzụzụ ọ bụla na nka ma ọ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ bụ ezie na Hampton nwere obere ngosi nka nka. Na 1919 n'oge Red Summer nke ọgba aghara agbụrụ, ọ debanyere aha na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ na Mahadum Virginia Union, mahadum ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Richmond . Na mgbakwunye na usoro agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị, ọ gụkwara ''nkuzi akwụkwọ ntuziaka'', usoro nke gụnyere ma ịse ihe n'efu na ịse igwe . Nke a N'ezie gụnyere na-arụ ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ na-eji ma osisi na ígwè yana blacksmithing . == Ọrụ nka == Bolling kwuru na ya tolitere n'akụkụ ebe a na-arụ osisi ma na-anọkarị n'akụkụ osisi. A kọrọ na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịsa ọkụ nke gaara enye ya ahụmahụ dị ukwuu n'ịkpụ ụdị osisi dị iche iche. <ref name="urlLeslie Bolling-AskArt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/askart/b/leslie_garland_bolling/leslie_garland_bolling.aspx|title=Leslie Bolling – Artist, Fine Art, Auction Records, Prices, Biography for Leslie Garland Bolling|accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ya yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ na-atọ ụtọ ma baa uru, ma ọ na-ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye nche ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ onye ozi site n'ọrụ ya. Ihe omume ntụrụndụ ya yiri ka ọ gbanwewo n'ụzọ dị egwu banyere oge o wepụtara ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mbụ maka ihe ngosi otu nke YWCA kwadoro. Ihe dị ka 1928 ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ ndị a dọtara mmasị nke Carl Van Vechten, onye na-elekọta Harlem Renaissance ije. <ref name="GB_CreatingBlackAmericans">{{Google books|83teYXulg5kC|Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the Present|420}}</ref> <ref name="urlAfrican–AmericanHistory-LVA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/trailblazers/2007/index.htm?bio=bolling|title=African–American History Month at the Library of Virginia|accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịkụziri ndị ntorobịa ojii na-ese osisi na Richmond ihe dị ka 1931. Ọ kụziiri ihe na Craig House Art Center na Richmond ruo 1941. Ka ọ na-erule 1938 Bolling na ndị ọzọ enwetala nkwado WPA maka Ụlọ Craig. Ọ bụ naanị WPA na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ nka na South kewapụrụ maka ndị ntorobịa ojii. : 38, 281 <ref name="urlAfrican–AmericanHistory-LVA" /> [[Usòrò:William_D._Cox_exhibit_of_Leslie_Bolling's_work_-_NARA_-_559166.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ihe ngosi William D. Cox nke ọrụ Leslie Bolling]] Ọrụ ya malitere inweta nkwanye ugwu sara mbara n'ihi ihe ngosi National Negro nke 1933 na Smithsonian. : 38  Bolling sonyeere n'ọtụtụ njem nlegharị anya nka n'etiti 1934 na 1940, nke Harmon Foundation jisiri ike gosi ọrụ nka nke ndị Africa-America. <ref name="GB_CreatingBlackAmericans" /> N'igosi mkpa ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-eto eto, na Jenụwarị 1935, Bolling nwetara nsọpụrụ mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ Academy of Arts dị na Richmond, ugbu a Virginia Museum of Fine Arts mepụtara ihe ngosi nke otu nwoke nke ihe osise ya. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi na ebe ngosi nka steeti New Jersey. <ref name="GB_CreatingBlackAmericans" /> Thomas Hart Benton nwere mmasị na ọrụ ya wee gaa na ihe ngosi ahụ agbatị. <ref name="urlLibrary of Virginia-Exhibition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/recognition.asp|title=Library of Virginia – Leslie Garland Bolling Exhibition – Recognition|accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref> Ọ kọwara ọrụ Bolling dị ka ihe ọkpụkpụ nke na-egosi "ezigbo uru, na ụdị ọhụrụ." Na 1936 o gosiri na Texas Centennial ngosi. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi na William D. Cox Gallery dị na New York na June 1937 nke iberibe iri na asaa gụnyere usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ a rụchara nso nso a ''bụ Days of the Week'' nke ọ malitere na 1933. : 38 <ref name="urlLibrary of Virginia-Exhibition"/> Na 1940, Alain Locke tinyere foto nke ọrụ Bolling na ''Negro in Art'' . Bolling kpụrụ akpụ nke Marian Anderson ka ọ pụtachara na Richmond. : 38  Magazin ''Sayensị na Mechanics'' kwadoro asọmpi na 1942 nke Bolling banyere wee merie. Ihe ngosi ikpeazụ mara n'oge ndụ ya bụ ihe ngosi na State Teachers College na Indiana na 1950. == Ndepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ == Ekwenyere na Bolling kpụrụ ihe karịrị 50 ruo 80 iberibe n'ime afọ iri abụọ ọ nọ n'ọrụ. <ref name="LVAnewslettter175">{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Newsletter – Issue175|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/news/newsltr/Issue175.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=May–June 2006|accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha yiri ka ha efunahụla. N'afọ 2006, Library nke Virginia nwere ike ịkọ maka naanị 30 n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ osisi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Newsletter – Issue174|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/news/newsltr/issue174.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=March–April 2006|accessdate=January 5, 2014|archivedate=December 23, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223233235/http://www.lva.virginia.gov/news/newsltr/issue174.pdf}}</ref> N'okpuru bụ ndepụta akụkụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. [[Usòrò:"Cousin_on_Friday"_-_NARA_-_559047.jpg|thumb| "Nwanne na Fraịde" - NARA - 559047]] * ''Ụbọchị nke izu'', nke mejupụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ asaa ndị e kere n'etiti 1932 na 1937 gbasara ihe omume kwa izu nke ndị Africa-America na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20. Atọ n'ime ndị a na-efu ugbu a na-enweghị foto amabeghị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – List of Titles – Days of the Week|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/list_days.asp|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=March–April 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021}}</ref> ** ''Aunt Monday'' : Nwanyị na-asa ákwà na nnukwu tub osisi. ** ''Nwanne Tuzdee'' : Otu nwanyị na-achi ajị n'uwe. ** ''Mama na Wednesde'' : Otu nwanyị na-akwa akwa ma na-edozi oghere na anya mmiri na uwe. ** ''Asịrị na Tọzdee'' : Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-akparịta ụka n'elu ngere. ** ''Cousin on Friday'' : Otu nwanyị na-ehicha ala. ** ''Isi nri na Satọde'' : Otu nwanyị na-amakpukpu iji dọpụta toki na oven, a na-eche na a ga-eji ya na Sunday. ** ''Parson na Sọnde'' : Otu nwoke na-ekwusa ozi ọma n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ya. [[Usòrò:Mo-1941-4-1213.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi ejima osisi nke 1940s President na First Lady]] * ''Nwoke Fish'' (1935): Onye na-ere azụ̀ n'etiti ụzọ, na-achọ ndị ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Catalog Entry: Fish Man|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Fish%20Man.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=April 1, 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021|archivedate=July 19, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719220424/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Fish%20Man.pdf}}</ref> * ''Obi nkoropụ'' (C. 1935): Ụdị ịgba ọtọ nke nwanyị nọ na mwute dị jụụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Catalog Entry: Despair|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Despair.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=April 1, 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714020835/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Despair.pdf}}</ref> * ''The Shot Putter'' (C. 1935): Ihe ngosi gba ọtọ nke onye na-eme egwuregwu na-asọ mpi n'itinye égbè. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Catalog Entry: Shot Putter|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Shot%20Putter.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=April 1, 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021|archivedate=August 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813205611/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Shot%20Putter.pdf}}</ref> * ''Okpu uhie'' (1937): igosi onye na-ebu ihe na-ebugharị akpa. * ''N'ebe ọrụ'' (1937): Ihe osise nwere ike ime onwe ya, ọ na-egosi nwoke na-agbapụ n'ụgbọala osisi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Catalog Entry: At Work|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/At%20Work.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=April 1, 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021|archivedate=August 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813194254/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/At%20Work.pdf}}</ref> * ''Marian Anderson'' (1940): Ngwunye nke ama ama contralto. * ''Onye isi ala na Oriakụ Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (1940): Ihe osise ejima nke na-egosi Onye isi ala na Nwanyị Mbụ. * ''Nwanyị na-esi nri'' (1942): Na-egosi otu nwanyị na-eburu ite kọfị n'elu stovu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Library of Virginia – Official Catalog Entry: Woman Cooking|url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Woman%20Cooking.pdf|publisher=The Library of Virginia|date=April 1, 2006|accessdate=June 17, 2021|archivedate=June 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202755/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/bolling/pdf/Woman%20Cooking.pdf}}</ref> == Ntụaka == anọkarị n'akụkụ osisi. A kọrọ na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịsa ọkụ nke gaara enye ya ahụmahụ dị ukwuu n'ịkpụ ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Ọkpụkpụ ya yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ na-atọ ụtọ ma baa uru, ma ọ na-ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye nche ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ onye{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Leslie Bolling at Wikimedia Commons * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074348/http://trane.uls.vcu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cook/id/264/rec/57 VCU Libraries ''Through the Lens of Time: Images of African Americans from the Cook Collection of Photographs'' – Leslie Bolling] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 72w3k1c7j1eabvgk09csev5n9gspe5q Ed Dwight 0 46900 671271 198347 2026-07-02T11:36:30Z ~2026-37827-26 64029 Fixed Reference error 671271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Edward Joseph Dwight Jr.''' (amuru ya na Septemba 9, 1933) bu onye amuru America, onye ode akwukwo, onye nlere ule mbu, na onye na-enyocha mbara igwe. Ọ bụ onye America mbụ sitere na mmemme ọzụzụ Air Force nke NASA si na ya họrọ ndị na-agụ kpakpando . Ahọpụtaghị ya n'esemokwu ka ọ sonyere NASA n'ọchịchị. O mechara nweta ụgbọ elu mbara igwe na Mee 19, 2024, karịa William Shatner dị ka onye kacha ochie gbagoro na mbara igwe. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Dwight na Septemba 9, 1933, na agbụrụ agbụrụ Kansas City, Kansas mpaghara, nye Georgia Baker Dwight (1909 – 2006) na Edward Joseph Dwight Sr. (1905 – 1975), onye gbara agba nke abụọ na etiti etiti maka. Ndị eze Kansas City na ndị otu egwuregwu Negro ndị ọzọ sitere na 1924 ruo 1937. <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="Family Papers">{{Cite web|author=Dwight|first=Georgia A.|title=Guide to the Dwight Family Collection — Dwight family papers, 1921-1993|url=http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead%2Fksrl.kc.dwightgeorgia.xml%3Broute%3Dksrlead%3Bbrand%3Dksrlead%3Bquery%3D|work=The University of Kansas Libraries|publisher=Kenneth Spencer Research Library|accessdate=December 21, 2019|archivedate=September 19, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919134001/http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead%2Fksrl.kc.dwightgeorgia.xml%3Broute%3Dksrlead%3Bbrand%3Dksrlead%3Bquery%3D}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Eddie Dwight|url=https://www.nlbemuseum.com/history/players/dwight.html|work=[[Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]]|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nlbemuseum.com/history/players/dwight.html "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Eddie Dwight"]. ''[[Negro Njikọ Baseball Museum|Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eddie Dwight Negro Leagues Statistics & History|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=dwight000edd|work=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, Dwight rụrụ ụgbọ elu ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu sitere na igbe oroma n'azụ ụlọ ya.Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bụ onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye na-ese ihe nwere nkà bụ onye nwere nkà n'ịrụ ọrụ ma nwee mmasị iji aka ya rụọ ọrụ. <ref name="history-makers"/> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ grade na Our Lady of Perpetual Help na Kansas City. Mgbe ọ na-ebuga akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọ hụrụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu Dayton Ragland, onye isi ojii si Kansas City, n'ihu ihu nke ''oku'' . N'ịbụ onye tolitere na nkewa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ "na-apụ n'anya" ozugbo, bụrụ onye mmụọ nsọ ịgbaso ụzọ ọrụ a mgbe ọ na-eche "Nke a dị nzuzu. Amaghị m na ha na-ekwe ka ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu ojii nweta ebe ọ bụla nso ụgbọ elu. ... Ebee ka o nwetara. zụrụ azụ kedu ka o siri banye n'agha? Na 1951, ọ ghọrọ nwoke mbụ onye America nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bishop Ward High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katọlik nkeonwe na Kansas City, Kansas. Ọ bụ onye otu National Honor Society wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta ịga Kansas City Art Institute . <ref name="Oryx Press">{{Cite book|title=Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science|author=Gubert|first=Betty Kaplan|date=2001|publisher=Oryx Press|isbn=1573562467|location=Westport, CT|pages=[https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00gube/page/113 113–117]|url=https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00gube/page/113}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddwight.com/about|title=About Ed Dwight|work=Official website|accessdate=2024-06-04|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220053631/https://www.eddwight.com/about}}</ref> Dwight debanyere aha na Kansas City Junior College wee gụchaa ya na Associate of Arts degree na injinia na 1953. === Ọrụ === ==== Ịnya ụgbọ elu ==== [[Usòrò:American-black-sculptor-and-former-test-pilot-Edward-Joseph-Ed-391768059582.jpg|thumb| Dwight yi uwe ndị agha ikuku]] Dwight debara aha na United States Air Force na 1953. <ref name="edstudios-bio">{{Cite web|title=Behind the Scenes|publisher=Ed Dwight Studios, Inc.|work=eddwight.com|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.eddwight.com/about/behind-scenes|archivedate=August 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809025235/http://www.eddwight.com/about/behind-scenes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''eddwight.com''. Ed Dwight Studios, Inc. Archived from on August 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ ụgbọ elu ya na cadet tupu ụgbọ elu na Lackland Air Force Base dị nso na San Antonio, Texas. Ọ gara njem na Malden Air Base na Malden, Missouri, ka ọ gụchaa ọzụzụ ụgbọ elu mbụ ya. Ọ nwetara ọrụ dịka onye isi nke abụọ nke Air Force na 1955 tupu e kenye ya na Williams Air Force Base, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Phoenix, Arizona . <ref name="Oryx Press"/> Mgbe ọ na-azụ ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ule, Dwight gara ọmụmụ abalị na Mahadum steeti Arizona . Na 1957, ọ gụsịrị ''akwụkwọ'' na nzere bachelọ sayensị na injinia ikuku . <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="Oryx Press"/> <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> Dwight mechara gụchaa nkuzi Air Force na nnwale nnwale na nyocha ikuku na Edwards Air Force Base na 1961 na 1962, n'otu n'otu. O nwetara ọkwa onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na ndị agha ikuku. ==== Ọzụzụ tupu ndị mbara igwe ==== Na 1961, Chuck Yeager nọ na-agba ọsọ Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), ihe omume US Air Force nke zigara ụfọdụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na NASA Astronaut Corps . Yeager kwuru na Curtis LeMay kpọrọ ya gwa ya, " Bobby Kennedy chọrọ agba na mbara igwe. Nweta otu n'ime usoro gị." <ref>Chuck Yeager, Yeager: An Autobiography (New York: Bantam, 1986), 269–270.</ref> A họrọ Dwight ịbanye ARPS obere oge ka akpọchara ekwentị ahụ. Dwight ekwuola na Whitney Young nke National Urban League tinyere echiche nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe ojii n'isi President Kennedy n'oge nzukọ ya na Kennedy, Young, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. na A. Philip Randolph. Agbanyeghị, n'okwu Dwight, nzukọ a mere na 1959, mgbe Whitney Young bụ onye nchịkwa kọleji amabeghị na Kennedy bụ onye omebe iwu si Massachusetts. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ nwata kwuru na nzukọ a emeghị. <ref>Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (May 1, 2015). "First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight". We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. pp. 89–104. ISBN 9780292772496.</ref> Ka o sina dị, nhọrọ Dwight n'ime mmemme Air Force a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, na Dwight pụtara na mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ dị ka ''Ebony'', ''Jet'', na ''Sepia'' . <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="We Could Not Fail">{{Cite book|title=We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program|author=Paul|first=Richard|date=May 1, 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292772496|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wecouldnotfailfi0000paul/page/89 89–104]|language=en|chapter=First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoSzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|url=https://archive.org/details/wecouldnotfailfi0000paul/page/89}}</ref> Dwight gara n'ihu na Phase II nke ARPS, <ref>Multiple sources: </ref> mana NASA ahọpụtaghị ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Air Force na 1966, na-ekwu, dị ka ''The Guardian'' si kwuo, na "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ amanyela ya pụọ na NASA wee banye n'òtù ndị ọrụ oge niile". <ref name="We Could Not Fail"/> <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Brune|first=AM|title=Ed Dwight shows 'the angst, all the emotions' of black heroes in sculpture|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/28/ed-dwight-honouring-americas-black-heroes-in-sculpture|accessdate=December 21, 2019|date=May 28, 2015|quote=Originally from Kansas City, he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953, where he served as a [[fighter pilot]] and was appointed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] to train as the country's first black astronaut. He left in 1966, he said, after racial politics forced him out of [[NASA]] and back into the regular officer corps.}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrune2015">Brune, AM (May 28, 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/28/ed-dwight-honouring-americas-black-heroes-in-sculpture "Ed Dwight shows 'the angst, all the emotions' of black heroes in sculpture"]. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Originally from Kansas City, he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953, where he served as a [[Onye na-anya ụgbọelu|fighter pilot]] and was appointed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] to train as the country's first black astronaut. He left in 1966, he said, after racial politics forced him out of [[NASA]] and back into the regular officer corps.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Walter J.|title=Ed Dwight Was Set to Be the First Black Astronaut. Here's Why That Never Happened.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened.html|accessdate=February 20, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> N'August 2020, e mere Dwight onye otu Space Force sọpụrụ na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Black astronaut candidate becomes honorary Space Force member|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/community/voices-of-change/ed-dwight-first-black-astronaut/73-ebebf9f3-d98f-4850-b392-1e3f1feedc39|accessdate=November 18, 2020|work=KUSA.com|date=August 15, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ịkpụ akpụ ==== Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Air Force, Dwight rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye injinia, na ezigbo ala na ụlọ, na maka IBM . <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> Ọ mepere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mmanya na Denver. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Denver sculptor was the first black man trained as an astronaut ahead of Apollo 11, but he never made it to space|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2019/07/05/ed-dwight-jr-first-black-man-trained-astronaut-apollo-11/|date=July 5, 2019|work=The Denver Post|language=en-US|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref> Dwight bụkwa onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma n'ịrụ ụlọ na mgbe ụfọdụ "eji igwe scrap arụ ihe". Mmasị nka Dwight nwere n'ịkpụ akpụ na mmasị n'ịmụ banyere akara ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii toro mgbe onye isi ojii mbụ nke Colorado, George L. Brown nyere ya iwu ka o mepụta ihe oyiyi maka ụlọ isi obodo steeti na 1974. <ref name="Guardian"/> Mgbe emechara, Dwight kwagara Denver wee nweta MFA na ihe ọkpụkpụ si Mahadum Denver na 1977. Ọ mụtara ka esi arụ ọrụ ihe nrịbama igwe nke Mahadum Denver na etiti 1970s. <ref name="history-makers">{{Cite web|title=Ed Dwight|work=[[The HistoryMakers]]|date=June 19, 2002|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/ed-dwight-39}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/ed-dwight-39 "Ed Dwight"]. ''[[Ndị na-eme History|The HistoryMakers]]''. June 19, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="ebony284" /> A matawo Dwight maka ojiji ohuru ya nke oghere na-adịghị mma n'ịkpụ ihe. <ref name="history-makers"/> Nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ ya gụnyere ndị isi ojii na ndị na-akwado ikike obodo, na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu nke ịgba ohu, nnwere onwe, na nrụzigharị. <ref name="Guardian"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ahụ na-egosi naanị ndị isi ojii, mana ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala na Battle Creek na-asọpụrụ Erastus na Sarah Hussey, bụ ndị na-eduzi ụgbọ okporo ígwè Underground . Ọrụ mbụ nke Dwight bụ ọrụ na 1974 iji mepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Colorado Lieutenant Gọvanọ George L. Brown . N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Colorado Centennial Commission nyere ya ọrụ ka ọ mepụta usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke akpọrọ "Black Frontier in the American West". <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> N'oge na-adịghị ka o mechara ihe ngosi "Black Frontier in the American West", Dwight kere ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi ọla kọpa iri asaa na St. Louis Arch Museum na arịrịọ nke National Park Service . Usoro a, "Jazz: An American Art Form", na-egosi mgbanwe nke jazz na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri jazz dị ka Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, na Charlie Parker . <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> A zụlitere Dwight ndị Katọlik, ma jee ozi dị ka nwa nwoke ebe ịchụàjà . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ludolph|first=Emily|title=Ed Dwight was set to be the first Black astronaut. Here's why that never happened.|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/news/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened/article_43930fa5-1e21-5f4d-8bd0-8a340df72e03.html|accessdate=January 19, 2021|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|date=July 19, 2019|language=en}}</ref> Na 1997, ọ bụ onye na-eduzi ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe oyiyi nke Madonna na Nwa maka nne anyị nke Africa Chapel, ihe owuwu a na-etinye na ndị Katọlik America-American na Basilica nke National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, bụ nnukwu ụka na North America. . Dwight bụ naanị onye omenkà ojii tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ. A kpọbatara ya na Phi Beta Sigma fraternity dị ka nwanna nwoke na-asọpụrụ na nnọkọ 2023 ha, nke emere na Houston, Texas. <ref>[https://www.nationalshrine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BNSIC-Architectural-Details-of-the-Basilica.pdf] (PDF) ''National Shrine: ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF THE BASILICA''. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</ref> == Ihe ọkpụkpụ == Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 2019, Dwight emepụtala ihe ọkpụkpụ ncheta 129 na ihe karịrị 18,000 gallery, nke gụnyere eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ndị a: <ref name="edstudios-public">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddwight.com/memorials|title=Memorials & Public Art|work=eddwight.com|publisher=Ed Dwight Studios, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221103144/https://www.eddwight.com/memorials|archivedate=December 21, 2019|accessdate=July 25, 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Picture !Location !Unveiled !Notes |- |African American History Monument | |South Carolina State House grounds – Columbia, South Carolina |{{dts|March 29, 2001}} |<ref name="history-makers"/><ref name="edstudios-public"/> |- |Alex Haley / Kunta Kinte Memorial | |The City Dock – Annapolis, Maryland |{{dts|December 1999}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial | |Constitution Gardens – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1991}} |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Captain Walter Dyett Statue | |Chicago, Illinois | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Concerto | |Folly Theater – [[Kansas City, Missouri]] | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Benjamin Mays | |Morehouse College Commons – Atlanta, Georgia | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | |Anne Arundel Community College – Annapolis, Maryland |{{dts|2006}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. | |Houston, Texas |{{dts|2007}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial | |City Park – Denver, [[Colorado]] |{{dts|2002}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. & Coretta Scott King | |Allentown, Pennsylvania |{{dts|2011}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Gateway to Freedom International Memorial to the Underground Railroad | |Philip A. Hart Plaza – Detroit, Michigan |{{dts|2001}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name="d1701">{{Cite web|title=Underground Railroad Statuary and Memorial|work=detroit1701.org|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.detroit1701.org/UndergroundRailroad.htm}}</ref> |- |George Washington Williams bust | |Ohio Statehouse – Columbus, Ohio | |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Hank Aaron | |Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium – Atlanta, Georgia |{{dts|1982}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name=":0"/> |- |Inauguration of History and Hope – Inaugural Sculpture Scene of President Barack Obama | |Touring exhibit |{{dts|2010}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Jack Trice Memorial | |Iowa State University – Ames, Iowa | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Jazz: An American Art Form | |St. Louis Arch Museum – St. Louis, [[Mizurị|Missouri]] | |<ref name="edstudios-bio"/> |- |John Hope Franklin Tower of Reconciliation | |Tulsa, Oklahoma | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mayor Harold Washington | |Harold Washington Cultural Center – Chicago, Illinois |{{dts|2004}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Memorial to Rosa Parks, Mother of the Civil Rights Movement | |Grand Rapids, Michigan |{{dts|2010}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mother of Africa Chapel | |Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1997}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mr. Frederick Douglass | |Frederick Douglass National Historic Site – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1980}} |Dwight's first commission<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Quincy Jones Sculpture Park | |Chicago, Illinois | |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Soldiers Memorial | |Lincoln University – Jefferson City, Missouri |{{dts|2007}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Texas African American History Memorial | |Texas State Capitol – Austin, Texas |November 19, 2016 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcg/tcg-monuments/index.html|title=SPB - Capitol Grounds Monuments|work=tspb.texas.gov}}</ref> Erected by the Texas African American History Memorial Foundation. |- |Tower of Freedom International Memorial to the Underground Railroad |[[Usòrò:Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor,_Ontario.JPG|110x110px]] |Civic Esplanade – Windsor, Ontario |{{dts|2001}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name="d1701" /> |- |Underground Railroad Memorial | |Kellogg Foundation headquarters – Battle Creek, Michigan |{{dts|1994}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |United House of Prayer for All People | |Lincoln Cemetery – Suitland, Maryland |{{dts|2008}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |William E. Smith, Director of Airports | |Denver, [[Colorado]] | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Denmark Vesey Monument | |Charleston, South Carolina |2014 |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Parker|first=Adam|date=February 14, 2014|title=Denmark Vesey monument unveiled before hundreds|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/denmark-vesey-monument-unveiled-before-hundreds/article_35622532-8a45-5060-a819-0e33a47c8a20.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035446/https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/denmark-vesey-monument-unveiled-before-hundreds/article_35622532-8a45-5060-a819-0e33a47c8a20.html|archivedate=November 1, 2020|accessdate=December 8, 2020|work=[[The Post and Courier]]|publisher=[[Evening Post Industries]]|language=en}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == * Tuskegee Airmen == Ntụaka == akpọchara ekwentị ahụ. Dwight ekwuola na [[Whitney Young]] nke [[National Urban League]] tinyere echiche nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe ojii n'isi President Kennedy n'oge nzukọ ya na Kennedy, Young, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. na A. Philip Randolph. Agbanyeghị, n'okwu Dwight, nzukọ a mere na 1959, mgbe Whitney Young bụ onye nchịkwa kọleji amabeghị na Kennedy bụ onye omebe iwu si Massachusetts. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ nwata kwuru na nzukọ a emeghị. <ref>Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (May 1, 2015). "First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight". We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. pp. 89–104. ISBN 9780292772496.</ref> Ka o sina dị, nhọrọ Dwight n'ime mmemme Air Force a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, na Dwight pụtara na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Ed Dwight}} * Official website * Ed Dwight at IMDb * Barbaro, Michael (host), [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/podcasts/the-daily/moon-black-astronaut-ed-dwight.html/ The Almost Moon Man], (July 21, 2019) ''The Daily''. The New York Times podcast featuring journalist Emily Ludolph speaking with Ed Dwight. * {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened.html|title=Ed Dwight Was Set to Be the First Black Astronaut. Here's Why That Never Happened.|first=Emily|author=Ludolph|date=July 16, 2019|work=The New York Times}} * DiMeo, Nate, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224347/http://thememorypalace.us/2015/08/the-ballad-of-captain-dwight/ The Ballad of Captain Dwight] Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (August 28, 2015) Episode 75 of ''The Memory Palace'', podcast centered on Dwight's astronaut training. Includes interview extracts. * I Was Poised to be the First Black Astronaut. I Never Made it to Space. on YouTube (December 19, 2019) part of The New York Times' ''Almost Famous'' Op-Doc series. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a2w3h3bnw791edn1m6ent0v70wflsn8 671277 671271 2026-07-02T11:39:08Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Edward Joseph Dwight Jr.''' (amuru ya na Septemba 9, 1933) bu onye amuru America, onye ode akwukwo, onye nlere ule mbu, na onye na-enyocha mbara igwe. Ọ bụ onye America mbụ sitere na mmemme ọzụzụ Air Force nke NASA si na ya họrọ ndị na-agụ kpakpando . Ahọpụtaghị ya n'esemokwu ka ọ sonyere NASA n'ọchịchị. O mechara nweta ụgbọ elu mbara igwe na Mee 19, 2024, karịa William Shatner dị ka onye kacha ochie gbagoro na mbara igwe. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Dwight na Septemba 9, 1933, na agbụrụ agbụrụ Kansas City, Kansas mpaghara, nye Georgia Baker Dwight (1909 – 2006) na Edward Joseph Dwight Sr. (1905 – 1975), onye gbara agba nke abụọ na etiti etiti maka. Ndị eze Kansas City na ndị otu egwuregwu Negro ndị ọzọ sitere na 1924 ruo 1937. <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="Family Papers">{{Cite web|author=Dwight|first=Georgia A.|title=Guide to the Dwight Family Collection — Dwight family papers, 1921-1993|url=http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead%2Fksrl.kc.dwightgeorgia.xml%3Broute%3Dksrlead%3Bbrand%3Dksrlead%3Bquery%3D|work=The University of Kansas Libraries|publisher=Kenneth Spencer Research Library|accessdate=December 21, 2019|archivedate=September 19, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919134001/http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead%2Fksrl.kc.dwightgeorgia.xml%3Broute%3Dksrlead%3Bbrand%3Dksrlead%3Bquery%3D}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Eddie Dwight|url=https://www.nlbemuseum.com/history/players/dwight.html|work=[[Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]]|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nlbemuseum.com/history/players/dwight.html "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Eddie Dwight"]. ''[[Negro Njikọ Baseball Museum|Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eddie Dwight Negro Leagues Statistics & History|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=dwight000edd|work=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, Dwight rụrụ ụgbọ elu ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu sitere na igbe oroma n'azụ ụlọ ya.Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bụ onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye na-ese ihe nwere nkà bụ onye nwere nkà n'ịrụ ọrụ ma nwee mmasị iji aka ya rụọ ọrụ. <ref name="history-makers"/> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ grade na Our Lady of Perpetual Help na Kansas City. Mgbe ọ na-ebuga akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọ hụrụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu Dayton Ragland, onye isi ojii si Kansas City, n'ihu ihu nke ''oku'' . N'ịbụ onye tolitere na nkewa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ "na-apụ n'anya" ozugbo, bụrụ onye mmụọ nsọ ịgbaso ụzọ ọrụ a mgbe ọ na-eche "Nke a dị nzuzu. Amaghị m na ha na-ekwe ka ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu ojii nweta ebe ọ bụla nso ụgbọ elu. ... Ebee ka o nwetara. zụrụ azụ kedu ka o siri banye n'agha? Na 1951, ọ ghọrọ nwoke mbụ onye America nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bishop Ward High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katọlik nkeonwe na Kansas City, Kansas. Ọ bụ onye otu National Honor Society wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta ịga Kansas City Art Institute . <ref name="Oryx Press">{{Cite book|title=Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science|author=Gubert|first=Betty Kaplan|date=2001|publisher=Oryx Press|isbn=1573562467|location=Westport, CT|pages=[https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00gube/page/113 113–117]|url=https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00gube/page/113}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddwight.com/about|title=About Ed Dwight|work=Official website|accessdate=2024-06-04|archivedate=2019-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220053631/https://www.eddwight.com/about}}</ref> Dwight debanyere aha na Kansas City Junior College wee gụchaa ya na Associate of Arts degree na injinia na 1953. === Ọrụ === ==== Ịnya ụgbọ elu ==== [[Usòrò:American-black-sculptor-and-former-test-pilot-Edward-Joseph-Ed-391768059582.jpg|thumb| Dwight yi uwe ndị agha ikuku]] Dwight debara aha na United States Air Force na 1953. <ref name="edstudios-bio">{{Cite web|title=Behind the Scenes|publisher=Ed Dwight Studios, Inc.|work=eddwight.com|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.eddwight.com/about/behind-scenes|archivedate=August 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809025235/http://www.eddwight.com/about/behind-scenes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''eddwight.com''. Ed Dwight Studios, Inc. Archived from on August 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ ụgbọ elu ya na cadet tupu ụgbọ elu na Lackland Air Force Base dị nso na San Antonio, Texas. Ọ gara njem na Malden Air Base na Malden, Missouri, ka ọ gụchaa ọzụzụ ụgbọ elu mbụ ya. Ọ nwetara ọrụ dịka onye isi nke abụọ nke Air Force na 1955 tupu e kenye ya na Williams Air Force Base, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Phoenix, Arizona . <ref name="Oryx Press"/> Mgbe ọ na-azụ ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu ule, Dwight gara ọmụmụ abalị na Mahadum steeti Arizona . Na 1957, ọ gụsịrị ''akwụkwọ'' na nzere bachelọ sayensị na injinia ikuku . <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="Oryx Press"/> <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> Dwight mechara gụchaa nkuzi Air Force na nnwale nnwale na nyocha ikuku na Edwards Air Force Base na 1961 na 1962, n'otu n'otu. O nwetara ọkwa onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na ndị agha ikuku. ==== Ọzụzụ tupu ndị mbara igwe ==== Na 1961, Chuck Yeager nọ na-agba ọsọ Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), ihe omume US Air Force nke zigara ụfọdụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na NASA Astronaut Corps . Yeager kwuru na Curtis LeMay kpọrọ ya gwa ya, " Bobby Kennedy chọrọ agba na mbara igwe. Nweta otu n'ime usoro gị." <ref>Chuck Yeager, Yeager: An Autobiography (New York: Bantam, 1986), 269–270.</ref> A họrọ Dwight ịbanye ARPS obere oge ka akpọchara ekwentị ahụ. Dwight ekwuola na Whitney Young nke National Urban League tinyere echiche nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe ojii n'isi President Kennedy n'oge nzukọ ya na Kennedy, Young, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. na A. Philip Randolph. Agbanyeghị, n'okwu Dwight, nzukọ a mere na 1959, mgbe Whitney Young bụ onye nchịkwa kọleji amabeghị na Kennedy bụ onye omebe iwu si Massachusetts. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ nwata kwuru na nzukọ a emeghị. <ref>Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (May 1, 2015). "First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight". We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. pp. 89–104. ISBN 9780292772496.</ref> Ka o sina dị, nhọrọ Dwight n'ime mmemme Air Force a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, na Dwight pụtara na mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ dị ka ''Ebony'', ''Jet'', na ''Sepia'' . <ref name="history-makers"/> <ref name="We Could Not Fail">{{Cite book|title=We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program|author=Paul|first=Richard|date=May 1, 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292772496|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wecouldnotfailfi0000paul/page/89 89–104]|language=en|chapter=First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoSzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|url=https://archive.org/details/wecouldnotfailfi0000paul/page/89}}</ref> Dwight gara n'ihu na Phase II nke ARPS, <ref>Multiple sources: </ref> mana NASA ahọpụtaghị ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Air Force na 1966, na-ekwu, dị ka ''The Guardian'' si kwuo, na "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ amanyela ya pụọ na NASA wee banye n'òtù ndị ọrụ oge niile". <ref name="We Could Not Fail"/> <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Brune|first=AM|title=Ed Dwight shows 'the angst, all the emotions' of black heroes in sculpture|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/28/ed-dwight-honouring-americas-black-heroes-in-sculpture|accessdate=December 21, 2019|date=May 28, 2015|quote=Originally from Kansas City, he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953, where he served as a [[fighter pilot]] and was appointed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] to train as the country's first black astronaut. He left in 1966, he said, after racial politics forced him out of [[NASA]] and back into the regular officer corps.}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrune2015">Brune, AM (May 28, 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/28/ed-dwight-honouring-americas-black-heroes-in-sculpture "Ed Dwight shows 'the angst, all the emotions' of black heroes in sculpture"]. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Originally from Kansas City, he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953, where he served as a [[Onye na-anya ụgbọelu|fighter pilot]] and was appointed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] to train as the country's first black astronaut. He left in 1966, he said, after racial politics forced him out of [[NASA]] and back into the regular officer corps.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Walter J.|title=Ed Dwight Was Set to Be the First Black Astronaut. Here's Why That Never Happened.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened.html|accessdate=February 20, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> N'August 2020, e mere Dwight onye otu Space Force sọpụrụ na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Black astronaut candidate becomes honorary Space Force member|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/community/voices-of-change/ed-dwight-first-black-astronaut/73-ebebf9f3-d98f-4850-b392-1e3f1feedc39|accessdate=November 18, 2020|work=KUSA.com|date=August 15, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ịkpụ akpụ ==== Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Air Force, Dwight rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye injinia, na ezigbo ala na ụlọ, na maka IBM . <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> Ọ mepere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mmanya na Denver. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Denver sculptor was the first black man trained as an astronaut ahead of Apollo 11, but he never made it to space|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2019/07/05/ed-dwight-jr-first-black-man-trained-astronaut-apollo-11/|date=July 5, 2019|work=The Denver Post|language=en-US|accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref> Dwight bụkwa onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma n'ịrụ ụlọ na mgbe ụfọdụ "eji igwe scrap arụ ihe". Mmasị nka Dwight nwere n'ịkpụ akpụ na mmasị n'ịmụ banyere akara ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii toro mgbe onye isi ojii mbụ nke Colorado, George L. Brown nyere ya iwu ka o mepụta ihe oyiyi maka ụlọ isi obodo steeti na 1974. <ref name="Guardian"/> Mgbe emechara, Dwight kwagara Denver wee nweta MFA na ihe ọkpụkpụ si Mahadum Denver na 1977. Ọ mụtara ka esi arụ ọrụ ihe nrịbama igwe nke Mahadum Denver na etiti 1970s. <ref name="history-makers">{{Cite web|title=Ed Dwight|work=[[The HistoryMakers]]|date=June 19, 2002|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/ed-dwight-39}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/ed-dwight-39 "Ed Dwight"]. ''[[Ndị na-eme History|The HistoryMakers]]''. June 19, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> A matawo Dwight maka ojiji ohuru ya nke oghere na-adịghị mma n'ịkpụ ihe. <ref name="history-makers"/> Nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ ya gụnyere ndị isi ojii na ndị na-akwado ikike obodo, na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu nke ịgba ohu, nnwere onwe, na nrụzigharị. <ref name="Guardian"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ahụ na-egosi naanị ndị isi ojii, mana ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala na Battle Creek na-asọpụrụ Erastus na Sarah Hussey, bụ ndị na-eduzi ụgbọ okporo ígwè Underground . Ọrụ mbụ nke Dwight bụ ọrụ na 1974 iji mepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Colorado Lieutenant Gọvanọ George L. Brown . N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Colorado Centennial Commission nyere ya ọrụ ka ọ mepụta usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke akpọrọ "Black Frontier in the American West". <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> N'oge na-adịghị ka o mechara ihe ngosi "Black Frontier in the American West", Dwight kere ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi ọla kọpa iri asaa na St. Louis Arch Museum na arịrịọ nke National Park Service . Usoro a, "Jazz: An American Art Form", na-egosi mgbanwe nke jazz na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri jazz dị ka Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, na Charlie Parker . <ref name="edstudios-bio"/> A zụlitere Dwight ndị Katọlik, ma jee ozi dị ka nwa nwoke ebe ịchụàjà . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ludolph|first=Emily|title=Ed Dwight was set to be the first Black astronaut. Here's why that never happened.|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/news/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened/article_43930fa5-1e21-5f4d-8bd0-8a340df72e03.html|accessdate=January 19, 2021|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|date=July 19, 2019|language=en}}</ref> Na 1997, ọ bụ onye na-eduzi ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe oyiyi nke Madonna na Nwa maka nne anyị nke Africa Chapel, ihe owuwu a na-etinye na ndị Katọlik America-American na Basilica nke National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, bụ nnukwu ụka na North America. . Dwight bụ naanị onye omenkà ojii tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ. A kpọbatara ya na Phi Beta Sigma fraternity dị ka nwanna nwoke na-asọpụrụ na nnọkọ 2023 ha, nke emere na Houston, Texas. <ref>[https://www.nationalshrine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BNSIC-Architectural-Details-of-the-Basilica.pdf] (PDF) ''National Shrine: ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF THE BASILICA''. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</ref> == Ihe ọkpụkpụ == Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 2019, Dwight emepụtala ihe ọkpụkpụ ncheta 129 na ihe karịrị 18,000 gallery, nke gụnyere eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ndị a: <ref name="edstudios-public">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddwight.com/memorials|title=Memorials & Public Art|work=eddwight.com|publisher=Ed Dwight Studios, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221103144/https://www.eddwight.com/memorials|archivedate=December 21, 2019|accessdate=July 25, 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Picture !Location !Unveiled !Notes |- |African American History Monument | |South Carolina State House grounds – Columbia, South Carolina |{{dts|March 29, 2001}} |<ref name="history-makers"/><ref name="edstudios-public"/> |- |Alex Haley / Kunta Kinte Memorial | |The City Dock – Annapolis, Maryland |{{dts|December 1999}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial | |Constitution Gardens – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1991}} |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Captain Walter Dyett Statue | |Chicago, Illinois | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Concerto | |Folly Theater – [[Kansas City, Missouri]] | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Benjamin Mays | |Morehouse College Commons – Atlanta, Georgia | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | |Anne Arundel Community College – Annapolis, Maryland |{{dts|2006}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. | |Houston, Texas |{{dts|2007}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial | |City Park – Denver, [[Colorado]] |{{dts|2002}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. & Coretta Scott King | |Allentown, Pennsylvania |{{dts|2011}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Gateway to Freedom International Memorial to the Underground Railroad | |Philip A. Hart Plaza – Detroit, Michigan |{{dts|2001}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name="d1701">{{Cite web|title=Underground Railroad Statuary and Memorial|work=detroit1701.org|accessdate=July 25, 2015|url=http://www.detroit1701.org/UndergroundRailroad.htm}}</ref> |- |George Washington Williams bust | |Ohio Statehouse – Columbus, Ohio | |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Hank Aaron | |Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium – Atlanta, Georgia |{{dts|1982}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name=":0"/> |- |Inauguration of History and Hope – Inaugural Sculpture Scene of President Barack Obama | |Touring exhibit |{{dts|2010}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Jack Trice Memorial | |Iowa State University – Ames, Iowa | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Jazz: An American Art Form | |St. Louis Arch Museum – St. Louis, [[Mizurị|Missouri]] | |<ref name="edstudios-bio"/> |- |John Hope Franklin Tower of Reconciliation | |Tulsa, Oklahoma | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mayor Harold Washington | |Harold Washington Cultural Center – Chicago, Illinois |{{dts|2004}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Memorial to Rosa Parks, Mother of the Civil Rights Movement | |Grand Rapids, Michigan |{{dts|2010}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mother of Africa Chapel | |Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1997}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Mr. Frederick Douglass | |Frederick Douglass National Historic Site – Washington, D.C. |{{dts|1980}} |Dwight's first commission<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Quincy Jones Sculpture Park | |Chicago, Illinois | |<ref name="history-makers" /> |- |Soldiers Memorial | |Lincoln University – Jefferson City, Missouri |{{dts|2007}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Texas African American History Memorial | |Texas State Capitol – Austin, Texas |November 19, 2016 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcg/tcg-monuments/index.html|title=SPB - Capitol Grounds Monuments|work=tspb.texas.gov}}</ref> Erected by the Texas African American History Memorial Foundation. |- |Tower of Freedom International Memorial to the Underground Railroad |[[Usòrò:Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor,_Ontario.JPG|110x110px]] |Civic Esplanade – Windsor, Ontario |{{dts|2001}} |<ref name="history-makers" /><ref name="edstudios-public" /><ref name="d1701" /> |- |Underground Railroad Memorial | |Kellogg Foundation headquarters – Battle Creek, Michigan |{{dts|1994}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |United House of Prayer for All People | |Lincoln Cemetery – Suitland, Maryland |{{dts|2008}} |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |William E. Smith, Director of Airports | |Denver, [[Colorado]] | |<ref name="edstudios-public" /> |- |Denmark Vesey Monument | |Charleston, South Carolina |2014 |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Parker|first=Adam|date=February 14, 2014|title=Denmark Vesey monument unveiled before hundreds|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/denmark-vesey-monument-unveiled-before-hundreds/article_35622532-8a45-5060-a819-0e33a47c8a20.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035446/https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/denmark-vesey-monument-unveiled-before-hundreds/article_35622532-8a45-5060-a819-0e33a47c8a20.html|archivedate=November 1, 2020|accessdate=December 8, 2020|work=[[The Post and Courier]]|publisher=[[Evening Post Industries]]|language=en}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == * Tuskegee Airmen == Ntụaka == akpọchara ekwentị ahụ. Dwight ekwuola na [[Whitney Young]] nke [[National Urban League]] tinyere echiche nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe ojii n'isi President Kennedy n'oge nzukọ ya na Kennedy, Young, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. na A. Philip Randolph. Agbanyeghị, n'okwu Dwight, nzukọ a mere na 1959, mgbe Whitney Young bụ onye nchịkwa kọleji amabeghị na Kennedy bụ onye omebe iwu si Massachusetts. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ nwata kwuru na nzukọ a emeghị. <ref>Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (May 1, 2015). "First of Race in Space: Ed Dwight". We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. pp. 89–104. ISBN 9780292772496.</ref> Ka o sina dị, nhọrọ Dwight n'ime mmemme Air Force a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, na Dwight pụtara na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Ed Dwight}} * Official website * Ed Dwight at IMDb * Barbaro, Michael (host), [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/podcasts/the-daily/moon-black-astronaut-ed-dwight.html/ The Almost Moon Man], (July 21, 2019) ''The Daily''. The New York Times podcast featuring journalist Emily Ludolph speaking with Ed Dwight. * {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/us/ed-dwight-was-set-to-be-the-first-black-astronaut-heres-why-that-never-happened.html|title=Ed Dwight Was Set to Be the First Black Astronaut. Here's Why That Never Happened.|first=Emily|author=Ludolph|date=July 16, 2019|work=The New York Times}} * DiMeo, Nate, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224347/http://thememorypalace.us/2015/08/the-ballad-of-captain-dwight/ The Ballad of Captain Dwight] Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (August 28, 2015) Episode 75 of ''The Memory Palace'', podcast centered on Dwight's astronaut training. Includes interview extracts. * I Was Poised to be the First Black Astronaut. I Never Made it to Space. on YouTube (December 19, 2019) part of The New York Times' ''Almost Famous'' Op-Doc series. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rwg4999wvqe9k7r15s9hutxe47nr41z Mel Edwards 0 46959 671012 638258 2026-07-02T07:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Melvin “Mel” Edwards''' (amụrụ Mee 4, 1937) <ref name="encyclopedia.com">Lisa S. Weitzman, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/melvin-edwards#A "Edwards, Melvin 1937–"], [[encyclopedia.com]].</ref> bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye na -akpụ ọla nchara . Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ịse na mbipụta . Ihe osise ya nwere ọdịnaya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwukarị akụkọ ihe mere eme [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|nke Africa-American]], yana nyocha nke isiokwu n'ime ịgba ohu. <ref name="Lewis" /> <ref name=":10"/> A na-ahụ anya ọrụ ya bụ iji ụdị triangular nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ na nke rectilinear na ọla. Ọ bi n'etiti Upstate New York na na Plainfield, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sculptor Mel Edward's 50 Years of Work on View at Zimmerli|url=https://princetoninfo.com/sculptor-mel-edwards-50-years-of-work-on-view-at-zimmerli/|author=Kauffman|first=Aubrey J.|date=2015-09-30|work=U.S. 1 Newspaper, Princeton Info|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020|archivedate=2020-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184345/https://princetoninfo.com/sculptor-mel-edwards-50-years-of-work-on-view-at-zimmerli/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKauffman2015">Kauffman, Aubrey J. (September 30, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184345/https://princetoninfo.com/sculptor-mel-edwards-50-years-of-work-on-view-at-zimmerli/ "Sculptor Mel Edward's 50 Years of Work on View at Zimmerli"]. ''U.S. 1 Newspaper, Princeton Info''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O nweela ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ihe karịrị iri na abuo otu onye ma nọrọkwa na ihe ngosi otu iri na abuo. Edwards enweela ihe ngosi solo na Whitney Museum of American Art na New York City, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), na New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Melvin Eugene Edwards, Jr., mụrụ na Mee 4, 1937, na Houston, Texas, nye Thelmarie Edwards na Melvin Edwards Sr, <ref name="encyclopedia.com"/> ma bụrụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ anọ nne na nna ya mụrụ. <ref name=":10"/> Nna ya rụrụ ọrụ maka Houston Lighting &amp;amp; Power na ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm na nwata. <ref name=":0"/> A zụlitere ya na Dayton, Ohio, afọ ise, mana mgbe ọ dị n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ, ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri na Houston, <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":10" /> ebe Edwards tolitere n'oge nkewa agbụrụ . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị EO Smith Junior na Phillis Wheatley High School . <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Kino|first=Carol|date=2012-10-17|title=Rediscovering Someone Recognized|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/arts/design/the-sculptor-melvin-edwards-prepares-for-now-dig-this.html|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":10" /> Ọ bụ onye okike site na nwata ma ndị mụrụ ya gbara ya ume na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. <ref name=":10" /> Onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị webatara Edwards ka ọ bụrụ nka . <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edwards malitere ịga klas nka na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston . <ref name=":10" /> N'afọ 1955, ọ kwagara n'ebe ndịda California ịga mụọ akwụkwọ na kọleji Los Angeles City . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/melvin-edwards|work=Hammer Museum, UCLA|language=en|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Edwards bufere ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ọ mụọ nka na ịgba bọọlụ na Mahadum Southern California (USC), ebe ọ nwetara nzere BFA na 1965. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWdFCQAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|isbn=9780313080609|pages=77–80}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJegede2009">Jegede, Dele (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dWdFCQAAQBAJ ''Encyclopedia of African American Artists'']. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;77–80. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313080609|<bdi>9780313080609</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name=":3" /> Mgbe ọ na-aga USC, Edwards weere usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'echiche nke Europe, nke kpasuru ya iwe ma kpalie ya ịmụtakwu banyere akụkọ ntolite Africa. Nke a kpaliri njem ọ gara Africa ka afọ ise gachara. <ref name=":10" /> Ọ gara Los Angeles County Art Institute (nke a maara dị ka Otis College of Art and Design ) n'oge ezumike site na USC iji soro Renzo Fenci mụọ ihe ọkpụkpụ. <ref name=":3"/> Na mgbakwunye, Edwards bụ onye onye Hungarian-American onye na-ese ihe bụ Francis de Erdely, ma mụọ n'okpuru Hal Gebhardt, Hans Burkhardt, na Edward Ewing. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards Exhibition|url=https://slash-paris.com/en/evenements/melvin-edwards|date=2014|work=Slash Paris|language=en|accessdate=August 2, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=":4"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Man of Steel: The Welded Transfigurations of Melvin Edwards|first=Tim|author=Keane|url=https://hyperallergic.com/163313/man-of-steel-the-welded-transfigurations-of-melvin-edwards/|date=November 22, 2014|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> == Nkuzi == Na 1965, ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Chouinard Art Institute (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka California Institute of Arts ) ruo 1967. <ref name=":3"/> Ọ kwagara New York City na 1967. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards: Crossroads|url=https://ogdenmuseum.org/exhibition/melvinedwardscrossroads/|work=Ogden Museum of Southern Art|language=en-US|accessdate=May 7, 2020|quote=In 1965 the Santa Barbara Museum of Art organized Edwards' first solo exhibition, which launched his professional career.}}</ref> Ọzọkwa ọ kuziri na Orange County Community College na New York (1967–1969), na Mahadum Connecticut (1970–1972). <ref name="encyclopedia.com"/> <ref name="AlexanderGray">[[Joan Marter|Marter, Joan]] (May 31, 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240605035550/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/Press/594a5ddf5a4091cd008b9604 "Melvin Edwards: Liberation and Remembrance"], ''[[Sculpture (magazine)|Sculpture]]'', 35.4, via AlexanderGray.com.</ref> Na 1972, ọ malitere ịkụzi klaasị nka na Mahadum Livingston nke Mahadum Rutgers (nke bụ akụkụ nke Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences ugbu a). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards · Experimental Printmaking Institute|url=https://epi.lafayette.edu/2017/04/03/melvin-edwards/|date=April 3, 2017|work=[[Lafayette College]]|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> Site na 1980, ọ bụ onye prọfesọ zuru oke na nkuzi na Mason Gross School of Creative and Performing Arts na Mahadum Rutgers . <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2002, ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi. == Ọrụ nka == Emere ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke otu onye na 1965 na Santa Barbara Museum of Art na Santa Barbara, California. <ref name=":6"/> Edwards zoro aka na egwu jazz dị ka mmetụta na ọrụ ya. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Widener|first=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVV9h3Uz2vQC|title=Black Arts West: Culture and Struggle in Postwar Los Angeles|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780822392620|pages=173–174}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWidener2010">Widener, Daniel (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVV9h3Uz2vQC ''Black Arts West: Culture and Struggle in Postwar Los Angeles'']. Duke University Press. pp.&nbsp;173–174. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780822392620|<bdi>9780822392620</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1969, Edwards zutere onye na-ese ihe [[Frank Bowling|bụ Frank Bowling]], onye na-ese ihe na-ekerịta mmasị ya n'ịme nka nke bụ isi ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọnọdụ nke ga-abụ nke a na-asọ mpi dị ka ndị otu omenala na nka nke ojii na-akpọ oku ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka saịtị nke ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. . Bowling rụrụ ọrụ zoro aka na Edwards, akpọrọ ''Mel Edwards Decides (1968)'' . <ref name="Keefe">{{Cite journal|author=Keefe|first=Alexander|title=Frank Bowling|url=https://www.artforum.com/events/frank-bowling-215388/|journal=ArtForum|date=January 2016|volume=54|issue=5|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref> Na 1970, Edwards mere njem nke mbụ ya na Africa, na-eleta mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa nke Nigeria, Togo, Benin, na Ghana. <ref name=":10"/> Njem a metụtara ọrụ ya, na nleta ndị ọzọ na Africa sochiri ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. <ref name=":10" /> N'ime 1970s, ọ sonyere na oghere nka obodo akpọrọ Communications Village, nke onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Benjamin Leroy Wigfall na-arụ na Kingston, NY . Andrews mere mbipụta site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-enyere ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ bụ ndị Wigfall kụziiri ka e si ebi akwụkwọ, na Edwards gosipụtara ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fendrich|first=Laurie|date=2022-10-20|title=When an artist becomes a community: The life and work of Benjamin Wigfall|url=https://twocoatsofpaint.com/2022/10/when-an-artist-becomes-a-community-the-life-and-work-of-benjamin-wigfall.html|accessdate=2023-05-17|work=Two Coats of Paint}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ụlọ anwụrụ ọkụ (1968-1970) === Smokehouse (nke a makwaara dị ka Smokehouse Associates, Smokehouse Collective, Smokehouse Painters) bụ atụmatụ "mgbidi eserese" nke obodo New York, nke Melvin Edwards na [[William T. Williams]] kere n'akụkụ ya, sitere na 1968 ruo 1970. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Smokehouse, 1968-1970|url=https://studiomuseum.org/article/smokehouse-1968-1970|date=2017-09-12|work=The Studio Museum in Harlem|language=en|accessdate=May 6, 2020|archivedate=2021-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013110719/https://studiomuseum.org/article/smokehouse-1968-1970}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=MELVIN EDWARDS with Choghakate Kazarian|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2019/11/art/MELVIN-EDWARDS-with-Choghakate-Kazarian|author=Kazarian|first=Choghakate|date=November 6, 2019|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> The oru ngo dị ka a na-elekọta mmadụ nnwale na-ajụ ajụjụ a: "nwere ike abstraction dozie mmadụ ikpe ziri ezi?" <ref name=":3"/> Ihe osise mgbidi ahụ nwere eserese ndị siri ike na ụkpụrụ geometric, <ref name=":3" /> na-eme n'etiti 120th Street na 125th Street nke Harlem . A mụrụ oru a site n'ịtụgharị uche n'otú ọdịnala narị afọ nke 19 nke ikpokọta ụlọ si metụta psyche mmadụ na Edwards kwenyere na a ga-enwe mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ebe obibi na ndụ ndị mmadụ. O kwuru nke a na N'ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Soul of a National Symposium'' na 2018, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ị gbanwee ebe, ị nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ ndị mmadụ." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Artist Conversation: Melvin Edwards and William T. Williams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kJc-tR7XHw|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605035551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kJc-tR7XHw&feature=youtu.be|archivedate=June 5, 2024|date=March 12, 2018|work=Youtube|accessdate=June 5, 2024}}</ref> Edwards chọrọ ka ọha na eze sonye n'ụzọ obodo na-emepe emepe. N'ime ọrụ ọ bụla, Smokehouse ga-ewe onye agadi nọ n'ime obodo yana onye na-eto eto. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ngosi == Edwards esonyela n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na United States na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi solo ya gụnyere ''Melvin Edwards'' (1965), Santa Barbara Museum of Art, [[California]] ; ''Melvin Edwards: Ọkpụkpụ'' (1978), Studio Museum na Harlem, [[New York City|New York]] ; ''Ihe oyiyi nke Melvin Edwards'', Ụlọ ihe nkiri, [[New York City|New York]] ; ''Mel Edwards: Lynch Fragment Series'' (1985), Robeson Gallery, Mahadum Rutgers, New Brunswick, New Jersey ; na ''Melvin Edwards'' (2022), Dia Beacon, Beacon, New York . <ref name="Alexander Gray CV">{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards CV|url=https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e|work=Alexander Gray|accessdate=June 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011752/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e|archivedate=June 30, 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e "Melvin Edwards CV"]. ''Alexander Gray''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011752/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e Archived] from the original on June 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Emere afọ 30 na-atụgharị ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na 1993 na Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, New York, na afọ 50 nke aha ya bụ ''Melvin Edwards: A na-eme afọ iri ise'' na 2015 na Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas . <ref>Jerome Weeks, [http://artandseek.net/2015/01/31/melvin-edwards-at-the-nasher-nice-guy-with-some-wicked-steel/ "Melvin Edwards At The Nasher: Man of Steel"], ''Art & Seek'', January 31, 2015.</ref> <ref>Lance Esplund, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-of-melvin-edwards-five-decades-at-the-nasher-sculpture-center-1427839226 "Review of 'Melvin Edwards: Five Decades' at the Nasher Sculpture Center"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', March 31, 2015.</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Otfinoski|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC|title=African Americans in the Visual Arts|publisher=Facts on File, Inc|year=2014|isbn=9781438107776|series=A to Z of African Americans, Facts on File library of American history|location=New York City, NY|pages=74}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOtfinoski2014">Otfinoski, Steven (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC ''African Americans in the Visual Arts'']. A to Z of African Americans, Facts on File library of American history. New York City, NY: Facts on File, Inc. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781438107776|<bdi>9781438107776</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>Lucinda H. Gedeon; Melvin Edwards; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28161746 ''Melvin Edwards sculpture : a thirty-year retrospective, 1963–1993''], Neuberger Museum of Art, State University of New York at Purchase; Seattle: distributed by the University of Washington Press, 1993. World Cat.</ref> ''Melvin Edwards: Crossroads'', ihe ngosi nke ihe osise 23 na nrụnye, na-enyocha njikọ ọdịnala na ọrụ onye na-ese ihe, gosipụtara na Baltimore Museum of Art site na Septemba 29, 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 12, 2020. <ref>Edwards, Mel (January 9, 2020), [https://sculpturemagazine.art/object-lessons-melvin-edwards/ "Object Lessons: Melvin Edwards"], ''Sculpture''.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240725170115/https://artbma.org/about/press/release/bma-presents-melvin-edwards-crossroads "BMA Presents Melvin Edwards: Crossroads"], Baltimore Museum of Art, 15 August 2019.</ref> Ọ sonyela na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere 56th Venice Biennale (2015), Havana Biennial (2019), na ''Afro-Atlantic Histories'' (2018, 2021 – 2022). <ref name="Alexander Gray CV"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Edwards lụrụ na 1960 na Karen Hamre; ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ ọnụ. <ref name=":10"/> Na 1969, di na nwunye ahụ kewara; Hamre na ụmụaka ahụ nọrọ na Los Angeles ebe Edwards akwagalarị [[New York City]] . <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=William T. Williams by Mona Hadler|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/william-t-williams-by-mona-hadler/|author=Hadler|first=Mona|date=February 19, 2018|work=BOMB Magazine|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHadler2018">Hadler, Mona (February 19, 2018). [https://bombmagazine.org/articles/william-t-williams-by-mona-hadler/ "William T. Williams by Mona Hadler"]. ''BOMB Magazine''. The Oral History Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1976, Edwards lụrụ onye na-ede uri [[Jayne Cortez]] . <ref>''Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers'', vol. 1, p. 121.</ref> Cortez na Edwards rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ: o gosipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya ''Pissstained Stairs and the Monkey Man's Wares'' (1969), o wee dee usoro uri iji soro ọrụ di ya ''Lynch Fragments'' . <ref name=":5"/> <ref name=":8"/> Ụlọ ihe nkiri nka ya dị na mgbago ugwu New York na na Plainfield, New Jersey, ọ na-agakarịkwa na Dakar, [[Senegal]] . <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 1975 - enyere onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship . * 1984 - onyinye sitere na National Endowment for Arts (NEA). <ref name=":12"/> * 1988 - Mmekọrịta Fulbright na [[Zimbabwe]] site na 1988-1989. <ref name=":12" /> * 1992 - ahọpụtara na National Academy of Design dị ka onye mmekọ, wee bụrụ onye mmụta zuru oke na 1994. * 2000 – Mmemme obibi ndị nka nka ụlọ nyocha, Dieu Donné, Brooklyn, New York <ref>{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards|url=https://www.dieudonne.org/mel-edwards-2015|work=Dieu Donné|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> * Ọ nwetara nzere Doctorate nke Fine Arts site na Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt) na 2014. * Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri 2016 akwụkwọ akụkọ Lydie Diakhaté, nke isiokwu ya bụ ''Ụfọdụ Bright Morning: The Art of Melvin Edwards'' . <ref>[https://www.africanfilmny.org/2016/some-bright-morning-the-art-of-melvin-edwards/ "Some Bright Morning: The Art Of Melvin Edwards"] at [[African Film Festival]], New York, 2016.</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Africa-American == Ntụaka == oge [[Ihe ngosi|Symbolist]] . <ref name="Miller">{{Cite book|first=Theresa A.|author=Leininger-Miller|title=New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922–1934|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813528113|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}}</ref> N'oge dị iche iche, ọ bụ onye na-ese akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ bụ onye kere ihe osise - nke ọ gụrụ n'okpuru [[Charles Grafly]] na [[Pennsylvania Academy nke Fine Arts|Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] . Ọ bụ ezie na o kwuru na ya apụghị ọkachamara na ụdị African-American, Fuller ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị irè na-ede akụkọ banyere nwa ojii na Unitedoge [[Ihe ngosi|Symbolist]] . <ref name="Miller2">{{Cite book|first=Theresa A.|author=Leininger-Miller|title=New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922–1934|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813528113|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}}</ref> N'oge dị iche iche, ọ bụ onye na-ese akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ bụ onye kere ihe osise - nke ọ gụrụ n'okpuru [[Charles Grafly]] na [[Pennsylvania Academy nke Fine Arts|Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] . Ọ bụ ezie na o kwuru na ya apụghị ọkachamara na ụdị African-American, Fuller ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị irè na-ede akụkọ banyere nwa ojii na United{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215111136/http://www.meledwards08.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Melvin Edwards.] * Carol Kino, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/arts/design/the-sculptor-melvin-edwards-prepares-for-now-dig-this.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "Ịchọpụtaghachi Onye Aghọtara"], ''New York Times'', Ọktoba 17, 2012. * Michael Brenson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160222230718/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2000025/melvin-edwards "Melvin Edwards"], ''akwụkwọ akụkọ BOMB'' – Ndị nka na mkparịta ụka, Nọvemba 24, 2014. * Catherine Craft, [http://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/art/artists/melvin-edwards-interview "Mkparịta ụka ya na Melvin Edwards"], Nasher Sculpture Center. * [http://manpodcast.com/portfolio/no-170-melvin-edwards-gohar-dashti/ "NO. 170: Melvin Edwards, Gohar Dashti"], Pọdkastị ndetu nka nke oge a. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] isj44oiuqdcbg02ye5irxoanqt7mxgj McKissack & McKissack 0 47235 671242 174506 2026-07-02T11:17:58Z Johnnybam 24488 671242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''McKissack & McKissack''' bụ ihe ndị America na-emepụta ihe, njikwa mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ dabere na [[New York City|New York]] . Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu na ihe owuwu nke Black kacha ochie na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2019|title=Inside the nation's oldest African-American-owned, female-run construction management firm|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mckissack-construction-inside-the-nations-oldest-african-american-owned-female-run-construction-management-firm/|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=CBS News|language=en}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905 na Nashville, Tennessee site n'aka Moses McKissack, nwa nwa nke onye ohu nke si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa bịa United States ma tinye ọrụ n'ịkpụ brik. Moses nke Atọ ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma mesịa soro nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin McKissack jikọọ aka ịchọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> <ref name="MMBTR"/> <ref name="ATTcalendar">{{Cite web|url=http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|title=McKissack & McKissack|work=AT&T Tennessee African-American History Calendar|publisher=[[AT&T]]|date=July 2013|accessdate=January 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043938/http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|archivedate=January 5, 2014}}</ref> N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 118 ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emechaala ihe karịrị 6,000 atụmatụ ọha na nke ọha na-akwado, imewe na ọrụ owuwu. <ref name="Official Website">{{Cite web|url=https://mckissack.com/|title=WELCOME.|accessdate=15 August 2023|work=mckissack.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnmuseum.org/calendar-of-events/event/2873102|title=The Legacy of Black Entrepreneurship in Tennessee: McKissack & McKissack with Cheryl McKissack Daniel|work=[[Tennessee State Museum]]|accessdate=15 August 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Moses McKissack III hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905, onye nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin Lunsford McKissack sonye (February 23, 1890 - Maachị 2, 1968) iji guzobe mmekorita McKissack & McKissack. n'afọ 1922. <ref name="Flynn21">{{Cite web|author=Flynn|first=Katherine|title=Pioneering Architects: The McKissack Family - AIA|work=The American Institute of Architects|accessdate=2023-05-01|date=2021-08-11|url=https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family|archivedate=2023-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515201937/https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family}}</ref> Ụmụnna ahụ bụ ndị Pulaski, Tennessee . <ref name="Flynn21" /> Nna ha (Moses McKissack II) na nna nna (Moses McKissack) bụ ndị a zụrụ azụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Wynn" /> <ref name="Flynn21" /> E rere Moses McKissack ka ọ bụrụ ohu mgbe e jidere ya na West Africa wee resị ya onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta America aha ya bụ William McKissack nke North Carolina. <ref name="Arntz21">{{Cite web|author=Arntz|first=Sarah|title=Building Nashville: A History of the McKissack & McKissack Architecture Firm|work=Nashville Public Library|accessdate=2023-05-02|date=2021-04-01|url=https://library.nashville.org/blog/2021/03/building-nashville-history-mckissack-mckissack-architecture-firm}}</ref> A zụrụ Mozis ịrụ brik maka ihe owuwu ma ghọọ ọkà n'ịkpụ ihe . <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe e mesịrị nye Mozis nnwere onwe, ọ malitere ire brik ya. <ref name="Arntz21" /> <ref name="Lauria22">{{Cite news|author=Lauria-Blum|first=Julia|title=The Keeper of a Storied Legacy|work=Metropolitan Airport News|accessdate=2023-05-09|date=2022-03-08|url=https://metroairportnews.com/keeper-of-a-storied-legacy/}}</ref> Moses McKissack II ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma wuo gingerbread na Maxwell House Hotel . <ref name="Family18">{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> Moses McKissack III banyere n'ahịa ihe owuwu site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Apprenticeship|onye na-amụ ihe]] na onye na-ewu ụlọ na Pulaski bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ na 1890 iji nyere aka na nhazi ihe owuwu, ihe osise na ihe owuwu ụlọ. <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 3 E nwetara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Pulaski Colored High School. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 3 Calvin McKissack gụrụ akwụkwọ na Fisk University dị na Nashville, nke ọ gara site na 1905 ruo 1909. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 Ụmụnna abụọ ahụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ site n'akwụkwọ ozi . <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 <ref name="Flynn21"/> === Ọrụ mmalite === N'agbata 1895 na 1905, Moses McKissack wuru ụlọ na Decatur, Alabama, na Mount Pleasant na Columbia, Tennessee . N'afọ 1905, Moses wepụtara McKissack & McKissack dịka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Arntz21"/> Ọzọkwa na 1905, Moses nwetara ọrụ iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ maka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na injinịa na Mahadum Vanderbilt dị na Nashville. <ref name="Wynn" />Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. <ref name="MMBTR">{{Cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=64000809}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: McKissack and McKissack Buildings in Nashville (1908-1930) Thematic Resources|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015064638/http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64000809.pdf|archivedate=October 15, 2012|date=November 21, 1984|publisher=National Park Service (1985)}}</ref> : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata nke nkume, na-egosipụta nke ọma ọkụ ime. Ọ bụ William Howard Taft, bụ́ onye odeakwụkwọ agha nke United States mgbe ahụ, tọrọ nkume nkuku ya na 1908. <ref name="TNstate"> {{Cite web|url=http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/mckissack.htm|accessdate=January 4, 2014|first=Linda T.|author=Wynn|title=McKissack and McKissack Architects (1905- )|publisher=Tennessee State University}}</ref> <ref name="Daverman02">{{Cite news|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=2002-05-01|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/|accessdate=2023-05-02}}</ref> Calvin McKissack malitere omume onwe ya na Dallas, Texas, na 1912, ọkachamara na nhazi na iwu ụlọ obibi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ojii . <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 5 Na 1915, ọ laghachiri na Tennessee, ghọrọ onye nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ na onye nkuzi nke eserese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School . <ref name="Arntz21"/> Na 1918, Calvin sonyeere ngalaba nke Pearl High School dị ka onye isi ngalaba nka nka wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ izizi nke Tennessee State Association of Teachers na Schools Colored. <ref name="TNstate"/> <ref name="Arntz21" /> Na 1921, McKissack & McKissack wuru ụlọ Hubbard akụkọ ihe mere eme na Nashville. <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe Tennessee guzobere iwu ndebanye aha maka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na 1922, a jụburu ụmụnna McKissack ikike ha. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 6 Otú ọ dị, mgbe ha rịọsịrị steeti arịrịọ ma nweta akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ụmụnna ahụ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ha wee ghọọ ndị oji ojii mbụ nwere ikike na United States <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 2 <ref name="Lauria22"/> Moses McKissack III nwụrụ na Disemba 12, 1952. Calvin McKissack nọgidere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1968. <ref name="TNstate"/> William DeBerry McKissack, ọdụdụ nwa Moses III, wee nọchie nwanne nna ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="TNstate" /> <ref name="ATTcalendar"/> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọrịa strok, ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi ọrịa, <ref name="TNstate" /> na nwunye ya, Leatrice Buchanan McKissack, ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ. <ref>Sources disagree on the date of his retirement. </ref> Nwa Leatrice Cheryl McKissack Daniel mepere ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack na New York City na 1990. <ref name="Family18"/> N'afọ 2000, Cheryl McKissack Daniel zụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka nne ya wee bibie azụmahịa mbụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ndị na-eketa òkè ma mechie ụlọ ọrụ ha na ndịda. <ref name="Family18" /> <ref name="Jazz">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Derrel Jazz|title=Cheryl McKissack Daniel Keeps the Family's Fifth-Generation business Thriving as President & CEO of McKissack & McKissack|work=The Harlem Times|accessdate=2023-05-19|url=https://theharlemtimes.com/online-news/cheryl-mckissack-daniel-keeps-the-familys-fifth-generation-business-thriving-as-president-ceo-of-mckissack-mckissack}}</ref> O mechara guzobe McKissack & McKissack ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="Family18" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechiri ụlọ ọrụ Nashville na Mee 2002, na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ New York City bụrụ isi ụlọ ọrụ. <ref name="Daverman02"/>   == Ọrụ == McKissack & McKissack bụ onye isi na Manhattan, yana ọfịs ndị ọzọ na Philadelphia na Ugwu Vernon. <ref name="Official Website"/> Kemgbe ọ zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ 2000, McKissack Daniel jere ozi dị ka CEO na Onye isi ala. <ref name="Family18"/> <ref name="Jazz"/> Dịka nke 2019, McKissack & McKissack nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 150. <ref name="Kohler19">{{Cite web|author=Kohler|first=Katie|title=Five Generations of Company Growth, One Strong Leader : CEG|accessdate=2023-06-13|date=2019-09-26|url=https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/five-generations-of-company-growth-one-strong-leader/46137}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1975, McKissack & McKissack arụchaala ọrụ ihe owuwu 3,000, gụnyere ihe dị ka ụlọ ụka 2,000. <ref name="MMBTR"/> Edepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ nke Moses McKissack, Calvin McKissack, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack haziri na National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). === Dị ka Moses McKissack III === * Ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie (1908), 17th Avenue North, ogige mahadum Fisk, Nashville, Tennessee. Edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1919), 340 Chesterfield, Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ George Hubbard (1920), 1109 First Avenue South, Nashville. Mweghachi nke colonial, edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1920), 1411 Eastland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Bastian (1921), 3722 Central Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Sexton (1921), 3506 Byron Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee === Dị ka McKissack & McKissack === * Capers CME Church (1925), 319 15th Ave., N. Nashville, Tennessee . Emechara na 1925. Edepụtara NRHP. * Morris Memorial Building (1925), 330 Charlotte Ave., Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * National Civil Rights Museum (1925), Memphis, Tennessee * Washington Junior High (1927), Nashville, Tennessee <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|date=May 1, 2002|first=Richard|author=Daverman|accessdate=June 7, 2024|archivedate=January 5, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105072944/http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7}}</ref> * Ọbá akwụkwọ Ncheta Mahadum Tennessee State (1927), Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ CME (1931–1970s), Jackson, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ AME, Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Bridgeforth High School (1936), 1095 Bledsoe Road, Pulaski, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Ford Green Elementary (1937), Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=May 1, 2002|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/article_e671671a-b257-58a6-8faa-1b002c43125f.html|accessdate=2023-01-28|work=Nashville Post|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Pearl (1937), 613 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Henry Allen na Georgia Bradford Boyd House (1930s), 1601 Meharry Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lind|first=J. R.|title=Historic Buildings in Nashville's Black Neighborhoods Are Disappearing|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/coverstory/historic-buildings-in-nashville-s-black-neighborhoods-are-disappearing/article_6c26cca2-3216-5862-9e4a-2a5b9d60c7c1.html|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Cameron (1940), 1034 First Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * John Baptist Church (1940), 1328 NW 3rd Ave., Miami, Florida . Edepụtara NRHP. * [[President's House at Texas College|Ụlọ Onye isi ala na Texas College]] (1942), 2404 North Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP. <ref>{{Cite web|title=President's House at Texas College|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/07000131|work=NPGallery, Digital Asset Management System}}</ref> * Ụlọ ọgwụ Taborian (1942), US 61, jct. nke McGinnis St., Mound Bayou, Mississippi . Edepụtara NRHP * DR Glass Library (1948) na Texas College, 2404 N. Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP * [[Universal Life Insurance Company|Ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ Universal]] (1949), 480 Linden Ave., Memphis, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. == Ntụaka == Nashville. Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe ow . Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Buildings by McKissack & McKissack}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d4rd0f2s4dqolzgjmbrdhvkdafhpe7i 671246 671242 2026-07-02T11:21:31Z Johnnybam 24488 671246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''McKissack & McKissack''' bụ ihe ndị America na-emepụta ihe, njikwa mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ dabere na [[New York City|New York]] . Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu na ihe owuwu nke Black kacha ochie na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2019|title=Inside the nation's oldest African-American-owned, female-run construction management firm|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mckissack-construction-inside-the-nations-oldest-african-american-owned-female-run-construction-management-firm/|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=CBS News|language=en}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905 na Nashville, Tennessee site n'aka Moses McKissack, nwa nwa nke onye ohu nke si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa bịa United States ma tinye ọrụ n'ịkpụ brik. Moses nke Atọ ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma mesịa soro nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin McKissack jikọọ aka ịchọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> <ref name="MMBTR"/> <ref name="ATTcalendar">{{Cite web|url=http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|title=McKissack & McKissack|work=AT&T Tennessee African-American History Calendar|publisher=[[AT&T]]|date=July 2013|accessdate=January 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043938/http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|archivedate=January 5, 2014}}</ref> N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 118 ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emechaala ihe karịrị 6,000 atụmatụ ọha na nke ọha na-akwado, imewe na ọrụ owuwu. <ref name="Official Website">{{Cite web|url=https://mckissack.com/|title=WELCOME.|accessdate=15 August 2023|work=mckissack.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnmuseum.org/calendar-of-events/event/2873102|title=The Legacy of Black Entrepreneurship in Tennessee: McKissack & McKissack with Cheryl McKissack Daniel|work=[[Tennessee State Museum]]|accessdate=15 August 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Moses McKissack III hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905, onye nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin Lunsford McKissack sonye (February 23, 1890 - Maachị 2, 1968) iji guzobe mmekorita McKissack & McKissack. n'afọ 1922. <ref name="Flynn21">{{Cite web|author=Flynn|first=Katherine|title=Pioneering Architects: The McKissack Family - AIA|work=The American Institute of Architects|accessdate=2023-05-01|date=2021-08-11|url=https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family|archivedate=2023-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515201937/https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family}}</ref> Ụmụnna ahụ bụ ndị Pulaski, Tennessee . <ref name="Flynn21" /> Nna ha Moses McKissack II na nna nna Moses McKissack bụ ndị a zụrụ azụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Wynn" /> <ref name="Flynn21" /> E rere Moses McKissack ka ọ bụrụ ohu mgbe e jidere ya na West Africa wee resị ya onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta America aha ya bụ William McKissack nke North Carolina. <ref name="Arntz21">{{Cite web|author=Arntz|first=Sarah|title=Building Nashville: A History of the McKissack & McKissack Architecture Firm|work=Nashville Public Library|accessdate=2023-05-02|date=2021-04-01|url=https://library.nashville.org/blog/2021/03/building-nashville-history-mckissack-mckissack-architecture-firm}}</ref> A zụrụ Mozis ịrụ brik maka ihe owuwu ma ghọọ ọkà n'ịkpụ ihe . <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe e mesịrị nye Mozis nnwere onwe, ọ malitere ire brik ya. <ref name="Arntz21" /> <ref name="Lauria22">{{Cite news|author=Lauria-Blum|first=Julia|title=The Keeper of a Storied Legacy|work=Metropolitan Airport News|accessdate=2023-05-09|date=2022-03-08|url=https://metroairportnews.com/keeper-of-a-storied-legacy/}}</ref> Moses McKissack II ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma wuo gingerbread na Maxwell House Hotel . <ref name="Family18">{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> Moses McKissack III banyere n'ahịa ihe owuwu site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Apprenticeship|onye na-amụ ihe]] na onye na-ewu ụlọ na Pulaski bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ na 1890 iji nyere aka na nhazi ihe owuwu, ihe osise na ihe owuwu ụlọ. <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 3 E nwetara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Pulaski Colored High School. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 3 Calvin McKissack gụrụ akwụkwọ na Fisk University dị na Nashville, nke ọ gara site na 1905 ruo 1909. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 Ụmụnna abụọ ahụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ site n'akwụkwọ ozi . <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 <ref name="Flynn21"/> === Ọrụ mmalite === N'agbata 1895 na 1905, Moses McKissack wuru ụlọ na Decatur, Alabama, na Mount Pleasant na Columbia, Tennessee . N'afọ 1905, Moses wepụtara McKissack & McKissack dịka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Arntz21"/> Ọzọkwa na 1905, Moses nwetara ọrụ iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ maka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na injinịa na Mahadum Vanderbilt dị na Nashville. <ref name="Wynn" />Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. <ref name="MMBTR">{{Cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=64000809}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: McKissack and McKissack Buildings in Nashville (1908-1930) Thematic Resources|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015064638/http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64000809.pdf|archivedate=October 15, 2012|date=November 21, 1984|publisher=National Park Service (1985)}}</ref> : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata nke nkume, na-egosipụta nke ọma ọkụ ime. Ọ bụ William Howard Taft, bụ́ onye odeakwụkwọ agha nke United States mgbe ahụ, tọrọ nkume nkuku ya na 1908. <ref name="TNstate"> {{Cite web|url=http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/mckissack.htm|accessdate=January 4, 2014|first=Linda T.|author=Wynn|title=McKissack and McKissack Architects (1905- )|publisher=Tennessee State University}}</ref> <ref name="Daverman02">{{Cite news|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=2002-05-01|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/|accessdate=2023-05-02}}</ref> Calvin McKissack malitere omume onwe ya na Dallas, Texas, na 1912, ọkachamara na nhazi na iwu ụlọ obibi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ojii . <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 5 Na 1915, ọ laghachiri na Tennessee, ghọrọ onye nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ na onye nkuzi nke eserese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School . <ref name="Arntz21"/> Na 1918, Calvin sonyeere ngalaba nke Pearl High School dị ka onye isi ngalaba nka nka wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ izizi nke Tennessee State Association of Teachers na Schools Colored. <ref name="TNstate"/> <ref name="Arntz21" /> Na 1921, McKissack & McKissack wuru ụlọ Hubbard akụkọ ihe mere eme na Nashville. <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe Tennessee guzobere iwu ndebanye aha maka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na 1922, a jụburu ụmụnna McKissack ikike ha. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 6 Otú ọ dị, mgbe ha rịọsịrị steeti arịrịọ ma nweta akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ụmụnna ahụ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ha wee ghọọ ndị oji ojii mbụ nwere ikike na United States <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 2 <ref name="Lauria22"/> Moses McKissack III nwụrụ na Disemba 12, 1952. Calvin McKissack nọgidere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1968. <ref name="TNstate"/> William DeBerry McKissack, ọdụdụ nwa Moses III, wee nọchie nwanne nna ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="TNstate" /> <ref name="ATTcalendar"/> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọrịa strok, ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi ọrịa, <ref name="TNstate" /> na nwunye ya, Leatrice Buchanan McKissack, ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ. <ref>Sources disagree on the date of his retirement. </ref> Nwa Leatrice Cheryl McKissack Daniel mepere ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack na New York City na 1990. <ref name="Family18"/> N'afọ 2000, Cheryl McKissack Daniel zụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka nne ya wee bibie azụmahịa mbụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ndị na-eketa òkè ma mechie ụlọ ọrụ ha na ndịda. <ref name="Family18" /> <ref name="Jazz">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Derrel Jazz|title=Cheryl McKissack Daniel Keeps the Family's Fifth-Generation business Thriving as President & CEO of McKissack & McKissack|work=The Harlem Times|accessdate=2023-05-19|url=https://theharlemtimes.com/online-news/cheryl-mckissack-daniel-keeps-the-familys-fifth-generation-business-thriving-as-president-ceo-of-mckissack-mckissack}}</ref> O mechara guzobe McKissack & McKissack ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="Family18" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechiri ụlọ ọrụ Nashville na Mee 2002, na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ New York City bụrụ isi ụlọ ọrụ. <ref name="Daverman02"/>   == Ọrụ == McKissack & McKissack bụ onye isi na Manhattan, yana ọfịs ndị ọzọ na Philadelphia na Ugwu Vernon. <ref name="Official Website"/> Kemgbe ọ zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ 2000, McKissack Daniel jere ozi dị ka CEO na Onye isi ala. <ref name="Family18"/> <ref name="Jazz"/> Dịka nke 2019, McKissack & McKissack nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 150. <ref name="Kohler19">{{Cite web|author=Kohler|first=Katie|title=Five Generations of Company Growth, One Strong Leader : CEG|accessdate=2023-06-13|date=2019-09-26|url=https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/five-generations-of-company-growth-one-strong-leader/46137}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1975, McKissack & McKissack arụchaala ọrụ ihe owuwu 3,000, gụnyere ihe dị ka ụlọ ụka 2,000. <ref name="MMBTR"/> Edepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ nke Moses McKissack, Calvin McKissack, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack haziri na National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). === Dị ka Moses McKissack III === * Ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie (1908), 17th Avenue North, ogige mahadum Fisk, Nashville, Tennessee. Edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1919), 340 Chesterfield, Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ George Hubbard (1920), 1109 First Avenue South, Nashville. Mweghachi nke colonial, edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1920), 1411 Eastland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Bastian (1921), 3722 Central Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Sexton (1921), 3506 Byron Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee === Dị ka McKissack & McKissack === * Capers CME Church (1925), 319 15th Ave., N. Nashville, Tennessee . Emechara na 1925. Edepụtara NRHP. * Morris Memorial Building (1925), 330 Charlotte Ave., Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * National Civil Rights Museum (1925), Memphis, Tennessee * Washington Junior High (1927), Nashville, Tennessee <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|date=May 1, 2002|first=Richard|author=Daverman|accessdate=June 7, 2024|archivedate=January 5, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105072944/http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7}}</ref> * Ọbá akwụkwọ Ncheta Mahadum Tennessee State (1927), Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ CME (1931–1970s), Jackson, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ AME, Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Bridgeforth High School (1936), 1095 Bledsoe Road, Pulaski, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Ford Green Elementary (1937), Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=May 1, 2002|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/article_e671671a-b257-58a6-8faa-1b002c43125f.html|accessdate=2023-01-28|work=Nashville Post|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Pearl (1937), 613 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Henry Allen na Georgia Bradford Boyd House (1930s), 1601 Meharry Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lind|first=J. R.|title=Historic Buildings in Nashville's Black Neighborhoods Are Disappearing|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/coverstory/historic-buildings-in-nashville-s-black-neighborhoods-are-disappearing/article_6c26cca2-3216-5862-9e4a-2a5b9d60c7c1.html|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Cameron (1940), 1034 First Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * John Baptist Church (1940), 1328 NW 3rd Ave., Miami, Florida . Edepụtara NRHP. * [[President's House at Texas College|Ụlọ Onye isi ala na Texas College]] (1942), 2404 North Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP. <ref>{{Cite web|title=President's House at Texas College|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/07000131|work=NPGallery, Digital Asset Management System}}</ref> * Ụlọ ọgwụ Taborian (1942), US 61, jct. nke McGinnis St., Mound Bayou, Mississippi . Edepụtara NRHP * DR Glass Library (1948) na Texas College, 2404 N. Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP * [[Universal Life Insurance Company|Ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ Universal]] (1949), 480 Linden Ave., Memphis, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. == Ntụaka == Nashville. Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe ow . Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Buildings by McKissack & McKissack}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qpwn3t0p4b6bzox22bj0c5ea71pzqzb 671247 671246 2026-07-02T11:23:02Z Johnnybam 24488 671247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''McKissack & McKissack''' bụ ihe ndị America na-emepụta ihe, njikwa mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ dabere na [[New York City|New York]] . Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu na ihe owuwu nke Black kacha ochie na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2019|title=Inside the nation's oldest African-American-owned, female-run construction management firm|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mckissack-construction-inside-the-nations-oldest-african-american-owned-female-run-construction-management-firm/|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=CBS News|language=en}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905 na Nashville, Tennessee site n'aka Moses McKissack, nwa nwa nke onye ohu nke si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa bịa United States ma tinye ọrụ n'ịkpụ brik. Moses nke Atọ ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma mesịa soro nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin McKissack jikọọ aka ịchọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> <ref name="MMBTR"/> <ref name="ATTcalendar">{{Cite web|url=http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|title=McKissack & McKissack|work=AT&T Tennessee African-American History Calendar|publisher=[[AT&T]]|date=July 2013|accessdate=January 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043938/http://tnafricanamericanhistory.com/wp/july/|archivedate=January 5, 2014}}</ref> N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 118 ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emechaala ihe karịrị 6,000 atụmatụ ọha na nke ọha na-akwado, imewe na ọrụ owuwu. <ref name="Official Website">{{Cite web|url=https://mckissack.com/|title=WELCOME.|accessdate=15 August 2023|work=mckissack.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnmuseum.org/calendar-of-events/event/2873102|title=The Legacy of Black Entrepreneurship in Tennessee: McKissack & McKissack with Cheryl McKissack Daniel|work=[[Tennessee State Museum]]|accessdate=15 August 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Moses McKissack III hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1905, onye nwanne ya nwoke bụ Calvin Lunsford McKissack sonye (February 23, 1890 - Maachị 2, 1968) iji guzobe mmekorita McKissack & McKissack. n'afọ 1922. <ref name="Flynn21">{{Cite web|author=Flynn|first=Katherine|title=Pioneering Architects: The McKissack Family - AIA|work=The American Institute of Architects|accessdate=2023-05-01|date=2021-08-11|url=https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family|archivedate=2023-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515201937/https://www.aia.org/articles/6424065-pioneering-architects-the-mckissack-family}}</ref> Ụmụnna ahụ bụ ndị Pulaski, Tennessee . <ref name="Flynn21" /> Nna ha Moses McKissack II na nna nna Moses McKissack bụ ndị a zụrụ azụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Flynn21" /> E rere Moses McKissack ka ọ bụrụ ohu mgbe e jidere ya na West Africa wee resị ya onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta America aha ya bụ William McKissack nke North Carolina. <ref name="Arntz21">{{Cite web|author=Arntz|first=Sarah|title=Building Nashville: A History of the McKissack & McKissack Architecture Firm|work=Nashville Public Library|accessdate=2023-05-02|date=2021-04-01|url=https://library.nashville.org/blog/2021/03/building-nashville-history-mckissack-mckissack-architecture-firm}}</ref> A zụrụ Mozis ịrụ brik maka ihe owuwu ma ghọọ ọkà n'ịkpụ ihe . <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe e mesịrị nye Mozis nnwere onwe, ọ malitere ire brik ya. <ref name="Arntz21" /> <ref name="Lauria22">{{Cite news|author=Lauria-Blum|first=Julia|title=The Keeper of a Storied Legacy|work=Metropolitan Airport News|accessdate=2023-05-09|date=2022-03-08|url=https://metroairportnews.com/keeper-of-a-storied-legacy/}}</ref> Moses McKissack II ghọrọ onye ọkwá nkà ma wuo gingerbread na Maxwell House Hotel . <ref name="Family18">{{Cite web|title=From Slave Labor to Thriving Business › Family Business Magazine|url=https://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/slave-labor-thriving-business-storied-history-mckissack-mckissack|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.familybusinessmagazine.com}}</ref> Moses McKissack III banyere n'ahịa ihe owuwu site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Apprenticeship|onye na-amụ ihe]] na onye na-ewu ụlọ na Pulaski bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ na 1890 iji nyere aka na nhazi ihe owuwu, ihe osise na ihe owuwu ụlọ. <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 3 E nwetara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Pulaski Colored High School. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 3 Calvin McKissack gụrụ akwụkwọ na Fisk University dị na Nashville, nke ọ gara site na 1905 ruo 1909. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 Ụmụnna abụọ ahụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ site n'akwụkwọ ozi . <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 5 <ref name="Flynn21"/> === Ọrụ mmalite === N'agbata 1895 na 1905, Moses McKissack wuru ụlọ na Decatur, Alabama, na Mount Pleasant na Columbia, Tennessee . N'afọ 1905, Moses wepụtara McKissack & McKissack dịka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. <ref name="Arntz21"/> Ọzọkwa na 1905, Moses nwetara ọrụ iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ maka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na injinịa na Mahadum Vanderbilt dị na Nashville. Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. <ref name="MMBTR">{{Cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=64000809}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: McKissack and McKissack Buildings in Nashville (1908-1930) Thematic Resources|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015064638/http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64000809.pdf|archivedate=October 15, 2012|date=November 21, 1984|publisher=National Park Service (1985)}}</ref> : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata nke nkume, na-egosipụta nke ọma ọkụ ime. Ọ bụ William Howard Taft, bụ́ onye odeakwụkwọ agha nke United States mgbe ahụ, tọrọ nkume nkuku ya na 1908. <ref name="TNstate"> {{Cite web|url=http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/mckissack.htm|accessdate=January 4, 2014|first=Linda T.|author=Wynn|title=McKissack and McKissack Architects (1905- )|publisher=Tennessee State University}}</ref> <ref name="Daverman02">{{Cite news|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=2002-05-01|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/|accessdate=2023-05-02}}</ref> Calvin McKissack malitere omume onwe ya na Dallas, Texas, na 1912, ọkachamara na nhazi na iwu ụlọ obibi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ojii . <ref name="MMBTR"/> : 5 Na 1915, ọ laghachiri na Tennessee, ghọrọ onye nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ na onye nkuzi nke eserese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School . Na 1918, Calvin sonyeere ngalaba nke Pearl High School dị ka onye isi ngalaba nka nka wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ izizi nke Tennessee State Association of Teachers na Schools Colored. <ref name="TNstate"/> <ref name="Arntz21" /> Na 1921, McKissack & McKissack wuru ụlọ Hubbard akụkọ ihe mere eme na Nashville. <ref name="Arntz21" /> Mgbe Tennessee guzobere iwu ndebanye aha maka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na 1922, a jụburu ụmụnna McKissack ikike ha. <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 6 Otú ọ dị, mgbe ha rịọsịrị steeti arịrịọ ma nweta akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ụmụnna ahụ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ha wee ghọọ ndị oji ojii mbụ nwere ikike na United States <ref name="MMBTR" /> : 2 <ref name="Lauria22"/> Moses McKissack III nwụrụ na Disemba 12, 1952. Calvin McKissack nọgidere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1968. <ref name="TNstate"/> William DeBerry McKissack, ọdụdụ nwa Moses III, wee nọchie nwanne nna ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="TNstate" /> <ref name="ATTcalendar"/> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọrịa strok, ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi ọrịa, <ref name="TNstate" /> na nwunye ya, Leatrice Buchanan McKissack, ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ. <ref>Sources disagree on the date of his retirement. </ref> Nwa Leatrice Cheryl McKissack Daniel mepere ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack na New York City na 1990. <ref name="Family18"/> N'afọ 2000, Cheryl McKissack Daniel zụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka nne ya wee bibie azụmahịa mbụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ndị na-eketa òkè ma mechie ụlọ ọrụ ha na ndịda. <ref name="Family18" /> <ref name="Jazz">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Derrel Jazz|title=Cheryl McKissack Daniel Keeps the Family's Fifth-Generation business Thriving as President & CEO of McKissack & McKissack|work=The Harlem Times|accessdate=2023-05-19|url=https://theharlemtimes.com/online-news/cheryl-mckissack-daniel-keeps-the-familys-fifth-generation-business-thriving-as-president-ceo-of-mckissack-mckissack}}</ref> O mechara guzobe McKissack & McKissack ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="Family18" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechiri ụlọ ọrụ Nashville na Mee 2002, na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ New York City bụrụ isi ụlọ ọrụ. <ref name="Daverman02"/>   == Ọrụ == McKissack & McKissack bụ onye isi na Manhattan, yana ọfịs ndị ọzọ na Philadelphia na Ugwu Vernon. <ref name="Official Website"/> Kemgbe ọ zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ 2000, McKissack Daniel jere ozi dị ka CEO na Onye isi ala. <ref name="Family18"/> <ref name="Jazz"/> Dịka nke 2019, McKissack & McKissack nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 150. <ref name="Kohler19">{{Cite web|author=Kohler|first=Katie|title=Five Generations of Company Growth, One Strong Leader : CEG|accessdate=2023-06-13|date=2019-09-26|url=https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/five-generations-of-company-growth-one-strong-leader/46137}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1975, McKissack & McKissack arụchaala ọrụ ihe owuwu 3,000, gụnyere ihe dị ka ụlọ ụka 2,000. <ref name="MMBTR"/> Edepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ nke Moses McKissack, Calvin McKissack, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ McKissack & McKissack haziri na National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). === Dị ka Moses McKissack III === * Ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie (1908), 17th Avenue North, ogige mahadum Fisk, Nashville, Tennessee. Edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1919), 340 Chesterfield, Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ George Hubbard (1920), 1109 First Avenue South, Nashville. Mweghachi nke colonial, edepụtara NRHP. * Ebe obibi (1920), 1411 Eastland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Bastian (1921), 3722 Central Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee * Ebe obibi Sexton (1921), 3506 Byron Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee === Dị ka McKissack & McKissack === * Capers CME Church (1925), 319 15th Ave., N. Nashville, Tennessee . Emechara na 1925. Edepụtara NRHP. * Morris Memorial Building (1925), 330 Charlotte Ave., Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * National Civil Rights Museum (1925), Memphis, Tennessee * Washington Junior High (1927), Nashville, Tennessee <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|date=May 1, 2002|first=Richard|author=Daverman|accessdate=June 7, 2024|archivedate=January 5, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105072944/http://nashvillepost.com/news/2002/4/30/mckissack_mckissack_historic_african_american_architecture_firm_files_chapter_7}}</ref> * Ọbá akwụkwọ Ncheta Mahadum Tennessee State (1927), Nashville, Tennessee * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ CME (1931–1970s), Jackson, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ AME, Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee. Art Deco; ebibiri na 1970s. * Bridgeforth High School (1936), 1095 Bledsoe Road, Pulaski, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Ford Green Elementary (1937), Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daverman|first=Richard|date=May 1, 2002|title=McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/mckissack-mckissack-historic-african-american-architecture-firm-files-chapter-7/article_e671671a-b257-58a6-8faa-1b002c43125f.html|accessdate=2023-01-28|work=Nashville Post|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Pearl (1937), 613 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * Henry Allen na Georgia Bradford Boyd House (1930s), 1601 Meharry Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lind|first=J. R.|title=Historic Buildings in Nashville's Black Neighborhoods Are Disappearing|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/coverstory/historic-buildings-in-nashville-s-black-neighborhoods-are-disappearing/article_6c26cca2-3216-5862-9e4a-2a5b9d60c7c1.html|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Cameron (1940), 1034 First Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. * John Baptist Church (1940), 1328 NW 3rd Ave., Miami, Florida . Edepụtara NRHP. * [[President's House at Texas College|Ụlọ Onye isi ala na Texas College]] (1942), 2404 North Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP. <ref>{{Cite web|title=President's House at Texas College|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/07000131|work=NPGallery, Digital Asset Management System}}</ref> * Ụlọ ọgwụ Taborian (1942), US 61, jct. nke McGinnis St., Mound Bayou, Mississippi . Edepụtara NRHP * DR Glass Library (1948) na Texas College, 2404 N. Grand Avenue, Tyler, Texas . Edepụtara NRHP * [[Universal Life Insurance Company|Ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ Universal]] (1949), 480 Linden Ave., Memphis, Tennessee . Edepụtara NRHP. == Ntụaka == Nashville. Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na ogige mahadum Fisk, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke Classic Revival wuru site na brik nwere ihe ow . Ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mbụ ya na Nashville na 1907. : 5 Isi ọrụ izizi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere bụ imepụta ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Buildings by McKissack & McKissack}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o5fgg1n7oauu2un02n9poxy213h8o09 Frank Ocean 0 47373 670934 578015 2026-07-01T23:39:54Z Sayvhior 13464 /* 2012–2013: Ọwa Orange */ fixed reference errors 670934 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Frank Ocean''' <ref name="FaderNameChange">{{Cite web|author=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Frank Ocean Legally Changed His Name to Frank Ocean|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/04/23/frank-ocean-legally-changed-his-name-to-frank-ocean|work=The Fader|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> (amuru '''Christopher Edwin Breaux''' ; Ọktoba 28, 1987) bụ onye America na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwú. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ egwu kwadoro ọrụ mbụ ya maka ịsụ ụzọ ụdị R&amp;amp;B ọzọ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies|volume=18|issue=3|date=May 2014|author=Dhaenens|first=Frederik|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273597609|title=Resistant masculinities in alternative R&B? Understanding Frank Ocean and The Weeknd's representations of gender|accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> Ocean emeriela Grammy Awards abụọ na onyinye Brit maka International Male Solo Artist n'etiti ihe nturu ugo ndị ọzọ, na edepụtala album studio ya abụọ na ''Rolling Stone'' ' 500 Kasị Mma Albums of All Time ' (2020). Ocean malitere ọrụ egwu ya dị ka onye na-ede ghost, tupu ịbanye na mkpokọta [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] Odd Future na 2010. N'afọ sochirinụ, o wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya, ''Nostalgia, Ultra'', wee nweta nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Def Jam Recordings . Ndekọ [[Album|studio]] izizi ya, eclectic ''Channel Orange'' (2012), webatara R&amp;amp;B na ụdị mkpụrụ obi . Na 2013 Grammy Awards, ''Channel Orange'' a họpụtara maka Album nke Afọ wee merie Best Urban Contemporary Album ; otu n'ime egwu ya, " Thinkin Bout You ", bụ onye a họpụtara maka ndekọ nke afọ . ''Time'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na 2013. Mgbe afọ anọ kwụsịtụrụ, Ocean weputara ọba ọhụụ akpọrọ ''Endless'' na 2016 iji mezuo ọrụ nkwekọrịta na Def Jam. Ocean onwe wepụtara ya nke abụọ studio album, ''Blonde'', otu ụbọchị mgbe ''ọgwụgwụ'' ' s tọhapụrụ. ''Blonde'' gbasaa na usoro egwu egwu nke Ocean wee bụrụ nke mbụ na ndepụta ''Pitchfork'' ' ọba kachasị mma nke afọ 2010s. Ọ bụ ọba ọnụọgụ mbụ ya na US <nowiki><i id="mwQQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 wee nweta platinum site n'aka Associationlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndekọ nke America (RIAA). Site na 2017 gaa n'ihu, Ocean ewepụtala ndị na-alụbeghị di na nwunye, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, malite ụdị ejiji Homer, ma malite ''Homer Radio'' . Ocean ewepụtala egwu 14 na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 n'ime oge ọrụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ocean Christopher Edwin Breaux na Ọktoba 28, 1987, <ref name="MakesMoves">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/frank-ocean-cover-story-interview|title=Frank Ocean Makes Moves Like Nobody Else|author=Solway|first=Diane|date=September 30, 2019|work=[[W (magazine)|W]]|accessdate=March 16, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 19, 2020|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/frank-ocean/15669|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref> na Long Beach, [[California]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/frank-ocean-interview-gq-december-2012|title=Frank Ocean: On Channel Orange, Meeting Odd Future, and His Tumblr Letter|author=Wallace|first=Amy|date=November 20, 2012|work=[[GQ]]|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Calvin Edward Cooksey <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Uko|first=Precious|date=2022-09-12|title=All about Frank Ocean's marriage, wife, boyfriends, kids|url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/09/about-frank-ocean-marriage-wife-boyfriends-kids.html|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, <ref name=":3" /> na nne ya bụ Katonya Breaux Riley <ref name=":1" /> onye mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwekọrịta obibi. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ nne ya zụrụ ya mgbe nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. <ref name=":3" /> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke nke tọrọ aha ya bụ Ryan Breaux onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 2020. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=August 2, 2020|title=Frank Ocean's Younger Brother Ryan Breaux Reportedly Killed In Crash Alongside Classmate Ezekial Bishop|url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/08/02/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240125185723/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archivedate=January 25, 2024|accessdate=August 3, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ógbè New Orleans . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOVrXdCWIuU|title=Frank Ocean: BBC News Interview – BBC Sound of 2012|publisher=BBC|date=January 11, 2012|accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> A zụlitere ya [[Onye Kraịst]], gụnyere obere oge dịka onye Katọlik . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ocean|first=Frank|title=post|url=https://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/1172106468/i-was-raised-christian-only-had-a-few-friends|accessdate=2023-01-04|work=Frank Ocean}}</ref> Nna nna Ocean Lionel McGruder Jr. bụ nna maka Ocean mgbe nna ya hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Lionel bụ onye ọgwụ riri ahụ na-agbake ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nzukọ Alcoholics Anonymous na Narcotics Anonymous . Ọ ga-ewere Ocean gaa nzukọ ndị a, nke bụ mkpali n'azụ egwu Ocean "Crack Rock" sitere na ''Channel Orange.'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Nicholson|first=Rebecca|title=Frank Ocean: the most talked-about man in music|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/21/frank-ocean-guardian-exclusive-interview|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=The Guardian|date=July 20, 2012}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> Ọ nyekwara ya aha Lonny, nke Frank Ocean ka na-eji taa. <ref name="NYT2013">{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2013|title=Frank Ocean Can Fly|author=Himmelman|first=Jeff|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/magazine/frank-ocean-can-fly.html|accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 2010 na Frank Ocean raara ya egwu a kpọrọ "The Will Be Tears" na mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-28|title=Frank Before the Ocean: The Story of Lonny Breaux|url=https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=CentralSauce Collective|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309071147/https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean}}</ref> Ọ kpọkwara ya aha na 2017 otu "Lens" ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na John Ehret High School na Marrero, Louisiana na 2005, Ocean debanyere aha na Mahadum New Orleans ka ọ mụọ Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://1079ishot.com/frank-ocean-university-louisiana-lafayette/|title=Frank Ocean Attended UL Lafayette In The Fall of 2005, But Somehow No One Really Noticed|publisher=Townsquare Media|date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="NYT2013"/> Otú ọ dị, Hurricane Katrina gburu New Orleans na August 2005, na-ebibi ụlọ ya na ebe ndekọ nke onwe ya ma na-amanye ya ịkwaga na Mahadum Louisiana na Lafayette . <ref name="Youngs">{{Cite news|author=Youngs|first=Ian|title=Sound of 2012: Frank Ocean|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16390456|publisher=BBC. [[BBC Online]]|accessdate=July 6, 2012|date=May 1, 2012}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ obere oge tupu ọ hapụ ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ egwu ya. <ref name="NYT2013" /> == Ọrụ == === 2012–2013: ''Ọwa Orange'' === [[Usòrò:Tyler_the_Creator_and_Frank_Ocean_Coachella_2012.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ocean (n'aka nri) ya na Tyler, Onye Okike na Coachella n'April 2012]] Ocean wepụtara mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ihe nkiri album studio mbụ ya nke akpọrọ "Thinkin Bout You", na-ekpughere egwu a ga-ahapụ ndị na-ere ahịa dijitalụ na Eprel 10, 2012. Otú ọ dị, otu ọnwa tupu mgbe ahụ, ụdị abụ ahụ a na-emezigharị amalitelarị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cloudmusiq.com/?p=14148|title=Frank Ocean – Thinking About You|publisher=cloudmusiq.com|date=March 8, 2012|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref> Banyere onye a na-achọ ịlụ, o kwuru, sị: "Ọ na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị nkenke dị ka onye na-ese ihe maka ebe m nọ ugbu a na nke ahụ bụ ebumnuche," ka o kwuru banyere nsonazụ ya nke ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . "Ọ bụ banyere akụkọ ndị ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na m dee akụkọ 14 na-amasị m, mgbe ahụ, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ iji nweta gburugburu ebe egwu gburugburu ya iji kpuchie akụkọ ahụ na ụdị nile nke ịdị mma sonic." <ref name="singlecover">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |title=SINGLE COVER: FRANK OCEAN – 'THINKIN BOUT YOU' |magazine=[[Rap-Up]] |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=April 9, 2012 |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215041419/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |url-status=live }}</ref>   Na 2012, Ocean wepụtara ya mpụta mbụ studio album ''Channel Orange'' ka eluigwe na ala otuto si n'aka ndị nkatọ, bụ ndị mesịrị kpọọ ya kasị mma album nke afọ na HMV's Poll of Polls . O nwetakwara nhọpụta onyinye onyinye Grammy isii nke Ocean isii ma ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ kwadoro ya maka ịkwaga ụdị R&B n'ụzọ dị iche, nke siri ike karị. A na-ewere ya dị ka ntọhapụ azụmahịa mbụ nke Ocean na akara ndekọ ọdịnala, ''Channel Orange'' gosipụtara egwu ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e depụtara maka akụkọ ha na nkọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, na ngwakọta egwu dị egwu nke dọtara na jazz, mkpụrụ obi, na R &amp;amp; B . Funk na egwu eletrọnịkị metụtakwara ọba ya. Egwu banyere ịhụnanya a na-akwụghị ụgwọ bụ nke kacha elebara anya, akụkụ n'ihi ọkwa nke Ocean tupu ewepụtara album ahụ, mgbe o kpughere na ịhụnanya mbụ ya bụ nwoke. Nkwuputa ahụ mere akụkọ akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jiri mmetụta omenala ya tụnyere mgbe David Bowie kpughere na ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na 1972. <ref name="Johnson">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Andrew|date=December 17, 2012|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/frank-ocean-records-another-first-as-channel-orange-is-named-album-of-the-year-8421123.html|title=Frank Ocean records another first as Channel Orange is named album of the year|work=The Independent|accessdate=December 17, 2012}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ndị nkatọ egwu ekwupụtala Ocean maka ịsụ ụzọ R&amp;amp;B ọzọ, na-abịaru egwu R&B dị iche na ndị ọgbọ ya na ụdị idiosyncratic. <ref name="Petridis">{{Cite news|author=Petridis|first=Alexis|authorlink=Alexis Petridis|date=July 11, 2012|title=Frank Ocean: Channel Orange – review|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/11/frank-ocean-channel-orange-review1?newsfeed=true|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> Ma <nowiki><i id="mwAtg">Insider</i></nowiki> na ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street'' lere Ocean anya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị n'ime afọ iri nke 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shah|first=Neil|date=August 5, 2019|title=How Frank Ocean Quietly Ruled the Decade|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-frank-ocean-quietly-ruled-the-decade-11565011819|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is the artist of the decade|url=https://www.insider.com/frank-ocean-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-11|author=Ahlgrim|first=Callie|work=Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ya na mbipụta 2013 ' ''Time'' nke 100 ndị mmadụ kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na mbipụta 2017 nke <nowiki><i id="mwAuY">Forbes</i></nowiki> 30 Under 30 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/frank-ocean/|author=Barton|first=ByMerrilee|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Andy Kellman nke AllMusic dere,<blockquote>Frank Ocean abụrụla otu n'ime ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na egwu nke oge a kemgbe ọ bịarutere mmalite 2010. Onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ nke mmepụta nka emegidela nhazi ọkwa siri ike dị ka R&B, ka o sina dị, o jiwo akụkọ ndị yiri ka ewepụrụ iwe ma nwee nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọ tụgharịrị n'etiti agụụ ịhụnanya na ịdị mfe ịnya isi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/frank-ocean-mn0002592086/biography|work=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-20}}</ref></blockquote>Onye nkatọ omenala Nelson George na-ekwusi ike na, yana Miguel, Ocean nwere "agbapụtala n'ala ebe [ọ na-adịghị] na-asọmpi na omume ndị [azụmahịa R & B] na-akpata" ma "na-azụlite ụda nke na-edozi nchegbu ndị okenye na echiche nke nwata. ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịghọta ọchịchọ nke onwe ha (nkọwa nke ọma nke Ocean, karịsịa)." <ref>{{Cite news|title=For The Ladies: R. Kelly, Teddy Pendergrass And The State Of R And B|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2012/10/17/163095398/for-the-ladies-r-kelly-teddy-pendergrass-and-the-state-of-r-b|date=October 18, 2012|work=NPR|accessdate=October 24, 2012|author=Powers|first=Ann}}</ref> N'ịde maka ''Insider'', Callie Ahlgrim kwuru na Ocean "gbanwere nghọta anyị banyere egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ", nakwa na ọ na-atụle isiokwu ndị dị ka ntorobịa, ịdị ọcha, ịhụnanya furu efu, owu ọmụma, ọchịchọ, na ịnwụ anwụ n'egwú ya n'ụzọ na-eche " Ọ dị ọhụrụ na nke pụrụ iche [na] na-eme ka ụda introspective ụda zuru ụwa ọnụ na gafere [nke mere] ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-akọwa oge anyị." <ref name=":0"/> Jacob Shamsian nke ''Business Insider'' kwuru na Ocean "abụghị naanị otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe dị mkpa na pop, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na egwu niile." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Frank Ocean, the enigmatic musician whose new album is about to be everywhere|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bio-of-musician-frank-ocean-rapper-of-boys-dont-cry-2016-8|author=Shamsian|first=Jacob|work=Business Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> N'ime edemede ''GQ'' akpọrọ "Gịnị kpatara Frank Ocean ji bụrụ akara ngosi egwu", Jon Savage kọwara Ocean dị ka "onye na-ese ihe n'oge a n'echiche ọ bụla nke na-emikpu n'ime ohere ọhụrụ sonic, onye na-agbasi mbọ ike na nyocha nka kacha mma. nghọta miri emi." Savage toro Ocean maka iwere R&B na "ọkwa ọhụrụ [site na] ịrụ foto ụda na-atụ egwu dabara na egwu egwu ya." <ref name="Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon">{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mwAwA">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> lere Oke Osimiri anya dị ka "onye nwe akwụkwọ nkwupụta nkwupụta, na-enweta akara ngosi nzuzo site na onye enigmatic ya na ụzọ aghụghọ nke pop." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean – Albums, Songs, and News|url=https://pitchfork.com/artists/29508-frank-ocean/|work=Pitchfork|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Na 2023, ''Rolling Stone'' họọrọ Ocean na ọnụọgụ 190 na ndepụta ya nke 200 Kasịnụ Ndị Na-abụ abụ nke oge niile. == Foto == Na August 20, 2016, Ocean wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ 360-page, ''Boys Don't Cry'', n'akụkụ ya nke abụọ album ''Blonde'' . The ejiji na ụgbọala-themed mbipụta nwere foto ọrụ si Wolfgang Tillmans, Viviane Sassen, Tyrone Lebon, Ren Hang, Harley Weir, Michael Mayren na Ocean n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2016/08/23/frank-ocean-boys-dont-cry-magazine-complete-guide|title=The Complete Guide To What's Inside Frank Ocean's Magazine|work=The FADER|date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> Ọnwa anọ ka e mesịrị, magazin Britain bụ́ ''Print'' bipụtara ọrụ ọzọ foto sitere na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2017/1/print-issue-one|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=January 3, 2017|work=Hypebeast}}</ref> Na Mee 1, 2017, Ocean gara Met Gala kwa afọ dị ka onye na-ese foto pụrụ iche maka <nowiki><i id="mwAxg">Vogue</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/frank-ocean-met-gala-2017-photos-kendall-jenner-asap-rocky|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=May 2, 2017|work=Vogue}}</ref> Na October 23, 2017, o mere mkpuchi abụọ na edemede anya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiji Britain, ''iD'' . <ref name="idm">{{Cite news|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/mb3jqv/exclusive-it-came-to-me-in-a-dream-frank-ocean-creates-a-visual-essay-and-pens-personal-letter|title=frank ocean creates a visual essay and pens personal letter|date=October 23, 2017|work=i-D}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == === Ezinụlọ === Nwanne nwoke Ocean, Ryan Breaux, nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'August 2, 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18. <ref name=":2"/> === Usoro mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị === Ocean dere akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe, nke mbụ zubere maka ndetu liner na ''Channel Orange'', nke na-ebu ụzọ kwuo okwu banyere mmasị ya n'oge gara aga na nwoke ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Ocean Interview: Happy To Wake Up Without 'This Freakin' Boulder On My Chest'|url=http://instinctmagazine.com/blogs/blog/frank-ocean-interview-happy-to-wake-up-without-this-freakin-boulder-on-my-chest?directory=100011|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=Instinct Magazine|date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Kama, na Julaị 4, 2012, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na blọọgụ Tumblr <ref name="tumblr" /> <ref name=":4"/> na-akọpụta mmetụta na-enweghị isi o nwere maka nwa okorobịa ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, na-ezo aka na ya dị ka ezi ịhụnanya mbụ ya. <ref name="tumblr">{{Cite web|url=http://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/26473798723|title=thank you's|author=Frank Ocean|publisher=Tumblr|date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> O ji blọọgụ ahụ kelee nwoke ahụ maka mmetụta ya, ma keleekwa nne ya na ndị enyi ya, sị, "Amaghị m ihe na-eme ugbu a, nke ahụ dịkwa mma. Enweghị m ihe nzuzo ọ bụla m chọrọ ka edobe ya ọzọ.. Ọ dị m ka onye nweere onwe ya." <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/482116/frank-ocean-opens-up-about-sexuality "Frank Ocean Opens Up About Sexuality"] ''Billboard Magazine''. </ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ememme kwupụtara n'ihu ọha nkwado ha maka Ocean na-esote ọkwa ya, gụnyere [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] na Jay-Z . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sepinwall|first=Alan|url=http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life|title=Beyonce, Jay-Z support Frank Ocean in open letters; singer drops Sweet Life|publisher=Hitfix.com|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 14, 2014|archivedate=October 21, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101258/http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Applauds Frank Ocean for Coming Out|author=Carter Maness|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds/|publisher=MTV|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 10, 2012|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712003239/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds}}</ref> Ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ hip hop na-anabata nke ọma na ọkwa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ |title=Frank Ocean's Sexual Declaration: Will It Spark Change In Hip-Hop Community? |accessdate=2024-06-08 |archivedate=2012-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712070426/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ }}</ref> Tyler, Onye Okike na ndị otu OFWGKTA ndị ọzọ tweeted nkwado ha maka Ocean. <ref name="NYDaily">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/b-singer-frank-ocean-odd-future-summer-romance-man-changed-life-article-1.1107779|title=R&B Singer Frank Ocean Comes Out|author=Chen|first=Joyce|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=July 13, 2012}}</ref> Russell Simmons dere akụkọ ekele na ''Global Grind'' nke o kwuru, "Taa bụ nnukwu ụbọchị maka hip-hop. Ọ bụ ụbọchị ga-akọwapụta onye anyị bụ n'ezie. Olee otú anyị ga-esi nwee ọmịiko? Olee otú ịhụnanya nwere ike isi na-enwe? anyị gụnyere anyị? <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|title=The Courage of Frank Ocean Just Changed The Game!|author=Russell Simmons|date=July 4, 2012|work=Global Grind|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701134935/http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|archivedate=July 1, 2013}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwoke na nwanyị na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2012, Ocean kwuru, sị: "M ga-eji nkwanye ùgwù kwuo na ndụ dị ike ma na-abịa na ahụmahụ ndị siri ike, na otu mmetụta ahụ m nwere n'ebe ụdị egwu dị, enwere m n'ebe ọ nọ. ọtụtụ akara na igbe na shit." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean Speaks on His Coming Out Letter|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=April 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413212640/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter}}</ref> Na June 2016, na-esochi ogbunigwe ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị Orlando nke gburu mmadụ 49, Ocean bipụtara edemede na-ekwupụta mwute na obi nkoropụ ya. O kwuru na ahụmahụ mbụ ya na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na transphobia nọ na nna ya mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ma kọwaa mmadụ ole na-ebufe ụkpụrụ ịkpọasị ha n'ọgbọ na-esote ma ziga ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'ụzọ igbu onwe ya. <ref name="Orlando" /> Na 2017, nna Ocean mechara gbaa ya akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ ma rịọ $14.5.&nbsp;nde. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-oceans-sued-by-his-own-father_us_5894b082e4b0c1284f259c13|title=Frank Ocean Sued By Father Over Tumblr Response To Orlando Shooting|work=The Huffington Post|date=February 3, 2017|accessdate=February 15, 2017}}</ref> N'October 17, 2017, mgbe a nụchara nke hụrụ Ocean na nne na nna ya abụọ ka ha guzoro, ọkàikpe na-ahụ maka ikpe nyere iwu maka Ocean, na-ekwu na nna ya enyebeghị ihe akaebe zuru oke nke nkwutọ. === Aha na-agbanwe === N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011, Ocean kwuru na ọ nwara ịgbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Christopher Francis Ocean site na webụsaịtị iwu na ụbọchị ọmụmụ 23rd ya. A kọrọ na mgbanwe a sitere na ihe nkiri 1960 ''nke Ocean's 11'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite web|author=Shepherd|first=Julianne Escobedo|date=April 17, 2012|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/04/frank-ocean-has-cold/|title=Frank Ocean Has a Cold|work=Spin|accessdate=July 14, 2012}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, a kọrọ na ọ na-agbanwe aha ya n'ụzọ iwu na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/03/07/frank-ocean-name-change|title=Frank Ocean: I'm changing my name... To Frank Ocean|date=March 7, 2014|work=[[TMZ]]|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, e kpughere na akwadobeghị aha mgbanwe aha n'ihi ọtụtụ mmejọ ọsọ ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/11/10/frank-ocean-name-change-denied-traffic-tickets|title=Frank Ocean screwed out of name change after extreme speeding|date=November 10, 2014|work=TMZ|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> Emechara nye ya iwu na Eprel 23, 2015. <ref name="FaderNameChange"/> === Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị === Na 2019, Ocean gbara ndị na-akwado Britain ume ka ha votu maka Labour Party na ntuli aka izugbe UK 2019, site na akụkọ Instagram. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2019-12-12|title=A list of the celebrities backing Labour in today’s general election|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/47176/1/celebrities-backing-labour-jeremy-corbyn-uk-general-election-stormzy-frank-ocean|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> Oke osimiri ekwupụtala ịdị n'otu na ndị bi na Gaza n'oge agha [[Israel]] na Hamas na-aga n'ihu. Ọ bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke Ọktọba 2023 nke ndị na-ese ihe na-agba Onye isi ala Joe Biden ume ka ọ kpọọ oku kwụsịtụ ozugbo na Gaza. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrities call for ceasefire, decry civilian deaths: Hollywood reacts to Israel-Hamas war|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/16/israeli-palestinian-conflict-celebrity-reactions/71206600007/|work=USA Today|date=October 16, 2023}}</ref> == Esemokwu gbasara iwu == Ocean sampled The Eagles ' 1977 " Hotel California " na egwu ya "American Wedding", nke e gosiri na mpụta mbụ mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . Ocean emeghị ihe nzuzo nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ "hụrụ Don Henley n'anya ... ndị Eagles ... na Joe Walsh si egwu egwu egwu". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-28|title=Don Henley Finally Threatens to Sue Frank Ocean for 'American Wedding'|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/02/don-henley-finally-threatens-sue-frank-ocean-american-wedding/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=SPIN|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mkpughe nke egwu ahụ butere esemokwu, n'ikpeazụ ọ dịghị mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ahịa, ọ dịghịkwa ihe iwu kwadoro. Achọpụtara na Ocean enweghị ego na egwu ahụ, onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya kwuru na ọ "na-asọpụrụ" The Eagles' Don Henley na ntọhapụ. "Enweghị m otu dime na egwu ahụ. M wepụtara ya n'efu. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla, m na-asọpụrụ ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-04|title=The Eagles' Don Henley makes fresh attack on Frank Ocean for 'song theft'|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-eagles-12-1233413|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 27, 2013, n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Los Angeles, esemokwu mere n'etiti Frank Ocean na Chris Brown . Otu akụkọ merenụ kwuru na Brown tụbara ọkpọ na Ocean, mgbe Ocean boro Brown ebubo na o werela ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala a họpụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-05|title=More Details of Frank Ocean/Chris Brown Fight Emerge|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/49437-more-details-of-frank-oceanchris-brown-fight-emerge/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Nwanne nwanne Ocean kwuru na otu onye so na Brown wakporo ya mgbe ihe a mere. E boro ebubo ebubo, na Ocean na-ekwu site na Tumblr na ọ na-ahọrọ "Sanity. Ọ dịghị mpụ ebubo. Ọ dịghị obodo ikpe ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Chris Brown And Frank Ocean Fight: Case Closed|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=MTV News|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325220702/http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, edobere Ocean ka ọ rụọ mkpuchi nke egwu egwu " Pure Imagination " na azụmahịa Chipotle [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] Grill nke bụ maka ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo. N'ịgbaso nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ, ndị ọrụ iwu nke Ocean zigara Chipotle akwụkwọ ozi, na-akọwa na ọ chere na ọ dị ya mkpa ịpụ na nhazi ahụ, na-ekwupụta na "Mgbe a gwara Frank ka o sonye na ọrụ a, ndị nnọchiteanya Chipotle gwara ya na mkpali nke mkpọsa ahụ. bụ ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo ọnweghị akara ma ọ bụ akara nke Chipotle na ngosipụta mbụ, Chipotle wee gwa Frank na ọ bụ ebumnobi nke mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is being sued by Chipotle|url=https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=blonded.blog|date=March 7, 2014|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303162713/https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle}}</ref> Ocean sọpụrụ nhazi ahụ nke ọma site n'ịkwụghachi Chipotle site na nlele ego ego na nchikota $212,500.00. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Weber|first=Lindsey|date=2014-03-10|title=Frank Ocean Told Chipotle to 'Fuck Off'|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/03/frank-ocean-told-chipotle-to-fuck-off.html|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> Azụmahịa ahụ, akpọrọ "The Scarecrow", ka ewepụtara ya na Fiona Apple na-eme egwu ahụ. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==   == Ihe ngosi == '''Albums Studio''' * ''Orange Channel'' (2012) * ''Blonde'' (2016) '''Ngwakọta''' * ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' (2011) '''Ndekọ anya''' * ''Enweghị ngwụcha'' (2016) == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] by9w2tiq8n68k9pitmhz856b0j3rgxr 670936 670934 2026-07-01T23:43:31Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Usoro mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị */ fixed reference errors 670936 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Frank Ocean''' <ref name="FaderNameChange">{{Cite web|author=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Frank Ocean Legally Changed His Name to Frank Ocean|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/04/23/frank-ocean-legally-changed-his-name-to-frank-ocean|work=The Fader|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> (amuru '''Christopher Edwin Breaux''' ; Ọktoba 28, 1987) bụ onye America na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwú. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ egwu kwadoro ọrụ mbụ ya maka ịsụ ụzọ ụdị R&amp;amp;B ọzọ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies|volume=18|issue=3|date=May 2014|author=Dhaenens|first=Frederik|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273597609|title=Resistant masculinities in alternative R&B? Understanding Frank Ocean and The Weeknd's representations of gender|accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> Ocean emeriela Grammy Awards abụọ na onyinye Brit maka International Male Solo Artist n'etiti ihe nturu ugo ndị ọzọ, na edepụtala album studio ya abụọ na ''Rolling Stone'' ' 500 Kasị Mma Albums of All Time ' (2020). Ocean malitere ọrụ egwu ya dị ka onye na-ede ghost, tupu ịbanye na mkpokọta [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] Odd Future na 2010. N'afọ sochirinụ, o wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya, ''Nostalgia, Ultra'', wee nweta nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Def Jam Recordings . Ndekọ [[Album|studio]] izizi ya, eclectic ''Channel Orange'' (2012), webatara R&amp;amp;B na ụdị mkpụrụ obi . Na 2013 Grammy Awards, ''Channel Orange'' a họpụtara maka Album nke Afọ wee merie Best Urban Contemporary Album ; otu n'ime egwu ya, " Thinkin Bout You ", bụ onye a họpụtara maka ndekọ nke afọ . ''Time'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na 2013. Mgbe afọ anọ kwụsịtụrụ, Ocean weputara ọba ọhụụ akpọrọ ''Endless'' na 2016 iji mezuo ọrụ nkwekọrịta na Def Jam. Ocean onwe wepụtara ya nke abụọ studio album, ''Blonde'', otu ụbọchị mgbe ''ọgwụgwụ'' ' s tọhapụrụ. ''Blonde'' gbasaa na usoro egwu egwu nke Ocean wee bụrụ nke mbụ na ndepụta ''Pitchfork'' ' ọba kachasị mma nke afọ 2010s. Ọ bụ ọba ọnụọgụ mbụ ya na US <nowiki><i id="mwQQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 wee nweta platinum site n'aka Associationlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndekọ nke America (RIAA). Site na 2017 gaa n'ihu, Ocean ewepụtala ndị na-alụbeghị di na nwunye, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, malite ụdị ejiji Homer, ma malite ''Homer Radio'' . Ocean ewepụtala egwu 14 na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 n'ime oge ọrụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ocean Christopher Edwin Breaux na Ọktoba 28, 1987, <ref name="MakesMoves">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/frank-ocean-cover-story-interview|title=Frank Ocean Makes Moves Like Nobody Else|author=Solway|first=Diane|date=September 30, 2019|work=[[W (magazine)|W]]|accessdate=March 16, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 19, 2020|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/frank-ocean/15669|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref> na Long Beach, [[California]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/frank-ocean-interview-gq-december-2012|title=Frank Ocean: On Channel Orange, Meeting Odd Future, and His Tumblr Letter|author=Wallace|first=Amy|date=November 20, 2012|work=[[GQ]]|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Calvin Edward Cooksey <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Uko|first=Precious|date=2022-09-12|title=All about Frank Ocean's marriage, wife, boyfriends, kids|url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/09/about-frank-ocean-marriage-wife-boyfriends-kids.html|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, <ref name=":3" /> na nne ya bụ Katonya Breaux Riley <ref name=":1" /> onye mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwekọrịta obibi. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ nne ya zụrụ ya mgbe nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. <ref name=":3" /> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke nke tọrọ aha ya bụ Ryan Breaux onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 2020. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=August 2, 2020|title=Frank Ocean's Younger Brother Ryan Breaux Reportedly Killed In Crash Alongside Classmate Ezekial Bishop|url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/08/02/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240125185723/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archivedate=January 25, 2024|accessdate=August 3, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ógbè New Orleans . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOVrXdCWIuU|title=Frank Ocean: BBC News Interview – BBC Sound of 2012|publisher=BBC|date=January 11, 2012|accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> A zụlitere ya [[Onye Kraịst]], gụnyere obere oge dịka onye Katọlik . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ocean|first=Frank|title=post|url=https://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/1172106468/i-was-raised-christian-only-had-a-few-friends|accessdate=2023-01-04|work=Frank Ocean}}</ref> Nna nna Ocean Lionel McGruder Jr. bụ nna maka Ocean mgbe nna ya hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Lionel bụ onye ọgwụ riri ahụ na-agbake ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nzukọ Alcoholics Anonymous na Narcotics Anonymous . Ọ ga-ewere Ocean gaa nzukọ ndị a, nke bụ mkpali n'azụ egwu Ocean "Crack Rock" sitere na ''Channel Orange.'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Nicholson|first=Rebecca|title=Frank Ocean: the most talked-about man in music|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/21/frank-ocean-guardian-exclusive-interview|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=The Guardian|date=July 20, 2012}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> Ọ nyekwara ya aha Lonny, nke Frank Ocean ka na-eji taa. <ref name="NYT2013">{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2013|title=Frank Ocean Can Fly|author=Himmelman|first=Jeff|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/magazine/frank-ocean-can-fly.html|accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 2010 na Frank Ocean raara ya egwu a kpọrọ "The Will Be Tears" na mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-28|title=Frank Before the Ocean: The Story of Lonny Breaux|url=https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=CentralSauce Collective|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309071147/https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean}}</ref> Ọ kpọkwara ya aha na 2017 otu "Lens" ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na John Ehret High School na Marrero, Louisiana na 2005, Ocean debanyere aha na Mahadum New Orleans ka ọ mụọ Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://1079ishot.com/frank-ocean-university-louisiana-lafayette/|title=Frank Ocean Attended UL Lafayette In The Fall of 2005, But Somehow No One Really Noticed|publisher=Townsquare Media|date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="NYT2013"/> Otú ọ dị, Hurricane Katrina gburu New Orleans na August 2005, na-ebibi ụlọ ya na ebe ndekọ nke onwe ya ma na-amanye ya ịkwaga na Mahadum Louisiana na Lafayette . <ref name="Youngs">{{Cite news|author=Youngs|first=Ian|title=Sound of 2012: Frank Ocean|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16390456|publisher=BBC. [[BBC Online]]|accessdate=July 6, 2012|date=May 1, 2012}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ obere oge tupu ọ hapụ ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ egwu ya. <ref name="NYT2013" /> == Ọrụ == === 2012–2013: ''Ọwa Orange'' === [[Usòrò:Tyler_the_Creator_and_Frank_Ocean_Coachella_2012.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ocean (n'aka nri) ya na Tyler, Onye Okike na Coachella n'April 2012]] Ocean wepụtara mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ihe nkiri album studio mbụ ya nke akpọrọ "Thinkin Bout You", na-ekpughere egwu a ga-ahapụ ndị na-ere ahịa dijitalụ na Eprel 10, 2012. Otú ọ dị, otu ọnwa tupu mgbe ahụ, ụdị abụ ahụ a na-emezigharị amalitelarị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cloudmusiq.com/?p=14148|title=Frank Ocean – Thinking About You|publisher=cloudmusiq.com|date=March 8, 2012|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref> Banyere onye a na-achọ ịlụ, o kwuru, sị: "Ọ na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị nkenke dị ka onye na-ese ihe maka ebe m nọ ugbu a na nke ahụ bụ ebumnuche," ka o kwuru banyere nsonazụ ya nke ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . "Ọ bụ banyere akụkọ ndị ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na m dee akụkọ 14 na-amasị m, mgbe ahụ, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ iji nweta gburugburu ebe egwu gburugburu ya iji kpuchie akụkọ ahụ na ụdị nile nke ịdị mma sonic." <ref name="singlecover">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |title=SINGLE COVER: FRANK OCEAN – 'THINKIN BOUT YOU' |magazine=[[Rap-Up]] |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=April 9, 2012 |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215041419/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |url-status=live }}</ref>   Na 2012, Ocean wepụtara ya mpụta mbụ studio album ''Channel Orange'' ka eluigwe na ala otuto si n'aka ndị nkatọ, bụ ndị mesịrị kpọọ ya kasị mma album nke afọ na HMV's Poll of Polls . O nwetakwara nhọpụta onyinye onyinye Grammy isii nke Ocean isii ma ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ kwadoro ya maka ịkwaga ụdị R&B n'ụzọ dị iche, nke siri ike karị. A na-ewere ya dị ka ntọhapụ azụmahịa mbụ nke Ocean na akara ndekọ ọdịnala, ''Channel Orange'' gosipụtara egwu ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e depụtara maka akụkọ ha na nkọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, na ngwakọta egwu dị egwu nke dọtara na jazz, mkpụrụ obi, na R &amp;amp; B . Funk na egwu eletrọnịkị metụtakwara ọba ya. Egwu banyere ịhụnanya a na-akwụghị ụgwọ bụ nke kacha elebara anya, akụkụ n'ihi ọkwa nke Ocean tupu ewepụtara album ahụ, mgbe o kpughere na ịhụnanya mbụ ya bụ nwoke. Nkwuputa ahụ mere akụkọ akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jiri mmetụta omenala ya tụnyere mgbe David Bowie kpughere na ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na 1972. <ref name="Johnson">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Andrew|date=December 17, 2012|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/frank-ocean-records-another-first-as-channel-orange-is-named-album-of-the-year-8421123.html|title=Frank Ocean records another first as Channel Orange is named album of the year|work=The Independent|accessdate=December 17, 2012}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ndị nkatọ egwu ekwupụtala Ocean maka ịsụ ụzọ R&amp;amp;B ọzọ, na-abịaru egwu R&B dị iche na ndị ọgbọ ya na ụdị idiosyncratic. <ref name="Petridis">{{Cite news|author=Petridis|first=Alexis|authorlink=Alexis Petridis|date=July 11, 2012|title=Frank Ocean: Channel Orange – review|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/11/frank-ocean-channel-orange-review1?newsfeed=true|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> Ma <nowiki><i id="mwAtg">Insider</i></nowiki> na ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street'' lere Ocean anya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị n'ime afọ iri nke 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shah|first=Neil|date=August 5, 2019|title=How Frank Ocean Quietly Ruled the Decade|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-frank-ocean-quietly-ruled-the-decade-11565011819|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is the artist of the decade|url=https://www.insider.com/frank-ocean-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-11|author=Ahlgrim|first=Callie|work=Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ya na mbipụta 2013 ' ''Time'' nke 100 ndị mmadụ kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na mbipụta 2017 nke <nowiki><i id="mwAuY">Forbes</i></nowiki> 30 Under 30 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/frank-ocean/|author=Barton|first=ByMerrilee|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Andy Kellman nke AllMusic dere,<blockquote>Frank Ocean abụrụla otu n'ime ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na egwu nke oge a kemgbe ọ bịarutere mmalite 2010. Onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ nke mmepụta nka emegidela nhazi ọkwa siri ike dị ka R&B, ka o sina dị, o jiwo akụkọ ndị yiri ka ewepụrụ iwe ma nwee nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọ tụgharịrị n'etiti agụụ ịhụnanya na ịdị mfe ịnya isi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/frank-ocean-mn0002592086/biography|work=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-20}}</ref></blockquote>Onye nkatọ omenala Nelson George na-ekwusi ike na, yana Miguel, Ocean nwere "agbapụtala n'ala ebe [ọ na-adịghị] na-asọmpi na omume ndị [azụmahịa R & B] na-akpata" ma "na-azụlite ụda nke na-edozi nchegbu ndị okenye na echiche nke nwata. ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịghọta ọchịchọ nke onwe ha (nkọwa nke ọma nke Ocean, karịsịa)." <ref>{{Cite news|title=For The Ladies: R. Kelly, Teddy Pendergrass And The State Of R And B|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2012/10/17/163095398/for-the-ladies-r-kelly-teddy-pendergrass-and-the-state-of-r-b|date=October 18, 2012|work=NPR|accessdate=October 24, 2012|author=Powers|first=Ann}}</ref> N'ịde maka ''Insider'', Callie Ahlgrim kwuru na Ocean "gbanwere nghọta anyị banyere egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ", nakwa na ọ na-atụle isiokwu ndị dị ka ntorobịa, ịdị ọcha, ịhụnanya furu efu, owu ọmụma, ọchịchọ, na ịnwụ anwụ n'egwú ya n'ụzọ na-eche " Ọ dị ọhụrụ na nke pụrụ iche [na] na-eme ka ụda introspective ụda zuru ụwa ọnụ na gafere [nke mere] ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-akọwa oge anyị." <ref name=":0"/> Jacob Shamsian nke ''Business Insider'' kwuru na Ocean "abụghị naanị otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe dị mkpa na pop, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na egwu niile." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Frank Ocean, the enigmatic musician whose new album is about to be everywhere|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bio-of-musician-frank-ocean-rapper-of-boys-dont-cry-2016-8|author=Shamsian|first=Jacob|work=Business Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> N'ime edemede ''GQ'' akpọrọ "Gịnị kpatara Frank Ocean ji bụrụ akara ngosi egwu", Jon Savage kọwara Ocean dị ka "onye na-ese ihe n'oge a n'echiche ọ bụla nke na-emikpu n'ime ohere ọhụrụ sonic, onye na-agbasi mbọ ike na nyocha nka kacha mma. nghọta miri emi." Savage toro Ocean maka iwere R&B na "ọkwa ọhụrụ [site na] ịrụ foto ụda na-atụ egwu dabara na egwu egwu ya." <ref name="Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon">{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mwAwA">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> lere Oke Osimiri anya dị ka "onye nwe akwụkwọ nkwupụta nkwupụta, na-enweta akara ngosi nzuzo site na onye enigmatic ya na ụzọ aghụghọ nke pop." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean – Albums, Songs, and News|url=https://pitchfork.com/artists/29508-frank-ocean/|work=Pitchfork|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Na 2023, ''Rolling Stone'' họọrọ Ocean na ọnụọgụ 190 na ndepụta ya nke 200 Kasịnụ Ndị Na-abụ abụ nke oge niile. == Foto == Na August 20, 2016, Ocean wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ 360-page, ''Boys Don't Cry'', n'akụkụ ya nke abụọ album ''Blonde'' . The ejiji na ụgbọala-themed mbipụta nwere foto ọrụ si Wolfgang Tillmans, Viviane Sassen, Tyrone Lebon, Ren Hang, Harley Weir, Michael Mayren na Ocean n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2016/08/23/frank-ocean-boys-dont-cry-magazine-complete-guide|title=The Complete Guide To What's Inside Frank Ocean's Magazine|work=The FADER|date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> Ọnwa anọ ka e mesịrị, magazin Britain bụ́ ''Print'' bipụtara ọrụ ọzọ foto sitere na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2017/1/print-issue-one|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=January 3, 2017|work=Hypebeast}}</ref> Na Mee 1, 2017, Ocean gara Met Gala kwa afọ dị ka onye na-ese foto pụrụ iche maka <nowiki><i id="mwAxg">Vogue</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/frank-ocean-met-gala-2017-photos-kendall-jenner-asap-rocky|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=May 2, 2017|work=Vogue}}</ref> Na October 23, 2017, o mere mkpuchi abụọ na edemede anya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiji Britain, ''iD'' . <ref name="idm">{{Cite news|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/mb3jqv/exclusive-it-came-to-me-in-a-dream-frank-ocean-creates-a-visual-essay-and-pens-personal-letter|title=frank ocean creates a visual essay and pens personal letter|date=October 23, 2017|work=i-D}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == === Ezinụlọ === Nwanne nwoke Ocean, Ryan Breaux, nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'August 2, 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18. <ref name=":2"/> === Usoro mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị === Ocean dere akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe, nke mbụ zubere maka ndetu liner na ''Channel Orange'', nke na-ebu ụzọ kwuo okwu banyere mmasị ya n'oge gara aga na nwoke ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Ocean Interview: Happy To Wake Up Without 'This Freakin' Boulder On My Chest'|url=http://instinctmagazine.com/blogs/blog/frank-ocean-interview-happy-to-wake-up-without-this-freakin-boulder-on-my-chest?directory=100011|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=Instinct Magazine|date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Kama, na Julaị 4, 2012, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na blọọgụ Tumblr <ref name="tumblr" /> <ref name=":4"/> na-akọpụta mmetụta na-enweghị isi o nwere maka nwa okorobịa ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, na-ezo aka na ya dị ka ezi ịhụnanya mbụ ya. <ref name="tumblr">{{Cite web|url=http://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/26473798723|title=thank you's|author=Frank Ocean|publisher=Tumblr|date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> O ji blọọgụ ahụ kelee nwoke ahụ maka mmetụta ya, ma keleekwa nne ya na ndị enyi ya, sị, "Amaghị m ihe na-eme ugbu a, nke ahụ dịkwa mma. Enweghị m ihe nzuzo ọ bụla m chọrọ ka edobe ya ọzọ.. Ọ dị m ka onye nweere onwe ya." <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/482116/frank-ocean-opens-up-about-sexuality "Frank Ocean Opens Up About Sexuality"] ''Billboard Magazine''. </ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ememme kwupụtara n'ihu ọha nkwado ha maka Ocean na-esote ọkwa ya, gụnyere [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] na Jay-Z . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sepinwall|first=Alan|url=http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life|title=Beyonce, Jay-Z support Frank Ocean in open letters; singer drops Sweet Life|publisher=Hitfix.com|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 14, 2014|archivedate=October 21, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101258/http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Applauds Frank Ocean for Coming Out|author=Carter Maness|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds/|publisher=MTV|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 10, 2012|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712003239/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds}}</ref> Ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ hip hop na-anabata nke ọma na ọkwa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ |title=Frank Ocean's Sexual Declaration: Will It Spark Change In Hip-Hop Community? |accessdate=2024-06-08 |archivedate=2012-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712070426/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ }}</ref> Tyler, Onye Okike na ndị otu OFWGKTA ndị ọzọ tweeted nkwado ha maka Ocean. <ref name="NYDaily">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/b-singer-frank-ocean-odd-future-summer-romance-man-changed-life-article-1.1107779|title=R&B Singer Frank Ocean Comes Out|author=Chen|first=Joyce|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=July 13, 2012}}</ref> Russell Simmons dere akụkọ ekele na ''Global Grind'' nke o kwuru, "Taa bụ nnukwu ụbọchị maka hip-hop. Ọ bụ ụbọchị ga-akọwapụta onye anyị bụ n'ezie. Olee otú anyị ga-esi nwee ọmịiko? Olee otú ịhụnanya nwere ike isi na-enwe? anyị gụnyere anyị? <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|title=The Courage of Frank Ocean Just Changed The Game!|author=Russell Simmons|date=July 4, 2012|work=Global Grind|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701134935/http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|archivedate=July 1, 2013}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwoke na nwanyị na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2012, Ocean kwuru, sị: "M ga-eji nkwanye ùgwù kwuo na ndụ dị ike ma na-abịa na ahụmahụ ndị siri ike, na otu mmetụta ahụ m nwere n'ebe ụdị egwu dị, enwere m n'ebe ọ nọ. ọtụtụ akara na igbe na shit." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean Speaks on His Coming Out Letter|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=April 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413212640/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter}}</ref> Na June 2016, na-esochi ogbunigwe ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị Orlando nke gburu mmadụ 49, Ocean bipụtara edemede na-ekwupụta mwute na obi nkoropụ ya. O kwuru na ahụmahụ mbụ ya na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na transphobia nọ na nna ya mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ma kọwaa mmadụ ole na-ebufe ụkpụrụ ịkpọasị ha n'ọgbọ na-esote ma ziga ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'ụzọ igbu onwe ya. <ref name="Orlando">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/frank-ocean-on-orlando-shooting-many-hate-us-and-wish-we-didn-t-exist-20160621|title=Frank Ocean on Orlando Shooting: Many Hate Us and Wish We Didn't Exist|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> Na 2017, nna Ocean mechara gbaa ya akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ ma rịọ $14.5.&nbsp;nde. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-oceans-sued-by-his-own-father_us_5894b082e4b0c1284f259c13|title=Frank Ocean Sued By Father Over Tumblr Response To Orlando Shooting|work=The Huffington Post|date=February 3, 2017|accessdate=February 15, 2017}}</ref> N'October 17, 2017, mgbe a nụchara nke hụrụ Ocean na nne na nna ya abụọ ka ha guzoro, ọkàikpe na-ahụ maka ikpe nyere iwu maka Ocean, na-ekwu na nna ya enyebeghị ihe akaebe zuru oke nke nkwutọ. === Aha na-agbanwe === N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011, Ocean kwuru na ọ nwara ịgbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Christopher Francis Ocean site na webụsaịtị iwu na ụbọchị ọmụmụ 23rd ya. A kọrọ na mgbanwe a sitere na ihe nkiri 1960 ''nke Ocean's 11'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite web|author=Shepherd|first=Julianne Escobedo|date=April 17, 2012|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/04/frank-ocean-has-cold/|title=Frank Ocean Has a Cold|work=Spin|accessdate=July 14, 2012}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, a kọrọ na ọ na-agbanwe aha ya n'ụzọ iwu na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/03/07/frank-ocean-name-change|title=Frank Ocean: I'm changing my name... To Frank Ocean|date=March 7, 2014|work=[[TMZ]]|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, e kpughere na akwadobeghị aha mgbanwe aha n'ihi ọtụtụ mmejọ ọsọ ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/11/10/frank-ocean-name-change-denied-traffic-tickets|title=Frank Ocean screwed out of name change after extreme speeding|date=November 10, 2014|work=TMZ|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> Emechara nye ya iwu na Eprel 23, 2015. <ref name="FaderNameChange"/> === Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị === Na 2019, Ocean gbara ndị na-akwado Britain ume ka ha votu maka Labour Party na ntuli aka izugbe UK 2019, site na akụkọ Instagram. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2019-12-12|title=A list of the celebrities backing Labour in today’s general election|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/47176/1/celebrities-backing-labour-jeremy-corbyn-uk-general-election-stormzy-frank-ocean|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> Oke osimiri ekwupụtala ịdị n'otu na ndị bi na Gaza n'oge agha [[Israel]] na Hamas na-aga n'ihu. Ọ bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke Ọktọba 2023 nke ndị na-ese ihe na-agba Onye isi ala Joe Biden ume ka ọ kpọọ oku kwụsịtụ ozugbo na Gaza. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrities call for ceasefire, decry civilian deaths: Hollywood reacts to Israel-Hamas war|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/16/israeli-palestinian-conflict-celebrity-reactions/71206600007/|work=USA Today|date=October 16, 2023}}</ref> == Esemokwu gbasara iwu == Ocean sampled The Eagles ' 1977 " Hotel California " na egwu ya "American Wedding", nke e gosiri na mpụta mbụ mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . Ocean emeghị ihe nzuzo nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ "hụrụ Don Henley n'anya ... ndị Eagles ... na Joe Walsh si egwu egwu egwu". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-28|title=Don Henley Finally Threatens to Sue Frank Ocean for 'American Wedding'|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/02/don-henley-finally-threatens-sue-frank-ocean-american-wedding/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=SPIN|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mkpughe nke egwu ahụ butere esemokwu, n'ikpeazụ ọ dịghị mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ahịa, ọ dịghịkwa ihe iwu kwadoro. Achọpụtara na Ocean enweghị ego na egwu ahụ, onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya kwuru na ọ "na-asọpụrụ" The Eagles' Don Henley na ntọhapụ. "Enweghị m otu dime na egwu ahụ. M wepụtara ya n'efu. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla, m na-asọpụrụ ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-04|title=The Eagles' Don Henley makes fresh attack on Frank Ocean for 'song theft'|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-eagles-12-1233413|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 27, 2013, n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Los Angeles, esemokwu mere n'etiti Frank Ocean na Chris Brown . Otu akụkọ merenụ kwuru na Brown tụbara ọkpọ na Ocean, mgbe Ocean boro Brown ebubo na o werela ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala a họpụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-05|title=More Details of Frank Ocean/Chris Brown Fight Emerge|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/49437-more-details-of-frank-oceanchris-brown-fight-emerge/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Nwanne nwanne Ocean kwuru na otu onye so na Brown wakporo ya mgbe ihe a mere. E boro ebubo ebubo, na Ocean na-ekwu site na Tumblr na ọ na-ahọrọ "Sanity. Ọ dịghị mpụ ebubo. Ọ dịghị obodo ikpe ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Chris Brown And Frank Ocean Fight: Case Closed|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=MTV News|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325220702/http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, edobere Ocean ka ọ rụọ mkpuchi nke egwu egwu " Pure Imagination " na azụmahịa Chipotle [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] Grill nke bụ maka ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo. N'ịgbaso nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ, ndị ọrụ iwu nke Ocean zigara Chipotle akwụkwọ ozi, na-akọwa na ọ chere na ọ dị ya mkpa ịpụ na nhazi ahụ, na-ekwupụta na "Mgbe a gwara Frank ka o sonye na ọrụ a, ndị nnọchiteanya Chipotle gwara ya na mkpali nke mkpọsa ahụ. bụ ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo ọnweghị akara ma ọ bụ akara nke Chipotle na ngosipụta mbụ, Chipotle wee gwa Frank na ọ bụ ebumnobi nke mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is being sued by Chipotle|url=https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=blonded.blog|date=March 7, 2014|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303162713/https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle}}</ref> Ocean sọpụrụ nhazi ahụ nke ọma site n'ịkwụghachi Chipotle site na nlele ego ego na nchikota $212,500.00. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Weber|first=Lindsey|date=2014-03-10|title=Frank Ocean Told Chipotle to 'Fuck Off'|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/03/frank-ocean-told-chipotle-to-fuck-off.html|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> Azụmahịa ahụ, akpọrọ "The Scarecrow", ka ewepụtara ya na Fiona Apple na-eme egwu ahụ. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==   == Ihe ngosi == '''Albums Studio''' * ''Orange Channel'' (2012) * ''Blonde'' (2016) '''Ngwakọta''' * ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' (2011) '''Ndekọ anya''' * ''Enweghị ngwụcha'' (2016) == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] al6l0sawkizcwrsqychbpqt0w31f05w Martha Wash 0 47435 670994 589023 2026-07-02T04:40:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Martha Elaine Wash''' (amuru Disemba 28, 1953) <ref name="birth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/martha_elaine_wash_born_1953_5104953|title=The Birth of Martha Wash|publisher=[[California Birth Index]]|accessdate=December 10, 2019|quote=Martha Elaine Wash was born on December 28, 1953 in San Francisco County, California.}}</ref> bu onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emeputa ihe. Amara maka olu ya pụrụ iche ma dị ike, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Black|first=Sean|title=Favorable Forecast|url=http://aumag.org/wordpress/?p=3044|work=A&U Magazine|date=January 16, 2012}}</ref> Wash buru ụzọ nweta ama dị ka ọkara nke Tons O' Fun, yana Izora Armstead, ka ha na-abụ abụ nkwado maka onye na-agụ disco Sylvester gụnyere na mbinye aka ya kụrụ " Ị na-eme ka m nwee mmetụta. (Dike n'ezie) ". Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nkwekọrịta ndekọ nke onwe ha, ha wepụtara egwu atọ na-aga nke ọma n'ịzụ ahịa bụ nke ha niile ruru na ọnụọgụ abụọ na chaatị ịgba egwu. Akpọrọ aha duo ahụ The Weather Girls na 1982 ka ha wepụtachara otu onye na-ere ahịa kacha ere " It's Raining Men ", nke mere ka ha leba anya na nlebara anya pop. The Weather Girls weputara ọba ise ma gosi ya nke ukwuu na ọbaakwụkwọ Sylvester. Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na 1988, Wash gbanwere n'ụlọ egwu dịka onye na-ese ihe na ọtụtụ egwu na-aga nke ọma. Ihe ịga nke ọma ya na chaatị ịgba egwu ''Billboard'' enwetala ya aha nsọpụrụ The Queen of Clubland, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventbrite.com/event/3974983282|title=Disco Dance Diva MARTHA WASH – The Queen Of Clubland|publisher=Eventbrite.com|accessdate=November 3, 2016|archivedate=November 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105055853/https://www.eventbrite.com/event/3974983282}}</ref> na ngụkọta nke abụ iri na ise-otu na chaatị ahụ ruo taa. A na-ahụkwa Wash maka iwu na-akpalite na mbido 1990 nke mere ka kredit olu bụrụ iwu na CD na vidiyo egwu. Malite na njedebe-1980s, a na-eji ụda studio ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ egwu egwu na-aga nke ọma na-enweghị ikike ya ma ọ bụ otuto kwesịrị ekwesị. Ụdị egbugbere ọnụ na-ejikọta olu ya na vidiyo egwu na n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri, na-ekpuchi onyinye Wash na-ezobe nha Wash dị ka nwanyị zuru oke. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zora.medium.com/when-plus-sized-black-women-in-music-were-invisible-bb443893840c|title=The Invisible History of Plus-Sized Black Women in Music|date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> N’ihi ya, a gọnarị ya otuto na ụgwọ eze maka ọtụtụ egwu o dekọrọ. Nke a gụnyere egwu platinum na-ere ọtụtụ " Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu ugbu a) ". N'ikpeazụ, na ''Rolling Stone'', onye nkatọ egwu Jason Newman kọwara Martha Wash dị ka "Onye na-agụ egwú ama ama ama ama nke '90s". Na Disemba 2016, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Billboard'' họọrọ ya dị ka onye 58th kacha eme egwuregwu ịgba egwu oge niile. == Ndụ mbido == Wash gara na McKinley Elementary wee gụchaa na San Francisco Polytechnic High School, ebe ọ bụrụ na-abụ abụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ukwe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tony Bravo|date=June 21, 2022|title=Singer Martha Wash 'coming home' for San Francisco Pride|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/music/singer-marsha-wash-coming-home-for-san-francisco-pride|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819140954/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/music/singer-marsha-wash-coming-home-for-san-francisco-pride|archivedate=August 19, 2023|accessdate=2024-06-04|work=Datebook {{!}} San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme njem na-eme njem na Europe ruo izu abụọ. <ref name="newtownbee">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190709000934/https://www.newtownbee.com/valentines-disco-party-at-playhouse-welcomes-weather-girl-martha-wash Valentine's Disco Party At Playhouse Welcomes 'Weather Girl' Martha Wash]. New Town Bee. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Wash pụtakwara na ọba anọ na ukwe ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="newtownbee" /> N’oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Wash sonyeere otu ozioma UGBU A (News of the World), nke gụnyekwara Izora Rhodes . <ref name="newtownbee" /> <ref name="aumag">[http://aumag.org/2012/01/16/martha-wash/ Martha Wash Cover Story]. America's AIDS Magazine. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Wash rụkwara ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ UC. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gamson|first=Joshua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwIGcuy_xxMC&pg=PP1|title=The Fabulous Sylvester: The Legend, the Music, the Seventies in San Francisco|date=March 2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-8050-7250-1|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 1976–1988: Ton Abụọ O' Fun na ụmụ nwanyị ihu igwe === {{Reflist}} Na February 1976, Wash gbara akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-abụ abụ ndabere n'ihu onye na-abụ abụ-abụ Sylvester na onye njikwa ya Brent Thomson. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na ụda olu ya, Sylvester jụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere nnukwu enyi ojii ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ abụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kpọtara ya Izora Rhodes. N'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ ha naanị "ụmụ agbọghọ", Wash na Rhodes hiwere otu egwu egwu akpọrọ Two Tons O' Fun (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "Ton Abụọ"). [11] <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mighty Real: Sharon Davis Remembers Sylvester|author=Davis|first=Sharon|publisher=Bank House Books|location=New Romney|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9573058-9-2|pages=10–11}}</ref> Tons O 'Fun abụọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka ndị na-akwado Sylvester na album nke atọ akpọrọ ''Sylvester'', ewepụtara na 1977. Duo ahụ bụrụ abụ nkwado ndabere na mpaghara egwu egwu nke album "Down, Down, Down" na "Over and Over", nke depụtara na ọnụọgụ iri na asatọ na chaatị ''Billboard'' Dance. <ref name="sylvesterbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ Daily Xtra ! , Wash kwuru na iso Sylvester rụkọọ ọrụ nyeere ya aka imezi ụdị ụda olu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/divine-diva-meter-martha-wash-61884|title=Divine Diva Meter: Martha Wash|author=Iannacci|first=Elio|date=June 2, 2014|work=Xtra|accessdate=February 7, 2020}}</ref> Na 1978, Sylvester wepụtara ya nke anọ album ''Nzọụkwụ II'', bụ nke na-egosipụtakwa The Two Ton' ndabere vocals ofụri album. " Dance (Disco Heat) ", onye ndu album nke gosipụtara The Ton nke ọma, gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị ''Billboard'' Dance wee bụrụ ọnụọgụ mbụ ha-otu na chaatị ahụ. <ref name="sylvesterbillboard" /> Na 1979, Two Tons O' Fun bụrụ abụ na Sylvester's live album ''Living Proof'', gụnyere showstopping solos si ma Wash na Rhodes na egwu "Ị bụ Enyi m". Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, duo ahụ nwetara nkwekọrịta ndekọ nke onwe ha na Fantasy Records . Na Jenụwarị 24, 1980, duo weputara album mbụ ha nwere aha ya bụ ''Tọn Abụọ nke Fun'' . Album ahụ wepụtara egwu egwu abụọ kachasị elu ise: "Ụwa nwere ike ịdị ka eluigwe" na "Enwetara m mmetụta ahụ". <ref name="twotonsbillboard">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190202053344/https://www.billboard.com/music/two-tons-of-fun/chart-history/dance-club-play-songs Two Tons of Fun | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> E wepụtara album ha nke abụọ ''Backatcha'' ka afọ ahụ gasịrị. Ndekọ ahụ wepụtara otu "M dabere na gị" nke ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ 72 na chaatị egwu. <ref name="twotonsbillboard" /> Na Septemba 1982, duo wepụtara otu ha " It's Raing Men ". Egwu ahụ ghọrọ nnukwu ihe egwu ha, na-arị elu na nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance na nọmba 46 na chaatị ''Billboard's'' Hot 100. <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/the-weather-girls The Weather Girls | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Ka ihe ịga nke ọma nke egwu ahụ gasịrị, Two Tons o' Fun gbanwere aha otu ha ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ Weather. Na Jenụwarị 22, 1983, ha wepụtara album ha nke atọ ''ịga nke ọma'' . <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard" /> E weputara egwu egwu akpọrọ "Ọganihu" nke album ahụ dị ka nke abụọ ma nọrọ na ọnụọgụ iri asatọ na itoolu na chaatị R&amp;amp;B . <ref name="weathergirlsbillboard" /> Na 1985, Weather Girls wepụtara ha nke anọ album ''Big Girls Don't Cry'' . N'afọ 1986, Wash wepụtara abụ solo, "Breakin' The Ice", na ụda ụda maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Paramount ''Gung Ho'' . Na 1988, the Weather Girls wepụtara onwe ha album nke anọ, Wash ikpeazụ album na duo. N'oge na-adịghị mgbe album ahụ gasịrị, Weather Girls kwụsịrị na Wash wee malite ọrụ naanị ya ma malitekwa ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-abụ abụ nnọkọ. N'ime ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ, o nyere ụda olu n'azụ na otu Aretha Franklin <nowiki>''</nowiki> Freeway of Love <nowiki>''</nowiki> maka ọba ya ''bụ onye Zoomin' onye?'' (1985). <ref>[https://www.khou.com/article/entertainment/events/martha-wash-to-headline-the-debut-of-bayou-city-after-dark/285-259157888 Martha Wash to headline the debut of Bayou City After Dark]. Khou 11. Retrieved on July 6, 2019</ref> === 1989–1991: Seduction, Black Box, na C+C Music Factory === N'afọ 1989, Wash dekọtara egwu " (Ị bụ Onye M naanị) Ezi Ịhụnanya " dị ka ngosi, nke David Cole mepụtara bụ onye ga-emecha mepụta ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C. Cole mechara nye otu nwanyị Seduction egwu na-abịa mgbe ahụ. Egwu ahụ pụtara na album mbụ Seduction ''Ọ dịghị ihe na-enweghị ịhụnanya'', wepụtara na Septemba 1989, na-ejigide ụda olu Wash wee gbakwunye ụda olu Seduction na egwu ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ naanị otuto maka ụda olu ya na Cole megharịrị wee gbanwee ụda ụzọ Wash nke egwu ahụ iji mee ka a ghara ịmata olu ya na egwu ahụ. <ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/06/arts/lawsuits-seek-truth-in-music-labeling.html Lawsuits Seek Truth in Music Labeling]. [[New York Times]]. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> "(Ị bụ Onye M Na Naanị) Ezi Ịhụnanya" ewepụtara dị ka Seduction nke abụọ na July 1989. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/youre-my-one-remix-mw0001081538 (You're My One and Only) True Love – Seduction]. All Music. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma a na-atụghị anya ya mgbe ọ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri abụọ na atọ na chaatị <nowiki><i id="mwhA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na nọmba atọ na chaatị Dance . <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/seduction Seduction | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Wash ga-emecha gbaa akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emepụta ihe yana A&amp;amp;M Records maka iji olu ya na-akwadoghị. <ref name="latimes">{{Cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/print/1991-02-21/entertainment/ca-2111_1_syncing|title=Read Her Lips : R&B Singer Says Hot Dance Hit Is Lip-Synced – Los Angeles Times|work=articles.latimes.com|year=1991|accessdate=April 30, 2012}}</ref> Okwu ahụ ruru nkwubi okwu a na-anọghị n'ụlọ ikpe na Disemba 1990. <ref name="nytimes" /> N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1989, ndị otu egwu ụlọ Ịtali bụ Black Box wetara Wash na mbụ dị ka onye na-abụ oge iji gosi egwu ha na-abịa. Wash gosipụtara mkpokọta egwu isii maka otu ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na a na-ewere ya nke ọma maka ịmegharị egwu ndị ahụ, Black Box nọgidere na-eji ụda Wash na egwu egwu wee wepụta ha na album mbụ ha ''Dreamland'' . Na Disemba 1989, Black Box wepụtara nke abụọ ha " Amaghị m onye ọ bụla ọzọ ". <ref name="Top Pop Singles 1955-2008">{{Cite book|first=Joel|author=Whitburn|year=2009|title=Top Pop Singles 1955–2008|edition=12th|publisher=Record Research Inc.|location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-89820-180-2}}</ref> Egwu a, nke gosipụtara ụda olu Wash, ghọrọ ihe egwu mba ụwa wee nweta ya n'ọkwa iri kacha elu nke ọtụtụ mba. <ref name="blackboxbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/black-box Black Box | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Ndị otu ahụ sochiri wepụta otu ọzọ " Onye ọ bụla ", na-egosipụtakwa Wash, nke ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa ọzọ. <ref name="blackboxbillboard" /> N'agbanyeghị onyinye Wash nyere na egwu ndị a, Black Box anabataghị Wash maka ụda olu ya kama jiri ụdị ejiji French Katrin Quinol mee ka ụda olu Wash na-egbu egbu n'oge vidiyo egwu, ihe ngosi telivishọn, na ihe ngosi egwu. Wash na mbụ mara maka asịrị ahụ wee kpee RCA Records na Black Box maka itinye ego azụmaahịa na Septemba 1990. <ref name="nytimes"/> RCA doziri okwu ahụ n'ụlọ ikpe na Disemba 1990, kwenye ịkwụ ụgwọ ego ego "bara nnukwu uru". <ref name="latimes"/> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyekwara aka na ya na nkwekọrịta ịdekọ album asatọ ma kwụọ ụgwọ njem njem mba ya. <ref name="latimes" /> Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ntọhapụ Black Box nwere ụda olu Wash ka ejiri kredit aka aka ya wepụtaghachi ya. Black Box gara n'ihu wepụta ndị otu na 1991 bụ nke hụrụ ntọhapụ nke mba iri kacha elu " Strike It Up ", <ref name="blackboxbillboard" /> " Fantasy " na "Mepee Anya Gị". Na Nọvemba 1990, ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ha " Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla na-agba egwu Ugbu a) ", nke gosipụtara ụda olu Wash na-enweghị nzere na egwu egwu. Egwu ahụ ghọrọ egwu mba ụwa, na-arị elu na nke mbụ na ''Billboard's'' Hot 100, <ref name="ccmusicfactorybillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/cc-music-factory C+C Music Factory | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> wee na-ere ihe karịrị otu nde na United States. <ref>[https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=gonna+make+you+sweat#search_section "Gonna Make You Sweat" searchable database]. RIAA. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Mgbe ha chọpụtachara na ndị otu ahụ na-eji onye na-abụ abụ Zelma Davis na-eme ihe ngosi na vidiyo egwu, Wash nwara ka ya na ndị na-emepụta C + C Music Factory kparịta ụka maka kredit aka aka na royalties nke mechara bụrụ nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye, egwu ahụ jiri akụkụ olu edeziri edezi nke Wash dekọrọ na June 1990 maka teepu ngosi enweghị njikọ. <ref name="latimes"/> Na December 11, 1991, Wash gbara akwụkwọ na Los Angeles Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu megide C + C Music Factory's Robert Clivilles na David Cole, na-ebo ndị na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ha, Sony Music Entertainment, na aghụghọ, nkwakọ na-aghọ aghụghọ na ntinye aka azụmahịa. <ref name="latimes" /> E mechara dozie okwu ahụ na 1994 na n'ihi nhazi ahụ, Sony rịọrọ MTV arịrịọ na-enweghị atụ ka ọ gbakwunye nkwupụta nke Wash maka ụda olu na Zelma Davis (onye na-egbu egbu egbugbere ọnụ Wash's Vocals na vidiyo egwu gọọmentị) maka "visualization". " gaa na vidiyo egwu "Gonna Make You Sweat". === 1992–1995: ''Martha Wash'' === A tọhapụrụ album mbụ ya akpọrọ ''Martha Wash'' na February 23, 1993. Album a kacha elu na nọmba 169 na Billboard 200, nọmba 42 na chaatị Album R&amp;amp;B, yana nọmba 8 na chaatị Albums Heatseekers . <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> Otu ụzọ egwu album ahụ, " Carry On ", ewepụtara na Ọktoba 30, 1992, <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/carry-on-mw0000617857/ Carry On – Martha Wash | AllMusic]. All Music. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> ghọrọ otu egwu Wash nke ise-otu dị ka onye na-ese ihe na US. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Nke abụọ bụ " Nye Ya Gị " rutekwara nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị ịgba egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Nke atọ album "Runaround" ruru top-iri na Dance chaatị, <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> ma soso otu "So Whatcha Gonna Do" adaghị chaatị. "Ugbu a Ị Ga-apụ" ka ewepụtara dị ka otu nkwado. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Martha-Wash-Now-That-Youre-Gone/release/1492624 Martha Wash – Now That You're Gone]. Discogs. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> N'afọ 1994, ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C, bụ onye ka ya na Wash kwekọrịtara na ikpe ya, rịọrọ Wash ka ọ sonyere otu ahụ wee dekọọ na ọba ha. N'August 9, 1994, otu ahụ wepụtara album ha nke abụọ ''Anything Goes!'' . Otu ihe nkiri album ahụ bụ "Ị Wanna Get Funky" gosipụtara mmekorita nke Wash, C + C Music Factory, Zelma Davis, na Trilogy . "You Wanna Get Funky" peaked na nọmba iri anọ na Hot 100 na nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="ccmusicfactorybillboard"/> Wash gosikwara egwu ọzọ "Takin' Over" sitere na ọba ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, Wash dekọkwara ma wepụta mkpuchi nke Jean Knight 's " Mazi Big Stuff " maka ụda egwu egwu egwu egwuregwu American egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''D2: The Mighty Ducks'' . Na 1995, Wash malitere njem mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ egwu C+C. === 1996–1999: ''mkpokọta'' === Na 1997, American DJ na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ Todd Terry wepụtara album nke isii ya ''Njikere maka Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ'' . Otu onye ndu album ahụ " Nọgidenụ na-Jumpin " nke gosipụtara mmekorita nke Terry, Wash, na Jocelyn Brown, ka ewepụtara na June 24, 1996. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-on-jumpin-us-cd-mw0000648757 Keep on Jumpin' – Jocelyn Brown / Todd Terry/ Martha Wash | User Reviews | AllMusic]. All Music. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Egwu ahụ ruru na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance wee ruo n'elu-iri na chaatị Single UK . <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> <ref name="marthawashukchart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28340/martha-wash/ Martha Wash UK Chart History]. Official Charts. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Na June 9, 1997, ha wepụtara otu nsonye " Ihe Na-aga" Na (Na Mkpụrụ Obi Gị) ". Egwu ahụ tolitere chaatị egwu egwu wee ruo na ọnụọgụ ise na chaatị ndị UK Singles. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> <ref name="marthawashukchart" /> Na mgbakwunye, abụ ahụ enwetakwara asambodo Silver-status na United Kingdom. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210205223425/https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/ Note: search for "Todd Terry"]. BPI. Retrieved on February 3, 2019</ref> Na Jenụwarị 1998, Wash wepụtara album mkpokọta ''The Collection'', na ndekọ Logic. Onye ndu otu " Ọ na-ezobe ndị ikom ... The Sequel ", nke gosipụtara RuPaul, gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na abụọ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/martha-wash Martha Wash | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 1, 2019</ref> Nke abụọ album "Catch the Light" ghọrọ Wash nke iri-otu egwu na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> Otu ikpeazụ nke album a "Bịa" ruru na ọnụọgụ anọ na chaatị egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> A na-egosipụtakwa Wash na otu Todd Terry's "Njikere maka Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ", nke ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị egwu. <ref name="marthawashbillboard" /> === 2000–2010: Mwepụta otu === N'afọ 2000, Wash weputara egwu abụọ "Gee nti ndị mmadụ" wee dekọọ ụdị nke "Ọ na-ezobe ndị ikom". N'afọ 2004, ọ wepụtara otu ozi oma "You welie m elu". A na-asa ihe na emume mmeghe nke OutGames na Montreal na Julaị 2006. Ọ mekwara n'ọtụtụ ihe omume Mgbasa Ozi Ndị ruuru mmadụ na US Na 2006, Wash pụtara dị ka ọbịa na GSN's ''Enwere m ihe nzuzo'', wee mee "Ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo Men" maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. DJ Tony Moran 's compilation CD ''The Event'' featured one featuring Martha isiokwu " Nọgidenụ Your Body Working ". Ọ ruru No. 1 na chaatị ''Billboard 's'' Hot Dance Club Play maka izu na-agwụ na Disemba 22, 2007. Na 2007, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke Pimpin' na Jonny McGovern, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke-themed pọdkastị, raara ihe omume na-asachapụ na ọ manyere ha na ogologo ekwentị ajụjụ ọnụ. Na Maachị 2008, ọ rụrụ n'ụbọchị Big Gay Day na Brisbane, Australia. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Chicago Pride Parade na June 2008. N'August 2009, ọ rụrụ na emume mmeghe nke NAGAAA Gay Softball World Series. === 2011–2017: ''Ihe dị mma'' === N'October 1, 2012, ọ pụtara na Late Show na David Letterman, na-eme ememe ncheta afọ 30 nke ntọhapụ nke "It's Raing Men". E wepụtara album solo nke abụọ nke Wash ''Something Good'' na Jenụwarị 10, 2013, n'ụwa niile. Otu ụzọ ọkpụkpọ album ahụ bụ "Enwetara m Gị", ewepụtara na Eprel 1, 2011, nwetara nzaghachi dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Martha-Wash-Ive-Got-You/release/3035860 Martha Wash – I've Got You]. Discogs. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na March 2013, ọ bụ onye ọbịa pụrụ iche maka New York City Gay Men Chorus n'oge mmepụta mmiri ha "Big Gay Sing 6: Club Night Out". Nke abụọ otu "Ọ bụ Oge M" ka ewepụtara na Septemba 22, 2013. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/its-my-time-remixes-ep/714398745 It's My Time – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Wash mekwara ka ọ pụta ìhè na fim nkiri " 20 Feet from Stardom ". Na February 2014, Wash pụtara na egwu "Enwere m ike nweta Amen?" maka album RuPaul ''Amụrụ ọtọ'' . Na Maachị 2014, Wash weputara remix nke otu nke atọ "Agaghị m Adata", nke ruru na ọnụọgụ abụọ na chaatị Dance. <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2015, Wash na Tony Moran wepụtara " Ndị mmadụ efu ", nke rukwara nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance Club Songs. <ref name="marthawashbillboard"/> Na 2015, Wash guzobere otu ndị na-egwu egwu disco Evelyn "Champagne" King na Linda Clifford kpọrọ First Ladies of Disco . Ndị otu ahụ wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ha bụ "Gosi Ụfọdụ Ịhụnanya" na Maachị 2015, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/show-some-love-single/970614524 Show Some Love – Single by First Ladies of Disco on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> nke ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ isii na chaatị Dance. <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/first-ladies-of-disco First Ladies of Disco | Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Disemba 2015, Wash wepụtara otu "N2U", nke Showtek na Eva Shaw mepụtara na Spinnin' Records. Na November 2017, Wash na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na onye na-agụ egwú Turkish Serhat, na-ahapụ otu onye nwere ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke ntinye Eurovision 2016 ya ''Amaghị m'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.serhatofficial.com/video/serhat-feat-martha-wash-i-didnt-know/|title=Serhat feat. Martha Wash "I Didn't Know" {{!}} Serhat Official {{!}} Serhat Hacıpaşalıoğlu|language=tr-TR|accessdate=July 4, 2019|archivedate=July 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704072809/https://www.serhatofficial.com/video/serhat-feat-martha-wash-i-didnt-know/}}</ref> === 2018– dị ugbu a: ''Ịhụnanya & esemokwu'' === Na Maachị 2018, Wash malitere usoro webụsaịtị YouTube nke akpọrọ "Nkeji iri na Martha Wash". <ref>[https://www.pr.com/press-release/747788 Martha Wash Did What?!; 10 Minutes with Martha Wash Premieres Monday, March 26th]. Press Release. Retrieved on November 12, 2018</ref> <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkjXkM36lqfJ1wriwiGU5oA Martha Wash TV – YouTube Channel]. YouTube. Retrieved on November 12, 2018</ref> N'April 2018, Wash wepụtara otu "Bịa na Ìhè". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/come-into-the-light-single/1363284018 Come into the Light – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> E gosipụtara egwu a na ihe nkiri egwu "Wholly Broken" nke Wash na-arụ ọrụ nke nwanyị aha ya bụ "Rose". <ref name="wholleybrokenimdb">[[imdbtitle:6179872|Wholly Broken (TV Movie)]]. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Wash sonyeere ndị nkedo nke WaistWatchers: The Musical. <ref name="abc7chicago">[https://abc7chicago.com/entertainment/waist-watchers-the-musical-hits-chicago/4244094/ 'Waist Watchers: The Musical' hits Chicago]. ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved on February 2, 2019</ref> Na Machị 2019, First Ladies of Disco (nke Wash, Clifford na Norma Jean Wright mebere ugbu a) wepụtara otu ha nke abụọ "Akwụsịla m Ugbu a". <ref name="itunes.apple.com">[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dont-stop-me-now/1456391739 Don't Stop Me Now – Single by Martha Wash on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on August 18, 2019</ref> Na Ọgọst 10, 2019, Wash wepụtara otu "Dị ka Ọkụ". <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231129110454/https://music.apple.com/us/album/like-fire-single/1475604175 Like Fire – Single by First Ladies of Disco on Apple Music]. iTunes. Retrieved on March 25, 2019</ref> Egwu a rụrụ dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album ya nke atọ ''Love & Conflict'' . <ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/martha-wash-new-song-never-enough-money-love-and-conflict-924643/ 1990s Dance Music Diva Martha Wash Previews New Album With ‘Never Enough Money’]. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> E wepụtara ''ịhụnanya na esemokwu'' na Jenụwarị 6, 2020. <ref>[https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/martha-wash-love-and-conflict-1.39418367 LI's Martha Wash releasing her first album since 2013]. Newsday. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> <ref>[https://www.einpresswire.com/article/504510120/2x-grammy-nom-martha-wash-yes-the-same-one-from-it-s-raining-men-drops-new-album-love-conflict-jan-6-2020 2X Grammy Nom, Martha Wash, (yes, the same one from “It’s Raining Men”), drops new album, Love & Conflict, Jan 6, 2020]. Presswire. Retrieved on December 17, 2019</ref> == Ihe nketa == N'ihe dị ka afọ 2014, egwu ndị na-egosi olu Wash enwetala ọnụọgụ iri na ise nke otu egwu egwu egwu, na-etinye ya n'etiti ndị na-agụ egwú kachasị elu nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na US Dance Club Songs chart . Ọganihu ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-abụ abụ na-eduga n'ụdị egwu ụlọ ga-enweta aha nsọpụrụ ya Queen of Clubland. <ref name="npr">[https://www.npr.org/2011/07/21/138576102/queen-of-clubland-talks-talent-vs-looks Martha Wash: The Queen Of Clubland Looks Back]. NPR. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> A na-akpọkwa ya The Voice. <ref name="npr" /> Na ''Rolling Stone'', onye nkatọ Jason Newman kọwara Martha Wash dị ka "Onye na-agụ egwú ama ama ama ama nke '90s". <ref name="rollingstone">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/martha-wash-most-famous-unknown-singer-of-the-90s-20140902|title=Martha Wash: The Most Famous Unknown Singer of the '90s Speaks Out|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Jason|last=Newman|date=September 2, 2014|access-date=May 17, 2017|quote=...the now 60-year-old Wash.|archive-date=May 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516195040/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/martha-wash-most-famous-unknown-singer-of-the-90s-20140902|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọrụ Martha Wash emetụtala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere RuPaul, bụ onye kwuru na "[Wash] jikọtara olu ozioma n'ime egwu egwu na egwu egwu n'enweghị nsogbu. Olu ya na-agwa ma ụka na ntị pop ma wuo ya ka ọ ghara imebi bass. Ogwu egwu olu ya dị iche ma maa mma. Ọtụtụ ndị na-abụ abụ na-aga n'egwú egwu, ma ọ bụ ya. <ref name="rollingstone" /> RuPaul kwetara na egwu Wash "Gaa n'ihu" kasiri ya obi n'oge nne ya nwụrụ. <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rupaul-gets-choked-up-recalling-919294 RuPaul Gets Choked Up Recalling His Favorite 'Drag Race' Moment: "I Had to Hold Back My Emotions"]. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved on January 28, 2019</ref> Otu ya na C + C Music Factory, "Gonna Make You Sweat (Onye ọ bụla Na-agba egwu Ugbu a)" gụnyere na VH1 kachasị elu "100 Greatest Dance Songs", mgbe " Ọ na-ezo "na-ahọrọ na nọmba iri atọ na ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/vh1dance.htm|title=Rock on the Net: VH1: 100 Greatest Dance Songs|work=www.rockonthenet.com}}</ref> === Albums === * 1993: ''Martha Wash'' * 2013: ''Ihe dị mma'' * 2020: ''Ịhụnanya & esemokwu'' == Njegharị == * Njem ihe akaebe dị ndụ <small>(ya na Sylvester na tọn abụọ o' Fun)</small> (1979) * Oge njem ndị nwoke na-ezo <small>(ya na ụmụ nwanyị Weather)</small> (1983) * Martha Wash Njem Ụwa (1992–1993) * Njem ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C <small>(ya na ụlọ ọrụ egwu C + C na Trilogy )</small> (1995) * First Ladies of Disco Show <small>(ya na Linda Clifford, Evelyn "Champagne" King, Norma Jean Wright )</small> (2017-2019) * WaistWatchers: Egwu (2018) == Hụkwa == * Aha nickname dị egwu na egwu ewu ewu * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nke mbụ na United States * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US * Ndepụta ndị nka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị na chaatị ịgba egwu US * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Martha Wash at AllMusic * Martha Wash discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|1456219|Martha Wash}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4yjld3v3r6oy1xt43jb3t8b38zfwba9 John Dodgson Barrow 0 47486 671030 171645 2026-07-02T08:44:25Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671030 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakney1988">Blakney, Susan S. (September 1988). [https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf "A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Abbey Newsletter''. '''12''' (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakney1988">Blakney, Susan S. (September 1988). [https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf "A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Abbey Newsletter''. '''12''' (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMonfiletto2013">Monfiletto, Jonathan (September 18, 2013). [https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html "Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive"]. ''Auburn Citizen''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp1908">Beauchamp, William Martin (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ ''Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908'']. Onondaga County (N.Y.): S.J. Clarke Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/ "Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will"]. ''The Post-Standard''. Syracuse, New York. 12 January 1907. p.&nbsp;12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span> &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ akụkọ.com|Newspapers.com]].</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. j4q6g40q42xanoxn053xmqd5853qvqc 671031 671030 2026-07-02T08:46:06Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671031 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakney1988">Blakney, Susan S. (September 1988). [https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf "A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Abbey Newsletter''. '''12''' (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMonfiletto2013">Monfiletto, Jonathan (September 18, 2013). [https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html "Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive"]. ''Auburn Citizen''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp1908">Beauchamp, William Martin (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ ''Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908'']. Onondaga County (N.Y.): S.J. Clarke Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/ "Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will"]. ''The Post-Standard''. Syracuse, New York. 12 January 1907. p.&nbsp;12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span> &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ akụkọ.com|Newspapers.com]].</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. byhmqgq0truete3fh3xyxx7b8cwccva 671033 671031 2026-07-02T08:47:11Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671033 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMonfiletto2013">Monfiletto, Jonathan (September 18, 2013). [https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html "Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive"]. ''Auburn Citizen''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp1908">Beauchamp, William Martin (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ ''Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908'']. Onondaga County (N.Y.): S.J. Clarke Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/ "Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will"]. ''The Post-Standard''. Syracuse, New York. 12 January 1907. p.&nbsp;12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span> &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ akụkọ.com|Newspapers.com]].</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. 22m9z1cbqir8j860nw1xab2befn1iq6 671034 671033 2026-07-02T08:48:35Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671034 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMonfiletto2013">Monfiletto, Jonathan (September 18, 2013). [https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html "Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive"]. ''Auburn Citizen''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp1908">Beauchamp, William Martin (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ ''Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908'']. Onondaga County (N.Y.): S.J. Clarke Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. o7nwwk0fyp8a3wxfwts8di8v4g93hpd 671035 671034 2026-07-02T08:50:03Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671035 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser" /> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp1908">Beauchamp, William Martin (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ ''Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908'']. Onondaga County (N.Y.): S.J. Clarke Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. phr0n7y34dxf94sslgtelmixm2ckxd8 671037 671035 2026-07-02T08:51:17Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671037 wikitext text/x-wiki John Dodgson Barrow (November 24, 1824 - Disemba 7, 1906), [1] bụ nke ama ama maka usoro ya na ụzọ ala ya, ka a na-ahụta dị ka nke ụgbọ nke abụọ nke Schoollọ akwụkwọ osisi Hudson .  Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na- ihe nkiri Central New York, mkpuchi gburugburu Skaneateles, New York, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara New York City .  A na-etinye ụlọ ihe ngosi na- ike uru n'ahụ ya n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo Skaneateles. <ref name="westlakeconservators">{{Cite journal|author=Blakney|first=Susan S.|title=A Conservation Strategy For a Static Non-funded Collection: The John D. Barrow Art Gallery|url=https://westlakeconservators.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Conservation-Strategy-for-a-Static-Non-Funded-Collection_The-John-D.-Barrow-Art-Gallery_Susan-Blakney.pdf|journal=The Abbey Newsletter|date=September 1988|volume=12|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Skaneateles_Library_and_John_D._Barrow_Art_Gallery.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneatles.]] == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Barrow na New York City na 24 November 1824 nye John Barrow III na Elizabeth Moode Tupu Barrow.  Eziniche ya nwanne nwanne Rebecca Haydock Barrow, mgba anọ - William, Charles Henry, Edmund Prior Barrow, George na na- George, Caroline Tyler Barrow.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ihe iri ahụ.  [3] Ezin mmetụta ya kwagara Skaneateles na 1839. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ gara biri na ndị ikwu ya na North East England ma akwụkwọ nkuzi n'ihe ọrụ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ la n'iche ya na Skaneateles, NY wee gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe.  [5] Barrow alụ di <ref name="estate">{{Cite news|title=Sisters Get the Estate of John Dodgson Barrow; Brother Not Named in Will|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64056490/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=12 January 1907|page=12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ma Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Hudson River nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri New England na-enwe mmetụta nke Barrow mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England, ọ laghachiri na Skaneateles na ha kwagara New York City ịmalite ọrụ ya. Barrow sonyeere American Art-Union na 1850 ma isi mbụ ya na National Academy of Design na 1852. Barrow mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri New York City na 1856, mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, na Greenwich Village, na nso nke Charles Loring Elliott [1  ] na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Hudson Valley.  [2] George Inness isi ya mgbe ọ bi na New York City. N'agbata 1852 na 1879, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi na Union League Club nke New York City, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, Boston Athens, na 19 Annual Exhibitions nke National Academy.  [1] obi, Barrow na-ese Abraham Lincoln n'ihu adreesị Cooper Union na New York City na February 1860 <ref name="auburnpub">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Artist at work: John D. Barrow's portraits represent how Skaneateles painter made living|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/artist-at-work-john-d-barrows-portraits-represent-how-skaneateles-painter-made-living/article_1df65640-eb60-5e13-89b1-3db6da2cf670.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 10, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the artist|url=https://barrowgallery.org/about/|work=Barrow Gallery|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>   Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe na-akpata ya sitere na foto ndị a na-ahụ anya, Barrow serekwa ebe dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ndụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ihe nkiri gburugburu ɔdɔ mmiri Skaneateles na gburugburu ebe Barrow bi n'oge mmetụta <ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news|author=Craig|first=Gwendolyn|title=Echoes of Barrow: Indianapolis artist finds inspiration in Skaneateles Lake|url=https://auburnpub.com/lifestyles/echoes-of-barrow-indianapolis-artist-finds-inspiration-in-skaneateles-lake/article_f0767930-b26a-5fa0-b2e5-3a35d23bc145.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser">{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title=Art gallery looks toward annual fund drive|url=https://auburnpub.com/art-gallery-looks-toward-annual-fund-drive/article_1d33c313-4505-5623-b64c-4c66fe7cf052.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=September 18, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Monfiletto|first=Jonathan|title='Little piece of heaven': John D. Barrow's landscapes preserve Skaneateles of long ago|url=https://auburnpub.com/wocjournal/lifestyles/little-piece-of-heaven-john-d-barrows-landscapes-preserve-skaneateles-of-long-ago/article_94dd5556-8348-50cf-bbee-f811f590fa6e.html|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=Auburn Citizen|date=January 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Association: Sunset on Lake Ontario" painting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055206/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=16 November 1868|pages=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Landscapes: View on the Ammonoosuc River, N. H.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055746/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=1 May 1876|pages=2}}</ref> Barrow sekwara ihe osise nke ụmụ amaala ama na mpaghara Skaneateles.  [1] O nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze Syracuse.  [2] [3] : 303 [4] Ọ haziri ihe izi ndị agha Skaneateles na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (1895) na ebe ili ozu Lake View.  O mekwara ihe mgbakwunye n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha nke obodo ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ihe osise ya. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> Na 8 October 1900, Barrow nyere gallery ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Skaneateles yana enyemaka ego maka iwu ụlọ. <ref name="westlakeconservators" /> <ref name="Onondaga past & present">{{Cite book|author=Beauchamp|first=William Martin|title=Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of 1908|date=1908|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|location=Onondaga County (N.Y.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcopAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> : 9 Taa, gallery nwere eserese 426, ọtụtụ n'ime okpokolo agba mbụ, nke ihe dị ka 300 na-egosipụta n'otu oge. <ref name="visit-gallery">{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dorothy|title=Artist John D. Barrow wanted folks to enjoy his work|url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/02/john_d_barrow_art_gallery_in_s.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=Syracuse Post-Standard|date=14 February 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gallery-fundraiser" /> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ === Barrow lara ezumike nká n'oge wee wepụ na Skaneateles na 1877. [1] N'otu afã ahụ, a na-achọpụta na ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ndị na-amụ nke nkà ihe nkiri.  [2] [3] O jere ozi afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Smalley|title=Alumni Record and General Catalogue of Syracuse University (1872-1910), including Genesee college (1852-1871) and Geneva medical college (1835-1872)|date=1911|publisher=Alumni Association of Syracuse University|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLINAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Skaneateles Savings Bank [1] : 423 na onye isi otu Onondaga Historical Association ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  [1] : 542.  <ref>{{Cite news|title=Onondaga Historical Association to Name Directors|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64055575/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=The Post-Standard|date=9 January 1907|page=4}}</ref> Na Julaị 4, 1876, John D. Barrow kwuru okwu mkpa awụ na Skaneateles na-akọ njikọ obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ahụ.  [1] : 288 Na 1891, o mere ka e bipụta ya na Syracuse dị ka akwụkwọ nwere peeji 20 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Barrow, John D.|title=Centennial Address by John D. Barrow|url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/srr_skanlib/id/3|publisher=Masters & Stone Printers|accessdate=25 November 2020|date=July 4, 1876}}</ref>  Tupu ọrịa, o mkpokọta uri iri aụfụ Around Skaneateles Lake nke William Martin Beauchamp deziri.  [1] : 288 == Ọnwụ == Barrow nwụrụ na Skaneateles na Disemba 7, 1906 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref name="Obit">Obituary, ''The Democrat'', December 13, 1906.</ref> <ref name="Onondaga past & present" /> : 288 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death Notice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64052517/|accessdate=26 November 2020|work=New-York Tribune|date=8 December 1906|pages=7}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala ya nye ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="estate" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://barrowgallery.org/about/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke John D. Barrow] * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86456 John Dodgson Barrow] sitere na AskArt. ayjscy60gdhw81sbqgxhfq08irark98 Mary A. Bell 0 47502 670995 588941 2026-07-02T04:56:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mary A. Bell''' (1873–1941) bụ [[Omenkà|onye omenkà]] na onye na -ese ihe [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|na onye Amerịka]] . Ọ rụpụtara ihe karịrị ọrụ 150 a ma ama na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na klaasị na agbụrụ na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. Amachaghị ya n'oge ndụ ya, mana ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama ka emechara ngosi nka ya na Mahadum Yale na 1980s. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Bell na July 2, 1873, na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nye James F. Bell na Susanna County. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bell, Mary A.|author=Leininger-Miller|first=Theresa|publisher=American National Biography}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLeininger-Miller">Leininger-Miller, Theresa. ''Bell, Mary A''. American National Biography.</cite></ref> Bell enwetaghị ọzụzụ nkịtị n'ihe atụ, kama na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ dị iche iche ruo afọ 60 ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0422/ubell.html|title=Social Scenes by a Humble Hand|date=1991-04-15|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=2020-02-04}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0422/ubell.html "Social Scenes by a Humble Hand"]. ''Christian Science Monitor''. 1991-04-15. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0882-7729|0882-7729]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na 1920s, Bell rụrụ ọrụ maka Edward Peter Pierce, ikpe ziri ezi nke Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, yana maka onye na-ese ihe Gaston Lachaise na nwunye ya Isabel. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/nyregion/connecticut-guide-310891.html|title=Connecticut Guide|author=Charles|first=Eleanor|date=1991-01-20|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2020-02-04|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCharles1991">Charles, Eleanor (1991-01-20). [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/nyregion/connecticut-guide-310891.html "Connecticut Guide"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, Bell ga-anọ mgbede ya n'ime ụlọ ya, na-ese foto dị mfe, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Isabel Lachaise kọwara ihe osise ndị a dị ka "ọrụ ebube" ma kwadoo ha na onye na-elekọta Bell bụ Carl Van Vechten . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ nka == N'etiti 1930s, Bell hapụrụ ọrụ oge niile iji lekwasị anya na ihe osise ya. <ref name=":1"/> O kere ihe karịrị 150 ọrụ ama ama n'etiti 1936 na 1939. <ref name=":1" /> Bell na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na crayon na pensụl nwere agba n'ụdị akwụkwọ anụ ahụ a na-eji eme uwe. <ref name=":3"> Ihe osise ya bụ ihe nkiri mara mma sitere na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha bara ọgaranya na-adị kwa ụbọchị, yana Creole ma ọ bụ isiokwu ndị Africa-American.</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Ndị ọ na-achị na-abụkarị ndị inyom siri ike ma dị ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ndị ahụ sitere na agbụrụ agwakọta ihe osise ya na-edobe usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'oge ahụ, na-esetịpụ ihe ndị na-acha ọcha na uwe ka mma ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ pụtara ìhè. <ref name="csmonitor.com">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0422/ubell.html|title=Social Scenes by a Humble Hand|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=15 April 1991}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0422/ubell.html "Social Scenes by a Humble Hand"]. ''Christian Science Monitor''. 15 April 1991.</cite></ref> Ihe osise ya bịara mara ọha na eze ekele maka ndị na-azụ ahịa dịka onye edemede Gertrude Stein, onye edemede na onye na-ese foto Carl Van Vechten, onye mgbasa ozi [[Mark Lutz (publicist)|Mark Lutz]], onye nkatọ Henry McBride na onye na-ese ihe Florine Stettheimer.<ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2" /> Van Vechten naanị nyere ọrụ ihe osise 100 sitere na Bell.<ref name=":2" /> Van Vechten tinyere ihe karịrị 100 eserese ya na ọrụ onyinye nke ndị nka ojii nyere [[Yale's Beinecke Library|n'ọbá akwụkwọ Beinecke nke Yale Yale]]. Ngosipụta ọha na eze mbụ banyere ọrụ ya mere ọtụtụ afọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1980 mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ nke Yale gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Mary Kordak na Theresa Leininger, gbara ọsọ gafee eserese ahụ n'oge nyocha zuru oke nke Mahadum nke ihe osise America.<ref name="csmonitor.com"/> == Ọnwụ == N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu site na ọrịa uche, ikekwe schizophrenia, <ref name=":3" /> A nabatara Bell na Boston State Hospital na 1940. <ref name=":1"/>Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'afọ sochirinụ n'ihi nkụchi obi. <ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''The Efuru efu'' * ''Oh, kedu apụl mara mma'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Intimate Circles {{!}} Mary Bell|url=http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell3.html|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=brbl-archive.library.yale.edu|archivedate=2023-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706033459/https://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell3.html}}</ref> * ''Ekele'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Intimate Circles {{!}} Mary Bell|url=http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell4.html|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=brbl-archive.library.yale.edu|archivedate=2020-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102220926/http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell4.html}}</ref> * ''Na-atụ aro'' * ''Ngwakọta ndị America nke agbụrụ Etiopia'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Intimate Circles {{!}} Mary Bell|url=http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell.html|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=brbl-archive.library.yale.edu|archivedate=2020-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031020354/http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/bell.html}}</ref> * ''Na-enwe mmasị na Nnụnụ'' * ''Princess of the Forest'' * ''Atụla egwu, m nọnyeere gị mgbe niile'' * ''Ịdị nwayọọ/ịhụnanya n'ime ubi'' * ''Nne dị nro na-etinye ndị enyi ya n'ihe ndina'' * ''Ịsọ nsọ'' * ''Oke ọhịa Belle Africa'' * ''Zute m na ndò'' * ''Enweghị obi ụtọ'' * ''Na-echegharị ya'' * ''Nwa agbọghọ ịma mma na-agba egwu'' * ''East na West--Ịhụnanya n'ebe dị anya'' * ''Nne na-eto eto'' * ''Obi ụtọ nke dinta'' * ''New Orleans.'' ''Octoroon mma na onye hụrụ ya n'anya'' * ''Ịhụ onye hụrụ ya n'anya n'ọhụụ, na-eche na ọ gaghị ahụ ya ọzọ; ọ na-agbaji obere obi ya'' * ''Site n'ala-eze na ulo eze, anyị nwere ike na-awagharị, ma ọ dị umeala n'obi, ọ dịghị ebe dị ka ebe obibi dị ụtọ'' * ''Mara mma Miss Paris'' * ''Ịgba egwu na ahịhịa.'' ''Otu Lawn Party.'' ''Chocolate ude.'' * ''Lawdie, gal mere ara ara'' * ''Nrọ ọla edo nke ịhụnanya: na-arịọ arịrịọ'' * ''Mmasị nke Etiopia na-adịghị anwụ anwụ'' * ''Anyanwụ dara'' * ''Na-enwe mmasị na ntutu isi nke ibe ya na ahịhịa'' * ''Ndụ a bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya'' * ''Acha senti'' * ''enweghị aha (onye egwu Spanish?)'' * ''Burlesque show na ogbo'' * ''Mkparịta ụka bụ ụgbọ mmiri kacha mma eretụrụla'' * ''Ịra ụra'' == Ntụaka == nkiri mara mma sitere na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha bara ọgaranya na-adị kwa ụbọchị, yana Creole ma ọ bụ isiokwu ndị Africa-American. Ndị ọ na-achị na-abụkarị ndị inyom edemede na onye na-ese foto Carl Van Vechten, onye{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Theresa Leininger-Miller, "Bell, Mary A." ''American National Biography Online'' (2000) * [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/5812 Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Mahadum Yale (nwere eserese sitere na 1936 ruo 1939) rxoa6c86x1408xz9pidfoptjkttk96f Emma Amos 0 47521 671158 172490 2026-07-02T10:40:17Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ 671158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Emma Amos''' (16 Maachị 1937 - 20 Mee 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] postmodern . == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Amos na Atlanta, Georgia na 1937 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> nye India DeLaine Amos na Miles Green Amos. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya aha ya bụ Larry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Amos nwere mmasị na nkà mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-emepụta "ọtụtụ ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ " na ịmụta ihe osise site na mbipụta ''Esquire'' na nkà nke Alberto Vargas, na-ese onyinyo ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nwere ọchịchọ nke Amos ka ya na [[Hale Woodruff]] na-amụ ihe, ma ọ anabataghị ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ onwe ya wee hapụ mpaghara ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere iso ya mụọ ihe. <ref name="Murray 1968">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Emma Amos|first=Al|author=Murray|date=1968-10-03|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_212216|work=aaa.si.edu|publisher=[[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref> Na iri na otu, Amos nwetara nkuzi na Morris Brown College, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi ya ma leba anya na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa America]] na-arụ n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238">{{Cite book|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|title=Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-09111-7|url=http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313091117&id=GR0374-2144&q=emma%20amos|pages=231–238|accessdate=2018-02-24|oclc=607117768}}</ref> Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Emọs na-enyefe ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Atlanta . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Booker T. Washington High School na Atlanta mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, wee tinye akwụkwọ na kọleji Antioch, n'ihi amụma ha na-aga n'ihu. <ref name="Murray 1968"/> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amos gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Antiọk dị na Yellow Springs, Ohio, na Central School of Art and Design na [[London]] na Mahadum New York . <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238"/> <ref name="Painter 2006">{{Cite book|author=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=9-780195137552|oclc=607522345|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/418}}</ref> Mgbe Emọs nọ n'Antiọk, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọkara afọ, ma mụọ ihe maka nke fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nke nyeere ya aka ịga leta veranda na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, bụ nke na-adịchaghị enweta na Atlanta. N'afọ nke anọ ya na Antiọk, ọ gara England ma gụọ akwụkwọ na London Central School of Art, ebe ọ mụtara ibipụta na etch n'okpuru Anthony Harrison, wee malite iji mmanụ na-ese ihe, nke ọ na-emebeghị mbụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lippard|first=Lucy R.|authorlink=Lucy R. Lippard|title=Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos|journal=Art Papers|date=1991|volume=15|issue=6|pages=13–16}}</ref> Amos nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na Antiọk na 1958, wee laghachi London maka nzere ya na etching, nke ọ nwetara na 1959 ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name="Marter 2006" /> <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Emọs kwagara New York City iji malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta ihe abụọ. <ref name="Marter 2006" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MA ya na Mahadum New York (NYU). <ref name="Marter 2006" /> == Feminism == [[Usòrò:Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute,_Utica_NY.jpg|thumb| ''Emma Amos na-atụgharị uche: Agba Odyssey'' pụtara na Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute na Utica, New York na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://www.mwpai.org/view/exhibitions/current/emma-amos-color-odyssey/|work=Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute|accessdate=19 August 2021}}</ref>]] Amos kwetara na ebe ọ bụ onye South America, dị ka nwanyị Africa, na ya na-ama mgbe nile banyere ahụhụ ndị ọ na-eche ihu ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị . Otú ọ dị, n'ihe metụtara Feminism, Amos etinyeghị aka na ya ruo ngwụsị 1980. <ref name=":2">Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.</ref> Tupu oge a, na mmalite 1970s, mgbe ọ na-azụ ụmụ, Amos kpọrọ oku ka ọ sonyere otu ndị na-ese ihe nke Feminist nke zutere na ogige ntụrụndụ New York City. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma ịga ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị aga, Emọs kwuru, sị, "Site na ihe m nụrụ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị inyom na ogige ntụrụndụ, a na-ahapụ ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke klas ọ bụla. M si n'ahịrị ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị nanị nne, ma. ndị na-eri nri, ndị nwere omenala, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, na ndị di ha ojii mesoro m ka ha hà nhata, enwere m mmetụta na agaghị m enwe ike iji oge dị oké ọnụ ahịa pụọ na studio na ezinụlọ iji gee akụkọ dị anya site na nke m. " <ref name=":5"/> Ọ bụ na mmalite 1980s, ka ọ malitesịrị nkuzi na Mason Gross of Arts na Mahadum Rutgers dị na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] ebe o kpebiri isonye na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Heresies . N'ime otu a, ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, site na nzụlite nile, na-ebipụta mpempe ihe osise na ihe odide nke ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-amaghị, nke e bipụtara na usoro nke magazin na mkparịta ụka. Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere otu ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Nke ahụ bụ ihe heresies ghọrọ m. N'ịkpọsa m niile maka ndị ọcha feminists na-apụ n'anya, n'ihi na anyị niile nọ n'otu ụgbọ mmiri. Anyị si n'ebe dị iche iche bịarutere ụgbọ mmiri." <ref>The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta ''Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Emma Amos bụkwa onye so na otu nwanyị Guerilla Girls na-amaghị aha wee jiri pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=America Goddam :: AEQAI|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175634/http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/}}</ref> Amos sokwa na AIR ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ Residency, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NY ARTIST PROGRAM|url=https://www.airgallery.org/ny-artist-program|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=A.I.R.|language=en-US}}</ref> sokwa obere oge maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Emọs gara nzukọ na otu, Fantastic Women in the Arts. Otu a nyochakwara ihe osise na ihe odide nke ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-ese ihe, ma lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1960s na 1970s, gbasara agụmakwụkwọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ, enweghị n'ezie ime mgbanwe ọ bụla maka ndị ojii America ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ìgwè a ka Emọs tụlere ihe ùgwù nke ndị ọcha America, na otú nke ahụ si pụta ìhè na nkà na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":5"/> Emọs nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'itinye aka ya n'okwu ndị a na ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto ọzụzụ, Otú ọ dị, ime ka ìgwè dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu yiri ya ka ọ bụ ihe ịma aka kasịnụ. <ref name=":5" /> Amos chere na "ndị na-ese ihe na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị kwụ ọtọ, na ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị inyom, ka hà ka nọ n'akụkụ ọnụ. [O] nwere olileanya na anyị niile ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya." <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe nketa == Emọs lara ezumike nká n'ịkụzi ihe n'afọ 2008 ma mee ka ọ gaa na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kwadoo ha. Ọrụ ya na 2017 ''Soul of a Nation'' Tate show kpaliri nchịkọta sitere na onye mmebe [[Duro Olowu]] . <ref name=":0"/> Amos nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa Alzheimer na Mee 20, 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|accessdate=2020-06-02}}</ref> Na 2021, ''Emma Amos: Agba Odyssey'', nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya nke [[Shawnya Harris]] haziri, meghere na Georgia Museum of Art tupu ya eme njem. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref> Agụnyere ọrụ Emọs na ihe ngosi 2022 ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkiri'' na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth . <ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{Cite web|title=Women Painting Women|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women|work=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|accessdate=14 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == nnukwu ngosi ihe ngosi, ọ bụ n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mere ụma kọọ akụkọ echere maka oriri na-ewu ewu, nke nwere nhazi akụkọ dị ogologo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bobo|first=Jacqueline|title=black women film and video artists|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92041-8|pages=8–9}}</ref> Collins si otú a meghee ụzọ maka [[Julie Dash|Julie Dash's]] ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu|Daughters of the Dust]]'' (1991) ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ogologo ogologo nke mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mepụtara ka etinyere na nkesa azụmahịa. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta [[Lorraine Hansberry]], o dere banyere "Nd{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Amos|first=Emma|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition|publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum|year=1993|isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3|oclc=29579572|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Paul|title=Taking the Plunge|journal=ARTnews|date=February 1998|volume=97|issue=2|pages=110–113|issn=0004-3273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Juliette|title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show!|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=1999|volume=16|issue=3|pages=2, 60|issn=1045-0920}} * {{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|date=2009|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|pages=7–11|oclc=466422666|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|editor=Driskell|title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56098-605-8|oclc=604999396|pages=45–79|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=Emma Amos: Art Matters|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2002|issue=16–17|date=2002-09-01|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41|pages=41–47|issn=2152-7792}} *  <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3|work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|date=2021-01-12|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451|accessdate=2021-01-14}} * {{Cite web|title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever|work=NPR.org|date=2021-01-13|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever|accessdate=2021-01-14}} 29c69xcgss5xh9uuk8y1oi8qasgwuvf 671163 671158 2026-07-02T10:41:00Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ 671163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Emma Amos''' (16 Maachị 1937 - 20 Mee 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] postmodern . == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Amos na Atlanta, Georgia na 1937 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> nye India DeLaine Amos na Miles Green Amos. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya aha ya bụ Larry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Amos nwere mmasị na nkà mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-emepụta "ọtụtụ ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ " na ịmụta ihe osise site na mbipụta ''Esquire'' na nkà nke Alberto Vargas, na-ese onyinyo ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nwere ọchịchọ nke Amos ka ya na [[Hale Woodruff]] na-amụ ihe, ma ọ anabataghị ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ onwe ya wee hapụ mpaghara ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere iso ya mụọ ihe. <ref name="Murray 1968">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Emma Amos|first=Al|author=Murray|date=1968-10-03|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_212216|work=aaa.si.edu|publisher=[[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref> Na iri na otu, Amos nwetara nkuzi na Morris Brown College, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi ya ma leba anya na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa America]] na-arụ n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238">{{Cite book|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|title=Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-09111-7|url=http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313091117&id=GR0374-2144&q=emma%20amos|pages=231–238|accessdate=2018-02-24|oclc=607117768}}</ref> Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Emọs na-enyefe ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Atlanta . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Booker T. Washington High School na Atlanta mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, wee tinye akwụkwọ na kọleji Antioch, n'ihi amụma ha na-aga n'ihu. <ref name="Murray 1968"/> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amos gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Antiọk dị na Yellow Springs, Ohio, na Central School of Art and Design na [[London]] na Mahadum New York . <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238"/> <ref name="Painter 2006">{{Cite book|author=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=9-780195137552|oclc=607522345|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/418}}</ref> Mgbe Emọs nọ n'Antiọk, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọkara afọ, ma mụọ ihe maka nke fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nke nyeere ya aka ịga leta veranda na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, bụ nke na-adịchaghị enweta na Atlanta. N'afọ nke anọ ya na Antiọk, ọ gara England ma gụọ akwụkwọ na London Central School of Art, ebe ọ mụtara ibipụta na etch n'okpuru Anthony Harrison, wee malite iji mmanụ na-ese ihe, nke ọ na-emebeghị mbụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lippard|first=Lucy R.|authorlink=Lucy R. Lippard|title=Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos|journal=Art Papers|date=1991|volume=15|issue=6|pages=13–16}}</ref> Amos nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na Antiọk na 1958, wee laghachi London maka nzere ya na etching, nke ọ nwetara na 1959 ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name="Marter 2006" /> <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Emọs kwagara New York City iji malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta ihe abụọ. <ref name="Marter 2006" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MA ya na Mahadum New York (NYU). == Feminism == [[Usòrò:Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute,_Utica_NY.jpg|thumb| ''Emma Amos na-atụgharị uche: Agba Odyssey'' pụtara na Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute na Utica, New York na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://www.mwpai.org/view/exhibitions/current/emma-amos-color-odyssey/|work=Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute|accessdate=19 August 2021}}</ref>]] Amos kwetara na ebe ọ bụ onye South America, dị ka nwanyị Africa, na ya na-ama mgbe nile banyere ahụhụ ndị ọ na-eche ihu ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị . Otú ọ dị, n'ihe metụtara Feminism, Amos etinyeghị aka na ya ruo ngwụsị 1980. <ref name=":2">Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.</ref> Tupu oge a, na mmalite 1970s, mgbe ọ na-azụ ụmụ, Amos kpọrọ oku ka ọ sonyere otu ndị na-ese ihe nke Feminist nke zutere na ogige ntụrụndụ New York City. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma ịga ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị aga, Emọs kwuru, sị, "Site na ihe m nụrụ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị inyom na ogige ntụrụndụ, a na-ahapụ ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke klas ọ bụla. M si n'ahịrị ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị nanị nne, ma. ndị na-eri nri, ndị nwere omenala, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, na ndị di ha ojii mesoro m ka ha hà nhata, enwere m mmetụta na agaghị m enwe ike iji oge dị oké ọnụ ahịa pụọ na studio na ezinụlọ iji gee akụkọ dị anya site na nke m. " <ref name=":5"/> Ọ bụ na mmalite 1980s, ka ọ malitesịrị nkuzi na Mason Gross of Arts na Mahadum Rutgers dị na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] ebe o kpebiri isonye na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Heresies . N'ime otu a, ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, site na nzụlite nile, na-ebipụta mpempe ihe osise na ihe odide nke ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-amaghị, nke e bipụtara na usoro nke magazin na mkparịta ụka. Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere otu ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Nke ahụ bụ ihe heresies ghọrọ m. N'ịkpọsa m niile maka ndị ọcha feminists na-apụ n'anya, n'ihi na anyị niile nọ n'otu ụgbọ mmiri. Anyị si n'ebe dị iche iche bịarutere ụgbọ mmiri." <ref>The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta ''Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Emma Amos bụkwa onye so na otu nwanyị Guerilla Girls na-amaghị aha wee jiri pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=America Goddam :: AEQAI|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175634/http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/}}</ref> Amos sokwa na AIR ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ Residency, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NY ARTIST PROGRAM|url=https://www.airgallery.org/ny-artist-program|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=A.I.R.|language=en-US}}</ref> sokwa obere oge maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Emọs gara nzukọ na otu, Fantastic Women in the Arts. Otu a nyochakwara ihe osise na ihe odide nke ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-ese ihe, ma lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1960s na 1970s, gbasara agụmakwụkwọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ, enweghị n'ezie ime mgbanwe ọ bụla maka ndị ojii America ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ìgwè a ka Emọs tụlere ihe ùgwù nke ndị ọcha America, na otú nke ahụ si pụta ìhè na nkà na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":5"/> Emọs nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'itinye aka ya n'okwu ndị a na ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto ọzụzụ, Otú ọ dị, ime ka ìgwè dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu yiri ya ka ọ bụ ihe ịma aka kasịnụ. <ref name=":5" /> Amos chere na "ndị na-ese ihe na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị kwụ ọtọ, na ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị inyom, ka hà ka nọ n'akụkụ ọnụ. [O] nwere olileanya na anyị niile ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya." <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe nketa == Emọs lara ezumike nká n'ịkụzi ihe n'afọ 2008 ma mee ka ọ gaa na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kwadoo ha. Ọrụ ya na 2017 ''Soul of a Nation'' Tate show kpaliri nchịkọta sitere na onye mmebe [[Duro Olowu]] . <ref name=":0"/> Amos nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa Alzheimer na Mee 20, 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|accessdate=2020-06-02}}</ref> Na 2021, ''Emma Amos: Agba Odyssey'', nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya nke [[Shawnya Harris]] haziri, meghere na Georgia Museum of Art tupu ya eme njem. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref> Agụnyere ọrụ Emọs na ihe ngosi 2022 ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkiri'' na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth . <ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{Cite web|title=Women Painting Women|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women|work=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|accessdate=14 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == nnukwu ngosi ihe ngosi, ọ bụ n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mere ụma kọọ akụkọ echere maka oriri na-ewu ewu, nke nwere nhazi akụkọ dị ogologo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bobo|first=Jacqueline|title=black women film and video artists|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92041-8|pages=8–9}}</ref> Collins si otú a meghee ụzọ maka [[Julie Dash|Julie Dash's]] ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu|Daughters of the Dust]]'' (1991) ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ogologo ogologo nke mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mepụtara ka etinyere na nkesa azụmahịa. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta [[Lorraine Hansberry]], o dere banyere "Nd{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Amos|first=Emma|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition|publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum|year=1993|isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3|oclc=29579572|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Paul|title=Taking the Plunge|journal=ARTnews|date=February 1998|volume=97|issue=2|pages=110–113|issn=0004-3273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Juliette|title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show!|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=1999|volume=16|issue=3|pages=2, 60|issn=1045-0920}} * {{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|date=2009|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|pages=7–11|oclc=466422666|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|editor=Driskell|title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56098-605-8|oclc=604999396|pages=45–79|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=Emma Amos: Art Matters|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2002|issue=16–17|date=2002-09-01|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41|pages=41–47|issn=2152-7792}} *  <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3|work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|date=2021-01-12|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451|accessdate=2021-01-14}} * {{Cite web|title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever|work=NPR.org|date=2021-01-13|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever|accessdate=2021-01-14}} gjqvzxp8uyymjg8cjkegg9r3cbjnpt5 671164 671163 2026-07-02T10:41:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ 671164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Emma Amos''' (16 Maachị 1937 - 20 Mee 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] postmodern . == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Amos na Atlanta, Georgia na 1937 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> nye India DeLaine Amos na Miles Green Amos. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya aha ya bụ Larry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Amos nwere mmasị na nkà mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-emepụta "ọtụtụ ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ " na ịmụta ihe osise site na mbipụta ''Esquire'' na nkà nke Alberto Vargas, na-ese onyinyo ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nwere ọchịchọ nke Amos ka ya na [[Hale Woodruff]] na-amụ ihe, ma ọ anabataghị ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ onwe ya wee hapụ mpaghara ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere iso ya mụọ ihe. <ref name="Murray 1968">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Emma Amos|first=Al|author=Murray|date=1968-10-03|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_212216|work=aaa.si.edu|publisher=[[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref> Na iri na otu, Amos nwetara nkuzi na Morris Brown College, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi ya ma leba anya na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa America]] na-arụ n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238">{{Cite book|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|title=Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-09111-7|url=http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313091117&id=GR0374-2144&q=emma%20amos|pages=231–238|accessdate=2018-02-24|oclc=607117768}}</ref> Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Emọs na-enyefe ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Atlanta . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Booker T. Washington High School na Atlanta mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, wee tinye akwụkwọ na kọleji Antioch, n'ihi amụma ha na-aga n'ihu. <ref name="Murray 1968"/> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amos gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Antiọk dị na Yellow Springs, Ohio, na Central School of Art and Design na [[London]] na Mahadum New York . <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238"/> <ref name="Painter 2006">{{Cite book|author=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=9-780195137552|oclc=607522345|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/418}}</ref> Mgbe Emọs nọ n'Antiọk, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọkara afọ, ma mụọ ihe maka nke fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nke nyeere ya aka ịga leta veranda na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, bụ nke na-adịchaghị enweta na Atlanta. N'afọ nke anọ ya na Antiọk, ọ gara England ma gụọ akwụkwọ na London Central School of Art, ebe ọ mụtara ibipụta na etch n'okpuru Anthony Harrison, wee malite iji mmanụ na-ese ihe, nke ọ na-emebeghị mbụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lippard|first=Lucy R.|authorlink=Lucy R. Lippard|title=Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos|journal=Art Papers|date=1991|volume=15|issue=6|pages=13–16}}</ref> Amos nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na Antiọk na 1958, wee laghachi London maka nzere ya na etching, nke ọ nwetara na 1959 ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name="Marter 2006" /> <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Emọs kwagara New York City iji malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta ihe abụọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MA ya na Mahadum New York (NYU). == Feminism == [[Usòrò:Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute,_Utica_NY.jpg|thumb| ''Emma Amos na-atụgharị uche: Agba Odyssey'' pụtara na Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute na Utica, New York na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://www.mwpai.org/view/exhibitions/current/emma-amos-color-odyssey/|work=Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute|accessdate=19 August 2021}}</ref>]] Amos kwetara na ebe ọ bụ onye South America, dị ka nwanyị Africa, na ya na-ama mgbe nile banyere ahụhụ ndị ọ na-eche ihu ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị . Otú ọ dị, n'ihe metụtara Feminism, Amos etinyeghị aka na ya ruo ngwụsị 1980. <ref name=":2">Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.</ref> Tupu oge a, na mmalite 1970s, mgbe ọ na-azụ ụmụ, Amos kpọrọ oku ka ọ sonyere otu ndị na-ese ihe nke Feminist nke zutere na ogige ntụrụndụ New York City. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma ịga ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị aga, Emọs kwuru, sị, "Site na ihe m nụrụ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị inyom na ogige ntụrụndụ, a na-ahapụ ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke klas ọ bụla. M si n'ahịrị ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị nanị nne, ma. ndị na-eri nri, ndị nwere omenala, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, na ndị di ha ojii mesoro m ka ha hà nhata, enwere m mmetụta na agaghị m enwe ike iji oge dị oké ọnụ ahịa pụọ na studio na ezinụlọ iji gee akụkọ dị anya site na nke m. " <ref name=":5"/> Ọ bụ na mmalite 1980s, ka ọ malitesịrị nkuzi na Mason Gross of Arts na Mahadum Rutgers dị na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] ebe o kpebiri isonye na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Heresies . N'ime otu a, ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, site na nzụlite nile, na-ebipụta mpempe ihe osise na ihe odide nke ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-amaghị, nke e bipụtara na usoro nke magazin na mkparịta ụka. Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere otu ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Nke ahụ bụ ihe heresies ghọrọ m. N'ịkpọsa m niile maka ndị ọcha feminists na-apụ n'anya, n'ihi na anyị niile nọ n'otu ụgbọ mmiri. Anyị si n'ebe dị iche iche bịarutere ụgbọ mmiri." <ref>The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta ''Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Emma Amos bụkwa onye so na otu nwanyị Guerilla Girls na-amaghị aha wee jiri pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=America Goddam :: AEQAI|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175634/http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/}}</ref> Amos sokwa na AIR ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ Residency, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NY ARTIST PROGRAM|url=https://www.airgallery.org/ny-artist-program|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=A.I.R.|language=en-US}}</ref> sokwa obere oge maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Emọs gara nzukọ na otu, Fantastic Women in the Arts. Otu a nyochakwara ihe osise na ihe odide nke ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-ese ihe, ma lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1960s na 1970s, gbasara agụmakwụkwọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ, enweghị n'ezie ime mgbanwe ọ bụla maka ndị ojii America ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ìgwè a ka Emọs tụlere ihe ùgwù nke ndị ọcha America, na otú nke ahụ si pụta ìhè na nkà na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":5"/> Emọs nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'itinye aka ya n'okwu ndị a na ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto ọzụzụ, Otú ọ dị, ime ka ìgwè dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu yiri ya ka ọ bụ ihe ịma aka kasịnụ. <ref name=":5" /> Amos chere na "ndị na-ese ihe na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị kwụ ọtọ, na ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị inyom, ka hà ka nọ n'akụkụ ọnụ. [O] nwere olileanya na anyị niile ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya." <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe nketa == Emọs lara ezumike nká n'ịkụzi ihe n'afọ 2008 ma mee ka ọ gaa na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kwadoo ha. Ọrụ ya na 2017 ''Soul of a Nation'' Tate show kpaliri nchịkọta sitere na onye mmebe [[Duro Olowu]] . <ref name=":0"/> Amos nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa Alzheimer na Mee 20, 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|accessdate=2020-06-02}}</ref> Na 2021, ''Emma Amos: Agba Odyssey'', nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya nke [[Shawnya Harris]] haziri, meghere na Georgia Museum of Art tupu ya eme njem. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref> Agụnyere ọrụ Emọs na ihe ngosi 2022 ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkiri'' na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth . <ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{Cite web|title=Women Painting Women|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women|work=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|accessdate=14 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == nnukwu ngosi ihe ngosi, ọ bụ n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mere ụma kọọ akụkọ echere maka oriri na-ewu ewu, nke nwere nhazi akụkọ dị ogologo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bobo|first=Jacqueline|title=black women film and video artists|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92041-8|pages=8–9}}</ref> Collins si otú a meghee ụzọ maka [[Julie Dash|Julie Dash's]] ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu|Daughters of the Dust]]'' (1991) ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ogologo ogologo nke mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mepụtara ka etinyere na nkesa azụmahịa. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta [[Lorraine Hansberry]], o dere banyere "Nd{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Amos|first=Emma|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition|publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum|year=1993|isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3|oclc=29579572|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Paul|title=Taking the Plunge|journal=ARTnews|date=February 1998|volume=97|issue=2|pages=110–113|issn=0004-3273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Juliette|title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show!|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=1999|volume=16|issue=3|pages=2, 60|issn=1045-0920}} * {{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|date=2009|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|pages=7–11|oclc=466422666|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|editor=Driskell|title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56098-605-8|oclc=604999396|pages=45–79|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=Emma Amos: Art Matters|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2002|issue=16–17|date=2002-09-01|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41|pages=41–47|issn=2152-7792}} *  <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3|work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|date=2021-01-12|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451|accessdate=2021-01-14}} * {{Cite web|title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever|work=NPR.org|date=2021-01-13|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever|accessdate=2021-01-14}} 7bc52ms6rtp7c12olwx589w8qfn3jfx 671166 671164 2026-07-02T10:41:52Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ 671166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Emma Amos''' (16 Maachị 1937 - 20 Mee 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] postmodern . == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Amos na Atlanta, Georgia na 1937 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> nye India DeLaine Amos na Miles Green Amos. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya aha ya bụ Larry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Amos nwere mmasị na nkà mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-emepụta "ọtụtụ ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ " na ịmụta ihe osise site na mbipụta ''Esquire'' na nkà nke Alberto Vargas, na-ese onyinyo ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nwere ọchịchọ nke Amos ka ya na [[Hale Woodruff]] na-amụ ihe, ma ọ anabataghị ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ onwe ya wee hapụ mpaghara ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere iso ya mụọ ihe. <ref name="Murray 1968">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Emma Amos|first=Al|author=Murray|date=1968-10-03|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_212216|work=aaa.si.edu|publisher=[[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref> Na iri na otu, Amos nwetara nkuzi na Morris Brown College, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi ya ma leba anya na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa America]] na-arụ n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238">{{Cite book|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|title=Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-09111-7|url=http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313091117&id=GR0374-2144&q=emma%20amos|pages=231–238|accessdate=2018-02-24|oclc=607117768}}</ref> Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Emọs na-enyefe ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Atlanta . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Booker T. Washington High School na Atlanta mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, wee tinye akwụkwọ na kọleji Antioch, n'ihi amụma ha na-aga n'ihu. <ref name="Murray 1968"/> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amos gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Antiọk dị na Yellow Springs, Ohio, na Central School of Art and Design na [[London]] na Mahadum New York . <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238"/> <ref name="Painter 2006">{{Cite book|author=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=9-780195137552|oclc=607522345|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/418}}</ref> Mgbe Emọs nọ n'Antiọk, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọkara afọ, ma mụọ ihe maka nke fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nke nyeere ya aka ịga leta veranda na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, bụ nke na-adịchaghị enweta na Atlanta. N'afọ nke anọ ya na Antiọk, ọ gara England ma gụọ akwụkwọ na London Central School of Art, ebe ọ mụtara ibipụta na etch n'okpuru Anthony Harrison, wee malite iji mmanụ na-ese ihe, nke ọ na-emebeghị mbụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lippard|first=Lucy R.|authorlink=Lucy R. Lippard|title=Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos|journal=Art Papers|date=1991|volume=15|issue=6|pages=13–16}}</ref> Amos nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na Antiọk na 1958, wee laghachi London maka nzere ya na etching, nke ọ nwetara na 1959 ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Emọs kwagara New York City iji malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta ihe abụọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MA ya na Mahadum New York (NYU). == Feminism == [[Usòrò:Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute,_Utica_NY.jpg|thumb| ''Emma Amos na-atụgharị uche: Agba Odyssey'' pụtara na Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute na Utica, New York na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://www.mwpai.org/view/exhibitions/current/emma-amos-color-odyssey/|work=Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute|accessdate=19 August 2021}}</ref>]] Amos kwetara na ebe ọ bụ onye South America, dị ka nwanyị Africa, na ya na-ama mgbe nile banyere ahụhụ ndị ọ na-eche ihu ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị . Otú ọ dị, n'ihe metụtara Feminism, Amos etinyeghị aka na ya ruo ngwụsị 1980. <ref name=":2">Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.</ref> Tupu oge a, na mmalite 1970s, mgbe ọ na-azụ ụmụ, Amos kpọrọ oku ka ọ sonyere otu ndị na-ese ihe nke Feminist nke zutere na ogige ntụrụndụ New York City. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma ịga ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị aga, Emọs kwuru, sị, "Site na ihe m nụrụ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị inyom na ogige ntụrụndụ, a na-ahapụ ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke klas ọ bụla. M si n'ahịrị ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị nanị nne, ma. ndị na-eri nri, ndị nwere omenala, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, na ndị di ha ojii mesoro m ka ha hà nhata, enwere m mmetụta na agaghị m enwe ike iji oge dị oké ọnụ ahịa pụọ na studio na ezinụlọ iji gee akụkọ dị anya site na nke m. " <ref name=":5"/> Ọ bụ na mmalite 1980s, ka ọ malitesịrị nkuzi na Mason Gross of Arts na Mahadum Rutgers dị na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] ebe o kpebiri isonye na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Heresies . N'ime otu a, ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, site na nzụlite nile, na-ebipụta mpempe ihe osise na ihe odide nke ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-amaghị, nke e bipụtara na usoro nke magazin na mkparịta ụka. Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere otu ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Nke ahụ bụ ihe heresies ghọrọ m. N'ịkpọsa m niile maka ndị ọcha feminists na-apụ n'anya, n'ihi na anyị niile nọ n'otu ụgbọ mmiri. Anyị si n'ebe dị iche iche bịarutere ụgbọ mmiri." <ref>The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta ''Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Emma Amos bụkwa onye so na otu nwanyị Guerilla Girls na-amaghị aha wee jiri pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=America Goddam :: AEQAI|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175634/http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/}}</ref> Amos sokwa na AIR ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ Residency, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NY ARTIST PROGRAM|url=https://www.airgallery.org/ny-artist-program|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=A.I.R.|language=en-US}}</ref> sokwa obere oge maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Emọs gara nzukọ na otu, Fantastic Women in the Arts. Otu a nyochakwara ihe osise na ihe odide nke ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-ese ihe, ma lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1960s na 1970s, gbasara agụmakwụkwọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ, enweghị n'ezie ime mgbanwe ọ bụla maka ndị ojii America ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ìgwè a ka Emọs tụlere ihe ùgwù nke ndị ọcha America, na otú nke ahụ si pụta ìhè na nkà na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":5"/> Emọs nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'itinye aka ya n'okwu ndị a na ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto ọzụzụ, Otú ọ dị, ime ka ìgwè dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu yiri ya ka ọ bụ ihe ịma aka kasịnụ. <ref name=":5" /> Amos chere na "ndị na-ese ihe na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị kwụ ọtọ, na ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị inyom, ka hà ka nọ n'akụkụ ọnụ. [O] nwere olileanya na anyị niile ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya." <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe nketa == Emọs lara ezumike nká n'ịkụzi ihe n'afọ 2008 ma mee ka ọ gaa na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kwadoo ha. Ọrụ ya na 2017 ''Soul of a Nation'' Tate show kpaliri nchịkọta sitere na onye mmebe [[Duro Olowu]] . <ref name=":0"/> Amos nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa Alzheimer na Mee 20, 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|accessdate=2020-06-02}}</ref> Na 2021, ''Emma Amos: Agba Odyssey'', nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya nke [[Shawnya Harris]] haziri, meghere na Georgia Museum of Art tupu ya eme njem. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref> Agụnyere ọrụ Emọs na ihe ngosi 2022 ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkiri'' na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth . <ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{Cite web|title=Women Painting Women|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women|work=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|accessdate=14 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == nnukwu ngosi ihe ngosi, ọ bụ n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mere ụma kọọ akụkọ echere maka oriri na-ewu ewu, nke nwere nhazi akụkọ dị ogologo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bobo|first=Jacqueline|title=black women film and video artists|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92041-8|pages=8–9}}</ref> Collins si otú a meghee ụzọ maka [[Julie Dash|Julie Dash's]] ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu|Daughters of the Dust]]'' (1991) ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ogologo ogologo nke mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mepụtara ka etinyere na nkesa azụmahịa. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta [[Lorraine Hansberry]], o dere banyere "Nd{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Amos|first=Emma|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition|publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum|year=1993|isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3|oclc=29579572|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Paul|title=Taking the Plunge|journal=ARTnews|date=February 1998|volume=97|issue=2|pages=110–113|issn=0004-3273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Juliette|title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show!|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=1999|volume=16|issue=3|pages=2, 60|issn=1045-0920}} * {{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|date=2009|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|pages=7–11|oclc=466422666|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|editor=Driskell|title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56098-605-8|oclc=604999396|pages=45–79|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=Emma Amos: Art Matters|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2002|issue=16–17|date=2002-09-01|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41|pages=41–47|issn=2152-7792}} *  <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3|work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|date=2021-01-12|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451|accessdate=2021-01-14}} * {{Cite web|title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever|work=NPR.org|date=2021-01-13|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever|accessdate=2021-01-14}} 8z17oj17sz1gu5kebvar2wefb78rzjd Barbara McCullough 0 47613 671254 595243 2026-07-02T11:26:08Z Johnnybam 24488 671254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Barbara McCullough''' (amụrụ 1945) bụ onye ntụzi, onye njikwa mmepụta na onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri nke ejikọtara ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Los Angeles nke Black na-ese ihe nkiri kwụụrụ onwe ya. A maara ya nke ọma maka <nowiki><i id="mwCg">emume mmiri #1: Ememe Ime Ọcha nke ime obodo</i></nowiki> (1979), ''mmụọ akpa ịzụ ahịa na ihe nlegharị anya n'okporo ụzọ: Ntụgharị uche na Oghere Ritual'' (1980), ''Fragments'' (1980), na ''World Saxophone Quartet'' (1980). == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na New Orleans, McCullough kwagara Los Angeles mgbe ọ dị afọ 11. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=L.A. Rebellion - Creating a New Black Cinema.|author=Field|first=Allyson|publisher=University of California Press|year=2015|isbn=9780520960435|location=Oakland, California|pages=18}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye egwu na n'ihi na ọ bụ onye agha kpuru ìsì o nwere ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ nke nyere ya ohere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Bishop Conaty Memorial <ref>Barbara McCullough, “About Barbara McCullough,” Facebook page, November 15, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/barbara.mccullough.712/about?lst=100004684388793%3A620003618%3A1542287012&section=education.</ref> na mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cal State LA na LA Community College, batara na UCLA site na mmemme mmemme mmụta mahadum. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ na-aga UCLA ọ ga-abụ akụkụ nke ebili mmiri nke abụọ nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri LA Rebellion a ma ama bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha agba gụnyere Alile Sharon Larkin, Julie Dash, Jacqueline Frazier, [[Melvonna Ballenger]], O. Funmilayo Makarah, na Carroll Parrott Blue. <ref name=":1">Boehm, Wolfgang, Dafna Kaufman, and Jazmine Hudson. "Barbara McCullough: Materials on the Film, Filmmaker, and Artistic Context." Liquid Blackness. October 24, 2017. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20200210132555/http://liquidblackness.com/barbara-mccullough-blog-posts/.</ref> N'ịbụ nwa akwụkwọ UCLA, McCullough kere òkè na Project One nke bụ mmemme maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ihe nkiri nke mere ka ha dee, na-eduzi ma dezie ihe nkiri n'oge nkeji agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ha tupu ha enwee klas mmepụta. <ref name=":2">"Project One Films." What a Difference: Women and Film in the 1970s and 1980s | UCLA Film & Television Archive. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20240517234235/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/project-one-films.</ref> Project One ga-abụ mmalite maka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke LA Rebellion gụnyere Julie Dash na Carrol Parrott Blue. <ref name=":2" /> Site na Project One, McCullough mepụtara ihe echere na ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya ''Chephren-Khafra: Afọ Abụọ nke Ọchịchị.'' Ịgba egwu masịrị McCullough masịrị ya, mana ọ chere na ọ ga-elepụ anya n'èzí ya maka ụzọ ọ ga-esi gosipụta ihe okike ya n'ime ihe mgbochi nke ọrụ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kọleji debanyere aha na UCLA na dị ka nne nke ụmụ abụọ. <ref name="Know how to do something different">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Elizabeth|title=Know how to do something different|journal=Jumpcut|date=May 1991|issue=36|pages=94–97|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC36folder/McCulloughInt.html|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> O nwekwara mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkà mmụta uche na akwụkwọ, karịsịa ọrụ [[Zora Neale Hurston]] . <ref name="Know how to do something different" /> Ọ bụ ịhụnanya o nwere maka ịse foto dọtara ya gaa na ihe nkiri nnwale na vidiyo, ebe ọ chọrọ ịghọ "Hurston nke vidiyo" na "imetụ mmụọ na ụbara nke obodo [ya] site n'ikpughe anwansi ya, na-emetụ textures ya na ịzọda echiche ochie. ka ọ na-ekpughe akụkọ ndị a na-enweghị atụ na-egosipụta ndụ ndị America America." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Elizabeth|title=Know how to do something different|journal=Jumpcut|date=May 1991|issue=36|pages=94–97|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC36folder/McCulloughInt.html|accessdate=3 October 2015}}{{Cite web|title=Barbara McCullough|url=https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/barbara-mccullough|work=LA Rebellion Filmmakers|publisher=UCLA Film and Television Archive|accessdate=3 October 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104130/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/barbara-mccullough}}</ref> McCullough ga-aga n'ihu iji nweta BA na Nkwukọrịta Nkwukọrịta na MFA ya na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Theater Arts, Film and Television Production na UCLA, na ọrụ ya nwetara ọkwá ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya na-akpa ike nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Los Angeles nke Ndị Na-eme Ihe nkiri Black. <ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scad.edu/academics/faculty/barbara-mccullough|title=Faculty|publisher=Savannah College of Art and Design|accessdate=3 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914220818/http://www.scad.edu/academics/faculty/barbara-mccullough|archivedate=14 September 2015}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Los Angeles na-ekerịta ọchịchọ nke òtù ahụ ikwusa echiche ha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ojii na ahụmahụ na ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ vidiyo, ma ha na-achọkarị imesi ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị ike, na ọrụ McCullough karịsịa na-etinye uche na isiokwu nke imepụta ihe na ihe okike. ememe. <ref name="Black Women Filmmakers">{{Cite journal|author=Springer|first=Claudia|title=Black Women Filmmakers|journal=Jumpcut|date=February 1984|issue=29|pages=34–37|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC29folder/BlackWomenFilmkrs.html|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ ga-emecha cheta oge ya na UCLA na "ọ bụ nkà ihe ọmụma na-edeghị ede na ị bụghị naanị nwa akwụkwọ kama onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke onwe ya dị na obodo nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na-akwado onwe ha na-akwado ọrụ ibe ha dị ka ike ha nwere ike. Ọtụtụ oge, ọ dịghị. Otu onye nwere ezigbo nkwado ego, o werekwa ụfọdụ n'ime anyị ọtụtụ afọ iji rụchaa ọrụ anyị ndị ọzọ na mgba site na usoro nke na-adịghị karịsịa ịzụlite. <ref name=":4">Jackson, Elizabeth. "Barbara McCullough." ''Black Film Review'', 4-6. Accessed November 15, 2018. http://lrdudc.wrlc.org/BlackFilmReview/pdfs_LoRes/BFRService23_LR.pdf.</ref> == Ọrụ == '''Ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya''' Emepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ McCullough ''Chephren-Khafra: Afọ Abụọ nke Ọchịchị'' dị ka ihe nkiri Project One ya na UCLA. Ihe nkiri a gosipụtara nwa nwoke McCullough dị afọ abụọ mgbe ahụ wee kpaakọta ihe onyonyo na-akpụ akpụ ma ka na-ese foto na eserese nkeonwe. Isiokwu ndị dị na ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere akụkọ Egypt na ndị Africa ndị ọzọ yana mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Black Diaspora na Africa. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa Afrofemcentrism, na-enyocha ọnọdụ ezinụlọ, mebie oke n'etiti ụlọ na ọrụ, ma na-egosipụta echiche cinematic na-amaghị nke ọma banyere echiche nwanyị ojii. <ref name=":1"/> Ememe mmiri McCullough's ''Water Ritual #1: Ememe ime obodo nke ịdị ọcha'' sitere na ahụmịhe ya na enyi ya nwere nkụja ụjọ <ref>Jackson, Elizabeth. "Barbara McCullough." ''Black Film Review'', 4-6. Accessed November 15, 2018. http://lrdudc.wrlc.org/BlackFilmReview/pdfs_LoRes/BFRService23_LR.pdf.</ref> na mmụọ mmụọ nke Africa ka ọ na-egosi nwanyị na-eme emume na-akpali ngwakọta nke ala na ihe ndị ọzọ na calabash, wee iko. ngwakọta ahụ dị n'aka ya, wee fepụ ya. Ihe nkiri a na-ese okwu n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na nwanyị ahụ na-alaghachi n'ime ụlọ ahụ na-akụda ụlọ n'azụ ma na-amịpụta n'ala. <ref name="Masilela 2003 21–41">{{Cite book|author=Masilela|first=Ntongela|editor=Bobo|title=Black Women Film & Video Artists|publisher=Routledge|date=2003|pages=21–41|chapter=Chapter 2: Women Directors of the Los Angeles School|isbn=1135225427}}</ref> McCullough kọwara na e bu n'obi nwanyị ahụ ka ọ gosipụta ndị niile a chụpụrụ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe bụ ndị a manyere ibi ndụ dịka ụkpụrụ omenala ndị ọzọ siri dị. Omume nnupụisi ya n'ala ala ọzọ na-ekwupụta nnwere onwe ya n'ahụ ahụ nke ya. <ref name="Black Women Filmmakers"/> A na-ese ihe nkiri ahụ na 16mm oji na ọcha, ihe nkiri ahụ mere na mpaghara Watts, LA nke a kpochapụrụ iji mee ụzọ maka I-105 freeway. <ref>Stewart, Jacqueline. "Defending Black Imagination | Now Dig This! Digital Archive." The Hammer Museum. November 14, 2016. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/essays/defending-black-imagination/.</ref> ''Mụọ akpa ịzụ ahịa na n'okporo ụzọ awara awara: Ntụleghachi na Oghere Ememe'' nwere akụkụ dị iche iche na-edekọ ndị na-ese ihe na Los Angeles ka ha na-emepụta ọrụ nka nke na-adịghị mma. McCullough gbara ndị na-ese ihe ajụjụ ọnụ wee jụọ ha gbasara mmemme ha na usoro okike ha, ihe ndị ọ na-achị gụnyere onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe bụ Kinshasha Conwill; onye na-ede uri Kamau Daa'ood; onye na-ese ihe David Hammons ; ọkpụkpọ N'senga Negundi; onye egwu Raspoeter Ojenke; na onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe [[Betye Saar|Bettye Saar]] . <ref name="Masilela 2003 21–41"/> N'ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ihe nkiri ya, McCullough kwuru na "ememme bụ ihe atụ ihe atụ" nke nwere ike ịhapụ isiokwu ahụ n'onwe ya iji mee ka ọ "si n'otu oghere na oge banye ọzọ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Quaintance|first=Morgan|title=LA Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema|journal=Art Monthly|date=July–August 2015|issue=388|pages=22–23|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=108408897&site=ehost-live|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> '''Ọrụ Azụmahịa''' McCullough jere ozi dị ka onye nhazi mmepụta maka KCET-TV na Los Angeles, onye na-emepụta ihe maka Pacific Data Images, na-arụ ọrụ maka Cine Motion Pictures, Digital Domain, ma bụrụ onye njikwa nke mbanye & Ọmụmụ ihe na Rhythm na Hues Studios . <ref>Jackson, Elizabeth. "Barbara McCullough." ''Black Film Review'', 4-6. Accessed November 15, 2018. http://lrdudc.wrlc.org/BlackFilmReview/pdfs_LoRes/BFRService23_LR.pdf.</ref> <ref name="Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey 1995">Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey. Women Film Directors : an International Bio-Critical Dictionary Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.</ref> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri na mmetụta visual na Los Angeles, ọ nwetala ọtụtụ kredit na nnukwu ihe nkiri ihe nkiri gụnyere ''The Prince of Egypt'' (1998), ''Toys'' (1992), na ''Ace Ventura: Mgbe Oku Nature'' (1995). <ref>"Barbara McCullough." IMDb. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0567171/.</ref> McCullough bụzi Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Mmetụta Visual na Savannah College of Art and Design . <ref name="Faculty"/> '''Enyemaka''' Onyinye maka ọrụ ya gụnyere Avant-Garde Masters Grant maka ihe nkiri nnwale sitere na National Film Preservation Film Foundation maka mweghachi nke UCLA Film na Television Archives nke ihe nkiri ya Water Ritual #1: An Urban Rite of Purification. <ref name=":7">"Barbara McCullough Bio." Barbara McCullough. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122319/http://www.barbaramccullough.com/about-filmmaker-barbara-mccullough/.</ref> Onyinye ndị ọzọ bụ Brody Arts Fund, Black Programming Consortium-Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Cultural Affairs of the City of Los Angeles, Western States Black Research Foundation na National Endowments for Arts nyere onyinye. <ref name=":7" /> == Ntụaka == Na ihe osise a na-arara nye ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile, yana ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-alụ ọgụ maka eziokwu, ikpe ziri ezi. na nnwere onwe, mmụọ nke ụmụnna ndị a apụghị, ọ gaghịkwa anwụ anwụ akwụkwọ kama onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke onwe ya dị na obodo nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na-akwado onwe ha na-akwado ọrụ ibe ha dị ka ike ha nwere ike. Ọtụtụ oge, ọ dịghị. Otu{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55m7m9gx#page-1 Nnupụisi LA: Ịmepụta Cinema ojii ọhụrụ] * {{IMDb name|0567171}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231210004653/http://www.barbaramccullough.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Barbara McCullough] {{DEFAULTSORT: McCullough, Barbara}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 23mhot692cazgqqz8wke127cbizixjz Dave Free 0 47643 670955 628831 2026-07-02T00:32:51Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670955 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''David Isaac Friley''' <ref name="Birth name"> {{Cite web|title=David Isaac Friley, Born 11/13/1986 in California|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/david_isaac_friley_born_1986_17348486|accessdate=2023-04-01|work=California Birth Index}} </ref> (amuru na Nọvemba 13, 1986), onye amara dika '''Dave Free''', bu onye ihe nkiri America na onye na-edekọ ihe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jackson|first=Mitchell S.|date=2022-12-27|title=Kendrick Lamar's New Chapter: Raw, Intimate and Unconstrained|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/27/magazine/kendrick-lamar-dave-free.html|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref> Amụrụ ma zụlite na Inglewood, [[California]], a maara ya nke ọma maka mmekorita okike ya na onye rapper Kendrick Lamar . N'oge ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), vidiyo egwu eduzi na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na Lamar n'okpuru aha Little Homies. Mgbe ọpụpụ ya na TDE na 2019, ọ kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe PGLang . N'ime nkwanye ugwu efu bụ otu Grammy Award na atọ MTV Video Music Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tardio|first=Andres|date=2015-08-21|title=Here's How Kendrick Lamar and Dave Free Became Super Duo 'The Little Homies'|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/2246258/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=[[MTV]]|archivedate=2022-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426200153/https://www.mtv.com/news/2246258/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Yoh|date=2016-04-07|title=The Little Homies Have the Best Creative Vision in Rap|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2016-04-07-the-little-homies-video-breakdown|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=DJBooth}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == David Isaac Friley mụrụ na November 13, 1986, na Inglewood, California ; nwa nwoke nke di na nwunye si North na South Akụkụ nke [[Chicago]] . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Jackson|first=Mitchell S.|date=2022-12-27|title=Kendrick Lamar's Unconstrained Next Chapter|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/27/magazine/kendrick-lamar-dave-free.html|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya bụ ọdụdụ nwa n’ime ụmụaka atọ. <ref name="NYT" /> Friley bụ enyi nwata nke onye rapper Kendrick Lamar, zutere mgbe ha abụọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yoo|first=Noah|date=2019-10-04|title=Dave Free No Longer Co-President of Top Dawg Entertainment: Report|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/dave-free-no-longer-co-president-of-top-dawg-entertainment-report/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka kọmputa mgbe ọ na-enyere Lamar aka ịmalite ọrụ rap ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenburg|first=Zack O'Malley|title=Meet Dave Free, Kendrick Lamar's 30 Under 30 Manager|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/01/04/meet-dave-free-kendrick-lamars-30-under-30-manager/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> O jiri ọrụ ya gosi egwu Lamar Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke aha ndekọ aha onwe ya Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), nke mere ka ọ bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na akara na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Droke|first=Carolyn|date=2019-10-05|title=Dave Free Reportedly Steps Down As Top Dawg Entertainment's President|url=https://uproxx.com/music/dave-free-leaves-top-dawg-entertainment/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=UPROXX|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-06|title=Kendrick Lamar: The West Coast Got Somethin' To Say|url=https://hiphopdx.com/interviews/id.1641/title.kendrick-lamar-the-west-coast-got-somethin-to-say|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=HipHopDX}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge na-adịghị Lamar bịanyere aka na TDE, Free sonyeere akara ahụ dị ka onye nrụpụta ụlọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye òtù nke hip hop mmepụta otu [[Digi+Phonics|Digi + phonics]] n'akụkụ Sounwave, [[Willie B (producer)|Willie B]] na Tae Beast ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na oru ngo maka hip hop supergroup Black Hippy, nke mejupụtara Lamar, Jay Rock, Schoolboy Q na Ab-Soul . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ducker|first=Eric|date=2014-07-23|title=A Rational Conversation: The Sound Of TDE's Success|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2014/07/23/334492009/a-rational-conversation-the-sound-of-tdes-success|accessdate=2022-11-12}}</ref> Ọrụ mmepụta ha nwetara otuto dị egwu; ''Mgbagwoju anya'' aha ya bụ Digi + phonics dị ka otu n'ime ndị nrụpụta ọhụrụ 25 kachasị elu ga-elele na Nọvemba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=25 New Producers To Watch Out For|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/25-new-producers-to-watch-out-for/|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2019-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825025130/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/25-new-producers-to-watch-out-for/}}</ref> BET kpọrọ ha aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto iri kacha elu na-eto eto na July 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Young Producers On the Rise|url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/nti147/10-young-producers-on-the-rise/5ykijb|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=BET|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ azụmaahịa n'efu malitere dịka onye isi mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka TDE. <ref>{{Cite web|title=More Levels, The Brains Behind Top Dawg Entertainment [September 2012 Story] - XXL|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/tde-sidebar-kendrick-coverage/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=XXL Mag|date=October 24, 2012|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, a kpọrọ ya onye isi oche nke label n'akụkụ Terrence "Punch" Henderson . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kendrick Lamar Addresses Macklemore Text, Will Reportedly Release His New Album In September|url=https://www.complex.com/tag/kendrick-lamar|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814065438/https://www.complex.com/tag/kendrick-lamar}}</ref> Free mechara bụrụ onye njikwa Lamar n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị wee duzie ọtụtụ ọba egwu ya na vidiyo egwu na-esote n'okpuru aha mkpokọta The Little Homies. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Yoh|title=The Little Homies Have the Best Creative Vision in Rap|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2016-04-07-the-little-homies-video-breakdown|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's How Kendrick Lamar And Dave Free Became Super Duo 'The Little Homies'|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/mpcmpj/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=MTV|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://www.mtv.com/news/mpcmpj/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies}}</ref> Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ha nwetara otuto ma duo duo na-emeri Grammy Award for Best Music Video na MTV Video Music Awards maka Best Hip Hop Video na Video nke Afọ . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-28|title=Grammy Awards Winners: The Complete List|url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/2018-grammys-winners-list-music-awards-1202676802/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berry|first=Peter A.|title=Kendrick Lamar's 'Humble' Wins Best Hip-Hop at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards - XXL|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/kendrick-lamar-humble-wins-best-hip-hop-2017-mtv-video-music-awards/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=XXL Mag|date=August 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Na Ọktoba 4, 2019, ''Rolling Stone'' kọrọ na Free hapụrụ TDE ma na-arụ ọrụ nke onwe. Ọ na-enyekwara onye rapper Baby Keem aka ka ọ malitere inweta amara ma kwupụta ebumnuche ya nke "[[Iba|ịba]] arọ n'ime egwuregwu ihe nkiri." Na Machị 5, 2020, Free na Lamar weputara ụlọ ọrụ okike “multi-lingual” PGLang . Site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Free edewo ma na-eduzi ọtụtụ vidiyo egwu na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka Calvin Klein, Converse na Cash App . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dunn|first=Frankie|date=2021-01-14|title=Kendrick Lamar's pgLang has collaborated with Calvin Klein|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/4ad7p3/kendrick-lamar-pglang-dave-free-calvin-klein-collaboration|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=i-D|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/4ad7p3/kendrick-lamar-pglang-dave-free-calvin-klein-collaboration}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Inman|first=DeMicia|date=2022-05-04|title=A Closer Look At The "pgLang For Converse" Collaboration|url=https://www.vibe.com/gallery/pglang-converse-sold-out-collaboration-1234661029/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=VIBE.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kendrick Lamar Links With Billionaire Ray Dalio for New pgLang-Produced Video Promoting Financial Literacy|url=https://www.complex.com/music/kendrick-lamar-ray-dalio-pglang-financial-literacy-video|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://www.complex.com/music/kendrick-lamar-ray-dalio-pglang-financial-literacy-video}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 13, 2022, Free na Lamar kwupụtara na ha na-emepụta ihe nkiri ọchị na-enweghị aha ya na ndị okike ''South Park'' Trey Parker na Matt Stone maka Foto Paramount . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2022-01-13|title=Kendrick Lamar, Dave Free & 'South Park' Duo Matt Stone And Trey Parker To Produce Comedy Penned By Vernon Chatman For Paramount|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-matt-stone-trey-parker-to-produce-paramount-comedy-1234912409/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ekele == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}} ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Nominated work ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |BET Awards |2023 | rowspan="3" |Video Director of the Year | rowspan="3" |Free and Kendrick Lamar | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tinoco|first=Armando|date=2023-06-26|title=BET Awards: SZA, Beyoncé Lead With Most Wins, Including Tying For Album Of The Year|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/2023-bet-awards-winners-list-1235424387/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |BET Hip Hop Awards |2022 | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- |2023 | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |2023 |Film Craft Lion for Direction |''We Cry Together – A Short Film'' | {{Won|Grand Prix}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nudd|first=Tim|date=2023-06-20|title=Kendrick Lamar's short film 'We Cry Together' wins Film Craft Grand Prix at Cannes|url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-cannes-lions/cannes-lions-2023-kendrick-lamars-short-film-we-cry-together-wins-film-craft-grand-prix/2500636|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Ad Age|language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Grammy Awards |2016 | rowspan="4" |Best Music Video |"Alright" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-15|title=Grammy Awards: Complete Winners List|url=https://variety.com/2016/music/awards/grammy-awards-2016-grammys-winners-list-1201706586/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |"Humble" | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-28|title=Grammy 2018 Winners: Full List (Published 2018)|language=en|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/28/arts/music/grammy-winners.html|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> |- |2023 |"The Heart Part 5" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=2023-02-06|title=Grammy Awards: Complete List of Winners|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammys-2023-winners-list-1235312839/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |"Count Me Out" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-11-10|title=Grammy Awards 2024: The Full List of Nominees|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/arts/music/grammys-nominee-list-2024.html|accessdate=2023-11-16}}</ref> |- |Best Music Film |''Live From Paris, The Big Steppers Tour'' | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |MTV Video Music Awards | rowspan="2" |2015 |Best Direction | rowspan="2" |"Alright" | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hooton|first=Christopher|date=2015-08-31|title=VMAs 2015: Taylor Swift and her buddy Kendrick Lamar clean-up at awards|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/vmas-2015-taylor-swift-and-her-buddy-kendrick-lamar-cleanup-at-awards-full-list-of-winners-10479316.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> |- |Video of the Year | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Best Direction | rowspan="2" |"Humble" | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2017-08-28|title=MTV VMAs: Kendrick Lamar wins big in politically charged ceremony|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/aug/28/mtv-vmas-kendrick-lamar-wins-big-in-politically-charged-ceremony|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> |- |Video of the Year | {{Won}} |- |2022 | rowspan="2" |Best Direction |"Family Ties" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Langston|first=Keith|date=2022-08-29|title=MTV VMAs winners: See the full list|url=https://ew.com/mtv-video-music-awards/mtv-vmas-2022-winners-list/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=EW.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |"Count Me Out" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-08|title=Taylor Swift tops list of 2023 MTV Video Music Award nominations|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taylor-swift-2023-mtv-video-music-award-nominations/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAQo">Variety</i></nowiki> Hitmakers |2022 |Creativity and Impact Award |Himself | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Panaligan|first=E. J.|date=2022-12-05|title=Dave Free Accepts Inaugural Creativity & Impact Award at Variety Hitmakers Ceremony: 'Make Sure We Instill Purpose Into Everything We Do'|url=https://variety.com/video/dave-free-creativity-impact-award-variety-hitmakers-2022/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Ihe ngosi == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka == nke onye rapper Kendrick Lamar, zutere mgbe ha abụọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka kọmputa mgbe ọ na-enyere Lamar aka ịmalite ọrụ rap ya. O jiri ọrụ ya gosi egwu Lamar Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke aha ndekọ aha onwe ya Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), nke mere ka == Ndetu == {{notelist}} ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Free, Dave}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] hxsvat8dsq7sop73y3uew9lql8of1lx 670956 670955 2026-07-02T00:35:16Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ngosi */ 670956 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''David Isaac Friley''' <ref name="Birth name"> {{Cite web|title=David Isaac Friley, Born 11/13/1986 in California|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/david_isaac_friley_born_1986_17348486|accessdate=2023-04-01|work=California Birth Index}} </ref> (amuru na Nọvemba 13, 1986), onye amara dika '''Dave Free''', bu onye ihe nkiri America na onye na-edekọ ihe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jackson|first=Mitchell S.|date=2022-12-27|title=Kendrick Lamar's New Chapter: Raw, Intimate and Unconstrained|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/27/magazine/kendrick-lamar-dave-free.html|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref> Amụrụ ma zụlite na Inglewood, [[California]], a maara ya nke ọma maka mmekorita okike ya na onye rapper Kendrick Lamar . N'oge ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), vidiyo egwu eduzi na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na Lamar n'okpuru aha Little Homies. Mgbe ọpụpụ ya na TDE na 2019, ọ kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe PGLang . N'ime nkwanye ugwu efu bụ otu Grammy Award na atọ MTV Video Music Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tardio|first=Andres|date=2015-08-21|title=Here's How Kendrick Lamar and Dave Free Became Super Duo 'The Little Homies'|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/2246258/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=[[MTV]]|archivedate=2022-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426200153/https://www.mtv.com/news/2246258/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Yoh|date=2016-04-07|title=The Little Homies Have the Best Creative Vision in Rap|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2016-04-07-the-little-homies-video-breakdown|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=DJBooth}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == David Isaac Friley mụrụ na November 13, 1986, na Inglewood, California ; nwa nwoke nke di na nwunye si North na South Akụkụ nke [[Chicago]] . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Jackson|first=Mitchell S.|date=2022-12-27|title=Kendrick Lamar's Unconstrained Next Chapter|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/27/magazine/kendrick-lamar-dave-free.html|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya bụ ọdụdụ nwa n’ime ụmụaka atọ. <ref name="NYT" /> Friley bụ enyi nwata nke onye rapper Kendrick Lamar, zutere mgbe ha abụọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yoo|first=Noah|date=2019-10-04|title=Dave Free No Longer Co-President of Top Dawg Entertainment: Report|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/dave-free-no-longer-co-president-of-top-dawg-entertainment-report/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka kọmputa mgbe ọ na-enyere Lamar aka ịmalite ọrụ rap ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenburg|first=Zack O'Malley|title=Meet Dave Free, Kendrick Lamar's 30 Under 30 Manager|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/01/04/meet-dave-free-kendrick-lamars-30-under-30-manager/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> O jiri ọrụ ya gosi egwu Lamar Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke aha ndekọ aha onwe ya Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), nke mere ka ọ bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na akara na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Droke|first=Carolyn|date=2019-10-05|title=Dave Free Reportedly Steps Down As Top Dawg Entertainment's President|url=https://uproxx.com/music/dave-free-leaves-top-dawg-entertainment/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=UPROXX|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-06|title=Kendrick Lamar: The West Coast Got Somethin' To Say|url=https://hiphopdx.com/interviews/id.1641/title.kendrick-lamar-the-west-coast-got-somethin-to-say|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=HipHopDX}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge na-adịghị Lamar bịanyere aka na TDE, Free sonyeere akara ahụ dị ka onye nrụpụta ụlọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye òtù nke hip hop mmepụta otu [[Digi+Phonics|Digi + phonics]] n'akụkụ Sounwave, [[Willie B (producer)|Willie B]] na Tae Beast ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na oru ngo maka hip hop supergroup Black Hippy, nke mejupụtara Lamar, Jay Rock, Schoolboy Q na Ab-Soul . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ducker|first=Eric|date=2014-07-23|title=A Rational Conversation: The Sound Of TDE's Success|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2014/07/23/334492009/a-rational-conversation-the-sound-of-tdes-success|accessdate=2022-11-12}}</ref> Ọrụ mmepụta ha nwetara otuto dị egwu; ''Mgbagwoju anya'' aha ya bụ Digi + phonics dị ka otu n'ime ndị nrụpụta ọhụrụ 25 kachasị elu ga-elele na Nọvemba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=25 New Producers To Watch Out For|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/25-new-producers-to-watch-out-for/|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2019-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825025130/https://www.complex.com/music/2012/11/25-new-producers-to-watch-out-for/}}</ref> BET kpọrọ ha aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto iri kacha elu na-eto eto na July 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Young Producers On the Rise|url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/nti147/10-young-producers-on-the-rise/5ykijb|accessdate=2022-11-12|work=BET|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ azụmaahịa n'efu malitere dịka onye isi mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka TDE. <ref>{{Cite web|title=More Levels, The Brains Behind Top Dawg Entertainment [September 2012 Story] - XXL|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/tde-sidebar-kendrick-coverage/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=XXL Mag|date=October 24, 2012|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, a kpọrọ ya onye isi oche nke label n'akụkụ Terrence "Punch" Henderson . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kendrick Lamar Addresses Macklemore Text, Will Reportedly Release His New Album In September|url=https://www.complex.com/tag/kendrick-lamar|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814065438/https://www.complex.com/tag/kendrick-lamar}}</ref> Free mechara bụrụ onye njikwa Lamar n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị wee duzie ọtụtụ ọba egwu ya na vidiyo egwu na-esote n'okpuru aha mkpokọta The Little Homies. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Yoh|title=The Little Homies Have the Best Creative Vision in Rap|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2016-04-07-the-little-homies-video-breakdown|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's How Kendrick Lamar And Dave Free Became Super Duo 'The Little Homies'|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/mpcmpj/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=MTV|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://www.mtv.com/news/mpcmpj/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-little-homies}}</ref> Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ha nwetara otuto ma duo duo na-emeri Grammy Award for Best Music Video na MTV Video Music Awards maka Best Hip Hop Video na Video nke Afọ . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-28|title=Grammy Awards Winners: The Complete List|url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/2018-grammys-winners-list-music-awards-1202676802/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berry|first=Peter A.|title=Kendrick Lamar's 'Humble' Wins Best Hip-Hop at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards - XXL|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/kendrick-lamar-humble-wins-best-hip-hop-2017-mtv-video-music-awards/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=XXL Mag|date=August 28, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Na Ọktoba 4, 2019, ''Rolling Stone'' kọrọ na Free hapụrụ TDE ma na-arụ ọrụ nke onwe. Ọ na-enyekwara onye rapper Baby Keem aka ka ọ malitere inweta amara ma kwupụta ebumnuche ya nke "[[Iba|ịba]] arọ n'ime egwuregwu ihe nkiri." Na Machị 5, 2020, Free na Lamar weputara ụlọ ọrụ okike “multi-lingual” PGLang . Site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Free edewo ma na-eduzi ọtụtụ vidiyo egwu na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka Calvin Klein, Converse na Cash App . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dunn|first=Frankie|date=2021-01-14|title=Kendrick Lamar's pgLang has collaborated with Calvin Klein|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/4ad7p3/kendrick-lamar-pglang-dave-free-calvin-klein-collaboration|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=i-D|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/4ad7p3/kendrick-lamar-pglang-dave-free-calvin-klein-collaboration}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Inman|first=DeMicia|date=2022-05-04|title=A Closer Look At The "pgLang For Converse" Collaboration|url=https://www.vibe.com/gallery/pglang-converse-sold-out-collaboration-1234661029/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=VIBE.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kendrick Lamar Links With Billionaire Ray Dalio for New pgLang-Produced Video Promoting Financial Literacy|url=https://www.complex.com/music/kendrick-lamar-ray-dalio-pglang-financial-literacy-video|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215846/https://www.complex.com/music/kendrick-lamar-ray-dalio-pglang-financial-literacy-video}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 13, 2022, Free na Lamar kwupụtara na ha na-emepụta ihe nkiri ọchị na-enweghị aha ya na ndị okike ''South Park'' Trey Parker na Matt Stone maka Foto Paramount . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2022-01-13|title=Kendrick Lamar, Dave Free & 'South Park' Duo Matt Stone And Trey Parker To Produce Comedy Penned By Vernon Chatman For Paramount|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/kendrick-lamar-dave-free-matt-stone-trey-parker-to-produce-paramount-comedy-1234912409/|accessdate=2022-08-18|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ekele == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}} ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Nominated work ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |BET Awards |2023 | rowspan="3" |Video Director of the Year | rowspan="3" |Free and Kendrick Lamar | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tinoco|first=Armando|date=2023-06-26|title=BET Awards: SZA, Beyoncé Lead With Most Wins, Including Tying For Album Of The Year|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/2023-bet-awards-winners-list-1235424387/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |BET Hip Hop Awards |2022 | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- |2023 | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |2023 |Film Craft Lion for Direction |''We Cry Together – A Short Film'' | {{Won|Grand Prix}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nudd|first=Tim|date=2023-06-20|title=Kendrick Lamar's short film 'We Cry Together' wins Film Craft Grand Prix at Cannes|url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-cannes-lions/cannes-lions-2023-kendrick-lamars-short-film-we-cry-together-wins-film-craft-grand-prix/2500636|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Ad Age|language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Grammy Awards |2016 | rowspan="4" |Best Music Video |"Alright" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-15|title=Grammy Awards: Complete Winners List|url=https://variety.com/2016/music/awards/grammy-awards-2016-grammys-winners-list-1201706586/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |"Humble" | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-28|title=Grammy 2018 Winners: Full List (Published 2018)|language=en|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/28/arts/music/grammy-winners.html|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> |- |2023 |"The Heart Part 5" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=2023-02-06|title=Grammy Awards: Complete List of Winners|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammys-2023-winners-list-1235312839/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |"Count Me Out" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-11-10|title=Grammy Awards 2024: The Full List of Nominees|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/arts/music/grammys-nominee-list-2024.html|accessdate=2023-11-16}}</ref> |- |Best Music Film |''Live From Paris, The Big Steppers Tour'' | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |MTV Video Music Awards | rowspan="2" |2015 |Best Direction | rowspan="2" |"Alright" | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hooton|first=Christopher|date=2015-08-31|title=VMAs 2015: Taylor Swift and her buddy Kendrick Lamar clean-up at awards|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/vmas-2015-taylor-swift-and-her-buddy-kendrick-lamar-cleanup-at-awards-full-list-of-winners-10479316.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> |- |Video of the Year | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Best Direction | rowspan="2" |"Humble" | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2017-08-28|title=MTV VMAs: Kendrick Lamar wins big in politically charged ceremony|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/aug/28/mtv-vmas-kendrick-lamar-wins-big-in-politically-charged-ceremony|accessdate=2023-08-16}}</ref> |- |Video of the Year | {{Won}} |- |2022 | rowspan="2" |Best Direction |"Family Ties" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Langston|first=Keith|date=2022-08-29|title=MTV VMAs winners: See the full list|url=https://ew.com/mtv-video-music-awards/mtv-vmas-2022-winners-list/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=EW.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |"Count Me Out" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-08|title=Taylor Swift tops list of 2023 MTV Video Music Award nominations|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taylor-swift-2023-mtv-video-music-award-nominations/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAQo">Variety</i></nowiki> Hitmakers |2022 |Creativity and Impact Award |Himself | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Panaligan|first=E. J.|date=2022-12-05|title=Dave Free Accepts Inaugural Creativity & Impact Award at Variety Hitmakers Ceremony: 'Make Sure We Instill Purpose Into Everything We Do'|url=https://variety.com/video/dave-free-creativity-impact-award-variety-hitmakers-2022/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Ihe ngosi == == Ntụaka == nke onye rapper Kendrick Lamar, zutere mgbe ha abụọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka kọmputa mgbe ọ na-enyere Lamar aka ịmalite ọrụ rap ya. O jiri ọrụ ya gosi egwu Lamar Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke aha ndekọ aha onwe ya Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), nke mere ka == Ndetu == {{notelist}} ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Free, Dave}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] kq5ybmap98tpas51zcrfit9bu9xommv John George Brown 0 47842 671079 172356 2026-07-02T10:03:46Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:John_George_Brown_-_Self-portrait_(1908).jpg|thumb| John George Brown ''Foto nke onwe'', 1908]] [[Usòrò:John_George_Brown_-_Only_A_Nickel,_Joe_(1906).jpg|thumb| ''Naanị Nickel, Joe'', 1906. Nchịkọta nkeonwe.]] [[Usòrò:John_George_Brown_-_The_Cider_Mill.jpg|thumb| ''The cider Mill'', 1880, Terra Foundation for American Art, Daniel J. Terra mkpokọta]] [[Usòrò:Three_for_Five_by_John_George_Brown_-_BMA.jpg|thumb| ''Atọ maka ise'', 1890, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama]] John George Brown (November 11, 1831 – Febụwarị 8, 1913) bụ nwa amaala Britain na onye na-ese ihe n’Amerika bụ ihe n’ihe nkiri. . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ John George Brown na Durham, England na November 11, 1831. Nne na nna ya mụtara ya n'ọrụ onye ọrụ ugo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ iji mee ka ọ ghara ịchụso eserese. [1] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ abalị na School of Design na Newcastle-on-Tyne ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ iko n'ebe ahụ n'etiti 1849 na 1852 na mgbede na Trustees Academy na Edinburgh mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Holyrood Glass Works n'etiti 1852 na 1853. [2] Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City na 1853, ọ mụụrụ Thomas Seir Cummings na National Academy of Design ebe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mmụta mba na 1861. Brown bụ osote onye isi oche nke Academy site na 1899 ruo 1904. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalacademy.org/index.asp|title=National Academy Museum and School of Fine Arts|accessdate=2011-06-24|author=National Academy Museum and School|year=2010|publisher=National Academy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429120934/http://www.nationalacademy.org/index.asp|archivedate=2011-04-29}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 1855, ọ ọrụ maka onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ Brooklyn Glass dị ka onye na-agba iko, ma ike lụọ ada nke onye were ya n'ahụ.  nwunye nna ya nwanne ikike nkà ya, na-akwado ya n'ụzọ ego, na-ekwe ka Brown na--ahụso oge nile.  [1] O hiwere ụlọ ihe nkiri na 1860 na, na 1866, ọ ቀላል otu n'ime ndị otu akwụkwọ ikike nke Water-Color Society, nke ọ bụ onye isi ala site na 1887 ruo 1904. Brown ị na-enye onye a ma ama maka  ihe ngosi nke ọma nke urchins okporo ụzọ na New York ( bootblacks, ndị na-egwu egwu n'okporo ụzọ ámá, ndị na-ere posy, newsboys, wdg.. <ref name="source 1">{{Cite book|author=Birmingham Museum of Art|title=Birmingham Museum of Art: A Guide to the Collection|publisher=Giles|year=2010|location=London|pages=129|url=http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/bmapu.html|accessdate=2011-06-24|isbn=978-1-904832-77-5}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke ya (Paris, Salon, 1877) na Street Boys at Play (Paris Exhibition, 1900) bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke talent ya ama ama.  A kacha mara nka nka Brown dị ka ihe ndị ọrụ ndị Britain emere dabara na isiokwu ndị America.  N'ụzọ bụ isi na-ederede, a na-eji module zuru ezu gbuo ihe osise Brown, mana agba esi mma, yana ndị ọha na eze na-ewu ewu ụfọdụ ndị.  Ihe osise ya na-ewu nke ukwuu na ndị na-anakọta akụ na ahụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọrụ Brown ka e me kara dị ka lithograph ma jiri tii mkpọkọrọ kesaa ebe niile.  Ọ na-esekwa ụfọdụ odida obodo, maka obi ụtọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na New York City na February 8, 1913. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/47343847/famous-painter-is-dead-in-new-york/|title=Famous Painter is Dead in New York|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|page=33|date=1913-02-09|accessdate=2020-03-25}}</ref> == Nkwuta okwu == * N'ịchọ inwekwu ntụkwasị obi ijide ndị ọ na-achị ka ha pụtara na ndụ n'ezie, Brown kwuru otu oge, "Ha ''ga-'' agbanwe uwe ha, dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-egosi oke uwe ha. N'ịbụ ndị a dọrọ aka ná ntị n'ụzọ doro anya na Saturday, ma gwa ha ka ha laghachi na otu jaket fustian. Nwa gị nwoke ga-apụta n'ụtụtụ Mọnde, ọ bụrụ na ọ pụtara ma ọlị, n'uwe uwe na-acha uhie uhie, a na-akpụkwa ntutu ha mgbe niile - dandies zuru oke! <ref name="source 1" /> * Brown nọ na-agbalị ijide mmụọ ụmụaka ndị nọ n'okporo ámá dị ka ndị "na-ebuli onwe ha site na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha." <ref name="source 1" /> * Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, Brown kwuru na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka ndị ọ na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá etoola ịghọ ndị ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma. <ref name="source 1" /> * Brown kwuru na bobbies, "Anaghị m ese ụmụ nwoke dara ogbenye naanị n'ihi na ọha mmadụ na-enwe mmasị na foto ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-akwụ m ụgwọ maka ha, mana n'ihi na m hụrụ ụmụ nwoke n'anya n'onwe m, n'ihi na mụ onwe m bụbu nwa okorobịa dara ogbenye dị ka ha." == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * <nowiki> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brown, John George". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</nowiki> * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. <nowiki>{{cite encyclopedia}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help) == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to John George Brown at Wikimedia Commons * [http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=490 John George Brown na MuseumSyndicate] * [http://www.bedfordfineartgallery.com/john_george_brown.html Ihe osise nke John George Brown] * John George Brown ov2smdw8fz97ghoo1hafffepp236yw6 Frederick Douglass Kirkpatrick 0 47898 670953 539550 2026-07-02T00:17:47Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Frederick Douglass Kirkpatrick''' (1933–1986) bụ onye egwu [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America-Afrika]], onye na-akwado ikike obodo, na onye ozi sitere na Haynesville, Louisiana. N'ọgwụgwụ 1964 ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Deacons for Deacons for Defense and Justice, otu ndị agha ojii na-agbachitere onwe ha, na obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Jonesboro, Louisiana, iji chebe obodo ojii megide ime ihe ike ọcha. <ref name="NYT" />Ya na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas, Kirkpatrick guzobekwara isiakwụkwọ Deacon n'obodo ndị ọzọ nke Louisiana, na na Mississippi na Alabama. Onye otu Rev. [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] na South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Kirkpatrick bụ onye na-agụ egwú/onye na-ede abụ, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke omenala ndị mmadụ. <ref name="NYT">Malite na 1968, o jiri Smithsonian Folkways Recordings dekọọ ọba atọ. Otu bụ ndekọ nke 1978 Louisiana Folk Fest, mmemme kwa afọ nke Kirkpatrick tụụrụ ime ma na-akwado ya mgbe niile, iji chekwaa ma mee emume omenala egwu. O ji egwu kụziere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa-American, gụnyere Civil Rights Movement, nye ụmụ akwụkwọ. Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ọ gara biri na New York City.   == Akụkọ ndụ == Akpọrọ aha onye mkpochapụ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19 Frederick Douglass, Kirkpatrick mụrụ na 1933 na Haynesville, ugwu [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] . Nna ya John L. Kirkpatrick bụ onye ozi na nne ya nwụrụ na nwata. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị anọ na otu nwanna nwoke dị ndụ ruo n'oge. Ha gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na chọọchị dị iche iche, na-etolite na-ejupụta n'ozi ọma na egwú ime mmụọ. Kirkpatrick mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ na abụ, wee malite ide egwu nke ya. Nne na nna ya kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ ya wee gụchaa na Grambling College (ugbu a Mahadum Grambling), kọleji ojii nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere akara mmụta na bayoloji. <ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}</ref> Kirkpatrick ghọrọ onye otu South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), nke hibere na 1950 ka ọ rụọ ọrụ maka ikike obodo nke ndị America America site n'ịchịkọta ike nke ụka ha. N'ikpeazụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke omenala ndị mmadụ maka SCLC. Ọ gara n'ihu na-abụ abụ, na-akụ ụbọ na ide egwu nke ya. Otu n'ime egwu ya a kacha mara amara bụ ụdị Pete Seeger 's "Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ", nke akọwara dị ka "ụkwe nke ngagharị ikike obodo." <ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html "Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King"]. ''New York Times''. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nguzogide nke otu ndị ruuru mmadụ bụ ime ihe ike n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ndịda, gụnyere n'ime obodo igwe ihe nrụpụta nke ugwu Louisiana. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1960s, Kirkpatrick bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Jonesboro, Louisiana, obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ugwu nke steeti ahụ, ebe ndị òtù CORE nọkwa na-arụ ọrụ maka uru ikike obodo. N'ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu ime ihe ike sitere n'aka ndị òtù KKK, na Nọvemba 1964 Kirkpatrick na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas rụkọrọ ọrụ ndị Deacons for Defense and Justice n'obodo dị na Jackson Parish . Obere ndị ọrụ ojii anọwo na-alụ ọgụ klaasị na ndị ọcha ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na mgbakwunye na mgba mmegbu na mgba n'okpuru iwu Jim Crow steeti. <ref name="hague">[http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1997-8/Hague.html Seth Hague, " 'Niggers Ain’t Gonna Run This Town': Militancy, Conflict and the Sustenance of the Hegemony in Bogalusa, Louisiana"], Outstanding History Paper (1997-1998), Loyola University-New Orleans; accessed 11 May 2017</ref> Ha zutere ihe ịma aka n'ụzọ dị iche karịa ndị ojii ime obodo na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, na-achọ ka CORE soro ụzọ ha. Ka ndị ọrụ ojii na-achọ ikike obodo na Jonesboro, ndị òtù Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eyi ha egwu na mwakpo. Kirkpatrick na Thomas hibere Deacons for Deacion and Justice dị ka ndị agha iji chebe ndị ọrụ ruuru obodo, ezinụlọ ha na ndị isi ojii. == Onye egwu egwu == Na 1968, n'oge na-adịghị anya ka e gbusịrị Dr. Martin Luther King, Kirkpatrick dekọtara album na [[Jimmy Collier]], ''Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ'', maka Smithsonian Folkways Recordings . <ref name="folk">[http://www.folkways.si.edu/jimmy-collier-and-frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick/everybodys-got-a-right-to-live/american-folk-struggle-protest/music/album/smithsonian ''Everybody's Got a Right to Live'' 1968], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings; accessed 11 May 2017</ref> Nchịkọta egwu sitere na oge ikike obodo dịkwa site na nbudata, cassette, ma ọ bụ CD. <ref name="folk" /> == Mgbe afọ gachara == Kirkpatrick ama ada n̄wan esie aka New York City, ebiet emi enye akanamde utom nte owo Baptist . Ya na nwunye ya nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ na otu nwoke, ha niile biri na Grambling ka ndị okenye. <ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html "Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King"]. ''New York Times''. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na August 16, 1986, na St. Luke Hospital na New York. Ọ nwụrụ site na "nwunye ya, onye bụbu Annie Pearl Thompson; nna ya, Rev. John L. Kirkpatrick; nne di ya, Arabella; ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Cameillia Ann, Alfreda Denise na Brunella Roanna, na otu nwa nwoke, Howard Curtis, ha nile. nke Grambling; ụmụnne nwanyị anọ, Mary Helen Staten nke Lafayette, La., Lovie Leola Stakes nke Chicago, Lucille Bradford nke Midland, Tex., na Mae Faye Hunter nke Argo, Ill.; nwanne nwoke, Robert L. Kirkpatrick nke Dallas, na ụmụ ụmụ asaa." <ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html "Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King"]. ''New York Times''. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]], iji chebe obodo ojii megide ime ihe ike ọcha. <ref name="NYT2">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}</ref> Ya na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas, Kirkpatrick guzobekwara isiigwe ihe nrụpụta nke ugwu Louisiana. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1960s, Kirkpatrick bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Jonesboro, Louisiana, obere ụlọakwụkwọ {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/jimmy-collier-and-frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick/everybodys-got-a-right-to-live/american-folk-struggle-protest/music/album/smithsonian ''Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ'', 1968], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick-pete-seeger-and-jeanne-humphries/ballads-of-black-america/african-american-music-childrens-struggle-protest/album/smithsonian ''Ballads of Black America''], 1972, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings * [http://www.wnyc.org/story/nixon-resigns-and-someone-wrote-a-song/ John Passmore, "Ballad of a Watergate Security Guard" (1975)], 9 August 2015, NYPR Archives na Nchekwa; njikọ na ndekọ nke arụmọrụ 1975 zuru ezu * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/f-d-kirkpatrick-hosts-the-louisiana-folk-fest/african-american-music-gospel/album/smithsonian ''FD Kirkpatrick na-akwado mmemme ndị Folk Louisiana: Ndị nka dị iche iche'', 1978], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2lwdqj2zlged1z3kddx3izfo4f7yllq 670954 670953 2026-07-02T00:28:18Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Frederick Douglass Kirkpatrick''' (1933–1986) bụ onye egwu [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America-Afrika]], onye na-akwado ikike obodo, na onye ozi sitere na Haynesville, Louisiana. N'ọgwụgwụ 1964 ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Deacons for Deacons for Defense and Justice, otu ndị agha ojii na-agbachitere onwe ha, na obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Jonesboro, Louisiana, iji chebe obodo ojii megide ime ihe ike ọcha. <ref name="NYT" />Ya na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas, Kirkpatrick guzobekwara isiakwụkwọ Deacon n'obodo ndị ọzọ nke Louisiana, na na Mississippi na Alabama. Onye otu Rev. [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] na South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Kirkpatrick bụ onye na-agụ egwú/onye na-ede abụ, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke omenala ndị mmadụ. <ref name="NYT" />Malite na 1968, o jiri Smithsonian Folkways Recordings dekọọ ọba atọ. Otu bụ ndekọ nke 1978 Louisiana Folk Fest, mmemme kwa afọ nke Kirkpatrick tụụrụ ime ma na-akwado ya mgbe niile, iji chekwaa ma mee emume omenala egwu. O ji egwu kụziere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa-American, gụnyere Civil Rights Movement, nye ụmụ akwụkwọ. Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ọ gara biri na New York City.   == Akụkọ ndụ == Akpọrọ aha onye mkpochapụ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19 Frederick Douglass, Kirkpatrick mụrụ na 1933 na Haynesville, ugwu [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] . Nna ya John L. Kirkpatrick bụ onye ozi na nne ya nwụrụ na nwata. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị anọ na otu nwanna nwoke dị ndụ ruo n'oge. Ha gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na chọọchị dị iche iche, na-etolite na-ejupụta n'ozi ọma na egwú ime mmụọ. Kirkpatrick mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ na abụ, wee malite ide egwu nke ya. Nne na nna ya kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ ya wee gụchaa na Grambling College (ugbu a Mahadum Grambling), kọleji ojii nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere akara mmụta na bayoloji. <ref name="NYT" /> Kirkpatrick ghọrọ onye otu South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), nke hibere na 1950 ka ọ rụọ ọrụ maka ikike obodo nke ndị America America site n'ịchịkọta ike nke ụka ha. N'ikpeazụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke omenala ndị mmadụ maka SCLC. Ọ gara n'ihu na-abụ abụ, na-akụ ụbọ na ide egwu nke ya. Otu n'ime egwu ya a kacha mara amara bụ ụdị Pete Seeger 's "Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ", nke akọwara dị ka "ụkwe nke ngagharị ikike obodo." <ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html "Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King"]. ''New York Times''. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nguzogide nke otu ndị ruuru mmadụ bụ ime ihe ike n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ndịda, gụnyere n'ime obodo igwe ihe nrụpụta nke ugwu Louisiana. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1960s, Kirkpatrick bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Jonesboro, Louisiana, obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ugwu nke steeti ahụ, ebe ndị òtù CORE nọkwa na-arụ ọrụ maka uru ikike obodo. N'ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu ime ihe ike sitere n'aka ndị òtù KKK, na Nọvemba 1964 Kirkpatrick na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas rụkọrọ ọrụ ndị Deacons for Defense and Justice n'obodo dị na Jackson Parish . Obere ndị ọrụ ojii anọwo na-alụ ọgụ klaasị na ndị ọcha ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na mgbakwunye na mgba mmegbu na mgba n'okpuru iwu Jim Crow steeti. <ref name="hague">[http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1997-8/Hague.html Seth Hague, " 'Niggers Ain’t Gonna Run This Town': Militancy, Conflict and the Sustenance of the Hegemony in Bogalusa, Louisiana"], Outstanding History Paper (1997-1998), Loyola University-New Orleans; accessed 11 May 2017</ref> Ha zutere ihe ịma aka n'ụzọ dị iche karịa ndị ojii ime obodo na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, na-achọ ka CORE soro ụzọ ha. Ka ndị ọrụ ojii na-achọ ikike obodo na Jonesboro, ndị òtù Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eyi ha egwu na mwakpo. Kirkpatrick na Thomas hibere Deacons for Deacion and Justice dị ka ndị agha iji chebe ndị ọrụ ruuru obodo, ezinụlọ ha na ndị isi ojii. == Onye egwu egwu == Na 1968, n'oge na-adịghị anya ka e gbusịrị Dr. Martin Luther King, Kirkpatrick dekọtara album na [[Jimmy Collier]], ''Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ'', maka Smithsonian Folkways Recordings . <ref name="folk">[http://www.folkways.si.edu/jimmy-collier-and-frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick/everybodys-got-a-right-to-live/american-folk-struggle-protest/music/album/smithsonian ''Everybody's Got a Right to Live'' 1968], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings; accessed 11 May 2017</ref> Nchịkọta egwu sitere na oge ikike obodo dịkwa site na nbudata, cassette, ma ọ bụ CD. <ref name="folk" /> == Mgbe afọ gachara == Kirkpatrick ama ada n̄wan esie aka New York City, ebiet emi enye akanamde utom nte owo Baptist . Ya na nwunye ya nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ na otu nwoke, ha niile biri na Grambling ka ndị okenye. <ref name="NYT" /> Ọ nwụrụ na August 16, 1986, na St. Luke Hospital na New York. Ọ nwụrụ site na "nwunye ya, onye bụbu Annie Pearl Thompson; nna ya, Rev. John L. Kirkpatrick; nne di ya, Arabella; ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Cameillia Ann, Alfreda Denise na Brunella Roanna, na otu nwa nwoke, Howard Curtis, ha nile. nke Grambling; ụmụnne nwanyị anọ, Mary Helen Staten nke Lafayette, La., Lovie Leola Stakes nke Chicago, Lucille Bradford nke Midland, Tex., na Mae Faye Hunter nke Argo, Ill.; nwanne nwoke, Robert L. Kirkpatrick nke Dallas, na ụmụ ụmụ asaa." <ref name="NYT" /> == Ntụaka == obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]], iji chebe obodo ojii megide ime ihe ike ọcha. <ref name="NYT2">{{Cite journal|title=Rev. F.D. Kirkpatrick; Associate of Dr. King|journal=New York Times|date=1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/obituaries/rev-fd-kirkpatrick-associate-of-dr-king.html|accessdate=3 May 2015}}</ref> Ya na Earnest "Chilly Willy" Thomas, Kirkpatrick guzobekwara isiigwe ihe nrụpụta nke ugwu Louisiana. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1960s, Kirkpatrick bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Jonesboro, Louisiana, obere ụlọakwụkwọ ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/jimmy-collier-and-frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick/everybodys-got-a-right-to-live/american-folk-struggle-protest/music/album/smithsonian ''Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi ndụ'', 1968], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/frederick-douglass-kirkpatrick-pete-seeger-and-jeanne-humphries/ballads-of-black-america/african-american-music-childrens-struggle-protest/album/smithsonian ''Ballads of Black America''], 1972, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings * [http://www.wnyc.org/story/nixon-resigns-and-someone-wrote-a-song/ John Passmore, "Ballad of a Watergate Security Guard" (1975)], 9 August 2015, NYPR Archives na Nchekwa; njikọ na ndekọ nke arụmọrụ 1975 zuru ezu * [http://www.folkways.si.edu/f-d-kirkpatrick-hosts-the-louisiana-folk-fest/african-american-music-gospel/album/smithsonian ''FD Kirkpatrick na-akwado mmemme ndị Folk Louisiana: Ndị nka dị iche iche'', 1978], Smithsonian Folkways Recordings [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ll73bbbr7vtfl10dqjednqev68togd3 John Clem Clarke 0 48134 671023 172753 2026-07-02T08:34:08Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671023 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Clem Clarke (June 6, 1937 - June 5, 2021) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-ese ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri SoHo n'oge 1970s.. == Ndụ mbido == A Mụrụ Clarke na Bend, Oregon nye Wilma (née Owen) na Eugene Clarke, ha abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ naanị nwa ma tolite n'ime ime obodo nke National Willamette .  Nna ya mechara onye ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ọka wit na rye ma na-azụkwa obodo. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Central na Independence, Oregon, ọ gbara wee bụrụ onye azụ azụ<ref name="nyt-obit" /> steeti, mechaa akwụkwọ nkuzi na Mahadum Oregon State .  Na 1957 Rose Bowl, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ maka steeti Oregon . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/picture-gallery/news/2021/07/09/artist-john-clem-clarke-his-football-career-and-other-ties-to-oregon/7921264002/|title=Artist John Clem Clarke: His football career and other ties to Oregon|work=[[Statesman Journal]]|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> Clarke nwụrụ na Mahadum Oregon ebe ọ pụtara klaas nka, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ nke mbụ nka na 1960. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Clarke gara Europe tupu ya ebi na New York City ebe o hụrụ ụlọ elu na mpaghara SoHo na ụlọ ihe nkiri na Greenwich Village <ref name="gazette">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, painter in SoHo for 5 decades, dies at 83|url=https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2021/jun/29/john-clem-clarke-painter-soho-5-decades-dies-83/|work=[[Texarkana Gazette]]|date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> A bịara mara Clarke maka igbochi ya nke ndị a ma ama.  O ji ihe na-egosi ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe na-ahụ ihe kụjisie ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ stencil ma jiri sponge ma ọ bụ ite ihe e ji agba arụrụ n’ama mee ihe n’akwaaji.  [1] Ụbọchị ya na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ngosi Museum of Modern Art na Metropolitan Museum of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Clem Clarke, 1937-2021|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1134|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=%22John+Clem+Clarke%22&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0|title=Works by John Clem Clarke|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> E taka ọrụ ya na 1973 Whitney Biennial, ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke afọ nke Whitney Museum of American Art mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=1973 Biennial Exhibition: Contemporary American Art|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1973|publisher=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]]}}</ref> David L. Shirley, onye nkatọ nka maka The New York Times, toro ọrụ ya, na-ede, sị: "Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-amasị m na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ John Clem Clarke, bụ onye n  'ime afọ iri gara aga raara onwe ya nye ngosi n'oge gara aga site n'ịkọwa nke guzosiri ike  o ji akara ihe osise na ihe osise nke Expressionist na-eme ihe niile ma oyiyi ihe oyiyi David, ma ọ dịghị akpasu ya iwe, Maazị Clarke na-so oge gara aga na ugbu a." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shirley|first=David L.|title=Looking Back at the Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/long-island-weekly-looking-back-at-the-future.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 1979}}</ref> Clarke gara n'ihu na-ese ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2018 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi nkwarụ. . <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Clarke ọmụmụ Jane Dee Purucker na 1979. Ọ bụbu onye ndidi studio ya.  Di na ahụ nwera otu nwa ọnụ, otu nwa aha ya bụ Trillion.  Ha gbara gburugburu na 2003;  Jane Clarke akụkọ ọzọ na 2008, gaa na Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax . <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrịa, ọ kwagara n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Keizer, Oregon ebe ọ nwụrụ na June 5, 2021, otu ụbọchị tupu ụbọchị ọkụ 84th ya.  Ọ nwụnahụrụ nwa ya nwa na ụmụ abụọ (nwa nwa nke atọ ya. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.allentownartmuseum.org/blog/remembering-john-clem-clarke-1937-2021/ Na-echeta: John Clem Clarke], Allentown Art Museum * [https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-aaa-clarke72 Julaị 13, 1972: Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na John Clem Clarke] nke Paul Cummings mere na Smithsonian Institution {{Authority control}} d8e8n387iot2am6c215o79qi2et7rfq 671024 671023 2026-07-02T08:34:59Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671024 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Clem Clarke (June 6, 1937 - June 5, 2021) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-ese ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri SoHo n'oge 1970s.. == Ndụ mbido == A Mụrụ Clarke na Bend, Oregon nye Wilma (née Owen) na Eugene Clarke, ha abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ naanị nwa ma tolite n'ime ime obodo nke National Willamette .  Nna ya mechara onye ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ọka wit na rye ma na-azụkwa obodo. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Central na Independence, Oregon, ọ gbara wee bụrụ onye azụ azụ<ref name="nyt-obit" /> steeti, mechaa akwụkwọ nkuzi na Mahadum Oregon State .  Na 1957 Rose Bowl, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ maka steeti Oregon . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/picture-gallery/news/2021/07/09/artist-john-clem-clarke-his-football-career-and-other-ties-to-oregon/7921264002/|title=Artist John Clem Clarke: His football career and other ties to Oregon|work=[[Statesman Journal]]|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> Clarke nwụrụ na Mahadum Oregon ebe ọ pụtara klaas nka, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ nke mbụ nka na 1960. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Clarke gara Europe tupu ya ebi na New York City ebe o hụrụ ụlọ elu na mpaghara SoHo na ụlọ ihe nkiri na Greenwich Village <ref name="gazette">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, painter in SoHo for 5 decades, dies at 83|url=https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2021/jun/29/john-clem-clarke-painter-soho-5-decades-dies-83/|work=[[Texarkana Gazette]]|date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> A bịara mara Clarke maka igbochi ya nke ndị a ma ama.  O ji ihe na-egosi ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe na-ahụ ihe kụjisie ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ stencil ma jiri sponge ma ọ bụ ite ihe e ji agba arụrụ n’ama mee ihe n’akwaaji.  [1] Ụbọchị ya na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ngosi Museum of Modern Art na Metropolitan Museum of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Clem Clarke, 1937-2021|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1134|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=%22John+Clem+Clarke%22&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0|title=Works by John Clem Clarke|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> E taka ọrụ ya na 1973 Whitney Biennial, ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke afọ nke Whitney Museum of American Art mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=1973 Biennial Exhibition: Contemporary American Art|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1973|publisher=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]]}}</ref> David L. Shirley, onye nkatọ nka maka The New York Times, toro ọrụ ya, na-ede, sị: "Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-amasị m na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ John Clem Clarke, bụ onye n  'ime afọ iri gara aga raara onwe ya nye ngosi n'oge gara aga site n'ịkọwa nke guzosiri ike  o ji akara ihe osise na ihe osise nke Expressionist na-eme ihe niile ma oyiyi ihe oyiyi David, ma ọ dịghị akpasu ya iwe, Maazị Clarke na-so oge gara aga na ugbu a." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shirley|first=David L.|title=Looking Back at the Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/long-island-weekly-looking-back-at-the-future.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 1979}}</ref> Clarke gara n'ihu na-ese ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2018 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi nkwarụ. . <ref name="nyt-obit" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Clarke ọmụmụ Jane Dee Purucker na 1979. Ọ bụbu onye ndidi studio ya.  Di na ahụ nwera otu nwa ọnụ, otu nwa aha ya bụ Trillion.  Ha gbara gburugburu na 2003;  Jane Clarke akụkọ ọzọ na 2008, gaa na Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax . <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrịa, ọ kwagara n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Keizer, Oregon ebe ọ nwụrụ na June 5, 2021, otu ụbọchị tupu ụbọchị ọkụ 84th ya.  Ọ nwụnahụrụ nwa ya nwa na ụmụ abụọ (nwa nwa nke atọ ya. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.allentownartmuseum.org/blog/remembering-john-clem-clarke-1937-2021/ Na-echeta: John Clem Clarke], Allentown Art Museum * [https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-aaa-clarke72 Julaị 13, 1972: Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na John Clem Clarke] nke Paul Cummings mere na Smithsonian Institution {{Authority control}} dqv87xgeeu9t8zqb5kp4jci0f7sir8l 671025 671024 2026-07-02T08:35:47Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671025 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Clem Clarke (June 6, 1937 - June 5, 2021) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-ese ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri SoHo n'oge 1970s.. == Ndụ mbido == A Mụrụ Clarke na Bend, Oregon nye Wilma (née Owen) na Eugene Clarke, ha abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ naanị nwa ma tolite n'ime ime obodo nke National Willamette .  Nna ya mechara onye ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ọka wit na rye ma na-azụkwa obodo. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Central na Independence, Oregon, ọ gbara wee bụrụ onye azụ azụ<ref name="nyt-obit" /> steeti, mechaa akwụkwọ nkuzi na Mahadum Oregon State .  Na 1957 Rose Bowl, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ maka steeti Oregon . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/picture-gallery/news/2021/07/09/artist-john-clem-clarke-his-football-career-and-other-ties-to-oregon/7921264002/|title=Artist John Clem Clarke: His football career and other ties to Oregon|work=[[Statesman Journal]]|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> Clarke nwụrụ na Mahadum Oregon ebe ọ pụtara klaas nka, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ nke mbụ nka na 1960. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Clarke gara Europe tupu ya ebi na New York City ebe o hụrụ ụlọ elu na mpaghara SoHo na ụlọ ihe nkiri na Greenwich Village <ref name="gazette">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, painter in SoHo for 5 decades, dies at 83|url=https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2021/jun/29/john-clem-clarke-painter-soho-5-decades-dies-83/|work=[[Texarkana Gazette]]|date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> A bịara mara Clarke maka igbochi ya nke ndị a ma ama.  O ji ihe na-egosi ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe na-ahụ ihe kụjisie ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ stencil ma jiri sponge ma ọ bụ ite ihe e ji agba arụrụ n’ama mee ihe n’akwaaji.  [1] Ụbọchị ya na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ngosi Museum of Modern Art na Metropolitan Museum of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Clem Clarke, 1937-2021|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1134|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=%22John+Clem+Clarke%22&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0|title=Works by John Clem Clarke|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> E taka ọrụ ya na 1973 Whitney Biennial, ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke afọ nke Whitney Museum of American Art mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=1973 Biennial Exhibition: Contemporary American Art|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1973|publisher=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]]}}</ref> David L. Shirley, onye nkatọ nka maka The New York Times, toro ọrụ ya, na-ede, sị: "Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-amasị m na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ John Clem Clarke, bụ onye n  'ime afọ iri gara aga raara onwe ya nye ngosi n'oge gara aga site n'ịkọwa nke guzosiri ike  o ji akara ihe osise na ihe osise nke Expressionist na-eme ihe niile ma oyiyi ihe oyiyi David, ma ọ dịghị akpasu ya iwe, Maazị Clarke na-so oge gara aga na ugbu a." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shirley|first=David L.|title=Looking Back at the Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/long-island-weekly-looking-back-at-the-future.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 1979}}</ref> Clarke gara n'ihu na-ese ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2018 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi nkwarụ. . <ref name="nyt-obit" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Clarke ọmụmụ Jane Dee Purucker na 1979. Ọ bụbu onye ndidi studio ya.  Di na ahụ nwera otu nwa ọnụ, otu nwa aha ya bụ Trillion.  Ha gbara gburugburu na 2003;  Jane Clarke akụkọ ọzọ na 2008, gaa na Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax . <ref name="nyt-obit" /> Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrịa, ọ kwagara n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Keizer, Oregon ebe ọ nwụrụ na June 5, 2021, otu ụbọchị tupu ụbọchị ọkụ 84th ya.  Ọ nwụnahụrụ nwa ya nwa na ụmụ abụọ (nwa nwa nke atọ ya. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraub2021">Traub, Alex (June 28, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html "John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.allentownartmuseum.org/blog/remembering-john-clem-clarke-1937-2021/ Na-echeta: John Clem Clarke], Allentown Art Museum * [https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-aaa-clarke72 Julaị 13, 1972: Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na John Clem Clarke] nke Paul Cummings mere na Smithsonian Institution {{Authority control}} 89hx9mu3emfi89f9y0y9k8bvgmeec7z 671027 671025 2026-07-02T08:37:11Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671027 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Clem Clarke (June 6, 1937 - June 5, 2021) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-ese ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri SoHo n'oge 1970s.. == Ndụ mbido == A Mụrụ Clarke na Bend, Oregon nye Wilma (née Owen) na Eugene Clarke, ha abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ naanị nwa ma tolite n'ime ime obodo nke National Willamette .  Nna ya mechara onye ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ọka wit na rye ma na-azụkwa obodo. <ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, a Pop Art Perennial in SoHo, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/arts/john-clem-clarke-dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Central na Independence, Oregon, ọ gbara wee bụrụ onye azụ azụ<ref name="nyt-obit" /> steeti, mechaa akwụkwọ nkuzi na Mahadum Oregon State .  Na 1957 Rose Bowl, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ maka steeti Oregon . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/picture-gallery/news/2021/07/09/artist-john-clem-clarke-his-football-career-and-other-ties-to-oregon/7921264002/|title=Artist John Clem Clarke: His football career and other ties to Oregon|work=[[Statesman Journal]]|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> Clarke nwụrụ na Mahadum Oregon ebe ọ pụtara klaas nka, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ nke mbụ nka na 1960. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Clarke gara Europe tupu ya ebi na New York City ebe o hụrụ ụlọ elu na mpaghara SoHo na ụlọ ihe nkiri na Greenwich Village <ref name="gazette">{{Cite news|author=Traub|first=Alex|title=John Clem Clarke, painter in SoHo for 5 decades, dies at 83|url=https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2021/jun/29/john-clem-clarke-painter-soho-5-decades-dies-83/|work=[[Texarkana Gazette]]|date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> A bịara mara Clarke maka igbochi ya nke ndị a ma ama.  O ji ihe na-egosi ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe na-ahụ ihe kụjisie ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ stencil ma jiri sponge ma ọ bụ ite ihe e ji agba arụrụ n’ama mee ihe n’akwaaji.  [1] Ụbọchị ya na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ngosi Museum of Modern Art na Metropolitan Museum of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Clem Clarke, 1937-2021|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/1134|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=%22John+Clem+Clarke%22&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0|title=Works by John Clem Clarke|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> E taka ọrụ ya na 1973 Whitney Biennial, ihe ngosi nka nke oge a nke afọ nke Whitney Museum of American Art mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=1973 Biennial Exhibition: Contemporary American Art|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1973|publisher=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]]}}</ref> David L. Shirley, onye nkatọ nka maka The New York Times, toro ọrụ ya, na-ede, sị: "Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-amasị m na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ John Clem Clarke, bụ onye n  'ime afọ iri gara aga raara onwe ya nye ngosi n'oge gara aga site n'ịkọwa nke guzosiri ike  o ji akara ihe osise na ihe osise nke Expressionist na-eme ihe niile ma oyiyi ihe oyiyi David, ma ọ dịghị akpasu ya iwe, Maazị Clarke na-so oge gara aga na ugbu a." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shirley|first=David L.|title=Looking Back at the Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/long-island-weekly-looking-back-at-the-future.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 1979}}</ref> Clarke gara n'ihu na-ese ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo 2018 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihi nkwarụ. . <ref name="nyt-obit" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Clarke ọmụmụ Jane Dee Purucker na 1979. Ọ bụbu onye ndidi studio ya.  Di na ahụ nwera otu nwa ọnụ, otu nwa aha ya bụ Trillion.  Ha gbara gburugburu na 2003;  Jane Clarke akụkọ ọzọ na 2008, gaa na Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax . <ref name="nyt-obit" /> Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrịa, ọ kwagara n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Keizer, Oregon ebe ọ nwụrụ na June 5, 2021, otu ụbọchị tupu ụbọchị ọkụ 84th ya.  Ọ nwụnahụrụ nwa ya nwa na ụmụ abụọ (nwa nwa nke atọ ya. <ref name="nyt-obit" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.allentownartmuseum.org/blog/remembering-john-clem-clarke-1937-2021/ Na-echeta: John Clem Clarke], Allentown Art Museum * [https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-aaa-clarke72 Julaị 13, 1972: Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na John Clem Clarke] nke Paul Cummings mere na Smithsonian Institution {{Authority control}} pbzcizkvee0ob4ne0ftaqm8ptnchmkd Frederic Crowninshield 0 48329 670952 539560 2026-07-02T00:15:40Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ */ fixed reference errors 670952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:EmmanuelsLand.JPG|thumb| Window Ala Emmanuel na-egosi ihe nkiri sitere na ọganihu John Bunyan's Pilgrim, na Ụka Emmanuel Episcopal, Boston.]] Frederic Crownshield (1845-1918) bụ onye omenkà na onye edemede America. == Ndụ == Ụlọ Crownshield na Boston na Nọvemba 27, 1845, n'ime ihe Crownshield.  Nna ya bụ Edward Augustus Crownshield (1817–1859) na nne ya bụ Caroline Maria Welch (1820–1897).  [1] O nwere ajụjụ nwoke abụọ: Francis W. Crownshield egwuregwu na 1843, wee bụrụ site na ọnya na Agha Obodo America na 1866. Nwanna Edward Augustus Crownshield egwuregwu na 1841 ma otu afọ ka e gosi.  Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, nne ya Howard Payson Arnold na 1869 <ref name="welch" /> Crownshield akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Harvard College na 1866, ma omume ná mba ọzọ afọ 11;  n'okpuru Thomas Leeson Rowbotham na London, Thomas Couture na Italy, na Alexandre Cabanel na Paris .  Site na 1879 ruo 1885 ọ kuziri na Museum of Fine Arts School of Drawing and Painting mgbe etinyere ya na okpuru ulo nke Museum of Fine Arts, Boston na Copley Square. . Crownshield wee kwaga New York, ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche mbụ nke National Society of Mural Painters n'ọkwa nke o nwere site na 1895 ruo 1899. [1] , na onye isi oche nke Fine Arts Federation site na 1900 ruo 1909. Na  1911, a mgbaàmà ya onye nduzi nke American Academy na Rome . Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha mara amara bụ windo ugogbe anya nke na-egosi John Bunyan The Pilgrim's Progress, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Emmanuel's Land", na Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston .  O mere windo ahụ na 1899 wee rara ya nye nne ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Emmanuel's Land Window|work=official web site|publisher=[[Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston]]|url=http://www.emmanuel-boston.org/windowHistory.html|accessdate=October 29, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726030518/http://www.emmanuel-boston.org/windowHistory.html|archivedate=July 26, 2011}}</ref> Na October 24, 1867, ọ na-egosi Helen Suzette Fairbanks, ada William Nelson Fairbanks na Augusta Reed.  Ha ụmụ atọ.  Ụlọ Helen Suzette Crownshield na Paris July 28, 1868, wee lụọ Carl August de Gersdorff na September 18, 1895. Edward Augustus Crownshield ụlọ na Rome April 7, 1870. Francis Welch Crownshield, nke a maara dị ka "Frank", ndị  Ọnwa Isii 24, 1872 <ref name="welch">{{Cite book|title=Welch Genealogy|author=Chalres Alfred Welch|year=1902|pages=[https://archive.org/details/welchgenealogy00welc/page/35 35]–36|url=https://archive.org/details/welchgenealogy00welc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChalres_Alfred_Welch1902">Chalres Alfred Welch (1902). [[iarchive:welchgenealogy00welc|''Welch Genealogy'']]. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:welchgenealogy00welc/page/35|35]]–36.</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Septemba 13, 1918 na Capri, Italy. <ref>{{Cite news|title=F. Crowninshield, Artist, Dies in Italy|date=September 15, 1918|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E0DF123FE432A25756C1A96F9C946996D6CF|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> == Osisi ezinụlọ == {{Crowninshield-bradlee family tree}} == Na-arụ ọrụ == Ihe odide ya gụnyere: * ''Ihe osise eserese'' (1887) * ''Pictoris Carmina'' (1900) * ''Mmetụta nke onye na-ese ihe'' (1902) * ''Akụkọ dị na Mita'' (1903) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Gertrude de G. Wilmers na Julie L. Sloan. ''Frederic Crownshield: Nwoke Renaissance na Gilded Age'' (Mahadum Massachusetts Press; 2011) ibe 448; * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the sfqnxjy8ixjxnjz093ahivyhr5x9rg6 Elliott Daingerfield 0 48379 671072 173127 2026-07-02T10:00:30Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sign-detail-daingerfield-paintings.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese Elliott Daingerfield na "Carolina Sunset"]] Elliott Daingerfield (1859 – 1932) bụ onye omenkà America biri ma onye ọrụ na North Carolina .  A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na North Carolina. <ref name="Johnson1992">Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Elliott, nwa nke onye isi na Confederate Army, akwụkwọ na Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, ma ụdị na Fayetteville, North Carolina .  [1] Na 21, ọ kwagara New York ka ọ mgbanwe nka ma mgbanwe ya n'okpuru Walter Satterlee na 1880. Ọ na-enye nkuzi na klas ndụ ka Satterlee wee ire na ngwaọrụ ndị a Art Art. . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Powell|first=William S.|title=Dictionary of North Carolina Biography: Vol. 2, D-G|date=2000|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807867013|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Elliott_Daingerfield_statue_outside_Blowing_Rock_Art_&_History_Museum.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe oyiyi Elliott Daingerfield n'èzí Blowing Rock Art & History Museum]] Na 1884, Daingerfield Louis Satterlee wee zute George Inness .  [1] Ụbọchị nke Inness, Albert Pinkham Ryder, na Kenyon Cox "kpaliri ụdị ya", dị ka onye ɔkɔ ihe mere eme bụ Stephanie J. Fox si kwuo.  [1] Ndị European Symbolists ekiri Daingerfield bụ ndị ọrụ zutere n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Europe c.  1897 .  N'ọgwụgwụ 1890s ọ na-ama nduzi maka isiokwu nke isiokwu, ihe atụ nke bụ ihe osise ya na ọrịka Saint Mary the Virgin na New York City.  [1] Na 1902, a mgbaàmà ya na National Academy of Design dị ka onye otu;  oto onye otu zuru oke na 1906. Daingerfield dere ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere nka, gụnyere edemede "Nature vs Art" nke e bipụtara na 1911 na ''magazin Scribner'' . O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ George Inness na 1911, yana akụkọ ndụ Ralph Albert Blakelock na 1914. Daingerfield gara American West na 1911 na 1913 ma mee ihe osise asaa nke Grand Canyon . <ref name="Elderedge_106" /> Ọ lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ ya, Roberta Strange French, nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-amụ nwa na 1891. Nwunye ya nke abụọ, Anna Grainger (lụrụ 1895), mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ aha ya bụ Gwendoline na Marjorie. <ref name="Johnson1992">Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Elliott Daingerfield nwụrụ na Manhattan na Ọktoba 22, 1932 wee lie ya n'ili Cross Creek na Fayetteville. Na 1971, North Carolina Museum of Art ihe ihe osise 200 nke Daingerfield;  ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwere "Grand Canyon" na "Echiche Glow." Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Ebe Heritage Square dị na Fayetteville na- nyere ụlọ ndị Daingerfield.  Ụgbọ mmiri Sandford na-egosi South Parlor dị ka "ahụ Daingerfield" [1] ma ihe ihe osise Daingerfield "Angel of Beauty." Nwa mbụ ya, Edgewood Cottage, ka na-eso dị ka ụtụ.  Nke abụọ bụ ebe obibi nke onwe.  Edepụtara ụlọ ezumike nke atọ ya na studio Westglow na National Register of Historic Places na 1979. <ref name="nrhpinv">{{Cite web|author=Michael Southern and Jerry L. Cross|title=Westglow|work=National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory|date=May 1979|url=https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/WT0005.pdf|publisher=North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office|accessdate=2015-07-01}}</ref> == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery perrow="5"> Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-spirit-of-the-night.jpg|alt="Spirit of the Night"|"Mụọ nke anụrị" Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-grand-canyon-moonlight.jpg|"Grand Canyon, Moonlight" Usòrò:Dangerfield-elliot-leda-and-the-swan.jpg|alt="Leda and the Swan"|"Leda na Swan" Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-madonna-and-child-1914.jpg|alt="Madonna and Child" c.1914|"Madonna na Nwa" c.1914 Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-the-forest-pool-1915.jpg|alt="The Forest Pool" c.1915|"Ụdọ mmiri mmiri" c.1915 Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Midnight_Moon_-_Elliott_Daingerfield_-_overall.jpg|alt="Midnight Moon"|"Ụwa mmalite" </gallery> == Hụkwa == {{Commons category|Elliott Daingerfield}} * John EP Daingerfield == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} 34g9am17kkjvyd37hal673b3qzoa97r 671075 671072 2026-07-02T10:01:52Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sign-detail-daingerfield-paintings.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese Elliott Daingerfield na "Carolina Sunset"]] Elliott Daingerfield (1859 – 1932) bụ onye omenkà America biri ma onye ọrụ na North Carolina .  A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na North Carolina. <ref name="Johnson1992">Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Elliott, nwa nke onye isi na Confederate Army, akwụkwọ na Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, ma ụdị na Fayetteville, North Carolina .  [1] Na 21, ọ kwagara New York ka ọ mgbanwe nka ma mgbanwe ya n'okpuru Walter Satterlee na 1880. Ọ na-enye nkuzi na klas ndụ ka Satterlee wee ire na ngwaọrụ ndị a Art Art. . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Powell|first=William S.|title=Dictionary of North Carolina Biography: Vol. 2, D-G|date=2000|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807867013|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Elliott_Daingerfield_statue_outside_Blowing_Rock_Art_&_History_Museum.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe oyiyi Elliott Daingerfield n'èzí Blowing Rock Art & History Museum]] Na 1884, Daingerfield Louis Satterlee wee zute George Inness .  [1] Ụbọchị nke Inness, Albert Pinkham Ryder, na Kenyon Cox "kpaliri ụdị ya", dị ka onye ɔkɔ ihe mere eme bụ Stephanie J. Fox si kwuo.  [1] Ndị European Symbolists ekiri Daingerfield bụ ndị ọrụ zutere n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Europe c.  1897 .  N'ọgwụgwụ 1890s ọ na-ama nduzi maka isiokwu nke isiokwu, ihe atụ nke bụ ihe osise ya na ọrịka Saint Mary the Virgin na New York City.  [1] Na 1902, a mgbaàmà ya na National Academy of Design dị ka onye otu;  oto onye otu zuru oke na 1906. Daingerfield dere ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere nka, gụnyere edemede "Nature vs Art" nke e bipụtara na 1911 na ''magazin Scribner'' . O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ George Inness na 1911, yana akụkọ ndụ Ralph Albert Blakelock na 1914. Daingerfield gara American West na 1911 na 1913 ma mee ihe osise asaa nke Grand Canyon . Ọ lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ ya, Roberta Strange French, nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-amụ nwa na 1891. Nwunye ya nke abụọ, Anna Grainger (lụrụ 1895), mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ aha ya bụ Gwendoline na Marjorie. <ref name="Johnson1992">Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Elliott Daingerfield nwụrụ na Manhattan na Ọktoba 22, 1932 wee lie ya n'ili Cross Creek na Fayetteville. Na 1971, North Carolina Museum of Art ihe ihe osise 200 nke Daingerfield;  ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwere "Grand Canyon" na "Echiche Glow." Johnson, Lucille Miller (1992). ''Hometown Heritage, Volume II'', p 2-3. Taylor Publishing Company; Dallas.</ref> Ebe Heritage Square dị na Fayetteville na- nyere ụlọ ndị Daingerfield.  Ụgbọ mmiri Sandford na-egosi South Parlor dị ka "ahụ Daingerfield" [1] ma ihe ihe osise Daingerfield "Angel of Beauty." Nwa mbụ ya, Edgewood Cottage, ka na-eso dị ka ụtụ.  Nke abụọ bụ ebe obibi nke onwe.  Edepụtara ụlọ ezumike nke atọ ya na studio Westglow na National Register of Historic Places na 1979. <ref name="nrhpinv">{{Cite web|author=Michael Southern and Jerry L. Cross|title=Westglow|work=National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory|date=May 1979|url=https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/WT0005.pdf|publisher=North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office|accessdate=2015-07-01}}</ref> == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery perrow="5"> Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-spirit-of-the-night.jpg|alt="Spirit of the Night"|"Mụọ nke anụrị" Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-grand-canyon-moonlight.jpg|"Grand Canyon, Moonlight" Usòrò:Dangerfield-elliot-leda-and-the-swan.jpg|alt="Leda and the Swan"|"Leda na Swan" Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-madonna-and-child-1914.jpg|alt="Madonna and Child" c.1914|"Madonna na Nwa" c.1914 Usòrò:Daingerfield-elliot-the-forest-pool-1915.jpg|alt="The Forest Pool" c.1915|"Ụdọ mmiri mmiri" c.1915 Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Midnight_Moon_-_Elliott_Daingerfield_-_overall.jpg|alt="Midnight Moon"|"Ụwa mmalite" </gallery> == Hụkwa == {{Commons category|Elliott Daingerfield}} * John EP Daingerfield == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} k2e8kqifzxixfu1vdkmt1kqjf9rixej Ernest A. Cole 0 48503 671275 516564 2026-07-02T11:38:45Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671275 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ernest Alfred Cole''' (1890 &#x2013; 1979) bụ onye ọkpụ akpụ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ amụrụ na Greenwich, London. <ref name="map" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths' College School of Art na Royal College of Art na Italy na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scholes|first=Robert|title=Ernest Alfred Cole|url=http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=mjp.2005.02.0923|work=The Modernist Journals Project|publisher=Brown University & the University of Tulsa|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe na RCA ọrụ ya bịara na Selwyn Image na Charles Ricketts, nke ikpeazụ ghọrọ nnukwu onye na-akwado ọrụ Cole nke o jiri tụnyere nke Alfred Stevens . <ref name="map" /> N'afọ 1913 ka Cole wulitere ihe oyiyi Jọn Baptist na Holland Park . <ref name="map" /> Ralph Knott nyere ya ọrụ na 1914 ka ọ nye aka na otu iri na abụọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ London, nke ọ gụchara ise na ọkara tupu ọ debanye aha maka ọrụ agha na Artists Rifles na 1916. <ref name="map">{{Cite web|title=Ernest Cole|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543|work=Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951|publisher=University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII|accessdate=22 April 2015|archivedate=16 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616192329/http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi na France na 1917 dị ka onye isi nke abụọ na 4th Reserve York na Lancaster Regiment tupu ebuga ya na ọgụgụ isi ndị agha. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Cole maliteghachiri ọrụ ya, ma Knott enweghị afọ ojuju na ọrụ ahụ, ma kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na 1921 na nanị otu isii ka emechara. <ref name="map" /> Ọ bụ Alfred Frank Hardiman wetara ihe osise ndị ọzọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ County na ngwụcha 1920s. <ref name="map" /> Ọrụ Cole kpalitere ụfọdụ esemokwu na mkpughe ya, ọ bụ ezie na Ricketts, Image na Laurence Binyon ka na-akwado ya. <ref name="map" /> <ref name="hob" /> Site na 1921 ruo 1924, Cole gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na New York, Italy na Germany tupu ya ebie na Kingston, Kent . <ref name="map"/> Na 1924 ọ nọchiri anya Francis Derwent Wood nwa oge dị ka Prọfesọ nke Ọkpụkpụ na Royal College of Art, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na nwunye ya biri n'otu ntabi anya na Kingston n'ime ụlọ nke Cole nyere ọrụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ nchara nke mbụ e wuru. <ref name="hob" /> Na ntiwapụ nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,]] a tụrụ Coles mkpọrọ nwa oge n'okpuru enyo na ha bụ ndị Fascist ọmịiko, n'ihi ndenye aha Cole na ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', na nwunye ya dị ka onye na-enwe mmasị na onye nta akụkọ na Benito Mussolini . <ref name="hob" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Dodgson|first=Campbell|title=Catalogue of the Dry Points of Ernest Cole|journal=The Print Collector's Quarterly|date=1925|volume=12}} he5110op2d26qn0ekc4y08cuonatr3p 671276 671275 2026-07-02T11:39:06Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671276 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ernest Alfred Cole''' (1890 &#x2013; 1979) bụ onye ọkpụ akpụ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ amụrụ na Greenwich, London. <ref name="map" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths' College School of Art na Royal College of Art na Italy na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scholes|first=Robert|title=Ernest Alfred Cole|url=http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=mjp.2005.02.0923|work=The Modernist Journals Project|publisher=Brown University & the University of Tulsa|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe na RCA ọrụ ya bịara na Selwyn Image na Charles Ricketts, nke ikpeazụ ghọrọ nnukwu onye na-akwado ọrụ Cole nke o jiri tụnyere nke Alfred Stevens . <ref name="map" /> N'afọ 1913 ka Cole wulitere ihe oyiyi Jọn Baptist na Holland Park . <ref name="map" /> Ralph Knott nyere ya ọrụ na 1914 ka ọ nye aka na otu iri na abụọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ London, nke ọ gụchara ise na ọkara tupu ọ debanye aha maka ọrụ agha na Artists Rifles na 1916. <ref name="map">{{Cite web|title=Ernest Cole|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543|work=Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951|publisher=University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII|accessdate=22 April 2015|archivedate=16 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616192329/http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi na France na 1917 dị ka onye isi nke abụọ na 4th Reserve York na Lancaster Regiment tupu ebuga ya na ọgụgụ isi ndị agha. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Cole maliteghachiri ọrụ ya, ma Knott enweghị afọ ojuju na ọrụ ahụ, ma kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na 1921 na nanị otu isii ka emechara. <ref name="map" /> Ọ bụ Alfred Frank Hardiman wetara ihe osise ndị ọzọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ County na ngwụcha 1920s. <ref name="map" /> Ọrụ Cole kpalitere ụfọdụ esemokwu na mkpughe ya, ọ bụ ezie na Ricketts, Image na Laurence Binyon ka na-akwado ya. <ref name="map" /> <ref name="hob" /> Site na 1921 ruo 1924, Cole gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na New York, Italy na Germany tupu ya ebie na Kingston, Kent . <ref name="map"/> Na 1924 ọ nọchiri anya Francis Derwent Wood nwa oge dị ka Prọfesọ nke Ọkpụkpụ na Royal College of Art, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na nwunye ya biri n'otu ntabi anya na Kingston n'ime ụlọ nke Cole nyere ọrụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ nchara nke mbụ e wuru. <ref name="hob" /> Na ntiwapụ nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,]] a tụrụ Coles mkpọrọ nwa oge n'okpuru enyo na ha bụ ndị Fascist ọmịiko, n'ihi ndenye aha Cole na ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', na nwunye ya dị ka onye na-enwe mmasị na onye nta akụkọ na Benito Mussolini . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Dodgson|first=Campbell|title=Catalogue of the Dry Points of Ernest Cole|journal=The Print Collector's Quarterly|date=1925|volume=12}} btvxb1v3iga4ueejh22me2gbthpopay 671278 671276 2026-07-02T11:39:23Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671278 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ernest Alfred Cole''' (1890 &#x2013; 1979) bụ onye ọkpụ akpụ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ amụrụ na Greenwich, London. <ref name="map" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths' College School of Art na Royal College of Art na Italy na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scholes|first=Robert|title=Ernest Alfred Cole|url=http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=mjp.2005.02.0923|work=The Modernist Journals Project|publisher=Brown University & the University of Tulsa|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe na RCA ọrụ ya bịara na Selwyn Image na Charles Ricketts, nke ikpeazụ ghọrọ nnukwu onye na-akwado ọrụ Cole nke o jiri tụnyere nke Alfred Stevens . <ref name="map" /> N'afọ 1913 ka Cole wulitere ihe oyiyi Jọn Baptist na Holland Park . <ref name="map" /> Ralph Knott nyere ya ọrụ na 1914 ka ọ nye aka na otu iri na abụọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ London, nke ọ gụchara ise na ọkara tupu ọ debanye aha maka ọrụ agha na Artists Rifles na 1916. <ref name="map">{{Cite web|title=Ernest Cole|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543|work=Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951|publisher=University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII|accessdate=22 April 2015|archivedate=16 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616192329/http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi na France na 1917 dị ka onye isi nke abụọ na 4th Reserve York na Lancaster Regiment tupu ebuga ya na ọgụgụ isi ndị agha. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Cole maliteghachiri ọrụ ya, ma Knott enweghị afọ ojuju na ọrụ ahụ, ma kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na 1921 na nanị otu isii ka emechara. <ref name="map" /> Ọ bụ Alfred Frank Hardiman wetara ihe osise ndị ọzọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ County na ngwụcha 1920s. <ref name="map" /> Ọrụ Cole kpalitere ụfọdụ esemokwu na mkpughe ya, ọ bụ ezie na Ricketts, Image na Laurence Binyon ka na-akwado ya. <ref name="map" /> <ref name="hob" /> Site na 1921 ruo 1924, Cole gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na New York, Italy na Germany tupu ya ebie na Kingston, Kent . <ref name="map"/> Na 1924 ọ nọchiri anya Francis Derwent Wood nwa oge dị ka Prọfesọ nke Ọkpụkpụ na Royal College of Art, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na nwunye ya biri n'otu ntabi anya na Kingston n'ime ụlọ nke Cole nyere ọrụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ nchara nke mbụ e wuru. Na ntiwapụ nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,]] a tụrụ Coles mkpọrọ nwa oge n'okpuru enyo na ha bụ ndị Fascist ọmịiko, n'ihi ndenye aha Cole na ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', na nwunye ya dị ka onye na-enwe mmasị na onye nta akụkọ na Benito Mussolini . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Dodgson|first=Campbell|title=Catalogue of the Dry Points of Ernest Cole|journal=The Print Collector's Quarterly|date=1925|volume=12}} 0cf7rqxjg7dpijz7je8bib230a6pv0a 671280 671278 2026-07-02T11:40:01Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671280 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ernest Alfred Cole''' (1890 &#x2013; 1979) bụ onye ọkpụ akpụ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ amụrụ na Greenwich, London. <ref name="map" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths' College School of Art na Royal College of Art na Italy na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scholes|first=Robert|title=Ernest Alfred Cole|url=http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=mjp.2005.02.0923|work=The Modernist Journals Project|publisher=Brown University & the University of Tulsa|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe na RCA ọrụ ya bịara na Selwyn Image na Charles Ricketts, nke ikpeazụ ghọrọ nnukwu onye na-akwado ọrụ Cole nke o jiri tụnyere nke Alfred Stevens . <ref name="map" /> N'afọ 1913 ka Cole wulitere ihe oyiyi Jọn Baptist na Holland Park . <ref name="map" /> Ralph Knott nyere ya ọrụ na 1914 ka ọ nye aka na otu iri na abụọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ London, nke ọ gụchara ise na ọkara tupu ọ debanye aha maka ọrụ agha na Artists Rifles na 1916. <ref name="map">{{Cite web|title=Ernest Cole|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543|work=Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951|publisher=University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII|accessdate=22 April 2015|archivedate=16 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616192329/http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1205367543}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi na France na 1917 dị ka onye isi nke abụọ na 4th Reserve York na Lancaster Regiment tupu ebuga ya na ọgụgụ isi ndị agha. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Cole maliteghachiri ọrụ ya, ma Knott enweghị afọ ojuju na ọrụ ahụ, ma kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na 1921 na nanị otu isii ka emechara. <ref name="map" /> Ọ bụ Alfred Frank Hardiman wetara ihe osise ndị ọzọ maka Ụlọ Nzukọ County na ngwụcha 1920s. <ref name="map" /> Ọrụ Cole kpalitere ụfọdụ esemokwu na mkpughe ya, ọ bụ ezie na Ricketts, Image na Laurence Binyon ka na-akwado ya. <ref name="map" /> Site na 1921 ruo 1924, Cole gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na New York, Italy na Germany tupu ya ebie na Kingston, Kent . <ref name="map"/> Na 1924 ọ nọchiri anya Francis Derwent Wood nwa oge dị ka Prọfesọ nke Ọkpụkpụ na Royal College of Art, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị. <ref name="map" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na nwunye ya biri n'otu ntabi anya na Kingston n'ime ụlọ nke Cole nyere ọrụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ nchara nke mbụ e wuru. Na ntiwapụ nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,]] a tụrụ Coles mkpọrọ nwa oge n'okpuru enyo na ha bụ ndị Fascist ọmịiko, n'ihi ndenye aha Cole na ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', na nwunye ya dị ka onye na-enwe mmasị na onye nta akụkọ na Benito Mussolini . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Dodgson|first=Campbell|title=Catalogue of the Dry Points of Ernest Cole|journal=The Print Collector's Quarterly|date=1925|volume=12}} neq0ts2vqjye80ddzc7jyro8i09ndau John Marshall ịgba chaa chaa 0 48976 671117 173925 2026-07-02T10:18:44Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Marshall Gamble|image=|caption=|birth_date=1863|birth_place=[[New Jersey]], U.S.|occupation=Painter}} John Marshall Gamble (1863 - ndidi 8, 1957) bụ onye na-ese ihe America nke lekwasịrị anya na mbara ala California na ndị na-ekewa.  Ọ kwagara Santa Barbara mgbe ala ọma jijiji 1906 bibiri ụlọ ihe nkiri San Francisco ya.  Ọ bụ onye nwere ike na ihe ngosi nka Santa Barbara, ịbụ onye nkuzi na onye isi oche ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Santa Barbara School of Arts. == Ndụ na ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Wild_Heliotrope_and_Poppies_San_Francisco_by_John_Marshall_Gamble.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| ''Anụ ọhịa Heliotrope na Poppies, San Francisco'', n'etiti 1893 na 1906, Birmingham Museum of Art]] A match John Marshall Gamble na New Jersey na 1863, ya na ya ụgbọala New Zealand n'oge ọ bụ nwata, wee kwaga San Francisco na 1883. [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke US Marines Lieutenant Colonel John Marshall Gamble.. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=John Gamble|url=https://www.kargesfineart.com/john-gamble|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210214172440/https://www.kargesfineart.com/john-gamble|archivedate=2021-02-14|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=[[William A. Karges Fine Art]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mbụ na-amụ San Francisco School of Design n'okpuru Virgil Macey Williams na Emil Carlson, o ịhụ gaa Académie Colarossi, [1] na Académie Julian na Paris, na-amụ n'okpuru Jean Paul Laurens na Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant  .  [2] O bu ụzọ meghere ụlọ ihe nkiri na San Francisco nke bibiri na ala ọmajiji 1906, [3] na-aga Santa Barbara ma emechaa. <ref name="birminghamwild">{{Cite web|title=Wild Heliotrope and Poppies, San Francisco John Marshall Gamble|url=https://www.artsbma.org/collection/wild-heliotrope-and-poppies-san-francisco/|work=Birmingham Museum of Art|accessdate=October 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Object Record: Portrait of Acacia Orena Rickard|url=https://sbhistorical.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/31B425B3-22F6-4553-9FA3-363687639017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165931/https://sbhistorical.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/31B425B3-22F6-4553-9FA3-363687639017|archivedate=7 February 2021|accessdate=7 February 2021|work=[[Santa Barbara Historical Museum]]}}</ref>N'oge ọrụ ya ọtụtụ nri nri, [1] dị ka ihe nrite ọla edo na ngosi Alaska-Yukon-Pacific, na Seattle.  [2] A na-ewere ịgba chaa chaa dị ka "onye na-ese ihe kacha elu nke mgba ọkụ California", [3] bụ isiokwu na-agwụ agwụ nke ikegoro onye na-ese ihe ama ama.  [4] Onye na-ese ihe onyonyo onye nkuzi nke Santa Barbara School of Arts na 1929, ma nna jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche ụlọ akwụkwọ. Otu enyi onye na-ese ihe bụ Willis E. Davies, Gamble so ya gaa njem ihe osise nke ikuku, na njem 1910 nke Europe nke ịma na igbu onwe Davies n'ụgbọ mmiri White Star liner RMS Oceanic <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 1910|title=Bullet stills weary brain of Willis E. Davis|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100317.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217140745if_/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100317.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|archivedate=2021-02-17|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=California Digital Newspaper Collection|publisher=San Francisco Call}}</ref> A na-eli Gamble na Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, na Colma, California. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=John Marshall Gamble (1863-1957)|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87842713/john-marshall-gamble|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210151441/https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87842713/john-marshall-gamble|archivedate=2021-02-10|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=Find A Grave|language=en}}</ref> == Ụdị na ihe nketa == Ndị Gamble nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke banyere mbara ala California, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Antony|date=18 February 1912|title=Art and artists|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/380150225/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=Newspapers.com|publisher=Los Angeles Times|language=en}}</ref> yana dịka onye nkatọ nke oge a si kwuo "mmasị mma nke mbara ala ndị a yiri ka ọ dabere na mmetụta chiri anya maka ọdịdị nke egosiri na eserese ahụ". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1911-02-13|title=Local artist is praised by critics|pages=3|work=The Independent|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895049/the-independent/|accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref> A na-ere ihe osise Gamble Poppies na Lupine maka US $ 178,500 n'ahịa Christie nke 1998. [1] A na-ekiri anya ọrụ ya site na veranda dị ka Steven Stern Fine Arts, Los Angeles, William A. Karges Fine  Art, na nkọwa nke nchịkọta na-adịgide nke Birmingham Museum of Art na Fine Arts Museum nd nke San Francisco, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  [2] [3] Gamble LED dị ka onye nkuzi na onye ndu nka na-eto eto, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka "dean nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Santa Barbara. <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == * Ngosipụta Alaska-Yukon-Pacific, Seattle, 1909 * Ihe ngosi Solo, Kanst Gallery, Hollywood, 1911. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1911-02-13|title=Local artist is praised by critics|pages=3|work=The Independent|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895049/the-independent/|accessdate=2021-02-11}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895049/the-independent/ "Local artist is praised by critics"]. ''The Independent''. 1911-02-13. p.&nbsp;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Ihe ngosi Solo, Hotel Green Gallery, Pasadena, 1911. <ref name=":1" /> * "Ndị na-ese ihe na California, 1860-1930", [[McHenry Museum]], Modesto, 1988. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stutzin|first=Leo|date=22 May 1988|title=Museum spotlights state art|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895154/the-modesto-bee/|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=The Modesto Bee|page=17|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} m1gx7xvdj3xyds6qz8m185iaugsi63k 671120 671117 2026-07-02T10:19:32Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Marshall Gamble|image=|caption=|birth_date=1863|birth_place=[[New Jersey]], U.S.|occupation=Painter}} John Marshall Gamble (1863 - ndidi 8, 1957) bụ onye na-ese ihe America nke lekwasịrị anya na mbara ala California na ndị na-ekewa.  Ọ kwagara Santa Barbara mgbe ala ọma jijiji 1906 bibiri ụlọ ihe nkiri San Francisco ya.  Ọ bụ onye nwere ike na ihe ngosi nka Santa Barbara, ịbụ onye nkuzi na onye isi oche ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Santa Barbara School of Arts. == Ndụ na ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Wild_Heliotrope_and_Poppies_San_Francisco_by_John_Marshall_Gamble.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| ''Anụ ọhịa Heliotrope na Poppies, San Francisco'', n'etiti 1893 na 1906, Birmingham Museum of Art]] A match John Marshall Gamble na New Jersey na 1863, ya na ya ụgbọala New Zealand n'oge ọ bụ nwata, wee kwaga San Francisco na 1883. [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke US Marines Lieutenant Colonel John Marshall Gamble.. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=John Gamble|url=https://www.kargesfineart.com/john-gamble|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210214172440/https://www.kargesfineart.com/john-gamble|archivedate=2021-02-14|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=[[William A. Karges Fine Art]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mbụ na-amụ San Francisco School of Design n'okpuru Virgil Macey Williams na Emil Carlson, o ịhụ gaa Académie Colarossi, [1] na Académie Julian na Paris, na-amụ n'okpuru Jean Paul Laurens na Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant  .  [2] O bu ụzọ meghere ụlọ ihe nkiri na San Francisco nke bibiri na ala ọmajiji 1906, [3] na-aga Santa Barbara ma emechaa. <ref name="birminghamwild">{{Cite web|title=Wild Heliotrope and Poppies, San Francisco John Marshall Gamble|url=https://www.artsbma.org/collection/wild-heliotrope-and-poppies-san-francisco/|work=Birmingham Museum of Art|accessdate=October 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Object Record: Portrait of Acacia Orena Rickard|url=https://sbhistorical.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/31B425B3-22F6-4553-9FA3-363687639017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165931/https://sbhistorical.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/31B425B3-22F6-4553-9FA3-363687639017|archivedate=7 February 2021|accessdate=7 February 2021|work=[[Santa Barbara Historical Museum]]}}</ref>N'oge ọrụ ya ọtụtụ nri nri, [1] dị ka ihe nrite ọla edo na ngosi Alaska-Yukon-Pacific, na Seattle.  [2] A na-ewere ịgba chaa chaa dị ka "onye na-ese ihe kacha elu nke mgba ọkụ California", [3] bụ isiokwu na-agwụ agwụ nke ikegoro onye na-ese ihe ama ama.  [4] Onye na-ese ihe onyonyo onye nkuzi nke Santa Barbara School of Arts na 1929, ma nna jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche ụlọ akwụkwọ. Otu enyi onye na-ese ihe bụ Willis E. Davies, Gamble so ya gaa njem ihe osise nke ikuku, na njem 1910 nke Europe nke ịma na igbu onwe Davies n'ụgbọ mmiri White Star liner RMS Oceanic <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 1910|title=Bullet stills weary brain of Willis E. Davis|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100317.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217140745if_/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100317.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|archivedate=2021-02-17|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=California Digital Newspaper Collection|publisher=San Francisco Call}}</ref> A na-eli Gamble na Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, na Colma, California. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=John Marshall Gamble (1863-1957)|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87842713/john-marshall-gamble|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210151441/https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87842713/john-marshall-gamble|archivedate=2021-02-10|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=Find A Grave|language=en}}</ref> == Ụdị na ihe nketa == Ndị Gamble nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke banyere mbara ala California, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Antony|date=18 February 1912|title=Art and artists|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/380150225/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=Newspapers.com|publisher=Los Angeles Times|language=en}}</ref> yana dịka onye nkatọ nke oge a si kwuo "mmasị mma nke mbara ala ndị a yiri ka ọ dabere na mmetụta chiri anya maka ọdịdị nke egosiri na eserese ahụ". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1911-02-13|title=Local artist is praised by critics|pages=3|work=The Independent|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895049/the-independent/|accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref> A na-ere ihe osise Gamble Poppies na Lupine maka US $ 178,500 n'ahịa Christie nke 1998. [1] A na-ekiri anya ọrụ ya site na veranda dị ka Steven Stern Fine Arts, Los Angeles, William A. Karges Fine  Art, na nkọwa nke nchịkọta na-adịgide nke Birmingham Museum of Art na Fine Arts Museum nd nke San Francisco, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  [2] [3] Gamble LED dị ka onye nkuzi na onye ndu nka na-eto eto, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka "dean nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Santa Barbara. <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == * Ngosipụta Alaska-Yukon-Pacific, Seattle, 1909 * Ihe ngosi Solo, Kanst Gallery, Hollywood, 1911. <ref name=":1" /> * Ihe ngosi Solo, Hotel Green Gallery, Pasadena, 1911. <ref name=":1" /> * "Ndị na-ese ihe na California, 1860-1930", [[McHenry Museum]], Modesto, 1988. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stutzin|first=Leo|date=22 May 1988|title=Museum spotlights state art|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69895154/the-modesto-bee/|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=The Modesto Bee|page=17|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 5j6qb0mzl8jlt6ux1847vrxdnyt9uyi Françoise Ellong 0 48990 670941 539596 2026-07-01T23:52:45Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe nkiri */ 670941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Françoise Ellong''' (amuru 8 February 1988) bu onye isi ihe nkiri na onye ode akwukwo Cameroon. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ellong na Douala, Cameroon na 1988. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, ọ kwagara Brunoy ka ya na nwanne nna ya biri, o dekwara akụkọ mbụ ya. Ellong sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ French na 2002. N'ihi asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ide ihe n'ihu. <ref name="africultures">{{Cite web|title=Francoise Ellong|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=30098|work=Africultures|accessdate=2 October 2020|language=French}}</ref> Na 2006, e wepụtara obere ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Les Colocs'' . Ellong na-eduzi ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''WAKA'', na 2013. Ọ bụ Séraphin Kakouang dere ya, dabere na akụkọ izizi Ellong dere. ''WAKA'' nwetara ihe nrite Jury pụrụ iche na Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khoribga, yana onyinye Dikalo na International Pan-African Film Festival na Cannes . <ref name="africultures"> / A na-enyocha ya na mmalite nke Ecrans Noirs Festival. Ihe nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, ''E liri'', pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata na egwuregwu nke kpughere ihe nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buried - Francoise Ellong, Cameroon, 2020|url=https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/|work=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]|accessdate=2 October 2020|archivedate=11 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111214215/https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/}}</ref> E sere ya n’ime ime obodo Nkassomo, akụkọ akụkọ ọ hụrụ na telivishọn sitere n’ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name="nlend">{{Cite news|author=Nlend|first=Jeanne|title=Françoise Ellong : " J’aime prendre des risques quand je raconte une histoire "|url=http://www.crtv.cm/2020/05/francoise-ellong-jaime-prendre-des-risques-quand-je-raconte-une-histoire/|accessdate=2 October 2020|work=CRTV|date=24 May 2020|language=French}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, E liri, pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata * 2006: ''Les Colocs'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2007: ''Dade'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2008: ''Miseria'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2009: ''Nnukwu nwanyị anaghị akwa ákwá'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2010: ''Nek'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2011: ''Na nso nso'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2011: ''Mgbe Soukhina kwụsịrị'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2012: ''Ugbu a na ha'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2013: ''WAKA'' (onye nduzi) * 2017: ''Ashia'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2020: ''E liri ya'' (onye edemede/onye ntụzi) ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:4397793|Françoise Ellong]] na [[IMDb|nchekwa data ihe nkiri ịntanetị]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gf3v40cn5oj395tztjbds639sw3v2ym 670942 670941 2026-07-01T23:54:01Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors/* Akụkọ ndụ */ 670942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Françoise Ellong''' (amuru 8 February 1988) bu onye isi ihe nkiri na onye ode akwukwo Cameroon. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ellong na Douala, Cameroon na 1988. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, ọ kwagara Brunoy ka ya na nwanne nna ya biri, o dekwara akụkọ mbụ ya. Ellong sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ French na 2002. N'ihi asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ide ihe n'ihu. <ref name="africultures" /> Na 2006, e wepụtara obere ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Les Colocs'' . Ellong na-eduzi ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''WAKA'', na 2013. Ọ bụ Séraphin Kakouang dere ya, dabere na akụkọ izizi Ellong dere. ''WAKA'' nwetara ihe nrite Jury pụrụ iche na Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khoribga, yana onyinye Dikalo na International Pan-African Film Festival na Cannes . <ref name="africultures"> / A na-enyocha ya na mmalite nke Ecrans Noirs Festival. Ihe nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, ''E liri'', pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata na egwuregwu nke kpughere ihe nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buried - Francoise Ellong, Cameroon, 2020|url=https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/|work=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]|accessdate=2 October 2020|archivedate=11 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111214215/https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/}}</ref> E sere ya n’ime ime obodo Nkassomo, akụkọ akụkọ ọ hụrụ na telivishọn sitere n’ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name="nlend">{{Cite news|author=Nlend|first=Jeanne|title=Françoise Ellong : " J’aime prendre des risques quand je raconte une histoire "|url=http://www.crtv.cm/2020/05/francoise-ellong-jaime-prendre-des-risques-quand-je-raconte-une-histoire/|accessdate=2 October 2020|work=CRTV|date=24 May 2020|language=French}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, E liri, pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata * 2006: ''Les Colocs'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2007: ''Dade'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2008: ''Miseria'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2009: ''Nnukwu nwanyị anaghị akwa ákwá'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2010: ''Nek'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2011: ''Na nso nso'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2011: ''Mgbe Soukhina kwụsịrị'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2012: ''Ugbu a na ha'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2013: ''WAKA'' (onye nduzi) * 2017: ''Ashia'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi) * 2020: ''E liri ya'' (onye edemede/onye ntụzi) ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:4397793|Françoise Ellong]] na [[IMDb|nchekwa data ihe nkiri ịntanetị]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0teevvkc4c8mlm344cazklcvh45sgy9 Gaylon Alcaraz 0 49045 670971 174006 2026-07-02T01:10:49Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors 670971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Gaylon Alcaraz''' (amuru Ọktoba 26, 1966) bu onye nhazi obodo America na onye na-akwado ikike mmadu na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Turner|first=Dawn|title=Making the battleground the black woman's body|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-ben-carson-abortion-turner-met-20150819-column.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=21 November 2016|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Chicago Abortion Fund . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alcaraz|first=Gaylon|title=Executive Director Report|url=http://www.chicagoabortionfund.com/ed_report.php|publisher=Chicago Abortion Fund|accessdate=31 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403004123/http://chicagoabortionfund.com/ed_report.php|archivedate=3 April 2012}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya, ''Tales of a Woojiehead'', nke Blackgurl Press bipụtara na 2002. <ref name="chitribune_082515">{{Cite web|author=Turner|first=Dawn M.|title=The job of an abortion doula|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-abortion-doula-turner-met-20150824-column.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=21 November 2016|date=25 August 2015}}</ref> <ref name="chitribune_100716">{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Heidi|title=From 320 pounds to the Chicago Marathon, activist 'will stop at nothing'|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-gaylon-alcaraz-chicago-marathon-balancing-1009-20161007-column.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=21 November 2016|date=7 October 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStevens2016">Stevens, Heidi (7 October 2016). [http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-gaylon-alcaraz-chicago-marathon-balancing-1009-20161007-column.html "From 320 pounds to the Chicago Marathon, activist 'will stop at nothing'"]. Chicago Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Balde|first=Lisa|title=Anti-Abortion Billboards Arrive in Chicago|url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/Anti-Abortion-Billboards-Headed-for-South-Side-118790299.html|publisher=NBC Chicago|accessdate=21 November 2016|date=29 March 2011}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Alcaraz nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum na mahadum DePaul . Ọ gụchara otu afọ nke nkuzi na Mahadum Roosevelt kwupụta Doctorate of Education. Ọ na-aga ugbu a na Mahadum National Louis iji nweta Ph.D. na obodo akparamaagwa. <ref name="chitribune_100716" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=Woman Made Gallery names Alcaraz as new executive director - Windy City Times News|url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/Woman-Made-Gallery-names-Alcaraz-as-new-executive-director/67836.html|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=Windy City Times}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1997, Alcaraz ghọrọ onye otu ntọala bọọdụ nke Affinity Community Services, otu ọgbakọ raara onwe ya nye n'ịzụlite nka onye ndu maka nwanyị nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị bisexual. Na 2011, o sonyeere na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Illinois Caucus maka Ahụ Ike Ndị Ntorobịa na Midwest Access Project. Alcaraz bụ onye isi oche nke Chicago Abortion Fund site na 2005 - 2014. == Ihe nrite == * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicago Reader - Okwu ndị mmadụ - "Onye na-eme ihe" - Disemba 2014 * SistaSong Ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba gbasara ọmụmụ ikpe ziri ezi - Women Warrior - Nọvemba 2014 * Obodo Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame - Inductee - 2013 * NYU Wagner Research Center for Leadership in Action - IGNITE Fellowship - Women of Color in the Social Sector - 2013 * Òtù Mba Nile Maka Ụmụ nwanyị - Ụmụ nwanyị Na-atụghị egwu - 2012 * Chicago Foundation maka ụmụ nwanyị - ihe nrite mmetụta - 2010 * Nhọrọ USA - Ihe nrite Ọgbọ - 2009 * Òtù Mba Nile Maka Ụmụ nwanyị (Chicago Suburban Chapter) - Fay Clayton Award - 2008 == Ntụaka == nye n'ịzụlite nka onye ndu maka nwanyị nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị bisexual. Na 2011, o sonyeere{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0v907dusx7zbcwbpguakkya51fmw06u Gelding 0 49919 670972 632105 2026-07-02T01:14:28Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ n'ala */ Fixed reference errors 670972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Vesuvio_Bien_Vee_-_Paso_Fino_Bellas_Formas_National_Champion_3_Year_Old_Gelding_in_2001;_photo_taken_in_May_of_2006.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ atọ]] Gelding bụ ịnyịnya nwoke a chụpụrụ agbapụ ma ọ bụ equine ndị ọzọ, dị ka inyinya, ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ inyinya mule. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ na ụfọdụ anụmanụ na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka kamel anụ ụlọ. N'iji ya atụnyere, okwu nhata maka ehi a chụpụrụ achụpụ ga-abụ onye isi (ma ọ bụ oke ehi), na oyi maka atụrụ na ewu. Nkedo na-enye ohere ka nwoke na-enwekwu obi iru ala, na-akpa àgwà ka mma, na-enwechaghị ike inwe mmekọahụ, ma na-anabata mgbalị ọzụzụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, a maara ya maka ime ka anụ ahụ dị jụụ, dị nro na n'ozuzu ya dabara adaba dị ka anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka anụ ụlọ (n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ ndị enyi).[1] The gerund na participle "gelding" na enweghi ngwụcha "to geld" na-ezo aka na usoro nkedo n'onwe ya. == Okwu mmalite == Ngwaa "to geld" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|gelda}}, site na adjective {{Lang|non|geldr}} 'barren'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0198611172|editor=Murray|edition=Third|url=https://archive.org/details/compacteditionof03robe}}</ref> Aha "gelding" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|geldingr}} . <ref name=":0" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-eche na ndị Sitia so na ndị mbụ na-anya ịnyịnya ha, [1] [2] ka ha ji ịnyịnya agha ndị dị jụụ na ndị na-adịghị echebe onwe ha kpọrọ ihe, yana ọ dị mfe idobe n'ìgwè na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ókèala, na-enweghị ọnwụnwa nke ịmụ nwa / mating agụụ. A na-ekwu na Aristotle kwuru banyere gelding n'oge dị ka 350 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.|title=What is a Gelding?|author=Blocksdorf, Katherine|date=10 October 2018|work=TheSprucePets|quote=Gelding has been carried out for centuries, and written work by '''Aristotle''' mentions gelding as early as '''350''' B.C.E.|accessdate=24 July 2024|archivedate=18 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718055549/https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.}}</ref> == Ihe mere e ji mee ka a na-akwa iko == A na-agbakarị ịnyịnya nwoke iji mee ka ọ na-akpa àgwà ka mma na mfe ịchịkwa ya. Gelding nwekwara ike wepụ anụmanụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma na ọdọ mmiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[1] Iji kwe ka naanị anụmanụ kacha mma na-amụba, ebe a na-echekwa ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke, ọ bụ naanị obere pasentị nke ịnyịnya nwoke niile kwesịrị ịbụ nnukwu anụ. Isi mmalite na-edobe pasenti nke nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ekwesịrị idobe dị ka ngwaahịa ọmụmụ n'ihe dị ka 10%, [2] ebe echiche dị oke egwu na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị 0.5% nke ụmụ nwoke niile kwesịrị ịzụ.[3] N'ime anụ ọhịa, a na-echekwa oke 10% n'ụzọ nkịtị, n'ihi na otu nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-echebe ma na-amụba ìgwè ehi nke na-adịkarịghị karịa 10 ma ọ bụ 12 mares, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ikwe ka obere ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-ebi ndụ na nsọtụ nke anụ ọhịa. igwe.[4] Enwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke karịa naanị anụ ụlọ, yabụ, ịnyịnya nwoke na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ maka nchebe na obere ụmụ nwoke "bachelor herrds", ebe, na enweghị nne, ha na-eme omume dị ka geldings.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davies Morel|first=Mina C. G.|title=Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding, and Stud Management|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUtXot0_h4oC&q=bachelor+herd+horse&pg=PA254|accessdate=April 14, 2008|year=2003|publisher=CABI Publishing|isbn=978-0-85199-643-1|chapter=Stallion Management}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Win_win_relationship.JPG|thumb|Ịgba ịnyịnya nwoke nwere ike belata esemokwu nwere ike ime n'ime ìgwè ịnyịnya.]] Geldings are preferred over stallions for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, and more tractable. Geldings are therefore a favorite for many equestrians. In some horse shows,{{which|date=June 2015}} due to the dangers inherent in handling stallions, which require experienced handlers,{{Citation needed|reason=What are the inherent dangers? Why do they require experienced handlers? Sources, please?|date=June 2015}} youth exhibitors are not permitted to show stallions in classes limited to just those riders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf|title=Welsh Pony and Cob Society –|publisher=Wpcs.uk.com|accessdate=May 16, 2021|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924052833/https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf}}</ref> A na-ahọrọ Geldings karịa nne, n'ihi na ụfọdụ nne na-ewe iwe mgbe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na ojiji nke nne nwere ike ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè n'oge ọnwa ndị ọzọ nke ime na mgbe ha na'ilekọta nwa. N'ọsọ ịnyịnya, a pụrụ iwere ịkpụ ịnyịnya dị ka ihe bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ dọpụ uche anụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, siri ike ijikwa ya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ọ gaghị agba ọsọ ruo n'ókè o nwere n'ihi nsogbu omume. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a pụtara na ịnyịnya ahụ na-efunahụ uru ọ bụla, ọrụ ịgba ọsọ na-aga nke ọma nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akwalite uru nke ịnyịnya nke mụrụ gelding. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-achụpụ ịnyịnya a na-eji amụ nwa mgbe e mesịrị, ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ụmụ ịnyịnya ahụ anaghị eme ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụkwa n'ihi naanị n'ihi ete anaghị eji ịnyịnya ahụ eme ihe maka ịzụlite, n'ihi mgbanwe ejiji na pedigree ma ọ bụ phenotype. Castration nwere ike ikwe ka ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ biri n'udo, na-enye ohere ibi ndụ dị mma.<ref name="horsekeeping1">{{Cite web|author=Richard Klimesh|url=http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_health_care/gelding_and_aftercare.htm|title=Horse Gelding the Male Horse and Aftercare by Cherry Hill|publisher=Horsekeeping|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'okpuru iwu British National Hunt racing (ya bụ Steeplechase), iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịnyịnya niile na-ekere òkè na-agbaji. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe, a na-ewepu castrings n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị larịị kachasị mma gụnyere Classics na Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (ma e wezụga na ọ bụ French classic Prix Royal-Oak, meghere maka castrings kemgbe 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|title=All the races: Prix Royal-Oak|publisher=France Galop|accessdate=February 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022236/http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|archivedate=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Na asọmpi agbụrụ nke North America, a na-ekwe ka ndị na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha eruola site na afọ, mmeri, ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe, na agbụrụ ndị a na-emeghe maka ụmụ nwoke. Otu ihe ahụ na-emetụta Australia. === Nchegbu banyere castration === Ọdịbendị ụfọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme anaghị eme ma ka na-adịkarịghị eme ịnyịnya nwoke, ọkachasị Ndị Arab, bụ ndị na-ejikarị ịnyịnya maka ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na agha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/arabianhorse.htm|title=Tales from "Sport in Egypt": The Arabian Horse|publisher=Touregypt.net|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ndị a, a ka na-ejighị ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ibu eme ihe maka ịzụlite, naanị ndị kachasị mma. Mgbe a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka anụmanụ na-agba ịnyịnya, a na-edebe ha naanị na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ "nwoke", nke na-emekarị ka ha dị jụụ, na-adịchaghị ka àgwà ịnyịnya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Campfield|first=Jeremy|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=9681#reflection|title=Working with Morocco's Horses: Journey's End|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=June 25, 2007|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe kpatara okpukpe maka omume ndị a dị; dịka ọmụmaatụ, a machibidoro ịkpụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ doro anya na Bible Hibru ma machibido ya Iwu ndị Juu. Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụ ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu ole na ole, enwere ihe ize ndụ. Castration nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu, dị ka ọzịza, ọbara ọgbụgba ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụrụ mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị, ọrịa, na eventration. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu isii maka testosterone fọdụrụ iji wepụ usoro gelding ọhụrụ ma ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịnyịnya n'oge ahụ. Maka ihe ndị na-edochaghị anya mgbe niile, ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ndị niile na-agba ịnyịnya ka nwere ike igosi ụzọ dị ka nke ịnyịnya, ụfọdụ n'ihi testicle cryptorchid e debere na ịnyịnya, ndị ọzọ n'ihi omume a mụtara na mbụ, mana ụfọdụ n'enweghị ihe doro anya. Ọzụzụ iji kpochapụ omume ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu. Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ bụ maka dọkịta anụmanụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eme nchara na-eguzo ọtọ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka ịnyịnya ahụ merụọ dọkịta ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ahụ n'oge usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu bilitere, a ghaghị ime ka ịnyịnya na-akụnwụ ahụ ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cable|first=Christina S.|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10024/castration-in-the-horse|title=Castration In The Horse|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=April 1, 2001|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Castration anaghị agbanwe omume ọjọọ na omume ọjọọ na-akpaghị aka. A ghaghị ime nke a site na ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="horsekeeping1" /> == Oge nke gelding == Enwere ike ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'afọ ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye nwe ya bu n'obi ịkpụ otu nwa, a na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka ihe kachasị mma ịkpụ ịta ịnyịnya ahụ tupu ọ bụrụ nwa otu afọ, na n'ezie tupu ya eruo oke mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ka ị chere ruo mgbe ịnyịnya na-eto eto karịrị otu afọ, ọbụlagodi abụọ, nke a bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ụbọchị ndị a na-eme nchara na-enweghị anesthesia ma bụrụ ihe na-echegbu anụmanụ ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a nwere ike imezu castration na obere nrụgide na obere ahụ erughị ala, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-eji ọgwụ mgbu kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>R Eager (2002) "Evaluation of pain and discomfort associated with equine castration" UFAW Publications</ref> Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ole na ole na-egbu oge ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'ihi na Testosterone a na-enweta site na ikwe ka ọ ruo ntozu oke mmekọahụ ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya egosila na nke a abụghị otú ahụ: ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya nke a na-enweta naanị site na ọnụnọ nke homonụ ga-efu ka oge na-aga mgbe ịnyịnya ahụ nwụsịrị, ma ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike a na-emefu na-eto eto nwere ike iwepụ ike ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike itinye ya na uto ọkpụkpụ ọ nweghị mmetụta na ọnụego uto (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbawanye oke abụba ịnyịnya ahụ).<ref>Seong, PN; Lee, CE, and Oh, WY; et al. (2005). [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=DMJGDA_2005_v47n3_391 Effects of castration on growth and meat quality in finishing male Jeju horses]. ''Journal of Animal Science and Technology'' 47.3:391–396.</ref> Ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ndị toro eto, ndị a na-ejighịzi eme ihe na stud n'ihi afọ ndụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, nwere ike irite uru site na ịbụ ndị a na'ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a na-eme ka ịkpụ nwa ịnyịnya meworo agadi bụrụ usoro dị ala, <ref name="mason">Mason, BJ, Newton, JR &#x26; Payne, RJ, et al. (2005). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2746/042516405774479988/full Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing 'standing nonsutured' and 'recumbent sutured' techniques]. ''Equine Veterinary Journal'' 37.5:468–472.</ref> na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere uru nke inwe ike ịpị ya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu ma kwe ka ọ dịrị ndụ dị ala karịa ka e kwere ka ọ bụrụ nwa ịnyịnya. == Nlekọta pụrụ iche nke geldings == Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ndị nwoke, ma ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị na-eme ịnyịnya, kwesịrị mgbe ụfọdụ ịlele mkpuchi ịnyịnya, akpa akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-echebe penis nke ịnyịnya mgbe a na-ejighị ya maka nsị (ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere ịnyịnya, ịzụlite). Geldings na-enwekarị smegma na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa stallions, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na geldings anaghị emebi penis kpamkpam, ya mere unyi na smegma gbakọta na mkpokoro akpụkpọ ahụ.<ref name="Horse Journal">"Cut Through Smegma". ''Horse Journal'', August 2007, p. 19-20.</ref> == Usoro nke ịkpụcha == [[Usòrò:Castration_horse.jpg|thumb|A na-eme ịkpụ ahụ n'elu ịnyịnya n'okpuru ọgwụ anaesthesia ketamine]] E nwere usoro abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịkpụ ịnyịnya, otu na-achọ naanị anesthesia mpaghara na nke ọzọ na-achọ anesthesia n'ozuzu. Usoro ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm. === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide === Standing castration bụ usoro ebe a na-eme ka ịnyịnya dị jụụ ma na-enye ọgwụ anesthesia mpaghara, na-enweghị ịtụba ịnyịnya ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ tinye ya kpamkpam "n'okpuru". Ọ nwere uru na ọ dịghị mkpa ka a na-akụnwụ ahụ (GA). A na-akwado usoro a maka usoro dị mfe n'ihi na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ maka GA na ịnyịnya na ụlọ ọgwụ nke oge a dị ala, ihe dịka otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na 1000. Ọnwụ n'ọhịa (ebe a na-eme ọtụtụ ịnyịnya) nwere ike ịdị elu, n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name="periop">Bidwell, Lori A., DVM; Bramlage, Larry R., DVM MS; and Rood, William A., DVM (2007). "[http://www.vaajournal.org/article/S1467-2987(16)30902-3/fulltext Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice—a retrospective case series]". ''Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia'' 34.1:23–30.</ref> Maka ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ, a na-etinye nwa ehi ma ọ bụ nwa ehi ahụ, na-ejikarị detomidine ma ọ bụ na-enweghị butorphanol, ma na-ejikwa ya eme ihe. A na-agbanye Ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ n'ime parenchyma nke testicles abụọ ahụ. A na-eme oghere site na scrotum ma wepụ testicles, mgbe ahụ a na-egbutu eriri spermatic, nke a na-ejikarị ma ọ bụ ligatures ma ọ bụ emasculators, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-etinye emasculators maka nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, wee wepụ ya, a na-elepụtakwa ya nke ọma maka ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbara ọgbụgba. N'iburu n'uche na ọbara ọgbụgba dịkarịa ala, a na-akpụ akụkụ nke ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-ewepụ testicles ndị "n'ụzọ siri ike" (ma ọ bụ nso n'ahụ) site na uru ahụ na-ebu ụzọ, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịnyịnya iwepụ ya ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na-enweghị ike iru. A na-ekwe ka ịnyịnya ahụ, nke bụzi gelding, gbakee. Enwere ike ịme ịkpụ ahụ na-eguzo ọtọ n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụfọdụ ndị isi akọwaala usoro maka iwepụ testicles ndị dị n'afọ site na anụmanụ cryptorchid, <ref>Hanrath, M., and Rodgerson, D.H. (2002). "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jvet.31049/full Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses]". ''Veterinary Surgery'' 31.2:117–124.</ref> mana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ka na-akwado usoro na-ehi ụra, dịka akọwapụtara n'okpuru. <ref>Sedrish, Steven A. MS, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, and Leonard, John M. VMD (2001). "[http://www.ivis.org/sites/default/files/library/aaep/2001/91010100423.pdf How to Perform a Primary Closure Castration Using an Inguinal Incision]". ''AAEP Proceedings'' 47:423–425. Accessed on July 17, 2007. </ref> Isi ihe na-adịghị mma na ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nke, ọbụlagodi na sedation na njide, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịjụ usoro ahụ ma kụọ ma ọ bụ merụọ onye na-arụ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction|author=Mair|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-0-7020-1725-4}}</ref> === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ n'ala === [[Usòrò:Mule_castration_emasculator_during_haemostasis.jpg|thumb|Ịchụ ahụ n'ala, gụnyere iji emasculatorsndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ghara ịdị]] Ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na-ahọrọ itinye ịnyịnya n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na "ịga ahụ na-akawanye mma ma na-ebu obere ihe ize ndụ (n'ozuzu) maka dọkịta ịwa ahụ na onye ọrịa".<ref name="searle">Searle, D, Dart, AJ &amp; Dart, CM, et al. (1999). "[http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf Equine castration: Review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses]". {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827091210/http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf |date=August 27, 2006 }}. ''Australian Veterinary Journal'' 77.7:428–434, p. 430. Accessed July 17, 2007.</ref> Maka castration dị mfe nke anụmanụ ndị dị mma, uru nke castration na-ehi ụra bụ na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike, enwere ike idebe asepsis ka mma (ebe a na-adịghị emebi emebi), na haemostasis ka mma (nchịkwa ọbara ọgbụgba) ga-ekwe omume. Na mgbakwunye, enwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka ka a kụọ ya. N'ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị dị ka castration nke anụmanụ cryptorchid, ọwa inguinal dị mfe ịnweta. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche (dị ka "emeghe", "mechiri emechi", na "nke mechiri emechi") nke enwere ike iji, mana ịwa ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, anesthesia n'ozuzu ya enweghị ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere post-anaesthetic myopathy (mbibi nke uru ahụ) na neuropathy (mbi nke akwara), nsogbu iku ume (V / Q mismatch), na ịda mbà n'obi. Nsogbu ndị a na-eme ugboro ugboro nke na castration nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.<ref name="periop"/> Iji belata nchegbu ndị a, ntuziaka British Equine Veterinary Association na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta abụọ na-awa ahụ anụmanụ nọrọ mgbe a na-eme anesthesia n'ozuzu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beva.org.uk/|title=Home|publisher=BEVA|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> === Nlekọta mgbe e mesịrị === Site na usoro abụọ a, a ga-edebe ọnyá ahụ ọcha ma kwe ka ọ pụọ n'enweghị nsogbu iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmepụta hematoma, ma ọ bụ mmepe nke abscess. Ojiji nke tetanus antitoxin na analgesics (ihe na-egbu mgbu) dị mkpa ma na-enyekarị ọgwụ nje. A na-ejikarị ịnyịnya ahụ agagharị n'aka ruo ụbọchị ole na ole iji belata mmepe nke ọzịza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansci.wisc.edu/jjp1/equine/lab/male_anat/castration2.pdf|title=Castration Concerns for the Equine Owner|work=Department of Animal Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison|publisher=The Boards of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|accessdate=June 1, 2019}}</ref> === Nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịdị === Nsogbu ndị dị nta na-esochi nkedo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ebe nsogbu ndị siri ike dị ụkọ. Dịka otu nyocha siri dị, maka nkedo kwụ ọtọ, ọnụọgụ mgbagwoju anya bụ 22%, ebe maka nkedo nkwụghachi azụ bụ 6% (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-anwụ 1%).[1] Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ: * Ọzịza mgbe a wasịrị ya (edema) - obere na nke a na-ahụkarị <ref name="InPractice">Railton, D. (1999). "Complications associated with castration in the horse". ''In Practice'' 1999 21: 298–307</ref> * Mmetụta Scrotal / incisional - mmepụta seroma / abscess dị n'ógbè ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ na-emechi tupu akpa miri emi enwe oge iji mechie. Nke a chọrọ imeghe akpụkpọ ahụ, iji guzobe mmiri zuru oke. Iji gbochie ọnyá ahụ imechi ngwa ngwa, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-emega ịnyịnya ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị mgbe usoro ahụ gasịrị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji ọgwụ na-egbochi ọzịza na-abụghị steroid gwọọ ịnyịnya iji belata ọzịza ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpa inye ọgwụ nje.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Liberty M. Getman|title=Review of castration complications: strategies for treatment in the field|url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103149629|publisher=Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners|accessdate=December 25, 2022|pages=374–378|format=Conference paper|date=2009}}</ref> * Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-eduga na '''eriri schirrous''' - mmepụta nke granuloma na ebe a na-ebibi ya, nke nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè maka ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ * Evisceration, ọnọdụ ebe akụkụ afọ "na-ada" site na ịwa ahụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ bụ 85-100% ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ha ozugbo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị elu maka ndị a na-emeghị ozugbo. <ref name="searle" /> == Hụkwa == * Onye ọnaozi, onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na onye na-akwa ịnyịnyaịnyịnya ibu * Spaying na neutering (maka ụmụ anụmanụ) == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6btb4jozvdghrr3oud1qrj5j3dw1ymy Francisco Igea 0 51236 670931 539631 2026-07-01T23:34:29Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ fixed reference error 670931 wikitext text/x-wiki Fix{{Databox}} [[Usòrò:(Francisco_Igea)_Intervención_de_Francisco_Igea_en_la_toma_de_posesión_de_la_directora_general_María_García.jpg|thumb]] '''Francisco Igea Arisqueta''' (amụrụ 17 Eprel 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Spanish nke pati [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] n'etiti 2016 na 2023. Dọkịta site n'ọrụ ya, o duuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian-Leonese nke 2019, wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Junta of Castile na León mgbe ya na onye isi otu People's Party Alfonso Fernández Mañueco guzobe ọchịchị. Na ntuli aka 2022, otu ya tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke ya. Ọ bụbu onye so na Congress of Deputies (2015–2019) wee bụrụ onye gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka onye isi otu ya na 2020 . A chụpụrụ ya na ụmụ amaala n'afọ 2023 maka ịkatọ mkpebi ha ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 na Spen, ma jigide oche ya dị ka onye nweere onwe ya . == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Valladolid, Igea gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Medicine na Mahadum Valladolid . Ọkachamara na usoro nri nri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Palencia dị ka onye isi ngalaba ruo n'afọ 2013, mgbe o wepụtara onwe ya maka mgbapụta n'ihi mbelata. <ref name="quien" /> Igea zọọrọ primaries ka ọ duru Union, Progress and Democracy na 2015 Castilian-Leonese ntuli aka, meriri na Rafael Delgado. Ọ hapụrụ pati ahụ, maka [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] . <ref name="quien"> / A họpụtara ya na Congress of Deputies na Valladolid constituency na December 2015 . <ref>{{Cite news|title=La 'vuelta al cole' de los 32 diputados|url=https://www.eldiadevalladolid.com/noticia/zc54a4905-a59a-ce53-66d09f75ff9ea45a/201601/la-vuelta-al-cole-de-los-32-diputados|accessdate=27 March 2021|work=[[El Norte de Castilla]]|date=11 January 2016|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na June na-esote, ọ bụ naanị onye otu ya na Castile na León iji merie nhoputa ndi ozo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Igea, único diputado de C's en CyL, promete "sudar" tanto para un nuevo gobierno como para que cambien las cosas|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/Igea-diputado-Cs-CyL-gobierno_0_929907139.html|accessdate=28 March 2021|work=La Información|date=27 June 2016|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ banyere na kọmitii etiti nke otu ya, na-ahụ maka ahụike. <ref name="quien" /> Na njedebe nke 2021, Mañueco kpọrọ ntuli aka mbụ na ebumnuche nke ịchị naanị ya, dịka onye otu ya Isabel Díaz Ayuso nwetara na Community of Madrid . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Pablo Casado muestra su apoyo a Mañueco para liderar una victoria "en solitario"|url=https://www.laopiniondezamora.es/castilla-leon/2021/12/30/pablo-casado-muestra-apoyo-manueco-61135332.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=La Opinión de Zamora|date=30 December 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ndị isi otu pati mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghị mkpa nke mbụ, na-ehota iwu ọhụrụ n'ime pati ahụ maka mgbe enwere obere mkpọsa ntuli aka na-atụghị anya ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carvajal|first=Álvaro|title=Ciudadanos nombra a Francisco Igea candidato en Castilla y León sin primarias y apelando a la "unidad"|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2021/12/27/61c9978421efa02e318b456e.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=El Mundo|date=27 December 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ntuli aka ahụ kwụsịrị na ụmụ amaala tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke Igea ebe Vox nwetara uru; o kwere nkwa ịkwado na PP na ọchịchị Vox kacha elu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Igea lamenta la "catástrofe" de Cs y se ofrece al PP para evitar la entrada de Vox en el Gobierno de CyL|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-igea-lamenta-catastrofe-cs-ofrece-pp-evitar-entrada-vox-gobierno-cyl-20220214104158.html|accessdate=14 February 2022|date=14 February 2022|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, a chụpụrụ Igea na [[Edmundo Bal]] na ụmụ amaala maka ịkatọ mkpebi pati ahụ ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 Spanish . Igea anabataghị mkpebi ahụ ma ọ hapụghị oche ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ciudadanos expulsa a Edmundo Bal y a Francisco Igea|url=https://www.publico.es/politica/ciudadanos-expulsa-francisco-igea-edmundo-bal.html|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=28 September 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghịduuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8eoulbo7s2ptw7ekwzqqttkm0fa5gps Manish Gupta (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) 0 51808 670981 364123 2026-07-02T01:37:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|children=1997}} Manish Gupta bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ike na gọọmentị West Bengal. Ọ bụ onye otu ndị omebe iwu West Bengal. Na ntuli aka nke 2011 Vidhan Sabha nke West Bengal, o meriri onye isi ya mbụ - onye isi ala West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, onye nọgidere bụrụ onye omebe iwu nke mpaghara a afọ iri abụọ na anọ site na nnukwu oke nke 16684 votes. [2] Ọ jere ozi n'okpuru Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke West Bengal tupu ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye ọrụ IAS. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke West Bengal n'okpuru onye isi ala Jyoti Basu[3] - oge Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee bụ osote onye isi ala. Na 10 Machị 2017, a họpụtara Manish Gupta na-enweghị onye na-emegide ya na Rajya Sabha, mgbe oche ahụ dara n'efu mgbe Mithun Chakraborty gbara arụkwaghịm. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190822060740/http://www.jyotibasu.net/?q=node/308 Ụtụ isi Manish Gupta nyere onye isi ya, Jyoti Basu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030541/http://www.ceowb.in/ViewCandidateAffidavits.aspx?AffidavitsID=1812 Nkwupụta nke Manish Gupta tinyere na 2011 Assembly Election of West Bengal] == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8lubwivtgtp66f1qqm4kslabjllzznm Isabel Mijares 0 53606 671060 190830 2026-07-02T09:48:52Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ntụaka */ edensibịa 671060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''María Isabel Mijares''' '''García-Pelayo''' (1942 - 10 Febrụwarị 2024) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Spanish. A na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ winery na Spain. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|accessdate=11 February 2024|date=11 February 2024|first=Agapito Ojosnegros|language=es|author=Lázaro|title=Fallece a los 81 años Isabel Mijares, enóloga pionera y exponente del sector del vino|url=https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/castillayleon/fallece-anos-isabel-mijares-enologa-pionera-exponente-20240211164930-nt.html|work=El Norte de Castilla}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ María Isabel Mijares na Mérida, ebe o nwere "obi ụtọ nwata" ya na ụmụnne ya asatọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|accessdate=11 February 2024|date=11 February 2024|first=Agapito Ojosnegros|language=es|author=Lázaro|title=Fallece a los 81 años Isabel Mijares, enóloga pionera y exponente del sector del vino|url=https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/castillayleon/fallece-anos-isabel-mijares-enologa-pionera-exponente-20240211164930-nt.html|work=El Norte de Castilla}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=Muere Isabel Mijares, primera enóloga de España y gran maestra y divulgadora del vino|url=https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/elmundovino/2024/02/11/65c8d15121efa0516b8b457b.html|accessdate=13 February 2024|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna ya bụ ndị siliọn, ma na-arụ ebe a na-eri mmanya n'ụlọ, bụ nke e si na ya mata ya n'ịme mmanya. <ref name=":2" /> Mijares malitere ịmụ kemịkalụ na Universidad Complutense, mana ọ kwụsịrị akara ugo mmụta ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Cucala|first=Sara|date=11 February 2024|title=Muere Isabel Mijares, la primera enóloga y directora de una bodega en España|url=https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2024-02-11/muere-isabel-mijares-la-primera-enologa-y-directora-de-una-bodega-en-espana.html|accessdate=13 February 2024|work=El País|language=es}}</ref> Na 1967 ọ malitere ịmụ nkà mmụta sayensị na Institute of Oenology nke Mahadum Bordeaux dị na France mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka gọọmentị France. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=Muere Isabel Mijares, primera enóloga de España y gran maestra y divulgadora del vino|url=https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/elmundovino/2024/02/11/65c8d15121efa0516b8b457b.html|accessdate=13 February 2024|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/elmundovino/2024/02/11/65c8d15121efa0516b8b457b.html "Muere Isabel Mijares, primera enóloga de España y gran maestra y divulgadora del vino"]. ''ELMUNDO'' (in Spanish). 11 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Emile Peynaud, onye ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1970, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na oenology na Institute. <ref name=":2" /> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Curso de vinos latinoamericanos'' y ''Curso de vinos españoles'', 1992, na mmekorita ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobre. * (ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobr, nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1995e) * Colección de ''Guías de vinos y bodegas'' . 1996, Editorial El País-Aguilar na mmekorita ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobre. == Edensibịa == nna ya bụ ndị siliọn, ma na-arụ ebe a na-eri mmanya n'ụlọ{{Reflist}} mn44a78itoh06dxfws1xgoudd1fj2hr 671063 671060 2026-07-02T09:50:46Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 671063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''María Isabel Mijares''' '''García-Pelayo''' (1942 - 10 Febrụwarị 2024) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Spanish. A na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ winery na Spain. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|accessdate=11 February 2024|date=11 February 2024|first=Agapito Ojosnegros|language=es|author=Lázaro|title=Fallece a los 81 años Isabel Mijares, enóloga pionera y exponente del sector del vino|url=https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/castillayleon/fallece-anos-isabel-mijares-enologa-pionera-exponente-20240211164930-nt.html|work=El Norte de Castilla}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ María Isabel Mijares na Mérida, ebe o nwere "obi ụtọ nwata" ya na ụmụnne ya asatọ. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=Muere Isabel Mijares, primera enóloga de España y gran maestra y divulgadora del vino|url=https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/elmundovino/2024/02/11/65c8d15121efa0516b8b457b.html|accessdate=13 February 2024|work=ELMUNDO|language=es}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna ya bụ ndị siliọn, ma na-arụ ebe a na-eri mmanya n'ụlọ, bụ nke e si na ya mata ya n'ịme mmanya. <ref name=":2" /> Mijares malitere ịmụ kemịkalụ na Universidad Complutense, mana ọ kwụsịrị akara ugo mmụta ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Cucala|first=Sara|date=11 February 2024|title=Muere Isabel Mijares, la primera enóloga y directora de una bodega en España|url=https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2024-02-11/muere-isabel-mijares-la-primera-enologa-y-directora-de-una-bodega-en-espana.html|accessdate=13 February 2024|work=El País|language=es}}</ref> Na 1967 ọ malitere ịmụ nkà mmụta sayensị na Institute of Oenology nke Mahadum Bordeaux dị na France mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka gọọmentị France. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Emile Peynaud, onye ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ ya. <ref name=":2" /> Na 1970, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na oenology na Institute. <ref name=":2" /> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Curso de vinos latinoamericanos'' y ''Curso de vinos españoles'', 1992, na mmekorita ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobre. * (ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobr, nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1995e) * Colección de ''Guías de vinos y bodegas'' . 1996, Editorial El País-Aguilar na mmekorita ya na José Antonio Sáez Illobre. == Edensibịa == nna ya bụ ndị siliọn, ma na-arụ ebe a na-eri mmanya n'ụlọ{{Reflist}} 67c8awoamznl8yq4r7vkko6xusen8pw Liz Kelly 0 53629 670895 595728 2026-07-01T20:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dessin représentant la sociologue britannique Liz Kelly.jpg|thumb|Liz Kelly]] '''Elizabeth A. Kelly ''' CBE (amụrụ 1951) [1] bụ onye prọfesọ Britain na onye isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka ime ihe ike ụmụaka na nwanyị (CWASU), Mahadum London Metropolitan, [2] onye bụbu onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ, onye akwụ ụgwọ ugbu a, National Women's National Commission. 3] na onye isi oche, yana Marai Larasi, nke ngwụcha ime ihe ike megide njikọta ụmụ nwanyị. == Ọrụ == Kelly edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu metụtara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Child Abuse Review . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz (guest editor)|title=Editorial: Gender and child harm|journal=Child Abuse Review|volume=18|issue=6|pages=367–371|doi=10.1002/car.1097|date=November 2009}}</ref> Ntụle ya nke ihe kpatara ọtụtụ ndị eboro ebubo n'ike n'ike na-aga n'enweghị ikpe na enweghị ikpe, nke o duziri maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ikpe, kwuru, "na n'oge ọ bụla nke usoro iwu, echiche na-ezighị ezi na ajọ mbunobi na-ekere òkè na ime mkpebi". N'akwụkwọ ya "The Hidden Gender of Law", Kelly na-ekwu na "enweghi ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti mmekọahụ na ndina n'ike, kama ọ bụ nrụgide, iyi egwu, nrụgide na ike". Ọ na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile na-enwe ihe ike mmekọahụ n'oge ụfọdụ na ndụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xo0gTQg5oi8C&pg=PA44|title=Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory|first=James W.|author=Messerschmidt|date=27 September 1993|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780847678693}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Kelly "Ịlanahụ Ime Ihe Ike Mmekọahụ" na-akọwa ime ihe ike mmekọahụ dịka gụnyere "omume anụ ahụ, anya, okwu ọnụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ nke nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ na-enwe, n'oge ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka iyi egwu, mbuso agha ma ọ bụ mbuso agha, nke nwere mmetụta nke na-emerụ ya ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eweda ya ala na / ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ikike ya ịchịkwa." Wendy McElroy katọrọ nkọwa dị otú ahụ, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ihe na-akpata ọdachi" na-ekwupụtakwa "akwa ụta abụghị ihe nrịbama nke nkwenye". E nyere Kelly [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 2000 New Years Honours, maka ọrụ iji lụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ọgụ. == Nkwado == A matara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC nke afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-27|title=BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Surviving sexual violence|url=https://archive.org/details/survivingsexualv0000kell|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|series=Feminist Perspectives Series|year=1988|isbn=9780816617531}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Elizabeth|title=Surviving sexual abuse|publisher=Gore & Osment|location=Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales|year=1995|series=Health Books Series|isbn=9781875531783}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Elizabeth A.|title=Education, democracy, and public knowledge|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder Colorado|year=1995|isbn=9780813316345|url=https://archive.org/details/educationdemocra0000kell}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Women, violence, and male power: feminist activism, research, and practice|publisher=Open University Press|location=Buckingham Philadelphia|year=1996|isbn=9780335195060}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Supporting women and challenging men: lessons from the Domestic Violence Intervention Project|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol|year=1998|isbn=9781861340689}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Challenging violence against women: the Canadian experience|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol, UK|year=2001|isbn=9781861342782}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Children's perspectives on domestic violence|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]|location=London|year=2002|isbn=9780761971061}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Moving in the shadows: violence in the lives of minority women and children|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey Burlington, Vermont|year=2013|isbn=9781409433170}} === Isiakwụkwọ dị n'akwụkwọ === *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * [http://web.mit.edu/end_violence/Articles/Wars%20Against%20Women.pdf Pdf.]  *   *   *   *   === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title='Nothing really happened': the invalidation of women's experiences of sexual violence|journal=[[Critical Social Policy]]|volume=10|issue=30|pages=39–53|doi=10.1177/026101839001003003|date=December 1990}} * [http://www.troubleandstrife.org/issues/Issue21_FullScan.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Unspeakable acts: women who abuse|journal=Trouble & Strife|volume=21|pages=13–20|date=Summer 1991|url=http://www.troubleandstrife.org/articles/issue-21/}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz (guest editor)|title=Inclusion not exclusion|journal=[[Child Abuse Review]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=147–149|doi=10.1002/car.2380010303|date=December 1992}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=The connections between disability and child abuse: a review of the research evidence|journal=[[Child Abuse Review]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=157–167|doi=10.1002/car.2380010305|date=December 1992}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Can't hear or won't hear? — the evidential experience of children with disabilities|journal=[[Child Abuse Review]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=188–190|doi=10.1002/car.2380010311|date=December 1992}} * [http://www.troubleandstrife.org/issues/Issue33_FullScan.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Weasel words: pedophiles and the cycle of abuse|journal=Trouble & Strife|volume=33|pages=44–49|date=Summer 1996|url=http://www.troubleandstrife.org/articles/issue-33/weasel-words-paedophiles-and-the-cycle-of-abuse/}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Sexual exploitation of children in Europe: Child pornography|journal=[[Journal of Sexual Aggression]]|volume=6|issue=1–2|pages=6–28|doi=10.1080/13552600008413307|date=January 2000}} * {{Cite journal|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=How do children understand and cope with domestic violence?|journal=Practice|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17–26|doi=10.1080/09503150208414289|date=January 2002}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=The wrong debate: reflections on why force is not the key issue with respect to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation|journal=Feminist Review|volume=73|issue=1|pages=139–144|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400086|date=January 2003}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=The perils of inclusion and exclusion: international debates on the status of trafficked women as victims|journal=[[International Review of Victimology]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=33–47|doi=10.1177/026975800401100103|date=September 2004}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title="You can find anything you want": a critical reflection on research on trafficking in persons within and into Europe|journal=[[International Migration (journal)|International Migration]]|volume=43|issue=1–2|pages=235–265|doi=10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00319.x|date=January 2005}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Inside outsiders: Mainstreaming violence against women into human rights discourse and practice|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|volume=7|issue=4|pages=471–495|doi=10.1080/14616740500284391|date=December 2005}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings|journal=[[Journal of Sexual Aggression]]|volume=15|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1080/13552600802653818|date=March 2009}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz (guest editor)|title=Editorial: Gender and child harm|journal=Child Abuse Review|volume=18|issue=6|pages=367–371|doi=10.1002/car.1097|date=November 2009}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Roads to nowhere? Mapping specialised violence against women services|journal=[[Violence Against Women (journal)|Violence Against Women]]|volume=17|issue=3|pages=404–425|doi=10.1177/1077801211398637|pmid=26086982|date=March 2011}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Reconstructing and sequencing behaviours in multiple perpetrator rape|journal=Psychology, Crime & Law|volume=19|issue=3|pages=253–275|doi=10.1080/1068316X.2011.631537|date=April 2013}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Why extending measurements of 'success' in domestic violence perpetrator programmes matters for social work|journal=[[The British Journal of Social Work]]|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1092–1110|doi=10.1093/bjsw/bcs049|date=September 2013}} === Akwụkwọ === ==== Maka CWASU ==== * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title="What support?": an exploratory study of Council policy and practice, and local support services in the area of domestic violence within Hammersmith and Fulham: final report|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=1989|oclc=779176979}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180417041702/http://www.barnardos.org.uk/splintered_lives_report.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback MachineArchived-date":{"wt":"26 October 2019"},"archive-url":{"wt":"<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20191026131159/http://www.barnardos.org.uk/resources/research_and_publications/splintered-lives-sexual-exploitation-of-children-in-the-context-of-childrens-rights-and-child-protection/publication-view.jsp?pid=PUB-1374</nowiki>"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwtg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">  * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Children, domestic violence and refuges: a study of needs and responses|publisher=Women's Aid Federation England Ltd|location=London|year=1996|isbn=9780907817659}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130709225657/http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/lessons-domestic-violence-intervention-project N'ịntanetị.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526161057/http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/spr338.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|others=With [[Julie Bindel]], Sheila Burton, Dianne Butterworth, Kate Cook and Linda Regan|title=Supporting women and challenging men: lessons from the Domestic Violence Intervention Project|publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation|location=Bristol|year=1998|isbn=9781861340689}} * [http://www.vawpreventionscotland.org.uk/sites/www.vawpreventionscotland.org.uk/files/1998YPattitudes%20research.pdf Pdf sitere na Zero Tolerance.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Young people's attitudes towards violence, sex and relationships: a survey and focus group study|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University with the Media Research Unit, University of Glasgow|location=London|year=1998|url=http://www.cwasu.org/project_display.asp?pageid=PROJECTS&type=11&pagekey=55&year=1997|accessdate=27 July 2021}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090014/http://www.womenssupportproject.co.uk/vawtraining/content/childhoodsexualabuseincest/275/userfiles/file/resources/nationalresources/ExpStudyPrevSexualAbuse(4).pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=An exploratory study of the prevalence of sexual abuse in a sample of 16-21 year olds|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=1998|oclc=59908155}} * Ọgwụgwụ nke akụkọ onyinye nye [[Kansụl Nnyocha Akụnụba na Ọha|ESRC]].{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Legacies of abuse - 'Its more complicated than that': a qualitative study of the meaning and impacts of sexual abuse in childhood|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=1998|isbn=9781853772535}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151201011339/http://www.womensaid.ie/campaigns/ourpubawarecamp.html Nkọwa n'ịntanetị.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Teenage tolerance: the hidden lives of young Irish people: a study of young peoples experience and responses to violence and abuse|publisher=Dublin Women's Aid and the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=Dublin|year=1999|oclc=779127847}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Children's needs coping strategies and understanding of woman abuse|publisher=[[ESRC|ESRC Full Research Report]]|location=Swindon|id=L129251037|year=1999|url=http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/L129251037/read|oclc=779177788|accessdate=27 July 2021}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130709190946/http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/working-with-families-where-there-domestic-violence N'ịntanetị.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710162718/http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/jr087-families-services-violence.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=From good intentions to good practice: mapping services working with families where there is domestic violence|publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation|location=Bristol|year=2000|isbn=9781861342454}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Rhetorics and realities: sexual exploitation of children in Europe|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=2000|isbn=9781853773105}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Challenging violence against women: the Canadian experience|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol, UK|year=2001|isbn=9781861342782}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Good practice in medical responses to recently reported rape, especially forensic examinations: a briefing paper for the Daphne Strengthening the Linkages Project|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe|location=London|year=2003|isbn=9780954480325}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Achievements against the grain: self-defence training for women and girls in Europe|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe|location=London|year=2003|isbn=9780954480301}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Rape: still a forgotten issue: briefing document for strengthening the linkages - consolidating the European Network Project|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe|location=London|year=2003|isbn=9780954480332}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Worth less or worth more? An evaluation of the Maze Marigold Project|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for YWCA|location=London|year=2003|isbn=9780954480318}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120749/http://www.popcenter.org/problems/street_prostitution/PDFs/Bindel%26Kelly_2003.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=A critical examination of responses to prostitution in four countries: Victoria; Australia; Ireland; the Netherlands; Sweden|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Routes Out Partnership Board|location=London|year=2003|oclc=779173242}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184803/http://embracedignity.org/uploads/DemandReportREAD.PDF Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title='It's just like going to the supermarket': men buying sex in East London: report for Safe Exit Tower Hamlets|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe|location=London|year=2007|isbn=9780954480356}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002165005/http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/5827%5Cmrdoc%5Cpdf%5C5827userguide.pdf Pdf.] ESRC kwadoro ya.{{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Rape in the 21st Century; old behaviours, new contexts and emerging powers|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe|location=London|date=January 2007|url=http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/RES-000-22-1679/read|accessdate=30 September 2015}} * Ọ bụ Equal Opportunities Commission na Roddick Foundation kwadoro ya.{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=From the outset: why violence should be a priority for the Commission for Equality and Human Rights|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=June 2007|url=}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002040001/http://www.aafda.org.uk/Resources/if_only_we%27d_known.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title='If only we'd known': an exploratory study of seven intimate partner homicides in Engleshire – final report to the Engleshire Domestic Violence Homicide Review Group|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=July 2007|url=http://www.ccinform.co.uk/research/if-only-wed-known-an-exploratory-study-of-seven-intimate-partner-homicides-in-engleshire-final-report-to-the-engleshire-domestic-violence-homicide-review-group/|accessdate=30 September 2015}} * [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/UKThematicReportVAW41.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=CEDAW thematic shadow report: violence against women in the UK: 2007|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for CEDAW|location=London|year=2008|isbn=9780954480370}} * {{Cite book|author=Liz|first=Kelly|title=Nordic Baltic pilot project for the support, protection, safe return and rehabilitation of women victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: Evaluation report|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=September 2008}} * [http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Daphne_Scotland_Briefing-__Different_Systems,_similar_outcomes%283%29.pdf Pdf.] [http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different Akụkọ ikpeazụ, pdf.] Ọ bụ European Commission Daphne II Programme kwadoro ya.{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven European countries (Country briefing: Scotland)|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=May 2009|url=http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/publications/different-systems-similar-outcomes-tracking-attrition-in-reported-rape-cases-in-eleven-countries/}}  * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=A missing link? An exploratory study of the connections between non-consensual sex and teenage pregnancy|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=July 2010|url=http://www.ccinform.co.uk/research/a-missing-link-an-exploratory-study-of-the-connections-between-non-consensual-sex-and-teenage-pregnancy/|accessdate=30 September 2015}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010330/https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/0669e981-140a-4b05-acc2-5a2428743222_apRRS.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Realising rights: case studies on state responses to violence against women and children in Europe|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=2011|isbn=9780954480387}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063333/http://www.ccrm.org.uk/images/docs/10.2ainto%20the%20foreground%20-%20jacana%20evaluation%20report.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Into the foreground: an evaluation of the Jacana Parenting Programme|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=2011|url=http://www.ccrm.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=258&Itemid=323}} * Akụkọ a na-ebipụtaghị, akụkụ ya ka e hotara na [https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083633/http://henrysmithcharity.org.uk/documents/IslandsintheStreammainreport2011.pdf pdf a.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Everywhere and anywhere: a focus group study on domestic violence information and awareness raising|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for the Trust for London and the Henry Smith Charity|location=London|year=2011}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001403/http://www.niaendingviolence.org.uk/perch/resources/boys-think-girls-are-toys-nia-project-evaluation-report.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Boys think girls are toys?: An evaluation of the NIA Project Prevention Programme on sexual exploitation|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=May 2011|url=http://www.ccinform.co.uk/research/boys-think-girls-are-toys-an-evaluation-of-the-nia-project-prevention-programme-on-sexual-exploitation/|accessdate=2015-09-30}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002010238/http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Sex_without_consent_I_suppose_that_is_rape_newprint.pdf Pdf.] Akụkọ e nyere iwu maka Office of the Children's Commissioner's Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups.{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title="Sex without consent, I suppose that is rape": How young people in England understand sexual consent|publisher=Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|date=November 2013|url=http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/publications/sex-without-consent-i-suppose-rape-how-young-people-england-understand-sexual-consent|accessdate=2015-09-30}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160929025935/http://solacewomensaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/SWA-Finding-Costs-of-Freedom-Report.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Finding the cost of freedom|publisher=Solace Women's Aid / Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University|location=London|year=2014|url=http://solacewomensaid.org/press-release-finding-the-costs-of-freedom/|accessdate=30 September 2015}} ==== Ụlọ Ọrụ ==== * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/hors193.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Domestic violence matters: an evaluation of a development project|publisher=Home Office, Research Studies|location=London|id=193|year=1999|isbn=9781840821376}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083147/http://www.ieei.com.pt/traficodepessoas/images/documentos/stopping.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Stopping traffic: exploring the extent of, and responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK|publisher=Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit|location=London|id=125|year=2000|isbn=9781840824667}} * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/hors285.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Sexual Assault Referral Centres: developing good practice and maximising potentials|publisher=Home Office Research Study|location=London|id=285|year=2004|isbn=9781844732869}} * [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.183.8948&rep=rep1&type=pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Forensic nursing an option for improving responses to reported rape and sexual assault|publisher=Home Office Development and Practice|location=London|id=31|year=2004|isbn=9781844733187}} * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=A gap or a chasm?: Attrition in reported rape cases|publisher=Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate|location=London|id=293|year=2005|isbn=9781844735556}} * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130128103514/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/abstracts/rdsolr2006.html N'ịntanetị.] [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130128103514/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/rdsolr2006.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Section 41 an evaluation of new legislation limiting sexual history evidence in rape trials|publisher=Home Office Online Reports|location=London|id=OLR 20/06|year=2006|isbn=9781844739264}} * [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/evaluation-of-the-pilot-of-domestic-violence-protection-orders N'ịntanetị.] [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/260897/horr76.pdf Pdf.] Nnyocha nke Iwu Nchebe Ime Ihe Ike n'Ụlọ (DVPOs) maka Nzukọ Mpụ na Ndị Uwe Ojii nke Mba Nile 2015.{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|others=Joanna R. Adler; Miranda A.H. Horvarth; Jo Lovett; Mark Coulson; David Kernohan; and Mark Gray|title=Evaluation of the pilot of domestic violence protection orders|publisher=Home Office, Crime research and analysis|location=London|id=76|year=2013|isbn=9781782462620}} ==== Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ==== * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụzọ ndị na-eduga na ikpe ziri ezi: nyocha nyocha na akụkọ, nyocha na ikpe ikpe nke ikpe ndina n'ike. London: HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI). OCLC 224119621. Nnyocha akwụkwọ n'ihu akụkọ nke HMCPSI nyere iwu ma bipụta n'afọ sochirinụ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117232738/https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/cjji/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/04/Rapelitrev.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Routes to (in)justice: a research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases|publisher=[[Crown Prosecution Service#Inspection|HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI)]]|location=London|date=October 2001|oclc=224119621}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha nyocha banyere akụkọ, nyocha na ikpe nke ikpe ndina n'ike. London: HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI). OCLC 50329254. HMCPSI nyere iwu ka ha mee ka ha mara nyocha ha banyere nyocha na ikpe ikpe gbasara ebubo ndina n'ike.{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=A research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases|publisher=[[Crown Prosecution Service#Inspection|HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI)]]|location=London|year=2002|oclc=50329254}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002000418/http://www.ieei.com.pt/traficodepessoas/images/documentos/womenandchildren.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Journeys of jeopardy: a review of research on trafficking in women and children in Europe|publisher=International Organization for Migration|location=Vienna, Austria|year=2002|series=IOM migration research series|id=no. 11|oclc=51758037}} * {{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Violence against women and children: Vision, Innovation and Professionalism in policing (VIP Guide)|publisher=Council of Europe Publishing (Editions du Conseil de l'Europe)|location=Strasbourg|year=2003|isbn=9789287151216}} * [http://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/resources/united-kingdom/cedaw-thematic-shadow-report-2003-violence-against-women-uk N'ịntanetị.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=CEDAW thematic shadow report: violence against women in the UK: 2003|publisher=Women’s National Commission, Amnesty International and Indigo Trust|location=London|year=2004|oclc=779148189}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193511/http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/18/what-a-waste-2004.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=What a waste: the case for an integrated violence against women strategy|publisher=[[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]]|location=London|date=February 2005|url=http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/resources/18/what-a-waste-january-2005|oclc=59352200|accessdate=2015-09-30}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151001164429/http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Fertile_Fields.pdf Pdf.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Fertile fields: trafficking in persons in Central Asia: a report|publisher=International Organization for Migration|location=Vienna, Austria|year=2005|isbn=9789290682431}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002044432/http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/33/map_of_gapsNov07.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Map of gaps: the postcode lottery of violence against women support services|publisher=[[End Violence Against Women Coalition|End Violence Against Women]]|location=London|year=2007|url=http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/resources/33/map-of-gaps-november-2007|accessdate=2015-09-30}}  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140530052543/http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/38/realising_rights-jul-08.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Realising rights, fulfilling obligations: a template for an integrated strategy on violence against women for the UK|publisher=[[End Violence Against Women Coalition|End Violence Against Women]]|location=London|year=2008|url=http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/resources/38/realising-rights-fulfilling-obligations-july-2008|accessdate=2015-10-06}}  * [https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/BrownHorvathKellyandWestmarland2010Connectionsanddisconnectionsassessingevidenceknowledgeandpracticeinresponsestorape.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Connections and disconnections: assessing evidence, knowledge and practice in responses to rape|publisher=[[Government Equalities Office]]|location=London|date=April 2010|oclc=785808273}} * [https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/BrownHorvathKellyandWestmarland2010bHasanythingchanged.pdf Pdf.]{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Has anything changed? Results of a comparative study (1977-2010) on opinions on rape|publisher=[[Government Equalities Office]]|location=London|date=April 2010|oclc=912957804}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322012517/https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/research-units/hrsj/staff-and-associates/liz-kelly.cfm Liz Kelly], London Metropolitan University [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mj5kta7gci50ohi7jtn04ecdfhzf3hq Megan Balks 0 54042 671310 192167 2026-07-02T11:54:32Z Ennydavids 13406 /* Ọrụ */ Fix reference error 671310 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Megan Ruby Balks''' NZAM (amụrụ 1960) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ala Antarctic nke New Zealand na onye bụbu onye nkuzi na Mahadum Waikato . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na 1960, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waikato.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/64WAIKATO_INST/10hutka/alma992877193503401|title=Some effects of land treatment/disposal of New Zealand meat processing plant effluent on soil properties|work=University of Waikato library catalogue|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref> A zụlitere Balks n'ugbo atụrụ dị na Wairarapa, na-enye ya ekele maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ chọkwara ịbụ ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Massey, na-emecha nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na sayensị ala. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2024|title=New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/|accessdate=25 January 2024|first=Dean|author=Taylor|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ<ref name=":0" /> == Balks kụziri na Mahadum Waikato site na 1988 ruo mgbe ọ hapụrụ na 2018, wee kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ 10 nyocha ala Antarctic. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-30|title=New Year Honours List 2024 - Citation for the New Zealand Antarctic Medal {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/ny2024-nzam|accessdate=2024-01-25|work=www.dpmc.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref> Na 1990, Balks, yana ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ala ndị ọzọ, malitere nyocha permafrost Antarctica na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2024|title=New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/|accessdate=25 January 2024|first=Dean|author=Taylor|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2024">Taylor, Dean (3 January 2024). [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/ "New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science"]. ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe e nyere ya ọrụ a, o nwere obi abụọ n’ihi na o kweghị na Antarctic ga-enwe ala dị ukwuu ha ga-amụ. N'ọrụ mbụ ya, ọ lere anya n'ala sitere n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke United States wuru n'afọ 1950. <ref name=":1" /> Na mkpokọta, ọ mezuru njem njem ubi 19 Antarctic, gụnyere 12 dị ka onye ndu ubi. Ya na ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ debere ọdụ ụgbọ ala na-enyocha ihu igwe na Antarctic, na-akọ na mmemme Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM), nke na-atụle mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na mpaghara pola. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Site na etiti 1990s ruo 2001, Balks bụ onye otu na kọmiti nchekwa nchekwa Waikato. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Waikato Conservation Board appointments announced {{!}} Beehive.govt.nz|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/waikato-conservation-board-appointments-announced|accessdate=2024-01-26|work=www.beehive.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2023, ọ bụ onye otu Crysol Working Group nke International Union of Soil Sciences, ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche afọ abụọ. Site na 2008 ruo 2022, Balks nọchitere New Zealand na kansụl nke International Permafrost Association, ebe na 2019, o mepụtara ọgbakọ permafrost mpaghara South Hemisphere mbụ ya. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịbụ onye ntọala na odeakwụkwọ nke ANTPAS (Antarctic Permafrost and Soils), onye otu Royal Society of New Zealand 's Committee on Antarctic Research, onye so na New Zealand Geographic Board Committee of Place Nameing in the New Zealand Geographic Board of Place Nameing. Ross Sea Region nke Antarctica, na onye isi oche nke New Zealand Society of Soil Science si 2018 ruo 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-30|title=New Year Honours List 2024 - Citation for the New Zealand Antarctic Medal {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/ny2024-nzam|accessdate=2024-01-25|work=www.dpmc.govt.nz|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/ny2024-nzam "New Year Honours List 2024 - Citation for the New Zealand Antarctic Medal | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)"]. ''www.dpmc.govt.nz''. 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> {{As of|2024}} Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''State of the World Soils Report'' nke UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2024|title=New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/|accessdate=25 January 2024|first=Dean|author=Taylor|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2024">Taylor, Dean (3 January 2024). [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/ "New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science"]. ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2021, Balks na ndị nchọpụta abụọ ọzọ bipụtara akwụkwọ bụ ''Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand'' . O nwere isi iri na asatọ ma kọwaa ala New Zealand dịka nhazi ala New Zealand siri dị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand » Geoscience Society of New Zealand|url=https://gsnz.org.nz/news-and-events/newsflashes-and-other-news/soils-of-aotearoa-new-zealand/|accessdate=2024-01-26|work=Geoscience Society of New Zealand|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2024 Afọ Ọhụrụ nsọpụrụ, e nyere Balks ihe nrite New Zealand Antarctic, maka ọrụ na sayensị ala Antarctic. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-30|title=New Year Honours List 2024 - Citation for the New Zealand Antarctic Medal {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/ny2024-nzam|accessdate=2024-01-25|work=www.dpmc.govt.nz|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/ny2024-nzam "New Year Honours List 2024 - Citation for the New Zealand Antarctic Medal | Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC)"]. ''www.dpmc.govt.nz''. 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Balks nwere di aha ya bụ Errol. N'ihe dị ka 1980s ha abụọ kwagara Dunedin n'ihi ọrụ Balks na Central Otago, ka Errol wee mụọ nyocha ala. Ha bi ugbu a na Waikato ma nwee ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe ha, ebe ha nwere ụdị atụrụ na-amịpụta eriri Balks na-eji eme ihe omume ntụrụndụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2024|title=New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/|accessdate=25 January 2024|first=Dean|author=Taylor|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2024">Taylor, Dean (3 January 2024). [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-year-honours-2024-dr-megan-balks-recognised-for-services-to-antarctic-soil-science/YYB5OI7YLRD6VNAJMYWIUBWSNY/ "New Year Honours 2024: Dr Megan Balks recognised for services to Antarctic soil science"]. ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   {{Cite book|author=Hewitt|first=Allan E.|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6|title=The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-64761-2|series=World Soils Book Series|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] jqxd90x9t2sk6xwy1mjfoqv08o7ibsf Martha Chickering 0 54214 670992 195807 2026-07-02T04:30:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Martha_A._Chickering_1942.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Chickering c. 1942]] '''Martha Alexander Chickering''' (1886-1988) bụ onye nkuzi ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye nduzi nke California State Department of Social Welfare (1939-1945) na onye otu California Social Work Hall of Distinction. A gụnyere ya maka ọrụ ya n'ịmepụta agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na steeti [[California]].<ref name="Hall">{{Cite web|title=Martha Chickerimg|url=https://www.socialworkhallofdistinction.org/honorees/chickering-martha/|work=California Social Work Hall of Distinction|accessdate=22 December 2022|archivedate=22 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222002949/https://www.socialworkhallofdistinction.org/honorees/chickering-martha/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Chickering nke Massachusetts, emesia Oakland na Piedmont, California.[1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ọzụzụ NYC YWCA site na 1911 ruo 1913 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Berkeley na 1910.<ref name="Hall"/> Site na 1918 ruo 1920, Chickering duuru ndị Sameria Grey Polish (nke Laura de Turczynowicz tọrọ ntọala), [1] Mgbalị YWCA na mwughachi agha agha gasịrị na Poland e hiwere ọhụrụ n'okpuru Herbert Hoover hiwere American Relief Association. N'afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Red Cross America maka afọ ise.<ref name="Hall"/> Mgbe ngalaba akụ na ụba nke Berkeley malitere usoro asambodo ọrụ ọha na eze na 1928, e goro Chickering ka ọ lekọta ọzụzụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ wee ghọọ onye nduzi mmemme na 1932. <ref name="Hall"/> Na 1936, ọ nwetara PhD na akụnụba na UC Berkeley wee bụrụ onye prọfesọ nke Berkeley's Curriculum na Ọrụ Ọha n'otu afọ ahụ.[1][2] N'afọ 1939, ọ ghọrọ onye ntụzi nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmekọrịta ọha na eze California. <ref name="Hall" /> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1945, Martha kwagara n'Ọzara Mojave na mpụga Victorville, California ma gaa n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ. Ọ kwagara Pasadena, California mgbe ọ na-enweghị ike ibi naanị ya. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ na 1988 mgbe ọ dị afọ 102.<ref name="Hall"/> == Ihe Nketa == Na 1994, UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare hiwere Martha Chickering Fellowship . <ref name="Fellow">{{Cite web|title=Martha Chickering Fellowship|url=https://socialwelfare.berkeley.edu/martha-chickering-fellowship|work=UC Berkeley Fellowship|accessdate=22 December 2022|archivedate=22 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222023610/https://socialwelfare.berkeley.edu/martha-chickering-fellowship}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * N'ime Free Poland Via Germany nke Overseas Dept., National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations, New York City, N.Y., 1920 bipụtara  * [https://www.bbs.ca.gov/pdf/y_ca_registers_social_workers.pdf Ihe mere California ji edebanye aha ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta ya]; California Conference of Social Welfare, May 26, 1948, Long Beach. Nke California Board of Behavioral Services nyere. * [https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/27/2/113/28092/The-Founding-of-a-Mojave-Desert-Community Ntọala nke Ọzara Mojave]. ''California Historical Society Quarterly'' 1 June 1948; 27 (2): 113-122.   [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span>:</span>[[doi:10.2307/25156094|10.2307/25156094]] == Edensibia == <references /> ofizax1w5pmo5nx82w87fllzurc8td7 Emma Cabrera 0 54488 671172 645420 2026-07-02T10:44:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{MedalTableTop|sport=Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]|country_code=MEX|medals={{Medal|Competition|[[Pan American Games]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[1995 Pan American Games|1995 Mar del Plata]]|[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Central American and Caribbean Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|1993 Ponce]]|[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|1998 Maracaibo]]|[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1995 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|1995 Guatemala City]]|Half marathon}}}}'''Emma Cabrera Palafox''' (amụrụ 5 Mee 1964) bụ onye Mexico bụbu onye agba ọsọ ogologo oge nke gbara asọmpi na marathon . Ọ bụ onye mmeri ugboro abụọ na Central America na Caribbean Games na otu ugboro na asọmpi Central America na Caribbean na egwuregwu . Ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla na 1995 Pan American Games . Ihe kacha mma ya bụ elekere 2:35:43. == Ọrụ == Amụrụ na Carboneras dị nso na Mineral del Chico, Cabrera nwere marathon nke mbụ ya na nkeji atọ na 1991, na-emecha Marathon Houston na 2:53:54 awa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya gara nke ọma n'afọ iri ahụ, malite na nrite ọla edo na 1993 Central American na Caribbean Games n'oge ndekọ egwuregwu nke awa 2:42:29. Mpụta mbụ ya zuru ụwa ọnụ sochiri na 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championship, ebe ọ bụ 60th n'ozuzu ya. Ọ gbara ọsọ marathon ya kacha mma n'afọ ahụ - 2:35:43 awa maka onye gbara ọsọ na [[Monterrey Marathon]] . Ihe nrite ya kachasị elu bịara na 1995 Pan American Games na Mar del Plata, ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla na marathon. Ọ meriri utu aha mpaghara abụọ ọzọ na 1990s: ọ tolitere podium ọkara marathon na asọmpi 1995 Central America na Caribbean tupu ịgbachitere okpueze marathon mpaghara ya na 1998 Central American na Caribbean Games . Cabrera bụ onye mmeri 1996 nke Marathon Marine Corps n'oge nke 2:48:34 awa, ghọrọ naanị nwanyị nke abụọ na-abụghị onye America meriri n'ọsọ ahụ. Otu n'ime mmeri sekit ndị ọzọ bụ Marathon City Mexico na 1994, na mmeri ọrụ atọ na Ciudad de Merida Marathon na Marathon Trabajadores na Mexico City. Ọ meriri otu aha mba, na-ebute ụzọ na mita 10,000 na [[Mexican Athletics Championships|asọmpi egwuregwu egwuregwu Mexico]] na 1997. Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-asọmpi ruo afọ iri ise ya na na 2014 mezuru marathon ọkara nke 100 ya. == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |1993 |[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |[[Ponce, Puerto Rico]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |2:42:29 |- |1994 |[[1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]] |[[Oslo]], Norway |60th |Half marathon |[[1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships#Women's|1:15:14]] |- |rowspan=2|1995 |[[1995 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] |[[Guatemala City]], Guatemala |bgcolor=gold|1st |Half marathon |1:17:13 |- |[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Marathon |[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games – Women's marathon|2:46:36]] |- |1996 |[[Marine Corps Marathon]] |[[Washington, D.C.]], United States |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |2:48:34 |- |1998 |[[Athletics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |[[Maracaibo]], Venezuela |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |[[Athletics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#Marathon 2|2:57:49]] |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cabrera, Emma}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0bdrkenyn6t4yot9lsyqnlok8i5oqhq 671174 671172 2026-07-02T10:45:26Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{MedalTableTop|sport=Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]|country_code=MEX|medals={{Medal|Competition|[[Pan American Games]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[1995 Pan American Games|1995 Mar del Plata]]|[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Central American and Caribbean Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|1993 Ponce]]|[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|1998 Maracaibo]]|[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Marathon]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold |[[1995 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|1995 Guatemala City]]|Half marathon}}}}'''Emma Cabrera Palafox''' (amụrụ 5 Mee 1964) bụ onye Mexico bụbu onye agba ọsọ ogologo oge nke gbara asọmpi na marathon . Ọ bụ onye mmeri ugboro abụọ na Central America na Caribbean Games na otu ugboro na asọmpi Central America na Caribbean na egwuregwu . Ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla na 1995 Pan American Games . Ihe kacha mma ya bụ elekere 2:35:43. == Ọrụ == Amụrụ na Carboneras dị nso na Mineral del Chico, Cabrera nwere marathon nke mbụ ya na nkeji atọ na 1991, na-emecha Marathon Houston na 2:53:54 awa. Ọrụ mba ụwa ya gara nke ọma n'afọ iri ahụ, malite na nrite ọla edo na 1993 Central American na Caribbean Games n'oge ndekọ egwuregwu nke awa 2:42:29. Mpụta mbụ ya zuru ụwa ọnụ sochiri na 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championship, ebe ọ bụ 60th n'ozuzu ya. Ọ gbara ọsọ marathon ya kacha mma n'afọ ahụ - 2:35:43 awa maka onye gbara ọsọ na Monterrey Marathon . Ihe nrite ya kachasị elu bịara na 1995 Pan American Games na Mar del Plata, ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla na marathon. Ọ meriri utu aha mpaghara abụọ ọzọ na 1990s: ọ tolitere podium ọkara marathon na asọmpi 1995 Central America na Caribbean tupu ịgbachitere okpueze marathon mpaghara ya na 1998 Central American na Caribbean Games . Cabrera bụ onye mmeri 1996 nke Marathon Marine Corps n'oge nke 2:48:34 awa, ghọrọ naanị nwanyị nke abụọ na-abụghị onye America meriri n'ọsọ ahụ. Otu n'ime mmeri sekit ndị ọzọ bụ Marathon City Mexico na 1994, na mmeri ọrụ atọ na Ciudad de Merida Marathon na Marathon Trabajadores na Mexico City. Ọ meriri otu aha mba, na-ebute ụzọ na mita 10,000 na Mexican Athletics Championships|asọmpi egwuregwu egwuregwu Mexico na 1997. Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-asọmpi ruo afọ iri ise ya na na 2014 mezuru marathon ọkara nke 100 ya. == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |1993 |[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |[[Ponce, Puerto Rico]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |2:42:29 |- |1994 |[[1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]] |[[Oslo]], Norway |60th |Half marathon |[[1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships#Women's|1:15:14]] |- |rowspan=2|1995 |[[1995 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] |[[Guatemala City]], Guatemala |bgcolor=gold|1st |Half marathon |1:17:13 |- |[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Marathon |[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games – Women's marathon|2:46:36]] |- |1996 |[[Marine Corps Marathon]] |[[Washington, D.C.]], United States |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |2:48:34 |- |1998 |[[Athletics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |[[Maracaibo]], Venezuela |bgcolor=gold|1st |Marathon |[[Athletics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#Marathon 2|2:57:49]] |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cabrera, Emma}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ggv2lr73ymyumvc6s3lkclyfb8pwp5y Emily Makamanga 0 54678 671152 193347 2026-07-02T10:36:36Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671152 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emily Lilly Mkamanga''' (27 Disemba 1949 - 28 Nọvemba 2021) bụ onye edemede Malawi na onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na [[Malawi]] . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Emily Lilly Mkamanga na Chilumba, Nyasaland, na 27 Disemba 1949. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Livingstonia, Uliwa, Lilongwe Girls' Secondary School na Mahadum Malawi, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bunda College of Agriculture <ref name="YS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|title=Youth and Society, Malawi: trustees|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814214544/http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> wee gụchaa na 1971. <ref name="guide" /> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chitedze Agricultural Research, ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ise dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ugbo na National Bank . Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ, na 1990 o bipụtara ''The Night Stop'', akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere "nwanyị nwere ogologo ntachi obi nke onye ọka iwu na-akwa iko". Mkamanga lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ akụ n'afọ 1993 dabara na njedebe nke afọ 30 Dr. Hastings Banda n'ọchịchị. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ John Lwanda Dudu Nsomba bipụtara akụkọ ya banyere afọ ndị ahụ. Akpọrọ aha ''ahụhụ na ịgbachi nkịtị: ụmụ nwanyị Malawi afọ iri atọ na-agba egwu na Dr Banda'', a kọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "nyocha nke psyche na-adịghị mma nke onye ọchịchị aka ike nke oge a" na " polemic " nke na-aghọ "ụdị ikpe Banda" . Okwu a na-akpọ "agba egwu" na aha ya na-ezo aka na ịgba egwu ụmụ nwanyị a haziri na nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto Dr. Banda. Ọ bụ ezie na agba egwu a na-ejikọtabu na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike, ọ bịara bụrụ nke a chọrọ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na-achịkwa ya site na ndị isi Malawi Congress Party . <ref name="folk" /> Mkamanga kwuru na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ma jiri ya mee ihe iji meju onye ọchịchị aka ike, n'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye nlekọta nye ụmụ nwanyị: dịka ''nkhoswe'', nke pụtara nwanne nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwere ikike na omenala matrilineal Malawian. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Malawi ga-akọwa ịgba egwu dịka akụkụ ọdịnala nke omenala ha, echiche Banda kwalitere, <ref name="folk" /> ebe Mkamanga chere na ụmụ nwanyị Malawi na-eduzikarị "ọdịnala ndị nna nna na ụkpụrụ omenala". N'otu afọ ahụ ''Ahụhụ na Silence'' pụtara, ọ na-edekwa ''ụzọ maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntuli aka ime obodo Malawi 2000: akụkọ ikpeazụ'' . Mkamanga bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ oge niile maka ''Nyasa Times'', ma dekwara mpempe echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha n'ebe ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2016|title=Malawi Government is for the people|url=https://www.mwnation.com/malawi-government-is-for-the-people/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya “onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekọta mmadụ” yana onye nkọwa ma ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ. Na 2013, onye isi oche nke Malawi Writers Union kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị atọ a ma ama na mba ahụ, <ref name="MWN">{{Cite web|date=26 September 2013|title=Mawu decries poor women participation|url=https://www.mwnation.com/mawu-decries-poor-women-participation/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ndị ọzọ bụ [[Walije Gondwe]] na Janet Karim . <ref name="MWN" /> Mkamanga jere ozi na bọọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ActionAid na Malawi, Media Council of Malawi, Journalists Union of Malawi, Youth and Society, na Institute for Investigative Journalism. <ref name="YS" /> == Ọnwụ == Emily Mkamanga nwụrụ na 28 Nọvemba 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 71 na Wezi Medical Center na Mzuzu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 November 2021|title=Political commentator Emily Mkamanga dies|work=[[malawi24]]|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/11/28/political-commentator-emily-mkamanga-dies/|accessdate=28 November 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị odee Malawi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} a8yeoo2yiqg483dlbwuam26ihnupvnw 671153 671152 2026-07-02T10:37:11Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ mbido */ 671153 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emily Lilly Mkamanga''' (27 Disemba 1949 - 28 Nọvemba 2021) bụ onye edemede Malawi na onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na [[Malawi]] . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Emily Lilly Mkamanga na Chilumba, Nyasaland, na 27 Disemba 1949. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Livingstonia, Uliwa, Lilongwe Girls' Secondary School na Mahadum Malawi, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bunda College of Agriculture <ref name="YS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|title=Youth and Society, Malawi: trustees|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814214544/http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> wee gụchaa na 1971. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chitedze Agricultural Research, ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ise dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ugbo na National Bank . Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ, na 1990 o bipụtara ''The Night Stop'', akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere "nwanyị nwere ogologo ntachi obi nke onye ọka iwu na-akwa iko". Mkamanga lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ akụ n'afọ 1993 dabara na njedebe nke afọ 30 Dr. Hastings Banda n'ọchịchị. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ John Lwanda Dudu Nsomba bipụtara akụkọ ya banyere afọ ndị ahụ. Akpọrọ aha ''ahụhụ na ịgbachi nkịtị: ụmụ nwanyị Malawi afọ iri atọ na-agba egwu na Dr Banda'', a kọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "nyocha nke psyche na-adịghị mma nke onye ọchịchị aka ike nke oge a" na " polemic " nke na-aghọ "ụdị ikpe Banda" . Okwu a na-akpọ "agba egwu" na aha ya na-ezo aka na ịgba egwu ụmụ nwanyị a haziri na nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto Dr. Banda. Ọ bụ ezie na agba egwu a na-ejikọtabu na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike, ọ bịara bụrụ nke a chọrọ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na-achịkwa ya site na ndị isi Malawi Congress Party . <ref name="folk" /> Mkamanga kwuru na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ma jiri ya mee ihe iji meju onye ọchịchị aka ike, n'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye nlekọta nye ụmụ nwanyị: dịka ''nkhoswe'', nke pụtara nwanne nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwere ikike na omenala matrilineal Malawian. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Malawi ga-akọwa ịgba egwu dịka akụkụ ọdịnala nke omenala ha, echiche Banda kwalitere, <ref name="folk" /> ebe Mkamanga chere na ụmụ nwanyị Malawi na-eduzikarị "ọdịnala ndị nna nna na ụkpụrụ omenala". N'otu afọ ahụ ''Ahụhụ na Silence'' pụtara, ọ na-edekwa ''ụzọ maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntuli aka ime obodo Malawi 2000: akụkọ ikpeazụ'' . Mkamanga bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ oge niile maka ''Nyasa Times'', ma dekwara mpempe echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha n'ebe ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2016|title=Malawi Government is for the people|url=https://www.mwnation.com/malawi-government-is-for-the-people/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya “onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekọta mmadụ” yana onye nkọwa ma ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ. Na 2013, onye isi oche nke Malawi Writers Union kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị atọ a ma ama na mba ahụ, <ref name="MWN">{{Cite web|date=26 September 2013|title=Mawu decries poor women participation|url=https://www.mwnation.com/mawu-decries-poor-women-participation/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ndị ọzọ bụ [[Walije Gondwe]] na Janet Karim . <ref name="MWN" /> Mkamanga jere ozi na bọọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ActionAid na Malawi, Media Council of Malawi, Journalists Union of Malawi, Youth and Society, na Institute for Investigative Journalism. <ref name="YS" /> == Ọnwụ == Emily Mkamanga nwụrụ na 28 Nọvemba 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 71 na Wezi Medical Center na Mzuzu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 November 2021|title=Political commentator Emily Mkamanga dies|work=[[malawi24]]|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/11/28/political-commentator-emily-mkamanga-dies/|accessdate=28 November 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị odee Malawi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} in8czvjkourdl12xozj1zzb3e6dcjho 671154 671153 2026-07-02T10:37:51Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671154 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emily Lilly Mkamanga''' (27 Disemba 1949 - 28 Nọvemba 2021) bụ onye edemede Malawi na onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na [[Malawi]] . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Emily Lilly Mkamanga na Chilumba, Nyasaland, na 27 Disemba 1949. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Livingstonia, Uliwa, Lilongwe Girls' Secondary School na Mahadum Malawi, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bunda College of Agriculture <ref name="YS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|title=Youth and Society, Malawi: trustees|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814214544/http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> wee gụchaa na 1971. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chitedze Agricultural Research, ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ise dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ugbo na National Bank . Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ, na 1990 o bipụtara ''The Night Stop'', akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere "nwanyị nwere ogologo ntachi obi nke onye ọka iwu na-akwa iko". Mkamanga lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ akụ n'afọ 1993 dabara na njedebe nke afọ 30 Dr. Hastings Banda n'ọchịchị. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ John Lwanda Dudu Nsomba bipụtara akụkọ ya banyere afọ ndị ahụ. Akpọrọ aha ''ahụhụ na ịgbachi nkịtị: ụmụ nwanyị Malawi afọ iri atọ na-agba egwu na Dr Banda'', a kọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "nyocha nke psyche na-adịghị mma nke onye ọchịchị aka ike nke oge a" na " polemic " nke na-aghọ "ụdị ikpe Banda" . Okwu a na-akpọ "agba egwu" na aha ya na-ezo aka na ịgba egwu ụmụ nwanyị a haziri na nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto Dr. Banda. Ọ bụ ezie na agba egwu a na-ejikọtabu na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike, ọ bịara bụrụ nke a chọrọ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na-achịkwa ya site na ndị isi Malawi Congress Party . <ref name="folk" /> Mkamanga kwuru na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ma jiri ya mee ihe iji meju onye ọchịchị aka ike, n'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye nlekọta nye ụmụ nwanyị: dịka ''nkhoswe'', nke pụtara nwanne nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwere ikike na omenala matrilineal Malawian. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Malawi ga-akọwa ịgba egwu dịka akụkụ ọdịnala nke omenala ha, echiche Banda kwalitere, ebe Mkamanga chere na ụmụ nwanyị Malawi na-eduzikarị "ọdịnala ndị nna nna na ụkpụrụ omenala". N'otu afọ ahụ ''Ahụhụ na Silence'' pụtara, ọ na-edekwa ''ụzọ maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntuli aka ime obodo Malawi 2000: akụkọ ikpeazụ'' . Mkamanga bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ oge niile maka ''Nyasa Times'', ma dekwara mpempe echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha n'ebe ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2016|title=Malawi Government is for the people|url=https://www.mwnation.com/malawi-government-is-for-the-people/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya “onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekọta mmadụ” yana onye nkọwa ma ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ. Na 2013, onye isi oche nke Malawi Writers Union kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị atọ a ma ama na mba ahụ, <ref name="MWN">{{Cite web|date=26 September 2013|title=Mawu decries poor women participation|url=https://www.mwnation.com/mawu-decries-poor-women-participation/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ndị ọzọ bụ [[Walije Gondwe]] na Janet Karim . <ref name="MWN" /> Mkamanga jere ozi na bọọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ActionAid na Malawi, Media Council of Malawi, Journalists Union of Malawi, Youth and Society, na Institute for Investigative Journalism. <ref name="YS" /> == Ọnwụ == Emily Mkamanga nwụrụ na 28 Nọvemba 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 71 na Wezi Medical Center na Mzuzu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 November 2021|title=Political commentator Emily Mkamanga dies|work=[[malawi24]]|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/11/28/political-commentator-emily-mkamanga-dies/|accessdate=28 November 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị odee Malawi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} iczz7ckhqxmezqxr8o51xexjd2wrwj0 671155 671154 2026-07-02T10:38:09Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671155 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emily Lilly Mkamanga''' (27 Disemba 1949 - 28 Nọvemba 2021) bụ onye edemede Malawi na onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na [[Malawi]] . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Emily Lilly Mkamanga na Chilumba, Nyasaland, na 27 Disemba 1949. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Livingstonia, Uliwa, Lilongwe Girls' Secondary School na Mahadum Malawi, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bunda College of Agriculture <ref name="YS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|title=Youth and Society, Malawi: trustees|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814214544/http://www.yasmalawi.org/index.php/about-us/staff-and-board/board-of-trustees|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> wee gụchaa na 1971. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chitedze Agricultural Research, ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ise dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ugbo na National Bank . Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ, na 1990 o bipụtara ''The Night Stop'', akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere "nwanyị nwere ogologo ntachi obi nke onye ọka iwu na-akwa iko". Mkamanga lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ akụ n'afọ 1993 dabara na njedebe nke afọ 30 Dr. Hastings Banda n'ọchịchị. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ John Lwanda Dudu Nsomba bipụtara akụkọ ya banyere afọ ndị ahụ. Akpọrọ aha ''ahụhụ na ịgbachi nkịtị: ụmụ nwanyị Malawi afọ iri atọ na-agba egwu na Dr Banda'', a kọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "nyocha nke psyche na-adịghị mma nke onye ọchịchị aka ike nke oge a" na " polemic " nke na-aghọ "ụdị ikpe Banda" . Okwu a na-akpọ "agba egwu" na aha ya na-ezo aka na ịgba egwu ụmụ nwanyị a haziri na nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto Dr. Banda. Ọ bụ ezie na agba egwu a na-ejikọtabu na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike, ọ bịara bụrụ nke a chọrọ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na-achịkwa ya site na ndị isi Malawi Congress Party . Mkamanga kwuru na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ma jiri ya mee ihe iji meju onye ọchịchị aka ike, n'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye nlekọta nye ụmụ nwanyị: dịka ''nkhoswe'', nke pụtara nwanne nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwere ikike na omenala matrilineal Malawian. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Malawi ga-akọwa ịgba egwu dịka akụkụ ọdịnala nke omenala ha, echiche Banda kwalitere, ebe Mkamanga chere na ụmụ nwanyị Malawi na-eduzikarị "ọdịnala ndị nna nna na ụkpụrụ omenala". N'otu afọ ahụ ''Ahụhụ na Silence'' pụtara, ọ na-edekwa ''ụzọ maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntuli aka ime obodo Malawi 2000: akụkọ ikpeazụ'' . Mkamanga bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ oge niile maka ''Nyasa Times'', ma dekwara mpempe echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha n'ebe ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2016|title=Malawi Government is for the people|url=https://www.mwnation.com/malawi-government-is-for-the-people/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya “onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekọta mmadụ” yana onye nkọwa ma ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ. Na 2013, onye isi oche nke Malawi Writers Union kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị atọ a ma ama na mba ahụ, <ref name="MWN">{{Cite web|date=26 September 2013|title=Mawu decries poor women participation|url=https://www.mwnation.com/mawu-decries-poor-women-participation/|accessdate=30 November 2021|work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ndị ọzọ bụ [[Walije Gondwe]] na Janet Karim . <ref name="MWN" /> Mkamanga jere ozi na bọọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ActionAid na Malawi, Media Council of Malawi, Journalists Union of Malawi, Youth and Society, na Institute for Investigative Journalism. <ref name="YS" /> == Ọnwụ == Emily Mkamanga nwụrụ na 28 Nọvemba 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 71 na Wezi Medical Center na Mzuzu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 November 2021|title=Political commentator Emily Mkamanga dies|work=[[malawi24]]|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/11/28/political-commentator-emily-mkamanga-dies/|accessdate=28 November 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị odee Malawi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} n1qgpn2yml1i1o2d407jx1dvlcbxden Mee 2010 Ọkụ ọhịa Quebec 0 55010 671299 194051 2026-07-02T11:47:44Z Ennydavids 13406 /* */ Fix reference error 671299 wikitext text/x-wiki   May 2010 Quebec wildfires bu otutu oku ogbugba metutara Ihe ruru 90000 hectares(220000 acres) bido na nwucha May ruo na June 2010. Ihe karịrị ọkụ 120 malitere n'otu izu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị nso na La Tuque, kilomita 300 (190 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Montreal. Anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa ahụ kpatara ịdọ aka ná ntị anwụrụ ọkụ ma mee ka ikuku dị elu n'ebe ndịda Quebec, gụnyere Montreal, Laval, na mpaghara Estrie, Montérégie, Lanaudière, Mauricie, na Centre-du-Québec; <ref name="ottcit-aqi-may31" /> <ref name="gazette-smog-may31">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Smog+smoke+warnings+from+forest+fires/3089566/story.html|title=Smog, smoke warnings from forest fires|author=Max Harrold and René Bruemmer|date=2010-05-31|accessdate=2010-05-31|work=Montreal Gazette}}</ref> mpaghara ndị dị ka Ottawa na New England ruo n'ebe dị anya n'ebe ọdịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka Eastern Massachusetts na Rhode Island kọwakwara àgwà ikuku dị njọ.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1258515&pos=breaking|title=Boston getting smoked by Canadian wildfires|date=May 31, 2010|publisher=The [[Boston Herald]]|author=Kantor, Ira}}</ref><ref name="afp-blacksky-may31">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5it5fERcY66DHpc-Px2oE9ORok15w|title=Quebec forest fires black out skies|date=2010-05-31|accessdate=2010-05-31}}</ref> A gbapụrụ ebe nchekwa mba mbụ nke Wemotaci, ebe a manyere ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ịlaghachi n'ihi ike ọkụ na njupụta nke anwụrụ ọkụ na-esi na ya apụta, ebe a kpọgara ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,300 na obodo La Tuque dị nso.<ref name="cbc-may31">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/forest-fire-smoke-blankets-montreal-ottawa-1.884173|date=May 31, 2010|accessdate=2010-06-01|publisher=The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|title=Forest fire smoke drifts over Montreal, Ottawa}}</ref> Marcel Trudel, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Sopfeu - nzukọ na-ahụ maka igbochi ọkụ ọhịa - kọrọ na a hụrụ ọkụ ruru mita 30 (98 n'akụkụ ebe nchekwa ahụ.<ref name="vansun-wemo-may31">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/health/Firefighters+facing+real+monster+official+says/3091957/story.html|title=Firefighters facing "a real monster," Que. official says|date=May 31, 2010|accessdate=2010-05-31|work=Vancouver Sun}}</ref> Obodo atọ ndị ọzọ - abụọ n'ime ha bụkwa ndị mba mbụ - ka a kpọpụrụ.<ref name="gazette-smog-may31" /> Ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ 1,200 rụrụ ọrụ iji chịkwaa ọkụ ahụ, gụnyere 200 sitere na mpaghara ndị ọzọ yana steeti [[Mën|Maine]], [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], [[Hampshire Ohúrú|New Hampshire]] na [[Àlá mmírí Rhode|Rhode Island]] dị na United States. <ref name="cbc-may31" /> <references /> <ref name="ottcit-aqi-may31" /> fg4ryn7cxo5pz5769d16hznzwa6liln Emume ihe nkiri Afro-Eshia 0 55026 671179 516555 2026-07-02T10:47:33Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 671179 wikitext text/x-wiki   Afro-Asian Film Festival (AAFF) bụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke emere na Tashkent, Cairo, na Jakarta n'oge 1958, 1960, na 1964 n'otu n'otu.[1][2]  Emume ihe nkiri Afro-Eshia mbụ mere na Tashkent, Uzbekistan na 1958. Mba iri na anọ nke Eshia na Afrịka, gosiri mba ndị ọzọ nke Soviet Eshia.. <ref name="auto1">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/asian-and-african-film-festival-in-tashkent|title=Asian And African Film Festival In Tashkent|first=British|author=Pathé|work=www.britishpathe.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">Elena Razlogova. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103153/http://elenarazlogova.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Razlogova_Cinema-in-the-Spirit-of-Bandung-The-Afro-Asian-Fi_2021.pdf Cinema in the Spirit of Bandung: The Afro-Asian Film Festival Circuit, 1957-1964]</ref> <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=6th International Film Festival of India|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf|date=1 November 1976|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2017|accessdate=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/veerapandiya-kattabomman-the-film-that-brought-international-recognition-to-tamil-cinema-5189263.html|title=Veerapandiya Kattabomman, The Film That Brought International Recognition to Tamil Cinema|date=May 17, 2022|work=News18}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbanwe ihe nkiri Afro-Eshia Akụkọ n'oge ọchịchị Afro-Asian nke 1955 na Bandung, Indonesia.  [1] N'oge ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Japan, India, na Egypt weghaara ụlọ ihe nkiri mba ndị ọzọ na mpaghara.[1]  Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ndị Afrịka ike ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri mpaghara nwere onwe ha.[2][3]  A mara ọkwa emume ahụ dịka "ụkpụrụ nke Bandung" si dị na "n'okpuru akara nke udo na ụbụbụenyi n'etiti ndị mmadụ". E mere akara nke abụọ na Cairo na 1960, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ime haziri ya n'ime usoro nke Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization (AAPSO) ma bụrụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba mbụ na obodo ahụ.[1]  Mgbe akara akara ụdọ ụzọ na Cairo na Jakarta emume Afro-Eshia ọdịdị na 1964 n'ihi ike agha ụdị ụzọ.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto">{{Àtụ:Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003133438-6-9/cinema-spirit-bandung-afro-asian-film-festival-circuit-1957%E2%80%931964-elena-razlogova|title=The Cultural Cold Warand the Global South|first=Elena|author=Razlogova|chapter=Cinema in the Spirit of Bandung: The Afro-Asian Film Festival Circuit, 1957–1964|year=2021|pages=111–128|doi=10.4324/9781003133438-6-9|isbn=9781003133438}}</ref> == Onyinye asọmpi 1958, Tashkent == * Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma * Onye nduzi egwu kacha mma * Ntụziaka nka kacha mma * Ihe nkiri kacha mma == Onyinye asọmpi 1960, Cairo == * Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Sivaji Ganesan maka Veerapandiya Kattabomman (Dir. B. Ramakrishnaiah Panthulu, 1959) * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma * Onye nduzi egwu kacha mma * Ntụziaka nka kacha mma * Ihe nkiri kacha mma == Onyinye asọmpi 1964, Jakarta == * Ihe nkiri kacha mma - The Open Door / El bab el maftuh (Dir. [[Henry Barakat]], Egypt, 1963) * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - S. V. Ranga Rao maka Nartanasala / The Dance Pavilion (Dir. Kamalakara Kameswara Rao, India, 1963) * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Faten Hamamah maka The Open Door / El bab el maftuh (Dir. Henry Barakat, Egypt, 1963) * Onye nduzi egwu kacha mma * Best Art Direction - T.V.S Sarma maka Nartanasala / The Dance Pavilion (Dir. Kamalakara Kameswara Rao, India, 1963) * Ihe nkiri kacha mma == Ihe odide == {{Àtụ:Reflist|2}} pes8c29dh0mu6bnlohq43q4s9c575s5 Emume ihe nkiri Africa nke Khouribga 0 55203 671175 194956 2026-07-02T10:46:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe nrite */ 671175 wikitext text/x-wiki Festival du Cinéma Africain de [[Khouribga]] ('''FCAK''') ma ọ bụ African Film Festival na Khouribba bụ mmemme ihe nkiri maka [[African cinema|Ihe nkiri Afrịka]] nke emere na Khourigga na [[Morocco]]. E guzobere ya na 1977, <ref name="Carter20092">{{Cite book|author=Sandra Gayle Carter|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study, 1956D2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC&pg=PA130|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|pages=130–1, 222}}</ref> ọ bụ otu n'ime mmemme ihe nkiri kachasị ochie na nke kachasị mkpa na Morocco. <ref name="Gugler2011">{{Cite book|author=Josef Gugler|title=Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ9zsiRnQQMC&pg=PA326|year=2011|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72327-6}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == .Afọ afọ 1967 e nwere ihe nkiri sinima na Khoribga, nke nwere ndị otu 200 na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe ngosi kwa izu.[1]  N'afọ 1977, nke Noureddine Saïl duziri, National Federation of Cinema Clubs na Morocco (FNCCM) nyere aka Rencontres Cinematographiques de Khoribga.  Klọb ihe nkiri nke obodo ahụ mere ka ọ mara na-adị.  Ebe ọ bụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ Khoribga bụ ighopụta phosphate, , DVD ahụ ego site na Office of Phosphates.  N'ịbụ ndị echiche nke atọ nke Cinema nke mba ụwa, ihe nkiri ahụ mere ka emume ahụ nwere nnukwu ihe gbasara Afrịka.<ref name="Carter2009">{{Cite book|author=Sandra Gayle Carter|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study, 1956D2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC&pg=PA130|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|pages=130–1, 222}}</ref> E mere ndị nkiri ihe nkiri Afrịka nke atọ nke Khoribga site na ụgbọ ala 2-9, 1988. Site na fufu ego nke dirhams 900,000 (630,000 frances), a mata ndị mba 100 na ihe dị ka ndị mba ọzọ 30 si mba Arab,  Europe na mba Africa.   minista a na-aga nnukwu mmeghe ahụ, na ndị na-ege ntĩ nke ndị na-ekiri ala 50,000 Kiriri ihe nkiri si mba 14. E mere esi nke a na Machị 17-24, 1990. [1] E mere akwụkwọ nke isii site  na 26 Machị ruo 2 safar 1994. ọnwa afọ 2004, otu Foundation na-achịkwa FCAK, na Nourddine Saïl dị ka onye isi ala na Lahoussaine N"douf dị ka onye nduzi. == Ihe nrite == ; Mbipụta nke iri na isii, 2013 * Onye nduzi kacha mma: Durban Poison. * Ihe nrite Don Quixote: ''Uzuzu na Ọgaranya''. ; Mbipụta nke 21, December 2018 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == qcp8d6cgcc35zbkdzcteuj013t71il3 671177 671175 2026-07-02T10:46:49Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671177 wikitext text/x-wiki Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga ('''FCAK''') ma ọ bụ African Film Festival na Khouribba bụ mmemme ihe nkiri maka Ihe nkiri Afrịka nke emere na Khourigga na [[Morocco]]. E guzobere ya na 1977, <ref name="Carter20092">{{Cite book|author=Sandra Gayle Carter|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study, 1956D2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC&pg=PA130|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|pages=130–1, 222}}</ref> ọ bụ otu n'ime mmemme ihe nkiri kachasị ochie na nke kachasị mkpa na Morocco. <ref name="Gugler2011">{{Cite book|author=Josef Gugler|title=Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ9zsiRnQQMC&pg=PA326|year=2011|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72327-6}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == .Afọ afọ 1967 e nwere ihe nkiri sinima na Khoribga, nke nwere ndị otu 200 na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe ngosi kwa izu.[1]  N'afọ 1977, nke Noureddine Saïl duziri, National Federation of Cinema Clubs na Morocco (FNCCM) nyere aka Rencontres Cinematographiques de Khoribga.  Klọb ihe nkiri nke obodo ahụ mere ka ọ mara na-adị.  Ebe ọ bụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ Khoribga bụ ighopụta phosphate, , DVD ahụ ego site na Office of Phosphates.  N'ịbụ ndị echiche nke atọ nke Cinema nke mba ụwa, ihe nkiri ahụ mere ka emume ahụ nwere nnukwu ihe gbasara Afrịka.<ref name="Carter2009">{{Cite book|author=Sandra Gayle Carter|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study, 1956D2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC&pg=PA130|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|pages=130–1, 222}}</ref> E mere ndị nkiri ihe nkiri Afrịka nke atọ nke Khoribga site na ụgbọ ala 2-9, 1988. Site na fufu ego nke dirhams 900,000 (630,000 frances), a mata ndị mba 100 na ihe dị ka ndị mba ọzọ 30 si mba Arab,  Europe na mba Africa.   minista a na-aga nnukwu mmeghe ahụ, na ndị na-ege ntĩ nke ndị na-ekiri ala 50,000 Kiriri ihe nkiri si mba 14. E mere esi nke a na Machị 17-24, 1990. [1] E mere akwụkwọ nke isii site  na 26 Machị ruo 2 safar 1994. ọnwa afọ 2004, otu Foundation na-achịkwa FCAK, na Nourddine Saïl dị ka onye isi ala na Lahoussaine N"douf dị ka onye nduzi. == Ihe nrite == ; Mbipụta nke iri na isii, 2013 * Onye nduzi kacha mma: Durban Poison. * Ihe nrite Don Quixote: ''Uzuzu na Ọgaranya''. ; Mbipụta nke 21, December 2018 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == 1c70xar9jyyw2f5v07kcr2gr6e3at3a Ememme Egwú na Egwú Kuru 0 55238 671141 450380 2026-07-02T10:31:54Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Egwú na-agwọ ọrịa */ 671141 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0" /> Emume ịgba na egwu Kuru bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-etinye na kalenda [[Botswana]] nke ihe omume ndị na-egosi ụnwa zuru ezu ebe obodo Khoisan na-ahụ ya dị oke mkpa na-enyere ha ọzụzụ ihe enyemaka.  site na abụ na ịgba. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A ebe Kuru Dance and Music Festival na 1997 iji mee emume Khoisan ma ọ bụ omenala San n'etiti Naro San na D'Kar na Ghanzi District, Botswana iji mata akụ na guzo nke omenala San site na abụ na ịgba egwu.  ihe ya bụkwa iji kwalite maka mmegharị San, a ọrụ nka dị ka mmemme buru ibu nke na-hazi emume a ma ama kwa afọ na Botswana.[1]  Emume a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa ma dị nsso maka obodo San, ebe a na-eme ya n'ọgọstụ ọ ALA na ụbọchị ndị dabara na ụnwa zuru ezu.[2]  Emume a bụ nke Kuru Cultural Center na-eduzi site n nke ndị nkwado dị ka Ministry of Youth Empowerment, Sport and Culture Development (MYSC) na Barclays Bank of Botswana. == Ndị nlekọta na ndị metụtara ya == E nwere òtù ndị nwere n'iche iche na ahụ, ha na-agbakọta iji hazie ma hazie ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma.  E akara ya na 1986 The Kuru Development Trust nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Kuru Family of Organizations, bụ otu San Non-governmental Organisation nke na-akwado emume egwu na ịgba egwu San, ma na-eme ka ikike na akụ na nna n  'etiti ndị San.[1]  Trust na-arụkọ ọrụ na Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WI MSA) - mpaghara nke na-eme ka ihe nke San Communities dị na mpaghara ahụ dị mfe;  iji nyere obodo ndị a na-anọpụ iche aka na Botswana site na mpempe akwụkwọ onwe onye, ​​nke ga-eme ka ikike nke obodo ndị a ikike ndụ ndụ na akụ na ngwaọrụ ha na nke ga-enwe ike ma me ngwaọrụ  nke obodo ahụ.  otu Trust na-achịkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ya bụ ndị isi anya 20% nke ndị òtù ndị ụlọ ụlọ ụka na [[Netherlands]], na 80% nke ndị isi San sitere na akụkụ obodo. Emume a adọtawo nkwado site na nkwado site na ụlọ ọrụ na òtù dị ka Barclays Bank of Botswana na MYSC.<ref>{{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|1919020079}}|date=13 July 2017|title=Barclays Bank Sponsors 2017 Kuru Dance Festival|work=[[Mmegi]]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nkwado Barclays nke emume ahụ kwekọrọ n'ụzọ zuru oke na ebumnuche atụmatụ ya iji kwalite uto dị ka azụmahịa na obodo. Ụlọ akụ ahụ akwadowo emume a kemgbe afọ 2015, ọ na-akwado nchedo nke ihe nketa dị ike nke Botswana, ebe ọ na-agba ume azụmaahịa obodo ma nwee ike ịmecha mee ka mmepe. MYSC bụ onye na-akwado emume ahụ dịka gọọmentị Botswana guzobere ya iji mepụta ebe na-enyere ndị ntorobịa aka, mmepe egwuregwu na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ihe nketa na mmekorita ya na ndị metụtara ya iji bulie ịdị n'otu na mpako nke ndị Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Ministry of Youth empowerment, Sport and Culture Development|url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-youth-empowerment-sport-and-culture-development|accessdate=16 April 2021|work=gov.bw}}</ref> == Ụdị ịgba egwú == E nwere ọtụtụ ịgba egwú a na-eme n'oge ememme ahụ. A na-agba egwú dị iche iche iji kọọ akụkọ ndụ nke ndị San. Ndị a gụnyere ịgba egwu ịchụ nta na nchịkọta, ememe nke ịgafe, ịgba egwu puberty na mbedo na egwu ọgwụgwọ a ma ama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-25|title=SanDance! And the Kuru Dance Festival: Promoting and Celebrating Indigenous Culture Thursday, Aug 10th, 2017|url=http://rainbownewszambia.com/2017/08/25/sandance-and-the-kuru-dance-festival-promoting-and-celebrating-indigenous-culture-thursday-aug-10th-2017/|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=Rainbow news zambia|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịchụ nta na ịgba egwú === Ndị San bụ ndị na-ahụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe, ha na-agba mbọ iji mata ndị a nke ike ha.  Ha na-agba eg egvu nta na nchịkọta iji isi nke oge nta ma ọ bụ nchịkọta na- , na ime emume igbu ọchụ mgbe nta gara nke ọma.  Enwere ike ịme ịgba egwu egwuregwu nta iji igbu ọchụ mbụ nke nwata nwoke mgbe anụ anụmanụ antelope.  A na-anọpụ iche ma iche ya site n'ime akara aka oh aka ya, a na-ete ule eland na akara.[1]  Egwú nwanne nta bụdị dị egwu nke nha nta site na akara ruo n'ikpeazụ igbu anụmanụ ahụ.  Ha na-eme emume nta nke ọma ma na- ike nne okike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-16|title=Celebrating culture at the Kuru Dance Festival|url=https://africageographic.com/stories/celebrating-culture-at-the-kuru-dance-festival/|accessdate=2021-04-16|work=Africa Geographic|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_San_ladies_from_Namibia.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị San na-akụ aka ma na-abụ abụ n'oge abụ na ịgba egwú]] N'oge niile a na-agba egwú a, ndị inyom na-eme egwú na-anọdụ ala na ọkara okirikiri, na-ahazi abụ, ịkụ aka na ụda ụda, ebe ndị ikom na-eme ihe nkiri nke emume ịchụ nta, na-ewere ọrụ nke onye na-achụ nta na anụ oriri. Ụmụ nwoke na-eṅomi ịchụ nta nke anụmanụ dịka gemsbok, n'oge niile a na-agba egwu, ndị na-achụ nta na-eso anụmanụ ahụ ma jiri ụta na-egbu egbu gbuo ya. Ihe nkiri a na-eme ka a na-egbu anụmanụ ma ụmụ nwanyị na-akwadebe oriri ozugbo iji mee ememe. N'oge a, a na-akụ aka na nzọụkwụ ka ha na-eme emume ịchụ nta nke ọma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Rapoo|first=Connie|title=Performing Cultural Memory and the Symbolic. The Musical Theatre Traditions of the Basarwa in the Ghanzi District, Botswana|journal=Matatu|date=2013|volume=44|issue=1|pages=189–203|id={{ProQuest|1750458001}}|doi=10.1163/9789401210546_014}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> === Omenala nke ịgafe === Ka nwa anya na-amalite inwe mmetụta nke oge uto dịka oge ịhụ nss na nke mbụ m kwuru na m na-ata ohere site na "ibu ala".  eland na- Ireland anya, foto na-adị mma.  N'oge a, a na-anọpụ iche ma na-ese ya na ocher na-acha ọkụ, ntụ osisi na icheku ọkụ, na-agwakọta ya na ngwaọrụ anụmanụ na ihe na-acha uhie uhie.  A na-eme emume ịgba egwu iji nabata nwa anụ ka ọ bụrụ okenye na eje ozi.[1]  Egwú ndị a na-agba n'oge uto bụ ndị na-adịghị mma, ndị na-eme mfegharị ma na-egosi, ndị nwoke na-ekere òkè n'egwú ahụ na omume ịlụ di na nke nke ehi eland site na ịfụ ehi eland site na ịfụ.  ndị inyom, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị na-akwa emo ma na-e ike ihe ndị na-arrịgo elu nke anụ ike. [[Faịlụ:San_Women_Healing_Dance.jpg|thumb|Egwú na-agwọ ọrịa na emume ịgba egwú Kuru]] === Egwú na-agwọ ọrịa === A na-eme egwú a n'oge mgbede ma na-enweta ume n'abalị ka ndị San kwenyere na oge a bụ oge chi mgbe eluigwe na ala na-ama jijiji na ike dị nsọ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-agba egwú ahụ dị ka ụzọ isi soro ndị nna nna na mmụọ chi kwurịta okwu ma chọọ ka ha tinye aka n'oge emume ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa. A na-amụnye ọkụ ma ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na ndị na-agba egwú na-anọdụ ala gburugburu ọkụ n'otu nkwekọrịta onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ha n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ya, ka abụ na ịgba egwú na'ịgba ọsọ, onye ndú ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ shaman na-enwe mmụọ sitere n'ụwa ndị nna nna. N'oge a, ndị ikom na-agba egwú na shaman ga-ada. Ha kwenyere na mgbe a họọrọ abụ ahụ ma na-agba egwú, mmụọ nke chi na-ezo gburugburu ma shaman ga-etinye aka na ndị ọrịa na ndị na-agba egwu wee wepụ ọrịa kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|2094034588}}|author=Tlhankane|first=Mompati|date=27 August 2015|title=Healing captures San culture at Kuru festival|work=[[Mmegi]]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> 9wi9i0zro0gta7pw7d8zksgm8h6rx31 671143 671141 2026-07-02T10:33:18Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndị nlekọta na ndị metụtara ya */ 671143 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0" /> Emume ịgba na egwu Kuru bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-etinye na kalenda [[Botswana]] nke ihe omume ndị na-egosi ụnwa zuru ezu ebe obodo Khoisan na-ahụ ya dị oke mkpa na-enyere ha ọzụzụ ihe enyemaka.  site na abụ na ịgba. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A ebe Kuru Dance and Music Festival na 1997 iji mee emume Khoisan ma ọ bụ omenala San n'etiti Naro San na D'Kar na Ghanzi District, Botswana iji mata akụ na guzo nke omenala San site na abụ na ịgba egwu.  ihe ya bụkwa iji kwalite maka mmegharị San, a ọrụ nka dị ka mmemme buru ibu nke na-hazi emume a ma ama kwa afọ na Botswana.[1]  Emume a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa ma dị nsso maka obodo San, ebe a na-eme ya n'ọgọstụ ọ ALA na ụbọchị ndị dabara na ụnwa zuru ezu.[2]  Emume a bụ nke Kuru Cultural Center na-eduzi site n nke ndị nkwado dị ka Ministry of Youth Empowerment, Sport and Culture Development (MYSC) na Barclays Bank of Botswana. == Ndị nlekọta na ndị metụtara ya == E nwere òtù ndị nwere n'iche iche na ahụ, ha na-agbakọta iji hazie ma hazie ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma.  E akara ya na 1986 The Kuru Development Trust nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Kuru Family of Organizations, bụ otu San Non-governmental Organisation nke na-akwado emume egwu na ịgba egwu San, ma na-eme ka ikike na akụ na nna n  'etiti ndị San.[1]  Trust na-arụkọ ọrụ na Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WI MSA) - mpaghara nke na-eme ka ihe nke San Communities dị na mpaghara ahụ dị mfe;  iji nyere obodo ndị a na-anọpụ iche aka na Botswana site na mpempe akwụkwọ onwe onye, ​​nke ga-eme ka ikike nke obodo ndị a ikike ndụ ndụ na akụ na ngwaọrụ ha na nke ga-enwe ike ma me ngwaọrụ  nke obodo ahụ.  otu Trust na-achịkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ya bụ ndị isi anya 20% nke ndị òtù ndị ụlọ ụlọ ụka na [[Netherlands]], na 80% nke ndị isi San sitere na akụkụ obodo. Emume a adọtawo nkwado site na nkwado site na ụlọ ọrụ na òtù dị ka Barclays Bank of Botswana na MYSC.<ref>{{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|1919020079}}|date=13 July 2017|title=Barclays Bank Sponsors 2017 Kuru Dance Festival|work=[[Mmegi]]}} Nkwado Barclays nke emume ahụ kwekọrọ n'ụzọ zuru oke na ebumnuche atụmatụ ya iji kwalite uto dị ka azụmahịa na obodo. Ụlọ akụ ahụ akwadowo emume a kemgbe afọ 2015, ọ na-akwado nchedo nke ihe nketa dị ike nke Botswana, ebe ọ na-agba ume azụmaahịa obodo ma nwee ike ịmecha mee ka mmepe. MYSC bụ onye na-akwado emume ahụ dịka gọọmentị Botswana guzobere ya iji mepụta ebe na-enyere ndị ntorobịa aka, mmepe egwuregwu na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ihe nketa na mmekorita ya na ndị metụtara ya iji bulie ịdị n'otu na mpako nke ndị Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Ministry of Youth empowerment, Sport and Culture Development|url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-youth-empowerment-sport-and-culture-development|accessdate=16 April 2021|work=gov.bw}}</ref> == Ụdị ịgba egwú == E nwere ọtụtụ ịgba egwú a na-eme n'oge ememme ahụ. A na-agba egwú dị iche iche iji kọọ akụkọ ndụ nke ndị San. Ndị a gụnyere ịgba egwu ịchụ nta na nchịkọta, ememe nke ịgafe, ịgba egwu puberty na mbedo na egwu ọgwụgwọ a ma ama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-25|title=SanDance! And the Kuru Dance Festival: Promoting and Celebrating Indigenous Culture Thursday, Aug 10th, 2017|url=http://rainbownewszambia.com/2017/08/25/sandance-and-the-kuru-dance-festival-promoting-and-celebrating-indigenous-culture-thursday-aug-10th-2017/|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=Rainbow news zambia|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịchụ nta na ịgba egwú === Ndị San bụ ndị na-ahụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe, ha na-agba mbọ iji mata ndị a nke ike ha.  Ha na-agba eg egvu nta na nchịkọta iji isi nke oge nta ma ọ bụ nchịkọta na- , na ime emume igbu ọchụ mgbe nta gara nke ọma.  Enwere ike ịme ịgba egwu egwuregwu nta iji igbu ọchụ mbụ nke nwata nwoke mgbe anụ anụmanụ antelope.  A na-anọpụ iche ma iche ya site n'ime akara aka oh aka ya, a na-ete ule eland na akara.[1]  Egwú nwanne nta bụdị dị egwu nke nha nta site na akara ruo n'ikpeazụ igbu anụmanụ ahụ.  Ha na-eme emume nta nke ọma ma na- ike nne okike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-16|title=Celebrating culture at the Kuru Dance Festival|url=https://africageographic.com/stories/celebrating-culture-at-the-kuru-dance-festival/|accessdate=2021-04-16|work=Africa Geographic|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:The_San_ladies_from_Namibia.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị San na-akụ aka ma na-abụ abụ n'oge abụ na ịgba egwú]] N'oge niile a na-agba egwú a, ndị inyom na-eme egwú na-anọdụ ala na ọkara okirikiri, na-ahazi abụ, ịkụ aka na ụda ụda, ebe ndị ikom na-eme ihe nkiri nke emume ịchụ nta, na-ewere ọrụ nke onye na-achụ nta na anụ oriri. Ụmụ nwoke na-eṅomi ịchụ nta nke anụmanụ dịka gemsbok, n'oge niile a na-agba egwu, ndị na-achụ nta na-eso anụmanụ ahụ ma jiri ụta na-egbu egbu gbuo ya. Ihe nkiri a na-eme ka a na-egbu anụmanụ ma ụmụ nwanyị na-akwadebe oriri ozugbo iji mee ememe. N'oge a, a na-akụ aka na nzọụkwụ ka ha na-eme emume ịchụ nta nke ọma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Rapoo|first=Connie|title=Performing Cultural Memory and the Symbolic. The Musical Theatre Traditions of the Basarwa in the Ghanzi District, Botswana|journal=Matatu|date=2013|volume=44|issue=1|pages=189–203|id={{ProQuest|1750458001}}|doi=10.1163/9789401210546_014}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> === Omenala nke ịgafe === Ka nwa anya na-amalite inwe mmetụta nke oge uto dịka oge ịhụ nss na nke mbụ m kwuru na m na-ata ohere site na "ibu ala".  eland na- Ireland anya, foto na-adị mma.  N'oge a, a na-anọpụ iche ma na-ese ya na ocher na-acha ọkụ, ntụ osisi na icheku ọkụ, na-agwakọta ya na ngwaọrụ anụmanụ na ihe na-acha uhie uhie.  A na-eme emume ịgba egwu iji nabata nwa anụ ka ọ bụrụ okenye na eje ozi.[1]  Egwú ndị a na-agba n'oge uto bụ ndị na-adịghị mma, ndị na-eme mfegharị ma na-egosi, ndị nwoke na-ekere òkè n'egwú ahụ na omume ịlụ di na nke nke ehi eland site na ịfụ ehi eland site na ịfụ.  ndị inyom, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị na-akwa emo ma na-e ike ihe ndị na-arrịgo elu nke anụ ike. [[Faịlụ:San_Women_Healing_Dance.jpg|thumb|Egwú na-agwọ ọrịa na emume ịgba egwú Kuru]] === Egwú na-agwọ ọrịa === A na-eme egwú a n'oge mgbede ma na-enweta ume n'abalị ka ndị San kwenyere na oge a bụ oge chi mgbe eluigwe na ala na-ama jijiji na ike dị nsọ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-agba egwú ahụ dị ka ụzọ isi soro ndị nna nna na mmụọ chi kwurịta okwu ma chọọ ka ha tinye aka n'oge emume ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa. A na-amụnye ọkụ ma ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na ndị na-agba egwú na-anọdụ ala gburugburu ọkụ n'otu nkwekọrịta onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ha n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ya, ka abụ na ịgba egwú na'ịgba ọsọ, onye ndú ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ shaman na-enwe mmụọ sitere n'ụwa ndị nna nna. N'oge a, ndị ikom na-agba egwú na shaman ga-ada. Ha kwenyere na mgbe a họọrọ abụ ahụ ma na-agba egwú, mmụọ nke chi na-ezo gburugburu ma shaman ga-etinye aka na ndị ọrịa na ndị na-agba egwu wee wepụ ọrịa kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|2094034588}}|author=Tlhankane|first=Mompati|date=27 August 2015|title=Healing captures San culture at Kuru festival|work=[[Mmegi]]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> rjkz2e88lmypdkwffhhvxaf8q6q11ns Ememme Amani 0 55239 671133 450401 2026-07-02T10:27:27Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 */ 671133 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eg0gmv4zp8pd641ty0oempcc5vvrj1x 671134 671133 2026-07-02T10:27:45Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 */ 671134 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s4khkjxs3hmqe18dt7iv2cq29iowvk3 671135 671134 2026-07-02T10:28:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 */ 671135 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0" /> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jb7ven1i25oihd1lfh89zbcfg66p5lq 671136 671135 2026-07-02T10:28:30Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 */ 671136 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0" /> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fo9wwb9q6r1gsefccd5is3khp1wxen3 671137 671136 2026-07-02T10:29:28Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Amani FM */ 671137 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos "A propos du Festival Amani"] &#x5B;About the Amani Festival&#x5D;. </cite></ref> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0" /> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 72eviwiiiumiy72pqxxjb5426kmctoc 671138 671137 2026-07-02T10:30:32Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Amani FM */ 671138 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ememme Amani bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu udo na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] na mpaghara Great Lakes .  [1][2] Amani bụ okwu Swahili maka Udo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Badibanga|first=Walter|date=21 September 2016|title=Les 5 meilleurs festivals de musique en RDC|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/15878|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2017|title=Festival Amani : 36 000 personnes attendues à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/01/30/actualite/culture/festival-amani-36-000-personnes-attendues-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eme emume Amani kwa afọ na Goma, obodo dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of Congo.[1]  Emume a na-akwado egwu, onye na-agba egwu, ihe ọchị na ndị ọzọ nwere nkà na Goma.[2]  A na-eme emume a kwa afọ ma na-adịru ụbọchị 3 na Febụwarị nke afụ ọ gbalagara.[3]  Aha emume a sitere n'okwu Swahili maka "udo" ma na-eme emume na a na-akpọ Rumba Congo na UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-23|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=2022-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022|url=https://amanifestival.com/fr/|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=amanifestival.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe omume === Sanaa Weekends: Ihe omume ndị a, nke emere na Foyer Culturel de Goma, na-enye ikpo okwu maka nkwalite nka, na-egosi ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-agba egwú, dagiti na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị site na 3,000 ruo 5,000 kwa Satọdee. <ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Ihe karịrị ndị na-ese egwu 200 na ndị na-agba egwú ọdịnala / nke oge a na-ekere òkè, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-ahọrọ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ na Amani Festival. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Young Entrepreneurs Competition: Asọmpi a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ịmepụta azụmaahịa nwere mmetụta siri ike maka Goma.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Amani Festival: Evaluation of 2016/Perspective of 2017|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2016/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2016_EN.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Ọ na-emeghe maka ndị ntorobịa niile nọ na Goma ma na-enye ohere ọzụzụ na nkwado ego maka ndị ọchụnta ego iri. Anọ n'ime ha natara ego mgbazinye ego nke $ 1,350, laptọọpụ, na nkwado site na "Kivu Entrepreneurs" incubator maka ọnwa isii, na-ezube ịgba ume na ịkwado ọchụnta ego ndị ntorobịa.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> == Amani FM == Redio Amani FM, nke na-agbasa ozi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amani na Pôle FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị n'iro nke Pole Institute, ihe ọrụ dị mkpa n'ijikọta ndị na-ege ntĩ na isi nke ego ahụ.[1]  Pole Institute, otu na- ike uru na-etinye aka na ndị ahịa na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, nyere ikpo okwu maka Amani FM iji mee ka ozi nke udo na Ịdị n'otu akara nke emume ahụ elu.  Onye ọrụ redio ahụ nyere nna nna, ozi ọnụ, ozi, na ike ihe. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Amani Fest 2018: Èvaluation 2018/Perspectives 2019|url=https://amanifestival.com/download/archives/2018/AmaniFestival_PostFestival2018_FR.pdf?version=v2023.02|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Echiche nke ịhazi nnukwu emume egwu na ịgba egwú sitere n'aka ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị nduzi nke Foyer Culturel de Goma bụ ndị ọchịchọ ha bụ ịkwalite udo, ekele ọdịbendị, na ịdị n'otu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A propos du Festival Amani|url=https://www.amanifestival.com/fr/festival/a-propos|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.amanifestival.com|language=Fr}}</ref> Dị ka Music in Africa si kwuo, Guillaume Baguma na Éric de Lamotte, ndị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Goma ruo ọtụtụ afọ, chepụtara echiche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2015|title=La 2ième édition du Festival « Amani » annoncée du 13 au 15 Février à Goma|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/la-2i%C3%A8me-%C3%A9dition-du-festival-%C2%AB-amani-%C2%BB-annonc%C3%A9e-du-13-au-15-f%C3%A9vrier-%C3%A0-goma|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=Music In Africa|language=fr}}</ref> A kpọrọ emume ahụ ''Amani'', nke pụtara "udo" na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Echiche a malitere mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ngwụsị izu Sanaa'' gasịrị, ihe ngosi maka ịkwalite nkà na-abịa dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si Goma zụrụ n'etiti.<ref name=":0" /> Na mbụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'ịhazi ihe omume buru ibu nke nwere ike ịdọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị ntorobịa kpebiri iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":0" /> N'ịbụ ndị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke United Nations kwadoro, bụ ndị nyere enyemaka teknụzụ na nhazi, na United Nations Development Programme, nke nyere $ 15,000 maka njem ndị na-ese ihe, a haziri mbipụta mbụ maka 30-31 Ọgọst na 1 Septemba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2013|title=Goma: le festival "Amani" reporté|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2013/08/28/goma-le-festival-amani-reporte|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisselet|first=Pierre|date=22 February 2016|title=RD Congo: Éric de Lamotte, l'entrepreneur belge qui voulait ressusciter Goma|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/303916/societe/rd-congo-eric-de-lamotte-lentrepreneur-belge-voulait-ressusciter-goma/|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Jeuneafrique.com|language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2014|title=Eric de Lamotte s'exprime sur le festival Amani|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2014/02/14/eric-de-lamotte-sexprime-sur-le-festival-amani|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nchegbu nchebe dị na North Kivu, e yigharịrị ihe omume ahụ na Febụwarị 2014, mkpebi e mere na njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Lexxus Legal, zigara nkà ha n'egwuregwu nkwado na [[Kinshasa]], nke a kwadoro na Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa, ngalaba nke Wallonia-Brussels Federation, nke Wallonia Brussels International na-achịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles à Kinshasa|url=https://www.wbi.be/fr/page/centre-wallonie-bruxelles-kinshasa|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=www.wbi.be|language=fr}}</ref> === Mbipụta nke mbụ 2014 === E mere emume mbụ ahụ site na 14-16 Febụwarị 2014, na Goma na Kwa Kesho Bora Village. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara nkwado site na ndị otu 63 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014|title=Le Festival Amani s'ouvre à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/02/12/le-festival-amani-souvre-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị a ma ama gụnyere masterclass nke [[Lokua Kanza]] duziri.<ref name=":0" /> Emume ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama na mba ụwa na ndị egwu obodo dị ka Lokua Kanza, Lexxus Legal, [[Innoss'B]], Mani Martin, Tonton Lusambo, Fal-J, Jessica Kill, otu Matakiyo, Groupe Folk, Pinochet, Maraben, na Maguru.<ref name=":0" /> Martin Kobler, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na onye isi nke MONUSCO, toro emume ahụ dị ka "ike dị nro nke, dị ka mmiri, nwere ike ịkwaga karịa mgbe ụfọdụ ike agha".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2014|title=Clôture du Festival Amani à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/02/17/cloture-du-festival-amani-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref>   Mbipụta nke abụọ nke afọ 2015 mere na 13-15 Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015|title=La 2è édition du Festival Amani fixée en mi-février à Goma|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2015/02/10/la-2e-edition-du-festival-amani-fixee-en-mi-fevrier-goma|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Radio Okapi|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nke 29,000 ndị na-aga ememme ma hụ ntinye aka nke 70 NGO obodo na mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500 na Kwa Kesho Bora Village.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị omenkà ama ama na ihe omume ahụ gụnyere: [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Habib Koité, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Mani Martin, Mayaya, Junior Grigo, Lion Story, Willy Stone, Mista Faba, Grp Kistanga Tusti "Kahé" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Amani_festival_-_Goma_2016_(24748257320).jpg|thumb|237x237px|Amani Festival nke atọ na 2016]] Mbipụta nke asaa nke 2020 akụkọ na 14 Febụwarị wee mechie na 16 Febụwarụ na Mwanga College.  [1] [2][3] Ihe ụmụaka 36,000 bịara iji nke ime ihe ike n'ahụ ahụ.  [2] [4] Emume ahụ meghere saịtị na ntụgharị Kongo nke Requiem nke Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.  M'bilia Bel bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ kpọọ "Mpeve ya Longo" na "Yamba Nga". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uwera|first=Ley|date=22 February 2020|title=Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51543822|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E bu ụzọ usoro nke usoro maka 4-6 June 2021. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnọdụ nnochibido nke nchekwa na ọrịa COVID-19 na Democratic Republic of the Congo osisi, e yi nkọwa ya ruo 4-6 February 2022, [  1] [2] na Kituku na mpaghara Keshero nke Goma.[3][4]  Ọ dọtara ụdị ụdị 30,000 na-aga ego, ụlọ ọrụ UN na NGO dị iche iche.[5]  N'ihi ọkwa Goma dị ka obodo nke abụọ na DRC mgbe Kinshasa ozi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na , North Kivu mmemme ịgba ọgwụ na ihe omume ahụ iji kwalite mmata ịgba ịgba mgbawa.  [6].. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazirhu|first=Martin|date=14 February 2022|title=Les meilleures rencontres que j'ai faites à la 8e édition du festival Amani|url=https://ponabana.com/les-meilleures-rencontres-que-jai-faites-a-la-8e-edition-du-festival-amani/|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=Ponabana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dị ka ihe nwere maka nchekwa nchekwa, akara akara nke akara na Bukavu na Athénée d'Ibanda site na 10-12 Febụwarị 2023, ebe ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosi na Goma.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ dọtara mdị mmadụ mmadụ 25,000 na-aga ego, n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ UN dị iche, òtù, NGO, na ndị mmadụ ego.[4]  Ndị omenkà iri na otu si Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, na Senegal see.  Ihe omume 1,000 ndari gara Young Public Space, na echiche ọrụ 160 sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ ego na-eto eto, atọ n'ime ha ime nkwado ego.[4]  Innoss'B bụ isi okwu ihe omume ahụ.  Mgbe nke a egwu, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Reddy Amisi na onye na-eti Ndị [[Tanzania]] bụ Nay Wa Mitego mere ndị, ndị na'ese ihe ndị ọzọ sochiri ya..<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2023|title=Sud-Kivu: la neuvième édition du Festival Amani s'est bien clôturée à la satisfaction de la population de Bukavu|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-117877_sud_kivu_la_neuvieme_edition_du_festival_amani_s_est_bien_cloturee_a_la_satisfaction_de_la_population_de_bukavu_congoforum.html|accessdate=14 May 2024|work=www.mediacongo.net|language=Fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1jtkdmqdxxvns1vve0x7dlvjfdsndpo Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Cape Verde 0 55268 671182 195601 2026-07-02T10:48:22Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nlekọta */ 671182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Cabo Verde International Film Festival''' (CVIFF) bụ mmemme ihe nkiri na Cape Verde nke izizi hiwere na 2010. <ref name="RFI-1">{{Cite news|author=Matos|first=João|title=Sucesso do Festival Internacional de Cinema de Cabo Verde|url=http://www.rfi.fr/pt/cabo-verde/20171014-sucesso-do-festival-internacional-de-cinema-de-cabo-verde|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=RFI|date=14 October 2017|language=pt}}</ref> <ref name="SAPO-2">{{Cite news|title=Cinema em Cabo Verde: A ambição de fazer um festival|url=https://muzika.sapo.cv/musica/novidades-musica/artigos/cinema-em-cabo-verde-a-ambicao-de-fazer-um-festival|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=SAPO Muzika|date=4 April 2013|language=pt}} [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {{As of|2018|September}} A na-enyocha ihe nkiri 200 n'ememme ahụ.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na CVIFF enwetala ndenye sitere na mba ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ihe nkiri elelere sitere na mba ndị ọbịa.<ref name="RFI-1"/> == Nlekọta == [[Faịlụ:Suely_Neves_-_EducationUSA_Cape_Verde_(2016).jpg|thumb| Suely Neves na 2016]] Onye na-emepụta CVIFF bụ '''Suely Neves''' . Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, o dere akwụkwọ akụkọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ maka SIT Graduate Institute na amụma mbula nke Cape Verde. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McInerney|first=Katherine|title=Cape Verdean deportees import U.S. problems|url=https://www.dotnews.com/2008/cape-verdean-deportees-import-us-problems|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=Dorchester Reporter|date=5 March 2008|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye ọrụ ọrụ na International Organisation for Migration na onye nhazi basketball 3x3. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Verde eye exposure at FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup Qualifier in Benin|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/3x3africacup/qualifier/benin/news/cape-verde-eye-exposure-at-fiba-3x3-africa-cup-qualifier-in-benin|work=FIBA.basketball|accessdate=27 November 2019|language=en|date=15 August 2018}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ememme ihe nkiri a malitere na October 2010 na Espargos, Sal . Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ a tụrụ ime na 2008, a ga-eyigharị echiche nke ememme ihe nkiri n'ihi nsogbu ego . <ref name="SAPO-2"/> Ihe omume nke mbụ nwere ngụkọta nke ihe nkiri ise nke Neves kwuru na ọ bụ mmalite dị mma maka mmemme a haziri ọhụrụ. N'oge ahụ, CVIFF enweghị ike ị nweta nkwado site na azụmahịa ma ọ bụ òtù omenala, nke ga-anọgide na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ atọ na-esote. <ref name="SAPO-2" /> N'afọ 2014, a kọrọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood Mike Costa ga-esonye na CVIFF nke afọ ahụ dịka onye otu panelist na juri. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The 2014 Cabo Verde Int'l Film Festival Draws Hollywood Insider Mike Costa|url=https://tnj.com/2014-cabo-verde-intl-film-festival-draws-hollywood-insider-mike-costa/|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=The Network Journal|date=17 October 2014|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ bu ụzọ ememme ahụ, ya na African-American Film Critics Association jikọtara ọnụ iji mụbaa ọnụnọ America n'ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Ann|title=Cabo Verde International Film Fest A Hit With New U.S. Partnership|url=https://moguldom.com/26917/cabo-verde-international-film-fest-scored-hit-new-american-partnership/|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=Moguldom|date=25 October 2013|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Cabo Verde International Film Festival on Facebook == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   c5znab93qrypodem6siiigx2h27cdnt 671185 671182 2026-07-02T10:49:03Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Cabo Verde International Film Festival''' (CVIFF) bụ mmemme ihe nkiri na Cape Verde nke izizi hiwere na 2010. <ref name="RFI-1">{{Cite news|author=Matos|first=João|title=Sucesso do Festival Internacional de Cinema de Cabo Verde|url=http://www.rfi.fr/pt/cabo-verde/20171014-sucesso-do-festival-internacional-de-cinema-de-cabo-verde|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=RFI|date=14 October 2017|language=pt}}</ref> <ref name="SAPO-2">{{Cite news|title=Cinema em Cabo Verde: A ambição de fazer um festival|url=https://muzika.sapo.cv/musica/novidades-musica/artigos/cinema-em-cabo-verde-a-ambicao-de-fazer-um-festival|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=SAPO Muzika|date=4 April 2013|language=pt}} [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> A na-enyocha ihe nkiri 200 n'ememme ahụ.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na CVIFF enwetala ndenye sitere na mba ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ihe nkiri elelere sitere na mba ndị ọbịa.<ref name="RFI-1"/> == Nlekọta == [[Faịlụ:Suely_Neves_-_EducationUSA_Cape_Verde_(2016).jpg|thumb| Suely Neves na 2016]] Onye na-emepụta CVIFF bụ '''Suely Neves''' . Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, o dere akwụkwọ akụkọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ maka SIT Graduate Institute na amụma mbula nke Cape Verde. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McInerney|first=Katherine|title=Cape Verdean deportees import U.S. problems|url=https://www.dotnews.com/2008/cape-verdean-deportees-import-us-problems|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=Dorchester Reporter|date=5 March 2008|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye ọrụ ọrụ na International Organisation for Migration na onye nhazi basketball 3x3. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Verde eye exposure at FIBA 3x3 Africa Cup Qualifier in Benin|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/3x3africacup/qualifier/benin/news/cape-verde-eye-exposure-at-fiba-3x3-africa-cup-qualifier-in-benin|work=FIBA.basketball|accessdate=27 November 2019|language=en|date=15 August 2018}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ememme ihe nkiri a malitere na October 2010 na Espargos, Sal . Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ a tụrụ ime na 2008, a ga-eyigharị echiche nke ememme ihe nkiri n'ihi nsogbu ego . <ref name="SAPO-2"/> Ihe omume nke mbụ nwere ngụkọta nke ihe nkiri ise nke Neves kwuru na ọ bụ mmalite dị mma maka mmemme a haziri ọhụrụ. N'oge ahụ, CVIFF enweghị ike ị nweta nkwado site na azụmahịa ma ọ bụ òtù omenala, nke ga-anọgide na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ atọ na-esote. <ref name="SAPO-2" /> N'afọ 2014, a kọrọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood Mike Costa ga-esonye na CVIFF nke afọ ahụ dịka onye otu panelist na juri. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The 2014 Cabo Verde Int'l Film Festival Draws Hollywood Insider Mike Costa|url=https://tnj.com/2014-cabo-verde-intl-film-festival-draws-hollywood-insider-mike-costa/|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=The Network Journal|date=17 October 2014|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ bu ụzọ ememme ahụ, ya na African-American Film Critics Association jikọtara ọnụ iji mụbaa ọnụnọ America n'ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Ann|title=Cabo Verde International Film Fest A Hit With New U.S. Partnership|url=https://moguldom.com/26917/cabo-verde-international-film-fest-scored-hit-new-american-partnership/|accessdate=27 November 2019|work=Moguldom|date=25 October 2013|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Cabo Verde International Film Festival on Facebook == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   tr275fdb3n214nr1wmizzci2ejdvu70 Med Kaggwa 0 55580 671181 196892 2026-07-02T10:48:00Z Johnnybam 24488 671181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Former Chairman, [[Uganda Human Rights Commission]]}} Al-Hajj Meddie Ssozi Kaggwa (15 Eprel 1955 - 20 Nọvemba 2019) bụ onye ọka iwu onye Uganda, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke 'Uganda Human Rights Commission, site na Mee 2009 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 20 Nọvemba 2019. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|title=UHRC Boss Med Kaggwa Is Dead|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/UHRC-boss-Med-Kaggwa-dead/688334-5355432-h7o908z/index.html|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Ephraim Kasozi}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web|title=The life and times of Med Kaggwa|date=20 November 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510937/life-times-med-kaggwa|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Vision}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kaggwa na 15 Eprel 1955 na mpaghara Mpigi nke ugbu a, na mpaghara Buganda nke Uganda. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. Nzere mbụ ya, nzere bachelọ iwu, nwetara na Mahadum Makerere, mahadum ọha na eze kacha ochie na Uganda. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta diploma diploma na Legal Practice, site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Iwu, na Kampala, isi obodo U<ref name="2R" />ganda. A nabatara ya na ụlọ mmanya Uganda. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara Master of Laws na National University of Ireland, na Dublin.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/11/20/med-kaggwas-body-taken-to-mulago-hospital-for-postmortem/|title=Med Kaggwa's body taken to Mulago hospital for postmortem|accessdate=24 November 2019|date=20 November 2019|author=Kenneth Kazibwe}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kaggwa nwere ọrụ karịrị afọ 30 n'ọkwa onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gọọmentị, njikwa na azụmaahịa n'ime Uganda. Ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ nke mebere iwu 1995 Uganda. Kaggwa rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba iwu na ebe mmepe iwu. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Office nke President. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/11/20/med-kaggwas-body-taken-to-mulago-hospital-for-postmortem/|title=Med Kaggwa's body taken to Mulago hospital for postmortem|accessdate=24 November 2019|date=20 November 2019|author=Kenneth Kazibwe}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKenneth_Kazibwe2019">Kenneth Kazibwe (20 November 2019). [https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/11/20/med-kaggwas-body-taken-to-mulago-hospital-for-postmortem/ "Med Kaggwa's body taken to Mulago hospital for postmortem"]. ''Nile Post Uganda''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọchitere anya Kawempe South Constituency na Constituent Assembly ma mesịa nọchite anya otu mpaghara ahụ na Nzukọ nke Isii n'etiti afọ 1996 na 2001. Kaggwa jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye isi ọrụ iwu na Arab Libyan Bank for Foreign Trade &amp;amp; Development, site na 1984 ruo 1991 na dị ka ode akwukwo nke Uganda Revenue Authority ruo afọ ise, site na 1991 ruo 1996. Ọ bụ onye otu Makerere University Council site na 1999 ruo 2002 na osote onye isi oche nke Kyambogo University Council na onye otu Senate na otu Mahadum ahụ na 2004. == Ezinụlọ == Ọ bụ nwoke lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ ise.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Commission boss dies after collapsing in his car|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/62685-human-rights-commission-boss-dies-after-collapsing-in-his-car|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'ụtụtụ nke 20 Nọvemba 2019, mgbe ọ na-akwọ ụgbọala na-aga ọrụ gọọmentị, Meddie Kaggwa dị afọ 64 dara n'ime ụgbọala ahụ, kụọ ụgbọala ahụ n'ihu ya wee kwụsị. Ndị na-ekiri ya kụwara windo ụgbọ ala ya, nye ya CPR ma kpọga onye ọrịa ahụ na Case Medical Center. N'ebe ahụ, a nọgidere na-eme mgbalị iji kpọlite ya ruo mgbe a mara na ọ nwụọla. E liri ya na 21 Nọvemba 2019, na Gayaza Kasanje Village, na Mpigi Municipal Council, na Wakiso District. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|title=Med Kaggwa Laid To Rest|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510987/med-kaggwa-laid-rest|date=21 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Simon Ssekidde}}</ref>   == Hụkwa == * Ministri nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Iwu Iwu (Uganda) == Ihe odide == 8togrpphswj0szbmcjdddss0xl41r9o 671186 671181 2026-07-02T10:49:29Z Johnnybam 24488 671186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Former Chairman, [[Uganda Human Rights Commission]]}} Al-Hajj Meddie Ssozi Kaggwa (15 Eprel 1955 - 20 Nọvemba 2019) bụ onye ọka iwu onye Uganda, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke 'Uganda Human Rights Commission, site na Mee 2009 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 20 Nọvemba 2019. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|title=UHRC Boss Med Kaggwa Is Dead|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/UHRC-boss-Med-Kaggwa-dead/688334-5355432-h7o908z/index.html|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Ephraim Kasozi}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web|title=The life and times of Med Kaggwa|date=20 November 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510937/life-times-med-kaggwa|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Vision}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kaggwa na 15 Eprel 1955 na mpaghara Mpigi nke ugbu a, na mpaghara Buganda nke Uganda. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. Nzere mbụ ya, nzere bachelọ iwu, nwetara na Mahadum Makerere, mahadum ọha na eze kacha ochie na Uganda. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta diploma diploma na Legal Practice, site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Iwu, na Kampala, isi obodo Uganda. A nabatara ya na ụlọ mmanya Uganda. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara Master of Laws na National University of Ireland, na Dublin.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/11/20/med-kaggwas-body-taken-to-mulago-hospital-for-postmortem/|title=Med Kaggwa's body taken to Mulago hospital for postmortem|accessdate=24 November 2019|date=20 November 2019|author=Kenneth Kazibwe}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kaggwa nwere ọrụ karịrị afọ 30 n'ọkwa onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gọọmentị, njikwa na azụmaahịa n'ime Uganda. Ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ nke mebere iwu 1995 Uganda. Kaggwa rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba iwu na ebe mmepe iwu. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Office nke President. <ref name="2R" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Kawempe South Constituency na Constituent Assembly ma mesịa nọchite anya otu mpaghara ahụ na Nzukọ nke Isii n'etiti afọ 1996 na 2001. Kaggwa jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye isi ọrụ iwu na Arab Libyan Bank for Foreign Trade &amp;amp; Development, site na 1984 ruo 1991 na dị ka ode akwukwo nke Uganda Revenue Authority ruo afọ ise, site na 1991 ruo 1996. Ọ bụ onye otu Makerere University Council site na 1999 ruo 2002 na osote onye isi oche nke Kyambogo University Council na onye otu Senate na otu Mahadum ahụ na 2004. == Ezinụlọ == Ọ bụ nwoke lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ ise.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Commission boss dies after collapsing in his car|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/62685-human-rights-commission-boss-dies-after-collapsing-in-his-car|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'ụtụtụ nke 20 Nọvemba 2019, mgbe ọ na-akwọ ụgbọala na-aga ọrụ gọọmentị, Meddie Kaggwa dị afọ 64 dara n'ime ụgbọala ahụ, kụọ ụgbọala ahụ n'ihu ya wee kwụsị. Ndị na-ekiri ya kụwara windo ụgbọ ala ya, nye ya CPR ma kpọga onye ọrịa ahụ na Case Medical Center. N'ebe ahụ, a nọgidere na-eme mgbalị iji kpọlite ya ruo mgbe a mara na ọ nwụọla. E liri ya na 21 Nọvemba 2019, na Gayaza Kasanje Village, na Mpigi Municipal Council, na Wakiso District. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|title=Med Kaggwa Laid To Rest|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510987/med-kaggwa-laid-rest|date=21 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Simon Ssekidde}}</ref>   == Hụkwa == * Ministri nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Iwu Iwu (Uganda) == Ihe odide == 9uixow8qx4o9nwo9047qjr9n5w6a094 671189 671186 2026-07-02T10:50:43Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ihe odide */ 671189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Former Chairman, [[Uganda Human Rights Commission]]}} Al-Hajj Meddie Ssozi Kaggwa (15 Eprel 1955 - 20 Nọvemba 2019) bụ onye ọka iwu onye Uganda, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke 'Uganda Human Rights Commission, site na Mee 2009 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 20 Nọvemba 2019. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|title=UHRC Boss Med Kaggwa Is Dead|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/UHRC-boss-Med-Kaggwa-dead/688334-5355432-h7o908z/index.html|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Ephraim Kasozi}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web|title=The life and times of Med Kaggwa|date=20 November 2019|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510937/life-times-med-kaggwa|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Vision}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kaggwa na 15 Eprel 1955 na mpaghara Mpigi nke ugbu a, na mpaghara Buganda nke Uganda. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. Nzere mbụ ya, nzere bachelọ iwu, nwetara na Mahadum Makerere, mahadum ọha na eze kacha ochie na Uganda. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta diploma diploma na Legal Practice, site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Iwu, na Kampala, isi obodo Uganda. A nabatara ya na ụlọ mmanya Uganda. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara Master of Laws na National University of Ireland, na Dublin.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/11/20/med-kaggwas-body-taken-to-mulago-hospital-for-postmortem/|title=Med Kaggwa's body taken to Mulago hospital for postmortem|accessdate=24 November 2019|date=20 November 2019|author=Kenneth Kazibwe}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kaggwa nwere ọrụ karịrị afọ 30 n'ọkwa onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gọọmentị, njikwa na azụmaahịa n'ime Uganda. Ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ nke mebere iwu 1995 Uganda. Kaggwa rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba iwu na ebe mmepe iwu. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Office nke President. Ọ nọchitere anya Kawempe South Constituency na Constituent Assembly ma mesịa nọchite anya otu mpaghara ahụ na Nzukọ nke Isii n'etiti afọ 1996 na 2001. Kaggwa jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye isi ọrụ iwu na Arab Libyan Bank for Foreign Trade &amp;amp; Development, site na 1984 ruo 1991 na dị ka ode akwukwo nke Uganda Revenue Authority ruo afọ ise, site na 1991 ruo 1996. Ọ bụ onye otu Makerere University Council site na 1999 ruo 2002 na osote onye isi oche nke Kyambogo University Council na onye otu Senate na otu Mahadum ahụ na 2004. == Ezinụlọ == Ọ bụ nwoke lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ ise.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Commission boss dies after collapsing in his car|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/62685-human-rights-commission-boss-dies-after-collapsing-in-his-car|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'ụtụtụ nke 20 Nọvemba 2019, mgbe ọ na-akwọ ụgbọala na-aga ọrụ gọọmentị, Meddie Kaggwa dị afọ 64 dara n'ime ụgbọala ahụ, kụọ ụgbọala ahụ n'ihu ya wee kwụsị. Ndị na-ekiri ya kụwara windo ụgbọ ala ya, nye ya CPR ma kpọga onye ọrịa ahụ na Case Medical Center. N'ebe ahụ, a nọgidere na-eme mgbalị iji kpọlite ya ruo mgbe a mara na ọ nwụọla. E liri ya na 21 Nọvemba 2019, na Gayaza Kasanje Village, na Mpigi Municipal Council, na Wakiso District. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|title=Med Kaggwa Laid To Rest|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1510987/med-kaggwa-laid-rest|date=21 November 2019|accessdate=24 November 2019|author=Simon Ssekidde}}</ref>   == Hụkwa == * Ministri nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Iwu Iwu (Uganda) == Ihe odide == pco414qirj9ln4wwsyugr29vswrfl68 Ebrahim Ebrahim 0 55606 671223 515193 2026-07-02T11:07:36Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim.jpg|thumb|Ebrahim Ebrahim]] Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim OLG (1 Julaị 1937 – 6 Disemba 2021) bụ onye South Africa na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere na India bụ onye so na ndị otu African National Congress's ngwa agha uMkhonto we Sizwe. A gbara ya ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị mebiri emebi nke Pietermaritzburg na 1963 ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ 15 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nchekwa kacha elu nke Robben Island. Onye a ma ama dị ka Ebee, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye omebe iwu na gọọmentị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa n'afọ 1994 ma bụrụkwa osote onye minista na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa n'etiti 2009 na 2014. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ebrahim na Durban na 1937 na nne na nna, Hafeeza na Mohammed Adam Modan, ndị India. Nna ya si Gujarat ma gaa South Africa na 1933, ebe a mụrụ nne ya na South Africa. Nna ya were aha nna ya bụ Ebrahim n'aka ezinụlọ ya na ha gara South Africa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ebrahim, Shannon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1061275307|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim : a gentle revolutionary|oclc=1061275307|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> Nne nne ya lekọtara agụmakwụkwọ Ebrahim mgbe ndị ọchịchị jụrụ ya ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na-ekwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ India jupụtara ma ha enweghị ike ịnabata ya. Nke a gara n'ihu ruo afọ ise ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị na-akwado The Hindu Tamil Institute . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == Ebrahim zutere okwu sitere n'aka ndị isi African National Congress (ANC) na Natal Indian Congress (NIC) mgbe ọ gara nzukọ ha na Durban mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. N'oge a, a mara ya na mmegide nke na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide ndị India na mba ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ "Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?"]. ''The Indian Express''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'òtù mmegide nke Mahatma Gandhi, ma gaa nzukọ ebe onye isi ANC Albert Luthuli kwuru okwu.<ref name=":3" /> Ebrahim sonyeere òtù na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site na isonye na NIC na 1952 n'oge mkpọsa Defiance. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ "Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?"]. ''The Indian Express''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ANC Youth League. Dị ka onye otu NIC ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya na Congress of the People nke nabatara Freedom Charter na 1955.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye otu ANC ''Umkhonto We Sizwe'' na 1961 ma bụrụ onye otu nzukọ nke mere mmebi na mba ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ "Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?"]. ''The Indian Express''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Remembering Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim|url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/12/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-anc-apartheid-south-africa-obituary|author=Kasrils|first=Ronnie|accessdate=9 December 2021|work=Tribune|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208214222/https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/12/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-anc-apartheid-south-africa-obituary}}</ref> Ọ ga-emecha kwuo na ogbugbu Sharpeville nke 1960, ebe ndị uwe ojii Transvaal gbagburu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe iri isii na itoolu, gbanwere obi ya banyere ụzọ udo nke ime ngagharị iwe na nguzogide na-enweghị isi, na-eduga ya isonyere akụkụ agha nke ANC.<ref name=":3" /> E jidere ya na 1963 n'okpuru iwu Sabotage . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=South African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim dies at 84|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=South China Morning Post|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208015927/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> E kpere ya ikpe na Pietermaritzburg Sabotage Trial nke gụnyere ndị ọzọ 18 na-eme ngagharị iwe ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 15 na Robben Island Maximum Security Prison. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dakọtara na oge ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]] nọ n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya na Jacob Zuma, onye ga-emesị bụrụ onye isi ala nke mba ahụ, nọrọ n'ụlọikwuu ya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=gulfnews.com|date=7 December 2021|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055009/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893 "S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84"]. ''gulfnews.com''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055009/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893 Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ebrahim ga-ede n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya mgbe e mesịrị banyere mmetọ anụ ahụ, mmekpa ahụ, na nhụjuanya a na-eme n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-asị, "N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a wakporo anyị, agụụ na-agụ anyị, na-eyi anyị uwe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma na-eweda anyị ala n'ụzọ kachasị njọ. Anyị kụwara nkume ma rie nri. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a mere ka anyị guzo ọtọ ruo ogologo oge n'ogige mepere emepe, mgbe ụfọdụ na ihu igwe na-adịghị ahụkebe. " N'agbanyeghị nke a, o ji oge ya n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ nweta akara abụọ na Mahadum nke Bachelor of Commerce South Africa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=gulfnews.com|date=7 December 2021|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055009/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893 "S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84"]. ''gulfnews.com''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055009/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/safrican-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84-1.84227893 Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=People's Assembly|language=en|archivedate=10 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010536/https://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/ "Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim"]. ''People's Assembly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010536/https://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/ Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A tọhapụrụ Ebrahim n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 1979, na ọnọdụ na ọ gaghị etinye aka na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ "Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?"]. ''The Indian Express''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ma soro iwu ANC ka ọ gaa mba ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=People's Assembly|language=en|archivedate=10 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010536/https://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/ "Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim"]. ''People's Assembly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710010536/https://www.pa.org.za/person/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim/ Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, e jidere ya ọzọ na 1989 maka ịkụ ogbunigwe n'ugbo ndị ọcha na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] (nke bụzi [[Eswatini]]) na 1986, ya na ndị ọzọ abụọ. Ndị ọrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke South Africa tọọrọ ya na Swaziland ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 20, ọzọ na Robben Island.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=South African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim dies at 84|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=South China Morning Post|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208015927/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies "South African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim dies at 84"]. ''South China Morning Post''. 6 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208015927/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3158670/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=S. African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211206-s-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=France 24|language=en|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206230139/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211206-s-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-dies-aged-84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Battersby|first=John D.|date=17 January 1989|title=Afrikaner Paper Urges Talks With Mandela|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/17/world/afrikaner-paper-urges-talks-with-mandela.html|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ Ebrahim n'afọ 1991; a kpọrọ ntọrọ ahụ iwu na-akwadoghị ebe ọ bụ na ọ mere n'èzí ikike South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Ebrahim so na Gọọmentị mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa na 1994, <ref name=":0" />nke mbụ dị ka onye otu National Assembly, wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ, na-enyere aka na esemokwu dị n'etiti Ndị Palestine na [[Israel]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na Rwanda, na Nepal, Bolivia, [[Kosovo]], na [[Burundi]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Anti-Apartheid Veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim Dies At 84|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies-at-84-2639524|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=NDTV.com|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206143149/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/south-african-anti-apartheid-veteran-ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim-dies-at-84-2639524}}</ref> Dị ka onye ogbugbo na esemokwu Israel-Palestine, ọ kwadoro maka etiti etiti n'etiti ọtụtụ òtù ndị Palestine. Ọ zutere onye isi Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat na 2001 na West Bank n'oge a. N'afọ 2002, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu South Africa kpọrọ oku ka ndị Palestine kwụsị Israel ma kpọọ oku ka a machibido mba Israel iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Call for South Africa to cut ties with Israel|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/call-for-south-africa-to-cut-ties-with-israel-83765|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206173119/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/call-for-south-africa-to-cut-ties-with-israel-83765}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ rịọrọ ka a kwụsị "ịsacha ndị Palestine na Jerusalem" na-ekwu na "esemokwu Israel na Palestine (bụ) bụ maka nnwere onwe ibi ndụ na ùgwù".<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFP and TOI staff|title=South African anti-apartheid, Palestinian rights advocate Ebrahim dies at 84|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-anti-apartheid-palestinian-rights-advocate-ebrahim-dies-at-84/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206190954/https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-anti-apartheid-palestinian-rights-advocate-ebrahim-dies-at-84/}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye ozi mba ofesi na 2009 wee jee ozi n'ọnọdụ ahụ afọ isii n'etiti 2009 na 2014.[1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye so na National Executive Committee of the African National Congress ruo ihe karịrị afọ 26 n'etiti 1991 na 2017.[2] Ọ nọchitere anya mpaghara Chatsworth na KwaZulu-Natal. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kianja|title=Ebrahim Ebrahim – Farewell to a Gentle Revolutionary|url=https://www.thediplomaticsociety.co.za/3600-ebrahim-ebrahim-the-gentle-revolutionary|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=www.thediplomaticsociety.co.za|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ebrahim, onye a makwaara dị ka Ebie, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|title=Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=8 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ "Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran?"]. ''The Indian Express''. 7 December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211208020415/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-ebrahim-ebrahim-indian-origin-anti-apartheid-veteran-7661106/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu Shannon née Field, onye ọrụ United Nations, na 1998. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ n'afọ 2000 wee gaa n'ihu mụọ nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị. O nwekwara nwa nwanyị ọzọ site na mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye nkuzi America Julia Wells.[a]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ebrahim obituary: A life that leaves behind a substantial legacy of kindness and compassion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ebrahim-ebrahim-obituary-a-life-that-leaves-behind-a-substantial-legacy-of-kindness-and-compassion-f05263aa-903e-46af-8bdd-37fc5260a91c|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archivedate=7 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184442/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/opinion/ebrahim-ebrahim-obituary-a-life-that-leaves-behind-a-substantial-legacy-of-kindness-and-compassion-f05263aa-903e-46af-8bdd-37fc5260a91c}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ebrahim-ismail-ebrahim|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Ebrahim bụ onye na-akwado egwu ihe nkiri India, na-ege ndị egwu egwu gụnyere Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Kishore Kumar, na Geeta Dutt. Achọpụtara na mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru ala na ụlọ ọrụ redio na-enyocha ọrụ redio, gụnyere Radio Moscow, Voice of America, South African Broadcasting Corporation, na BBC, ọ ga-ahụ onwe ya na-ekiri All India Radio na-ege egwu ihe nkiri India.[1] Mgbe e nyere ndị mkpọrọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ na Robben Island ohere ịhọrọ egwu maka mgbasa ozi, ọ ga-ahọrọ egwu Bollywood iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ụlọ mkpọrọ nwee mgbagwoju anya.[1] Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado ọrụ onye edemede Soviet bụ Nikolai Ostrovsky<ref name=":4" /> Ebrahim nwụrụ na 6 Disemba 2021 n'ụlọ na Johannesburg. Ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na anọ.<ref name=":0" />Ógbè Gauteng nyere ya olili ozu steeti na Westpark Cemetery . <ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Gauteng Premier David Makhura pays tribute to Struggle stalwart Ebrahim Ebrahim|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-gauteng-premier-david-makhura-pays-tribute-to-struggle-stalwart-ebrahim-ebrahim-5178ba71-324b-46a5-ae28-618e2de14d85|accessdate=8 December 2021|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|archivedate=7 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207191459/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-gauteng-premier-david-makhura-pays-tribute-to-struggle-stalwart-ebrahim-ebrahim-5178ba71-324b-46a5-ae28-618e2de14d85}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ou8wmq689gap32am9794806e7nu3h4p Isabel Hofmeyr 0 55707 671059 198122 2026-07-02T09:45:29Z Akwugo 11031 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 671059 wikitext text/x-wiki Christine Isabel Hofmeyr (amụrụ 1953) bụ onye mmụta South Africa bụ ọkachamara na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na akụkọ agụmagụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Witwatersrand, bụ́ ebe ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ ndị Africa na 1994. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na postcolonialism na ọrụ na mgbasa ozi ederede, transnationalism textual, na ụwa Indian Ocean. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hofmeyr na 1953 na Potchefstroom na Transvaal Province nke bụbu Union of South Africa.[1] Ọ banyere na Mahadum Rhodes na 1972 wee gụchaa na 1974 na Bachelor of Journalism. Mgbe otu afọ gachara na London, England, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ odeakwụkwọ na onye ụkọchukwu, ọ laghachiri na mahadum na 1976, gụchara nzere otu afọ Honors na Bekee na Mahadum Witwatersrand (Wits).[2] Ọ nọgidere na ngalaba Wits English ka ọ na-achụso Master of Arts, dechara na 1979 na a tesis nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwuputa, mgbanwe mmekọrịta na akwụkwọ: nyocha nke akwụkwọ South Africa na-ezo aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ngwuputa 1870-1920.".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae: Isabel Hofmeyr|url=https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelHofmeyr/CurriculumVitae|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=Academia.edu}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 1979, Hofmeyr rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi obere na bekee na Mahadum Durban – Westville. Ọ hapụrụ n'afọ na-eso ya ịbanye na Kọmitii South Africa for Higher Education, òtù na-akwadoghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, bụ ebe ọ na-edekọ usoro agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye na ọmụmụ Africa. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ na 1982 iji nweta akara ugo mmụta Master of Arts afọ abụọ na School of Oriental and African Studies na London, bụ ebe ndị otu British Council kwadoro ya wee mụọ ọmụmụ mpaghara na itinye uche na Africa.[1] Na 1984, ọ laghachiri na Wits, bụ ebe ọ kụziri dị ka onye nkuzi na ngalaba akwụkwọ edemede Africa.[2] Egoro ya dika onye nkuzi na ngalaba na 1988 wee mechaa PhD na ngalaba na 1991; Akpọrọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya, "'Anyị na-eji afọ anyị dị ka akụkọ a na-akọ': Akụkọ ọnụ, ọgụgụ akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ime mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke isi ọchịchị Transvaal.".<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya, Hofmeyr nọgidere na Wits, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na African Literature n'etiti afọ 1992 na 1993. N'afọ 1994, e buliri ya n'ọkwa prọfesọ na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká; ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus ugbu a na Wits, ebe ọ nọ na Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Isabel Hofmeyr|url=https://wiser.wits.ac.za/people/isabel-hofmeyr|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba African Studies na dị ka onye enyemaka dean na Wits Humanities Faculty, <ref name=":1" /> ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke kọmitii ndụmọdụ Wits University Press n'etiti afọ 1997 na 2001. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ranganathan|first=Murali|date=1 April 2021|title=Print History: Isabel Hofmeyr – The View from Africa|url=https://www.printweek.in/features/print-history-isabel-hofmeyr-the-view-from-africa-54406|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=PrintWeek|language=en}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2013 na 2021, ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Bekee na Mahadum New York, ebe ọ bụ Prọfesọ zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":1" /> Nkwurịta okwu mbụ Hofmeyr lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, mgbasa ederede, na ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi metụtara ya n'Africa, mana o mechara nwee mmasị dị ukwuu na ọmụmụ Indian Ocean, gụnyere mgbasa ederede na ụwa Indian Ocean, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Africa na India, na ọnọdụ akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Global South. N'ikwekọ na mmasị a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta Wits Centre for Indian Studies in Africa, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-28|title=Professor Isabel Hofmeyr|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-08-28-00-professor-isabel-hofmeyr/|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> nke ọ duziri dị ka onye nduzi na-anọchite anya na 2009.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị metụtara ya, gụnyere Modern Asian Studies . <ref name=":2" /> == Akwụkwọ edemede == Na mgbakwunye na mpịakọta ndị e dezigharịrị, Hofmeyr ebipụtala akwụkwọ anọ. Nke mbụ, nke akpọrọ We Spend our Years as a Tale that is Told: Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom (1993), kwadoro nyocha edemede ya banyere ọdịnala ọnụ na South Africa; edepụtara ya maka American African Studies Association's 1995 Herskovits Prize.<ref name=":1" /> Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, na 2006, ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' kọrọ na akwụkwọ ahụ nọ n'etiti obere ihe ihere agụmakwụkwọ, ka asịrị na-agbasa na e si n'akwụkwọ ahụ nweta ya na [[Antjie Krog]]'s practed Country of My Skull.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bower|first=Colin|date=2006-03-03|title=New claims against Krog|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-03-03-new-claims-against-krog/|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akwụkwọ nke abụọ Hofmeyr, The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of The Pilgrim's Progress (2004), chọtara mmetụta ọgụgụ isi na nke ime mmụọ nke John Bunyan's The Pilgram's Progres n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa. Ọ meriri 2007 Richard L. Greaves Prize nke International John Bunyan Society.<ref name=":2" /> Nke atọ, Gandhi's Printing Press: Experiments in Slow Reading (2003), na-amụ mmepụta nke Indian Opinion, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Mahatma Gandhi guzobere ma bipụta na ashram ya na Phoenix, Natal; Hofmeyr kwuru na mmepụta ihe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwadoro ma gwa nkà ihe ọmụma Gandhian nke satyagraha.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Hofmeyr bipụtara Dockside Reading: Hydrocolonialism and the Custom House (2022), nke na-atụ aro echiche nke "hydrocolonialismo", na-ejikọta ọchịchị na nchịkwa nke mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri; site n'ịchọpụta ọganihu nke ihe ndị e biri ebi site na British Custom Houses, Hofmeyn na-ekwu na hydrocolonialism kpụrụ omenala obibi akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka ikike nwebisiinka na nyocha. N'afọ 2023, akwụkwọ ahụ meriri [[National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences]]'s Best Non-Fiction Monograph Award . <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Wits scholars and publisher win humanities and social sciences awards|url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/general-news/2023/2023-04/wits-scholars-and-publisher-win-humanities-and-social-sciences-awards.html|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=Wits University}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ == N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, a raara Hofmeyr nye dị ka onye otu Academy of Science of South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2017|title=Academy of Science SA elects Wits researchers for their scholarship and social impact|url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/health-news/2018/academy-of-science-sa-elects-wits-researchers-for-their-scholarship-and-social-impact.html|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=Wits University}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Achille Mbembe]] * Sarah Nuttall == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.18772/22023088363|title=Reading from the South: African Print Cultures and Oceanic Turns in Isabel Hofmeyr's Work|date=2023-08-01|publisher=Wits University Press|isbn=978-1-77614-838-7|editor=Lavery|doi=10.18772/22023088363}} == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jnbp27qyhkwjxp1zkr0qsnpfzeofcaj Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Maria de Azkue 0 56116 671284 200809 2026-07-02T11:41:31Z Johnnybam 24488 671284 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;">Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Maria de Azkue</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Resurreccion_Maria_Azkue_hizkuntzalari_lekeitiarra.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-08-05</span>)</span> 5 Ọgọst 1864Lekeitio, [[Biscay]], Spanish Basque Country<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |9 Nọvemba 1951 <span style="display:none">(1951-11-09)</span> (afọ 87) [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]], Spanish Basque Country&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Onye edemede |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ ndị a ma ama | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Vasco-Spanish-FrenchEuskal Izkindea-Gramatica Euskaramorfología Vasca<br /><br /> |} Resurrección María de Azkue (5 August 1864 - 9 November 1951) bụ onye ọrụ Basque nwere ikike, onye na-eti egwu, onye na'ede uri, onye edemede, onye ụgbọ mmiri mmiri na ike.[1]  O nyere ọtụtụ nri dị maka mkpa mkpakọ Asụsụ Basque ma bụrụ onye isi mbụ nke Euskaltzaindia, Academy of the Basque Language.  N'agbanyeghị nkatọ ụfọdụ ziri ezi ntụgharị na ụdị ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe na ndị ochie ochie na agha ileghara Romance anya na Basque, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-akwụsị akwụsị nke Basque ruo ugbu a.. Aha ya zuru oke bụ Resurrección de Jesús María de las Nieves Azkue Aberásturi, mana a mara ya dịka Resurrección María de Azkue, R. M. Azkue, ma ọ bụ naanị Azkue.. == Akụkọ ndụ == A inji Azkue n'obodo Biscayan nke Lekeitio, ọ bụ onye na-asụrụ akwụkwọ Basque na nwa nke onye na-ede uri Basque Eusebio María de los Dolores Azkue Barrundia onye si Lekeitio n'onwe ya na María del Carmen Aberásturi. Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye Basque (ma ọ bụ abertzale) na ọ bụ ebe na ya na ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya dị ka Sabino Arana na Ramón de la Sota na-eme ihe ihe, a anaghị ele ya anya dị ka onye Carlist ma na-ekwe omumeghị na Arana na de Soto ugboro ugboro, ihe n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ Basque.  N'ịbụ onye na-abụ Basque na-akpa n'anya akara, ọ na-akpa ike ịgba ụkwụ iji kwado ọrụ.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1904, Azkue na Bilbao gaa Europe ruo afọ ise, na nnukwu ihe na Tours, Brussels na Cologne, ebe ọ mmụta akwụkwọ egwu ya.  Mgbe ọ la n'ime Bilbao na 1909 ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ (dị ka Ortzuri na 1911 na Urlo na 1914), na-ebumpụta mpụta nke njikọ nke Basque.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi mgbasa nke iguzobe Euskaltsaindia, Academy of the Basque Language, na mbụ 1918 nke Eusko Ikaskuntza na Oñati ma bụrụ onye isi mbụ ya site na igbu ya na 1919 gaa n'ihu. Ọ hapụrụ oche ya nke ọmụmụ Basque na 1920 iji mikpuo onwe ya kpamkpam na ọrụ nke Euskaltzaindia, na-akwalite atụmatụ iji dezie ma kwalite asụsụ Basque, megide nnukwu mmegide sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ogige Arana. Isi ọmụmụ ya na ọdịdị Basque, 'Morfología Vasca' na nchịkọta nke egwu ndị Basque, Cancionero Popular Vasco, dabara n'oge a. Ọ mepụtara ''Erizkizundi Irukoitza'' ('Triple Questionnaire'), ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa iji nweta ozi gbasara okwu, ọdịdị na ịkpọpụta asụsụ Basque site n'aka ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma. 1935 hụrụ mbipụta nke ''Euskaleŕiaren Yakintza'', nchịkọta mpịakọta 4 nke akụkọ ọdịnala na nnukwu mkpali iji melite ọrụ ''Gipuzkera Osatua''.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'oge Agha Obodo nke Spain, Francisco Franco nyere iwu ka e mechie Euskaltsaindia mana Azkue jisiri ike ịgba ịgba ọsọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ bụ onye agadi ma ọ bụghị onye agha ụdị a ma ama.  N'ikpeazụ, o jisiri ike meghee Euskaltsaindia na 1941 site n'ibu nke Federico Krutwig.  Azkue isi na 1951 obere oge mgbe ọ dabara n'osimiri Ibaizabal na Bilbao na ike.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọmụmụ ihe == Azkue jiri ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya na-amụ asụsụ Basque ma ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na-abụ isi iyi nke ozi maka onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na asụsụ Basque. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na lexicography, ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa gụnyere: * ''Euskal Izkindea-Gramatica Euskara'' (1891). Nnyocha banyere Ngwaa Basque nke Azkue kpọrọ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ "mmehie nke ntorobịa ya" ka ọ na-achọ igosi ihe oyiyi a na-echepụta echepụta na "dị ọcha" nke asụsụ Basque. Ọ bụ ezie na Azkue n'onwe ya hapụrụ usoro a n'oge na-adịghị anya, Euskal Izkindea kpaliri ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche nke ọtụtụ afọ na-achọ ịkwalite echiche dị otú ahụ nke asụsụ Basque. * Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés ("Basque-Spanish-French dictionary") (1905). E bipụtara ya na mbụ n'akụkụ abụọ, nke a bụ mbipụta Azkue kacha mara taa. Ọ na-edepụta okwu Basque sitere na asụsụ Basque niile n'ụdị a na-agbanwebeghị ma a na-ewere ya dị ka isi iyi nke ihe gbasara asụsụ. Azkue chịkọtara data maka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu a site na isi mmalite dị ugbu a na nyocha nke ya. E bipụtaghachila ya ọtụtụ ugboro. * Diccionario de Bolsillo Vasco-Español y Español-Vasco (1918), a Spanish-Basque pocket dictionary. * Cancionero Popular Vasco (1918-1921), nchịkọta nke egwu na abụ. * Morfología Vasca (1923), ọmụmụ banyere nsonaazụ Basque. Mbipụta a ka bụ isi ihe ọmụma banyere data ọdịdị, gụnyere ụdị na atụmatụ ndị a na-ejighịzi eme ihe. * ''Euskaleŕiaren Yakintza'' ("ihe ọmụma nke Mba Basque") (1935-1947), nnukwu nchịkọta nke ọdịnala Basque. * ''Gipuzkera osotua'' (1935), akwụkwọ Azkue na ụdị Gipuzkoan. N'etiti ha, Euskaleŕiaren Yakintza na Cancionero na-eme nchịkọta nke ihe ochie Basque, nke nwere abụ, uri, soties, egwuregwu, tonguetwisters, omenala, ngwaahịa, past na ihe ihe ilu 2900.[1]  Ọ dezi isi mbụ mbụ Lucien Bonaparte nwere n'asụsụ mmepụta n'ime asaa. == Enyemaka e nyere Batua == N'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ edemede maka akụkọ Basque, Azkue bụ onye na-akwado Gipuzkera Osotua ('Completed Gipuzkoan').  Nke a bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ụdị nke aha Gipuzkoa dịka nguzozi ike si asụsụ Northern Basque gaa n'ebe ndịda, ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-Asụsụ Basque lekwasịrị anya ugbu a na Biscay na Gipuzkoa. Edere akwụkwọ ya, dị ka Ardi Galdua ('nwa nne furu efu'), na Gipuzkera Osotua ma ọ ga-abụ nnukwu ụgbọ na mberede nke Standard Basque. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} * Etxegoien, J. ''Orhipean, Gure Herria'' Inform Xamar: 1996 * Kintana Goiriena, J. ''Vizcaytik Bizkaira? '' ''R.M. Azkue Euskaltzaindia astzin (1888-1919) ''. BBK na Euskaltzaindia 2002. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/azkue/ Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Azkue nke Euskaltzaindia] * [https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/dok/euskera/53279.pdf R.M Azkue, ''Gipuzkera Osotua''] * [http://www.unibertsitatea.net/otarrea/giza-zientziak/historia/r-m-azkue-tesi-aurkezpena/ PopwerPoint Presentation nke Jurgi Kintana na ọrụ Azkue] ob7mv5ms4e404zucbucmbh4qe4i40n6 John Elfed Jones 0 57097 671061 202097 2026-07-02T09:49:53Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Elfed Jones''' CBE (amụrụ na 19 Machị 1933) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Welsh na onye na-akwado asụsụ, onye jigoro oche oche nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na Wales. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Elfed Jones na 19 Machị 1933, nwa Urien Maelgwyn Jones na Mary Jones. A zụlitere ya na Maentwrog, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa maka North Wales Power Company .<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Blaenau Ffestiniog Grammar School na Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Heriot Watt College na Edinburgh. Ọ sonyeere Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-amụ ọrụ (1949-1953), ebe ọ bụ onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ site na 1953 ruo 1955. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mba na RAF, ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụgbọ elu, ọ laghachiri na CEGB na 1957. == Ọrụ == Jones sooro nna ya banye na North Wales Power Company, <ref name="row" /> na mbụ dị ka injinia teknụzụ. Ọ bụ osote onye njikwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Rheidol ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nuklia Trawsfynydd tupu ọ bụrụ osote onye nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nke etiti Wales. Jones hapụrụ CEGB mgbe naanị ohere nkwalite ga-agụnye ịkwaga England.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere Anglesey Aluminium dị ka onye njikwa injinia, e buliri ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 1977. Site na 1979 ruo 1982 Jones bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Welsh na Cardiff. Na 1982, a họpụtara ya Onye isi oche nke Welsh Water Authority wee leba anya na nkeonwe ya na 1989 iji guzobe mmiri Welsh..N'afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Municipal Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc0qAQAAMAAJ|year=1988}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na 1993 na na 1997 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke National Assembly's Advisory Group.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1996 ruo 2006 Jones bụ onyeisi oche nke International Greetings plc, nnukwu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi onyinye, kaadị ekele na crackers Krismas nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Hirwaun dị nso na Aberdare. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Greetings firm expects a merry Christmas|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/greetings-firm-expects-merry-christmas-2362185|accessdate=18 February 2020|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=7 December 2005}}</ref> == Esemokwu == Rhodri Morgan, onye bụ Minista mbụ nke Wales n'oge ahụ, na ndị ọzọ mechara katọọ itinye aka Jones na Welsh Water Authority nke ọha na eze n'ihi nkwalite nkwalite nke so na ọrụ ya.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2001, Jones dere otu isiokwu na magazin asụsụ Welsh Barn, nke a katọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iji "ndị si n'èzí" na-abata na Wales tụnyere ntiwapụ nke "ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ mmadụ".<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị Welsh Labour Party zaghachiri na ịkụda mmụọ ndị na-asụbeghị Welsh ịkwaga n'ebe ụfọdụ agaghị echebe ma ọ bụ kwalite Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alan Trench|title=The State of the Nations 2001: The Second Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZnOSgPr84C&pg=PA33|year=2001|publisher=Imprint Academic|isbn=978-0-907845-19-5|pages=33}}</ref> N'ihi ihe o kwuru, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ abụọ na-asụ Welsh nke onye nta akụkọ Ian Skidmore kọọrọ Commission for Racial Equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1337140/Welsh-leaders-referred-to-CRE.html|title=Welsh leaders referred to CRE|date=12 August 2001|author=Daniel Foggo|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ọdịiche == E nyere Jones ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1987 New Year Honours. Eserese Jones, nke Peter Douglas Edwards dere, ka egosiri n'ọbá akwụkwọ onye guzobere na Mahadum Wales Atọ n'Ime Otu Saint David na Lampeter, nke ọ bụụrụ onye isi ala na 1992–1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-elfed-jones-b-1933-president-of-university-of-wales-lampeter-st-davids-university-college-19921998-224469|title=John Elfed Jones (b.1933), President of University of Wales Lampeter, St David's University College (1992–1998)|work=Art UK|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Y Lolfa bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Deep Waters na 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John Elfed Jones|title=Dyfroedd Dyfnion - Hunangofiant John Elfed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2g3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=978-1-84771-760-3|pages=2}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kdjhs8nna5o8rqd5imxivlz6yhcqfof 671062 671061 2026-07-02T09:50:39Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Elfed Jones''' CBE (amụrụ na 19 Machị 1933) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Welsh na onye na-akwado asụsụ, onye jigoro oche oche nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na Wales. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Elfed Jones na 19 Machị 1933, nwa Urien Maelgwyn Jones na Mary Jones. A zụlitere ya na Maentwrog, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa maka North Wales Power Company .<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Blaenau Ffestiniog Grammar School na Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Heriot Watt College na Edinburgh. Ọ sonyeere Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-amụ ọrụ (1949-1953), ebe ọ bụ onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ site na 1953 ruo 1955. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mba na RAF, ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụgbọ elu, ọ laghachiri na CEGB na 1957. == Ọrụ == Jones sooro nna ya banye na North Wales Power Company, <ref name="row" /> na mbụ dị ka injinia teknụzụ. Ọ bụ osote onye njikwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Rheidol ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nuklia Trawsfynydd tupu ọ bụrụ osote onye nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nke etiti Wales. Jones hapụrụ CEGB mgbe naanị ohere nkwalite ga-agụnye ịkwaga England.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere Anglesey Aluminium dị ka onye njikwa injinia, e buliri ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 1977. Site na 1979 ruo 1982 Jones bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Welsh na Cardiff. Na 1982, a họpụtara ya Onye isi oche nke Welsh Water Authority wee leba anya na nkeonwe ya na 1989 iji guzobe mmiri Welsh..N'afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Municipal Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc0qAQAAMAAJ|year=1988}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na 1993 na na 1997 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke National Assembly's Advisory Group.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1996 ruo 2006 Jones bụ onyeisi oche nke International Greetings plc, nnukwu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi onyinye, kaadị ekele na crackers Krismas nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Hirwaun dị nso na Aberdare. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Greetings firm expects a merry Christmas|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/greetings-firm-expects-merry-christmas-2362185|accessdate=18 February 2020|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=7 December 2005}}</ref> == Esemokwu == Rhodri Morgan, onye bụ Minista mbụ nke Wales n'oge ahụ, na ndị ọzọ mechara katọọ itinye aka Jones na Welsh Water Authority nke ọha na eze n'ihi nkwalite nkwalite nke so na ọrụ ya.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2001, Jones dere otu isiokwu na magazin asụsụ Welsh Barn, nke a katọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iji "ndị si n'èzí" na-abata na Wales tụnyere ntiwapụ nke "ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ mmadụ".<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị Welsh Labour Party zaghachiri na ịkụda mmụọ ndị na-asụbeghị Welsh ịkwaga n'ebe ụfọdụ agaghị echebe ma ọ bụ kwalite Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alan Trench|title=The State of the Nations 2001: The Second Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZnOSgPr84C&pg=PA33|year=2001|publisher=Imprint Academic|isbn=978-0-907845-19-5|pages=33}}</ref> N'ihi ihe o kwuru, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ abụọ na-asụ Welsh nke onye nta akụkọ Ian Skidmore kọọrọ Commission for Racial Equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1337140/Welsh-leaders-referred-to-CRE.html|title=Welsh leaders referred to CRE|date=12 August 2001|author=Daniel Foggo|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ọdịiche == E nyere Jones ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1987 New Year Honours. Eserese Jones, nke Peter Douglas Edwards dere, ka egosiri n'ọbá akwụkwọ onye guzobere na Mahadum Wales Atọ n'Ime Otu Saint David na Lampeter, nke ọ bụụrụ onye isi ala na 1992–1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-elfed-jones-b-1933-president-of-university-of-wales-lampeter-st-davids-university-college-19921998-224469|title=John Elfed Jones (b.1933), President of University of Wales Lampeter, St David's University College (1992–1998)|work=Art UK|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Y Lolfa bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Deep Waters na 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John Elfed Jones|title=Dyfroedd Dyfnion - Hunangofiant John Elfed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2g3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=978-1-84771-760-3|pages=2}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1gfcyo1iivff6mf16mfokszdx0g3ao4 671064 671062 2026-07-02T09:51:17Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Elfed Jones''' CBE (amụrụ na 19 Machị 1933) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Welsh na onye na-akwado asụsụ, onye jigoro oche oche nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na Wales. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Elfed Jones na 19 Machị 1933, nwa Urien Maelgwyn Jones na Mary Jones. A zụlitere ya na Maentwrog, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa maka North Wales Power Company .<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Blaenau Ffestiniog Grammar School na Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Heriot Watt College na Edinburgh. Ọ sonyeere Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-amụ ọrụ (1949-1953), ebe ọ bụ onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ site na 1953 ruo 1955. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mba na RAF, ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụgbọ elu, ọ laghachiri na CEGB na 1957. == Ọrụ == Jones sooro nna ya banye na North Wales Power Company, <ref name="row" /> na mbụ dị ka injinia teknụzụ. Ọ bụ osote onye njikwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Rheidol ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nuklia Trawsfynydd tupu ọ bụrụ osote onye nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nke etiti Wales. Jones hapụrụ CEGB mgbe naanị ohere nkwalite ga-agụnye ịkwaga England.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere Anglesey Aluminium dị ka onye njikwa injinia, e buliri ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 1977. Site na 1979 ruo 1982 Jones bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Welsh na Cardiff. Na 1982, a họpụtara ya Onye isi oche nke Welsh Water Authority wee leba anya na nkeonwe ya na 1989 iji guzobe mmiri Welsh..N'afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Municipal Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc0qAQAAMAAJ|year=1988}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na 1993 na na 1997 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke National Assembly's Advisory Group.<ref name="row" /> Site na 1996 ruo 2006 Jones bụ onyeisi oche nke International Greetings plc, nnukwu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi onyinye, kaadị ekele na crackers Krismas nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Hirwaun dị nso na Aberdare. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Greetings firm expects a merry Christmas|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/greetings-firm-expects-merry-christmas-2362185|accessdate=18 February 2020|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=7 December 2005}}</ref> == Esemokwu == Rhodri Morgan, onye bụ Minista mbụ nke Wales n'oge ahụ, na ndị ọzọ mechara katọọ itinye aka Jones na Welsh Water Authority nke ọha na eze n'ihi nkwalite nkwalite nke so na ọrụ ya.<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2001, Jones dere otu isiokwu na magazin asụsụ Welsh Barn, nke a katọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iji "ndị si n'èzí" na-abata na Wales tụnyere ntiwapụ nke "ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ mmadụ".<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị Welsh Labour Party zaghachiri na ịkụda mmụọ ndị na-asụbeghị Welsh ịkwaga n'ebe ụfọdụ agaghị echebe ma ọ bụ kwalite Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alan Trench|title=The State of the Nations 2001: The Second Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZnOSgPr84C&pg=PA33|year=2001|publisher=Imprint Academic|isbn=978-0-907845-19-5|pages=33}}</ref> N'ihi ihe o kwuru, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ abụọ na-asụ Welsh nke onye nta akụkọ Ian Skidmore kọọrọ Commission for Racial Equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1337140/Welsh-leaders-referred-to-CRE.html|title=Welsh leaders referred to CRE|date=12 August 2001|author=Daniel Foggo|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ọdịiche == E nyere Jones ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1987 New Year Honours. Eserese Jones, nke Peter Douglas Edwards dere, ka egosiri n'ọbá akwụkwọ onye guzobere na Mahadum Wales Atọ n'Ime Otu Saint David na Lampeter, nke ọ bụụrụ onye isi ala na 1992–1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-elfed-jones-b-1933-president-of-university-of-wales-lampeter-st-davids-university-college-19921998-224469|title=John Elfed Jones (b.1933), President of University of Wales Lampeter, St David's University College (1992–1998)|work=Art UK|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Y Lolfa bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Deep Waters na 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John Elfed Jones|title=Dyfroedd Dyfnion - Hunangofiant John Elfed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2g3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=978-1-84771-760-3|pages=2}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i96mc9jieu2fetrb405nf31pmmonsav 671065 671064 2026-07-02T09:52:35Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Elfed Jones''' CBE (amụrụ na 19 Machị 1933) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Welsh na onye na-akwado asụsụ, onye jigoro oche oche nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na Wales. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Elfed Jones na 19 Machị 1933, nwa Urien Maelgwyn Jones na Mary Jones. A zụlitere ya na Maentwrog, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa maka North Wales Power Company .<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Blaenau Ffestiniog Grammar School na Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Heriot Watt College na Edinburgh. Ọ sonyeere Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-amụ ọrụ (1949-1953), ebe ọ bụ onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ site na 1953 ruo 1955. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mba na RAF, ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụgbọ elu, ọ laghachiri na CEGB na 1957. == Ọrụ == Jones sooro nna ya banye na North Wales Power Company, <ref name="row" /> na mbụ dị ka injinia teknụzụ. Ọ bụ osote onye njikwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Rheidol ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nuklia Trawsfynydd tupu ọ bụrụ osote onye nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nke etiti Wales. Jones hapụrụ CEGB mgbe naanị ohere nkwalite ga-agụnye ịkwaga England.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere Anglesey Aluminium dị ka onye njikwa injinia, e buliri ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 1977. Site na 1979 ruo 1982 Jones bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Welsh na Cardiff. Na 1982, a họpụtara ya Onye isi oche nke Welsh Water Authority wee leba anya na nkeonwe ya na 1989 iji guzobe mmiri Welsh..N'afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Municipal Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc0qAQAAMAAJ|year=1988}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na 1993 na na 1997 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke National Assembly's Advisory Group.<ref name="row" /> Site na 1996 ruo 2006 Jones bụ onyeisi oche nke International Greetings plc, nnukwu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi onyinye, kaadị ekele na crackers Krismas nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Hirwaun dị nso na Aberdare. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Greetings firm expects a merry Christmas|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/greetings-firm-expects-merry-christmas-2362185|accessdate=18 February 2020|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=7 December 2005}}</ref> == Esemokwu == Rhodri Morgan, onye bụ Minista mbụ nke Wales n'oge ahụ, na ndị ọzọ mechara katọọ itinye aka Jones na Welsh Water Authority nke ọha na eze n'ihi nkwalite nkwalite nke so na ọrụ ya.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 2001, Jones dere otu isiokwu na magazin asụsụ Welsh Barn, nke a katọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iji "ndị si n'èzí" na-abata na Wales tụnyere ntiwapụ nke "ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ mmadụ".<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm "The man behind the row"]. ''BBC News Wales''. 8 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị Welsh Labour Party zaghachiri na ịkụda mmụọ ndị na-asụbeghị Welsh ịkwaga n'ebe ụfọdụ agaghị echebe ma ọ bụ kwalite Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alan Trench|title=The State of the Nations 2001: The Second Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZnOSgPr84C&pg=PA33|year=2001|publisher=Imprint Academic|isbn=978-0-907845-19-5|pages=33}}</ref> N'ihi ihe o kwuru, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ abụọ na-asụ Welsh nke onye nta akụkọ Ian Skidmore kọọrọ Commission for Racial Equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1337140/Welsh-leaders-referred-to-CRE.html|title=Welsh leaders referred to CRE|date=12 August 2001|author=Daniel Foggo|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ọdịiche == E nyere Jones ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1987 New Year Honours. Eserese Jones, nke Peter Douglas Edwards dere, ka egosiri n'ọbá akwụkwọ onye guzobere na Mahadum Wales Atọ n'Ime Otu Saint David na Lampeter, nke ọ bụụrụ onye isi ala na 1992–1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-elfed-jones-b-1933-president-of-university-of-wales-lampeter-st-davids-university-college-19921998-224469|title=John Elfed Jones (b.1933), President of University of Wales Lampeter, St David's University College (1992–1998)|work=Art UK|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Y Lolfa bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Deep Waters na 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John Elfed Jones|title=Dyfroedd Dyfnion - Hunangofiant John Elfed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2g3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=978-1-84771-760-3|pages=2}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1nx2pfgxbe6os4l2wu23py55ffrdore 671066 671065 2026-07-02T09:53:18Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Elfed Jones''' CBE (amụrụ na 19 Machị 1933) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Welsh na onye na-akwado asụsụ, onye jigoro oche oche nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na Wales. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Elfed Jones na 19 Machị 1933, nwa Urien Maelgwyn Jones na Mary Jones. A zụlitere ya na Maentwrog, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa maka North Wales Power Company .<ref name="row">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1478230.stm|title=The man behind the row|date=8 August 2001|work=BBC News Wales|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Blaenau Ffestiniog Grammar School na Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Heriot Watt College na Edinburgh. Ọ sonyeere Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-amụ ọrụ (1949-1953), ebe ọ bụ onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ site na 1953 ruo 1955. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mba na RAF, ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụgbọ elu, ọ laghachiri na CEGB na 1957. == Ọrụ == Jones sooro nna ya banye na North Wales Power Company, <ref name="row" /> na mbụ dị ka injinia teknụzụ. Ọ bụ osote onye njikwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Rheidol ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nuklia Trawsfynydd tupu ọ bụrụ osote onye nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nke etiti Wales. Jones hapụrụ CEGB mgbe naanị ohere nkwalite ga-agụnye ịkwaga England.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 1967, ọ sonyeere Anglesey Aluminium dị ka onye njikwa injinia, e buliri ya n'ọkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 1977. Site na 1979 ruo 1982 Jones bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Welsh na Cardiff. Na 1982, a họpụtara ya Onye isi oche nke Welsh Water Authority wee leba anya na nkeonwe ya na 1989 iji guzobe mmiri Welsh..N'afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Municipal Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc0qAQAAMAAJ|year=1988}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na 1993 na na 1997 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke National Assembly's Advisory Group.<ref name="row" /> Site na 1996 ruo 2006 Jones bụ onyeisi oche nke International Greetings plc, nnukwu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi onyinye, kaadị ekele na crackers Krismas nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Hirwaun dị nso na Aberdare. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Greetings firm expects a merry Christmas|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/greetings-firm-expects-merry-christmas-2362185|accessdate=18 February 2020|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=7 December 2005}}</ref> == Esemokwu == Rhodri Morgan, onye bụ Minista mbụ nke Wales n'oge ahụ, na ndị ọzọ mechara katọọ itinye aka Jones na Welsh Water Authority nke ọha na eze n'ihi nkwalite nkwalite nke so na ọrụ ya.<ref name="row" /> N'afọ 2001, Jones dere otu isiokwu na magazin asụsụ Welsh Barn, nke a katọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iji "ndị si n'èzí" na-abata na Wales tụnyere ntiwapụ nke "ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ mmadụ".<ref name="row" /> Ndị Welsh Labour Party zaghachiri na ịkụda mmụọ ndị na-asụbeghị Welsh ịkwaga n'ebe ụfọdụ agaghị echebe ma ọ bụ kwalite Asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alan Trench|title=The State of the Nations 2001: The Second Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZnOSgPr84C&pg=PA33|year=2001|publisher=Imprint Academic|isbn=978-0-907845-19-5|pages=33}}</ref> N'ihi ihe o kwuru, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ abụọ na-asụ Welsh nke onye nta akụkọ Ian Skidmore kọọrọ Commission for Racial Equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1337140/Welsh-leaders-referred-to-CRE.html|title=Welsh leaders referred to CRE|date=12 August 2001|author=Daniel Foggo|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ọdịiche == E nyere Jones ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1987 New Year Honours. Eserese Jones, nke Peter Douglas Edwards dere, ka egosiri n'ọbá akwụkwọ onye guzobere na Mahadum Wales Atọ n'Ime Otu Saint David na Lampeter, nke ọ bụụrụ onye isi ala na 1992–1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-elfed-jones-b-1933-president-of-university-of-wales-lampeter-st-davids-university-college-19921998-224469|title=John Elfed Jones (b.1933), President of University of Wales Lampeter, St David's University College (1992–1998)|work=Art UK|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Y Lolfa bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Deep Waters na 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John Elfed Jones|title=Dyfroedd Dyfnion - Hunangofiant John Elfed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2g3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Y Lolfa|isbn=978-1-84771-760-3|pages=2}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] th57sw90etykdc80n9om0wtfpq6whup John Gell (onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ Manx) 0 57487 671067 202670 2026-07-02T09:54:27Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGell1977">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html "Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum"]. ''iMuseum - Manx National Heritage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGell1977">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hzk7nka11x6902ef9sl7f6ysobc5h2q 671068 671067 2026-07-02T09:55:22Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGell1977">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html "Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum"]. ''iMuseum - Manx National Heritage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGell1977">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fp01p1nfo2akqkejcex8dz0e4hivjud 671070 671068 2026-07-02T09:59:01Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html "Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum"]. ''iMuseum - Manx National Heritage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGell1977">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pomdlve1le3ugmip3xkl25c39msezi2 671071 671070 2026-07-02T09:59:58Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html "Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum"]. ''iMuseum - Manx National Heritage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bv2wsytt5ahqrocpwdjvzt2hx3zub0i 671073 671071 2026-07-02T10:00:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0" /> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tb41tskceym8r5zuvcm0z06z5l5c673 671074 671073 2026-07-02T10:01:16Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0" /> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Gell, John (1977). ''Cooinaghtyn Elley''. Andreas: Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-870029-17-8|<bdi>1-870029-17-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qeju9mc1468c3mqy06veoh99tv6606n 671076 671074 2026-07-02T10:01:53Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=John Gell|image=|native_name=Juan y Geill|native_name_lang=gv|birth_date=1899|birth_place=Liverpool, Lancashire|death_date=23 November 1983|death_place=Port St Mary, Isle of Man|occupation=Teacher and author|organization=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|known_for=Author of ''Conversational Manx''}} John Gell (1899 - 1983), nke nke dị ka Jack Gell ma ọ bụ Juan na Geill bụ onye na-ekwu okwu Manx, onye nkuzi, na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ aka na mweghachi nke Asụsụ Manx na Isle of Man na apụ awụ nke 20.   Akwụkwọ ya bụ Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manphonex na ndị English na ndị na-amụ mee ihe, na ihe English na ihe merenụ.  ụzọ e àgwà ya na 1953. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mac Stoyll|first=Brian|date=Spring 1984|title=Obituary|url=https://www.celticleague.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Carn%2045%20Spring%201984.pdf|journal=Carn: A Link Between the Celtic Nations|issue=45|pages=19|issn=0257-7860}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell {{!}} Learn Manx|url=https://www.learnmanx.com/advanced_lesson_detail_894.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.learnmanx.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A ekiri Gell na Liverpool n'aka ndị nne na nna na-asụ Manx bụ ndị ụmụ anụmanụ ha site na Bekee.  Ọ na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Isle of Man na ndị ikwu ya, na-achọpụta ahụ dị ka "ezigbo mmadụ n'ụwa nye m na ahụike. m".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn my Aegid|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri n'obodo dị iche iche dị na North West nke England dị ka West Kirby na Ellesmere Port. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ohere n'efu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar dị n'ógbè ahụ, Gell hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, wee ghọọ onye na-amụ ọrụ dịka nna ya.<ref name=":1" /> E debara aha Gell n'ịbụ ndị agha Britain na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Na September 1918 e ike ya ahụ na Somme ma ọ bụ Sheffield ka ọ gbakee.<ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ Manx == N'afọ 1938, Gell nwetara mmụọ mmụta Manx mgbe ọ zutere nwanyị Scotland na Empire Exhibition na Glasgow nke wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jack Gell - Biographies - iMuseum|url=https://www.imuseum.im/search/collections/people/mnh-agent-95086.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=iMuseum - Manx National Heritage|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>Mgbe ahụ o kwuru "Ime ihere n'ebe gị nọ, ị bụ onye Manxman na-enweghị Gaelic. Gaa ma mụta ya mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya. " Ihere mere m n'ezie ịnụ ọtụtụ Scots Gaelic na-ekwu gburugburu m ma kwe m nkwa na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị mma ga-eme ike m niile iji mụta Gaelic nke anyị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gell|first=John|title=Cooinaghtyn Elley|publisher=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh|year=1977|isbn=1-870029-17-8|location=Andreas}}</ref></blockquote>N'Oge Agha, Gell biri ma onye ọrụ na Yorkshire dị ka onye nkuzi osisi, mana ọ na-eleta Isle of Man ugboro ugboro ugboro na- Serie site n'aka ndị ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Manx na site na iji Bible Manx ochie nke nna nna ya..<ref name=":0" /> == Ịlaghachi n'Agwaetiti Man == [[Faịlụ:Port_St_Mary,_Isle_of_Man_-_Bay_View_Road.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Obodo dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke Port St. Mary ebe Gell na ezinụlọ ya biri.]] N'afọ 1944, Gell na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Port St. Mary na Isle of Man wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu Castle Rushen nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1944|title=New Handicraft Teacher: MR. JOHN GELL APPOINTED|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1944%2F07%2F25&id=Ar00507&sk=96D51522&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ọrụ osisi n'ehihie ma kụzie klas asụsụ Manx n'abalị.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe egwu nke Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera na Isle of Man na 1947, e nyere Ndị Irish Folklore Commission ọrụ idekọ ndị ọkà okwu ndị na-adịghị dị ka Manx Museum ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego iji mee ya.[1]  Nke a Carlo Gell na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu Manx dị ka Walter Clarke na Bill Radcliffe ime ihe ndị nke ha n'onwe ha n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na ego: " "Iji idekọ ndị agadi mana anyị mụrụ, anyị akara ego ma ọ bụ ụzọ isi mee ya".[2]  A na-emekarị ihe ndị a na nnukwu ego maka onwe ha;  Gell n'onwe ya na-agbazinye ha £ 8 iji ngwá ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":02">Clarke, Walter. "Oral History Project Transcript: Time to Remember" (Interview). Interviewed by David Callister.</ref> N'afọ 1953, Gell e Conversational Manx, A Series of Graded Lessons in Manx and English, na Phonetic Pronunciation iji nyere ndị okenye na-amụ Manx aka na klas ya nke e edi na akwụkwọ Manx Mona's Herald, ma bipụta ya n'afọ sochirinụ.[1][2]  A akwụkwọ ha dị ka "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mma anyị nwere".  [3] N'afọ ndị 1960 akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmemme redio 'ige ntĩ ma akara' kwa izu nke Doug Fargher nọmba.. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == N'agbanyeghị ọrụ Gell na-emepụta ihe mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkụzi klas Manx, ọ ka hụrụ àgwà ọjọọ n'ebe asụsụ ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe isi ike. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na mberede na 1955, <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 1955|title=Mrs. John Gell Dies|work=Mona's Herald|url=https://www.imuseum.im/Olive/APA/IsleofMan/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=MNH%2F1955%2F11%2F15&id=Ar00516&sk=9FBF6134&viewMode=image|accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref> ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ ụfọdụ site na asụsụ Manx:<blockquote>Mana n'oge ahụ, a naghị elebara Gaelic anya nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obere ọganihu. Ọ na-esiri onye ọ bụla mụta ihe zuru ezu ikwu ya, ndị Manx ochie na-ekwu okwu na-anwụ otu otu, m na-enwekwa obi nkoropụ, mgbe nwunye m nwụsịrị, anaghị m elebara Manx anya nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Afọ 1970 hụrụ mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na Manx na nke kpaliri Gell ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Manx na-asụ asụsụ ma "mee ihe n'onwe ya maka Manx tupu oge agafee".<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya n'asụsụ abụọ ''Cooinaghtyn my Aegid'' (Reminiscences of my Youth) na ''Cooinaghtyn Elley'' (Further Reminiscences) ma mesịa nye ihe ndekọ iji nyere ndị mmụta aka.<ref name=":4" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_109419.html Conversational Manx, Usoro nke nkuzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manx na Bekee, na Nkwupụta Phonetic]'' * ''[http://learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111221.html Cooinaghtyn my Aegid (Ncheta nke Ntorobịa m)]'' * ''[https://www.learnmanx.com/audio_collection_111252.html Cooinaghtyn Elley (Ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ)]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] muw9ygjezvc7tp0q7cnr707ypqlp74a Elspeth Reoch 0 58254 671123 203546 2026-07-02T10:21:51Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ 671123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5]{{R|Penny}} Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. {{R|Patie}}[9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney.{{R|Patie}} Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. {{R|Tromso}}[14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.{{R|Brochard}}[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   59lsxtzd6kargvm3caxr8refcy7s166 671124 671123 2026-07-02T10:22:12Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ 671124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. {{R|Patie}}[9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney.{{R|Patie}} Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. {{R|Tromso}}[14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.{{R|Brochard}}[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   1yvrz7ce62x34k5md3gskkm4jfl0h5r 671125 671124 2026-07-02T10:23:27Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ 671125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. {{R|Patie}}[9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. {{R|Tromso}}[14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.{{R|Brochard}}[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   47h1kspue97fqm5rwzh0k9x5t9nn3yq 671126 671125 2026-07-02T10:23:47Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ 671126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. {{R|Tromso}}[14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.{{R|Brochard}}[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   klj1mex197hpapotcvbxjgcxva5nquq 671127 671126 2026-07-02T10:24:05Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ 671127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. [14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.{{R|Brochard}}[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   7bpl087micwuayedk478r9ao11qpk6v 671128 671127 2026-07-02T10:24:23Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 671128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. [14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25]{{R|SSW}} O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   glyvddan3oydeouw4xtuuhs6rs774s1 671129 671128 2026-07-02T10:24:47Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 671129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. [14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.{{R|SSW}} Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25] O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   7l8qs88n7it08dl8akhapi7halir1xx 671130 671129 2026-07-02T10:25:07Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 671130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. [14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25] O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.{{R|Plant}}[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   sayb5hwu0slh2cezidmm5lvvakn8198 671131 671130 2026-07-02T10:25:27Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ebubo na nkwupụta */ 671131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elspeth Reoch (nwụrụ Kirkwall 1616) bụ onye amoosu Scotland boro ebubo. A mụrụ ya na Caithness mana mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na ndị ikwu nọ n'otu agwaetiti dị na Lochaber na-anọkọ tupu ọ gawa n'ala Orkney.''' Mmejuputa iwu amoosu nke Scotland nke 1563, mere ka amoosu bụrụ mmebi iwu na Scotland, ya mere a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. Afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ ka mgbanwe nke ike n'etiti Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney na onye ụkọchukwu bishọp James Law siri ike weere ọnọdụ. Ozugbo a na-achịkwa ya, Iwu Bishọp kpalitere mgbanwe n'ụlọikpe na 1614 nke ndị ọkachamara na-atụle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnwụnwa amoosu na Orkney. Ntụtụ aka ọ bụla gbasara akụkọ ifo n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ndị amoosu nyere ndị na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ ka a na-agbanwekarị ka ọ gụọ ekwensu ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ. N'ikpe ya na Kirkwall na 12 Maachị 1616 Reoch kwupụtara ebubo nke amoosu na iduhie ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ site n'ime ka ọ dara ogbi. N'ikwu na ya enwetala ntụziaka maka otu esi enweta ike anwansi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya nọ na Lochaber, o kwuru na ya nwere ikike nghọta.O kwuputakwara na ya nwere ike ịkpalite ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịgụ abụ mgbe ọ na-aghọrọ petals na ahịhịa melefour. Ụzọ ndụ o si ebi bụ nke onye na-awagharị awagharị ma ọ bụ onye na-awagharị awagharị nke na-eji anwansi ya akwado onwe ya. Ahụrụ Reoch ikpe ma gbuo ya site n'ịkpagbu; ozu ya gbara ọkụ n’ehihie ahụ.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Orkney nwere ọdịnala ogologo oge nke ikwere n'ụdị amoosu, amoosu na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ.[1] A nabatara ike anwansi dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ n'ozuzu ya ma a jụghị ya ajụjụ.[2] Ịchụ nta ndị amoosu na Scotland malitere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550; ndị omeiwu nke Mary, Queen of Scots wepụtara Iwu Amụma nke Scotland na 1563, [2] na-eme ka ikpe ndị amoosu bụrụ ndị a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Orkney Archipelago nọ n'okpuru iwu Norwegian ruo 1611, ọ bụ Scotland nwere ya site na 1468 n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, nke a maara dị ka Black Patie, nwere ikike nke agwaetiti ahụ na 1594 n'oge ikpe ndị amoosu mbụ mana afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 17 bụ oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [9] A tụrụ Black Patie mkpọrọ ma mesịa gbuo ya mgbe o kpasuru Eze James iwe bụ onye họpụtara James Law, onye Episcopalian siri ike, dị ka Bishọp nke Orkney. Law weghaara ọrụ nke onye uwe ojii ma lekọta ikpe ndị ọzọ.[10][a] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Liv Helene Willumsen na-ewere mgbanwe ụlọ ikpe nke Bishop Law kpaliri n'ihe dị ka 1614 na mweghachi nke ndị bishọp nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikpe ndị amoosu mana o nweghị ike imeziwanye nnọpụiche nke usoro ahụ. [14] == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Reoch, Donald Reoch, bụ onye ọkpọ na-ejere Earl nke Caithness ozi.[15] O nwere nwanne na nwanne.[16] Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Caithness, ọ nọrọ n'àgwàetiti dị na Lochaber, bụ ebe ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nne ya, tupu ya erute na Orkney.[17][18] Enweghị ihe ndekọ doro anya banyere ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye Reoch, mana ọ mụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya Reoch kwusiri ike na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu.[20][21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, nna ya anwụọla, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwoke dị ka onye ikwu ya kachasị okenye.[22] Ọ kụrụ ya ihe n'ike n'oge ọ na-anwa ịmanye ya ikwu okwu.[22] N'iji ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke yiri nke Graham nke Claverhouse mechara jiri mee ihe, o ji eriri ụta mee ihe n'isi ya; o jikwa eriri nwere ígwè tie ya ihe. [23][22] Ihe ndị ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi ya o mere ka ya soro ya gaa ụka iji kpee ekpere maka enyemaka iji gwọọ ya; Reoch nọgidere bụrụ onye ogbi ruo ogologo oge. [22][24] Onye Orcadian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ernest Marwick kọwara ụzọ ndụ ya dị ka nke onye na-awagharị, onye nwere àgwà na-akwagharị akwagharị ma ọ bụ onye arịrịọ, onye nkwupụta nke nghọta extra-sensory nyere ya ego. [25] O lere ya anya dị ka onye "na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ", "ihe e kere eke dara ogbenye nke ndị ikom na-emegbu nke ukwuu bụ ndị ọ weere dị ka ndị fada".[26]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site n'ụdị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra, ma mekwaa ya ụdị mmerụ ahụ, ikekwe idina ya n'ike ma ọ bụ idina nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nke ihe ncheta ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ọ kọọrọ ya ndị na-ajụ ya.[27]. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diane Purkiss na-ekwu na nwanne Reoch nwere ike ịbụ onye ya na ya na-akpakọrịta [22] n'agbanyeghị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị ekerịta echiche a. [22][28] == Ebubo na nkwupụta == N'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ Reoch kwuru na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nọ na Lochaber. [29][30] Ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-echere ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ikom abụọ bịakwutere ya, otu yi uwe ojii nke ọzọ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[31] Nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya na ya chere na ọ mara mma; n'agbanyeghị mkpesa sitere n'aka onye ibe ya, onye chere na Reoch agaghị enwe ike idebe ihe nzuzo, nwoke ahụ tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịgwa Reoch otu esi ama ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ.[31] N'ịbụ onye nwere ike dị omimi, Reoch manyere ya ịgwa ya ihe ọ ga-eme.[31] Ọ gwara ya ka ọ sie àkwá mana ọ gaghị eri ya.[b] Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-eji condensation site na isi àkwá iji jiri aka a na-asaghị sachaa ya na anya ya, nke ga-enye ya ike ịhụ ma mara ihe niile ọ chọrọ.[32] O kwuru na nwoke ahụ yi uwe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gwara ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị nke nwere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ebi ma ọ bụ nleta.[32] Ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na nwatakịrị ahụ, onye dị afọ ndụ yiri Reoch, dị ime nwoke lụrụ di ruo mgbe Reoch gwara ya okwu banyere ya n'ihu ha.[32] Mgbe ọ gọnasịrị ebubo ahụ na mbụ, nwatakịrị ahụ rịọrọ Reoch ka o nyere aka isikwopụ afọ ime mana ọ jụrụ, na-agwa ya ka ọ jụọ Allan McKeldow onye jụkwara itinye aka.[c][33] N'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Reoch mụsịrị nwa ya amuma, otu n'ime ndị ikom ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'akụkụ àkwà ya n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị.[33][29] O kwetara na ya na "nwoke Farie" nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ọ gara leta ya abalị atọ n'usoro; Nke a bụ nwoke ahụ yi uwe ojii mgbe mbụ ọ zutere ha na lochside.[34] O kwuru na ya bụ onye ikwu aha ya bụ Johne Stewart, onye a wakporo n'egbughị oge, na ọ gwara ya na "ọ dịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ kama ọ tọrọ atọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'etiti eluigwe na ụwa".[35] Ọ gwara ya na ọ ga-ejigide nkà anwansi ya "ọ ga-abụ onye ogbi ugbu a" Reoch kwupụtara na site n'iji nkà ya nke ịhụ ụzọ, ọ hụla otu ìgwè ndị ikom na oge ịṅụ mmanya n'ehihie n'ụlọ Edmond Callendar. Ndị ikom a gụnyere Patrick Traill, nwoke ọ dị ime, na Robert Stewart, nwa nwoke na-akwadoghị nke Black Patie; ha nile nwere udọ̀ n’olu-ha. E buru amụma tupu Earl nke Caithness abịarute na Orkney.[26] [26] [d] O kwetakwara ịmepụta anwansi iji gwọọ ọrịa site n'ịkpọ abụ "Na nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" mgbe ọ na-adọta petals site na ahịhịa melefour n'etiti mkpịsị aka ya na mkpịsị aka ya.[e] == Ikpe == N'adịghị ka ala Scotland, ebe Kansụl Nzuzo na-eduzi ikpe, ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke itinye aka na Orkney ebe, site na 1615, Procurator Fiscal kpaliri ikpe na Sheriff Court ma ọ bụ ndị okenye ụka nụrụ ha.[5] Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-edepụta okwu ''ekwensu'' ma ọ bụ ''mmụọ ọjọọ'' n'ọnọdụ aha ọ bụla maka fada onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ amoosu nwere ike iji mee ihe na nkwupụta ha.[39] Robert Coltart boro Reoch ebubo ndị ahụ, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Bishop Law họpụtara.[40][41] A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị eze ahụ na-achị site na ịgha ụgha ya na ọ nweghị ike ikwu okwu ma na-eme "mkpịsị aka jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-atọ ụtọ nke amoosu".[40] N'oge ikpe ya na 12 Maachị 1616 [42] [f] na Kirkwall, [40] Reoch kwetara na ya na Ekwensu na-akpakọrịta ọtụtụ ugboro, onye weere ụdị akụkọ ifo; [43] o kwuru na otu n'ime nzukọ ahụ mere na Halloween.[44] N'otu n'ime ọrụ ha, ọ gwara ya na "Orkney bụ Priestgone, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ozi na ya". A mara Reoch ikpe wee gbuo ya;[45] a nyagburu ya anya wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ n'ehihie ahụ. [45][46][47] == Hụkwa == * [[Alesoun Balfour|Allison Balfour]] == Edensibia == '''Ihe edeturu<br />''' . === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ ===   5y2714p8qw0fu2tvsb8dlvb3sy2i531 Gaucho 0 59352 670970 559712 2026-07-02T01:09:28Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Njikọ mpụga */ fixed reference errors 670970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gaucho1868b.jpg|thumb|376x376px| Gaucho si Argentina, nke e sere na Peru, 1868]] A '''gaucho''' ({{IPA|es|ˈɡawtʃo|lang}}) ma ọ bụ '''gaúcho''' ({{IPA|pt|ɡaˈuʃu|lang}}) bụ onye nwere nkà, onye a na-ewere dị ka onye nwere obi ike na onye na-adịghị akwụwa aka ọtọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gaucho bụ ihe nnọchianya nke [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 22, 2022|title=Folklore Paraguayo|url=https://www.mre.gov.py/la/index.php/noticias/folklore-paraguayo|accessdate=2024-07-17|work=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Paraguay|language=es|archivedate=2024-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717045821/https://www.mre.gov.py/la/index.php/noticias/folklore-paraguayo}}</ref> [[Uruguay]], Rio Grande do Sul na [[Brazil]], akụkụ ndịda [[Bolivia]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltribuno.com/salta/nota/2018-3-24-0-0-0-trascendental-hermanamiento-gaucho-con-tarija|title=El Tribuno|first=El|author=Tribuno|work=El Tribuno}}</ref> na ndịda Chilean Patagonia . [ 3 ] Gauchos ghọrọ onye a masịrị nke ukwuu na ama ama n'akụkọ akụkọ, akụkọ ọdịnala, na akwụkwọ wee bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọdịnala mpaghara ha. Malite ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, ka ụbọchị gauchos gachara, ndị odee South America na-eme ememe ha. Dị ka akwụkwọ {{Lang|es|[[Diccionario de la lengua española]]}} si kwuo, n'echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme gaucho bụ " mestizo onye, na narị afọ nke 18 na 19, bi Argentina, Uruguay, na Rio Grande do Sul na Brazil, bụrụkwa onye na-agba ịnyịnya na-akwagharị, ma nwee nkà n'ọrụ ehi". [ 4 ] Na Argentina na Uruguay taa, gaucho nwere ike na-ezo aka ọ bụla "mba mmadụ, ahụmahụ na omenala ugbo ugbo". [ 4 ] N'ihi na a na-ewere gauchos nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ndị nwere obi ike, ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị akwụsi ike, a na-etinyekwa okwu ahụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ nke pụtara "onye mara mma, onye nwere obi ike na onye na-emesapụ aka", kamakwa "onye nwere nkà na aghụghọ aghụghọ, onye aghụghọ". [ 4 ] N'asụsụ Portuguese okwu gaúcho pụtara "onye bi na mbara ọzara Rio Grande do Sul ma ọ bụ Pampas nke Argentina nke Europe na ụmụ amaala America nke na-etinye onwe ya n'ịzụ anụ na ịzụ ehi na ịnyịnya"; gaúcho enwetawokwa akara ngosi metonymic na Brazil, nke pụtara onye ọ bụla, ọbụlagodi onye bi n'obodo mepere emepe, onye bụ nwa amaala steeti Rio Grande do Sul. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] == Etymology == Atụpụtala ọtụtụ nkọwa, mana ọ nweghị onye maara n'ezie ka okwu ahụ bụ "gaucho" siri malite. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Ugbua na 1933 onye odee gụrụ 36 dị iche iche chepụtara; [ 9 ] n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe karịrị iri ise. [ 10 ] Ha nwere ike gbasaa n'ihi na "enweghị akwụkwọ ọ bụla nke ga-edozi mmalite ya na oge ọ bụla, ebe ma ọ bụ asụsụ". [ 11 ] === Echiche myirịta === Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha yiri ka a gbakọtara site n'ịchọta okwu nke dị ka ''gaucho'' na iche na ọ gbanwere n'ụdị ọ dị ugbu a, ikekwe n'amaghị na e nwere iwu ndị mara mma nke na-akọwa otú asụsụ na okwu si agbasa n'ezie ka oge na-aga. Ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gbasara mmadụ bụ Joan Corominas kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị a erughị eru ka a kparịta ụka. N'ime nkọwa ndị a, Rona kwuru na ọ bụ naanị #5, #8 na #9 ka a ga-eji kpọrọ ihe. [ 12 ] {| class="wikitable" |+Some proposed explanations for "gaucho" !# !Proposer !Alleged root and evolution !Objection(s) !Discussed in |- |1 |Emeric Essex Vidal |Same root as English '''''gawky''''' (awkward, uncouth) |Earliest theory (1820), dismissed as "humorous"{{efn|But Paullada observes: "There may be some basis for this claim since from the earliest times of the colony the clandestine trading in hides was carried on by the ''gauchos'' with British ships".}} |Paullada 1961;{{sfn|Paullada|1961|p=152}} Trifilo 1964{{sfn|Trifilo|1964|p=397 n.9}} |- |2 |Monlau and Diez |French '''''gauche''''' (rough, uncouth) > Argentine ''gaucho''. |French little spoken in region. |Paullada 1961{{sfn|Paullada|1961|p=152}} |- |3 |[[:es:Émile Honoré Daireaux|Emilio Daireaux]] |Arabic '''''chauch''''' (herder) > Andalusian Spanish ''chaucho'' > guttural Amerindian ''gaucho'' |Sp. ''chaucho'' is unattested.{{efn|1. "''Chaucho'' has never been known in Spain" (Paul Groussac). 2. ''Chaucho'' is never found in colonial texts — "it is always ''gauderio'' or ''changador''".}} That Indians could not have pronounced "chaucho" is untenable.{{efn|The Indians had their own word ''chaucha'' (vegetable). "All the Auracanian dialects, including the Quíchua, Tehuelchë, Aimarâ, are rich in the double dental consonant ch, and there is, therefore, no reason to presume that the Indian would mispronounce a word [''chaucho''] so adaptable to his own tongue, and return it in a mutilated form to the Spanish-speaking races": Gibson 1892.}} |Groussac 1904;{{sfn|Groussac|1904|p=410}} Paullada 1961;{{sfn|Paullada|1961|p=153}} Trifilo 1964;{{sfn|Trifilo|1964|p=396}} Gibson 1892;{{sfn|Gibson|1892|p=436}} |- |4 |[[:es:Rodolfo Lenz|Rodolfo Lenz]] |Pehuenche '''''cachu''''' (friend) or Araucanian '''''kauchu''''' (astute man) > Argentine ''gaucho'' |No proof that it was not the other way round |Paullada 1961;{{sfn|Paullada|1961|p=153}} Hollinger 1928{{sfn|Hollinger|1928|p=17}} |- |5 |[[:es:Martiniano Leguizamón|Martiniano Leguizamón]]{{efn|Also espoused by Paul Groussac in his lecture to the World's Folk-Lore Congress at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition on 14 July 1893: {{harvnb|Groussac|1893|p=12}}. He later abandoned it for a theory of his own, see below.}} |Quichua '''''huajcho''''' or '''''wáhča''''' (orphan, abandoned, maverick) > colonial Sp. ''guacho'' > Arg. ''gaucho'' by metathesis |''Guacho'' > gaucho is an improbable metathesis.{{efn|''Guacho'', far from metathesising, is still a living word in Hispanic America; why should it have changed to ''gaucho'' in the Plata region alone? For that matter ''guacho'' has not metathesised in Argentine Spanish either; it remains in vigorous use, and means "bastard".}} Theory does not explain Braz. ''gaúcho'' |Groussac 1893;{{sfn|Groussac|1893|p=12}} Groussac 1904;{{sfn|Groussac|1904|pp=407-416}} Paullada 1961;{{sfn|Paullada|1961|pp=153-4}} Rona 1964;{{sfn|Rona|1964|pp=88, 90}} |- |6 |Vicuña Mackenna |Chilean Quichua or Araucanian '''''guaso''''' (modern sp.'''''huaso''''') (countryman or cowboy) > ''guacho'' > ''gaucho'' |Same as #5. |Hollinger 1928{{sfn|Hollinger|1928|pp=17-18}} |- |7 |Lehmann-Nitsche |Gitano (i.e. Sp. [[Romani language|Romani]]) '''''gachó''''' (foreigner) > Andalusian ''gachó'' (bohemian, wanderer) > Arg. ''gaucho'' or Braz. ''gaúcho'' |Transition unexplained |Lehmann-Nitsche 1928{{sfn|Lehmann-Nitsche|1928|pp=105-5}} |- |8 |Paul Groussac |Lat. ''gaudeo'' (I enjoy) > Sp. '''''gauderio''''' (peasant, one who enjoys life) > Urug. ''gauderio'' (low person, cattle rustler) > derisive ''*gauducho''{{efn|The asterisk denotes that the word is conjectural i.e. it is not attested in any historical record.}} > ''gaúcho'' and ''gaucho'' |''*Gauducho'' unattested, linguistically improbable. Unlikely transition to ''gaucho'' |Groussac 1904;{{sfn|Groussac|1904|pp=410-4}} Paullada 1961;{{sfn|Paullada|1961|p=151}} Hollinger 1928;{{sfn|Hollinger|1928|pp=18-19}} Rona 1964{{sfn|Rona|1964|p=91}} |- |9 |Buenaventura Caviglia, Jr |'''''*Garrucho'''''{{efn|''Garrucho'' exists in Spanish as a specialist nautical term, but Caviglia's ''*garrucho'', supposedly one who wields a ''garrocha'' (cattle pole) is not attested in the historical record: hence the asterisk.}} (supp. from Sp. ''garrocha'', a cattle pole) > gaúcho, "under negroid influence" > gaucho |Cattle pole origin implausible speculation; negroid theory untenable |Rona 1964{{sfn|Rona|1964|pp=88, 92, 95}} |- |10 |Fernando O. Assunção{{efn|The theory was originally proposed by the poet Juan Escayola, but without elaboration.}} |Learned Sp. '''''gaucho''''' (in math. & architecture, "not level", "warped") |Elite technical word unknown to the masses |Assunção 2011;{{sfn|Assunção|2011|loc=4135-4283}} Hollinger 1928.{{sfn|Hollinger|1928|p=16}} |} [[Faịlụ:Riodelaplatabasinmap.png|thumb| Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ''Río de la Plata'']] Ụzọ dị iche bụ ịtụle na okwu ahụ nwere ike ịmalite n'ebe ugwu Río de la Plata, bụ ebe asụsụ ụmụ amaala dị nnọọ iche ma nwee mmetụta Portuguese. Eziokwu abụọ nke tiori ọ bụla nwere ike ịkọwa maka ya bụ: * Okwu a dị n'ụdị abụọ: Port. ''gaúcho'' na Sp. ''gaucho'', ma ogologo oge gbara akaebe. * A na-akpọbu Gauchos aha n'aha na ndekọ ndị ọchịchị Spanish maka Uruguay nke oge a, mgbe mgbe n'ihe gbasara ịkwaga Brazil (lee n'okpuru, Origins). Ya mere Azara dere (ihe dịka 1784): N'ihi ya, onye na-asụ asụsụ Uruguayan José Pedro Rona chere na a ga-achọ mmalite nke okwu ahụ "na mpaghara oke n'etiti Spanish na Portuguese, nke na-esi n'ebe ugwu Uruguay gaa n'ógbè Argentine nke Corrientes na mpaghara Brazil n'etiti ha". [ 32 ] Rona, onye amụrụ n'onwe ya na mpaghara asụsụ na tupu Oké Mgbukpọ nke Europe, [ i ] bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'echiche nke oke asụsụ, wee mụọ olumba nke ugwu Uruguay ebe Portuguese na Spanish na-ejikọta ọnụ. [ 33 ] Rona chere na, n'ime ụdị abụọ ahụ - ''gaúcho'' na ''gaucho'' - nke mbụ nwere ike ịbịa na mbụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe dị mma na asụsụ ''gaúcho'' ka ọ na-amalite site na ụda olu-agbanwe gaa ''gáucho'', karịa ụzọ ọzọ gburugburu. [ 34 ] Ya mere, nsogbu ahụ rutere n'ịkọwa ebe ''gaúcho'' si malite. [[Faịlụ:Estantia_(farm)_on_the_River_San_Pedro_-_Emeric_Essex_Vidal_-_Picturesque_illustrations_of_Buenos_Ayres_and_Monte_Video_(1820).JPG|thumb| Ngosipụta mbụ nke gaucho Uruguayan ( Emeric Essex Vidal, ''Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres na Monte Video'', 1820)]] N'ihe banyere nke ahụ, Rona chere na ''gaúcho'' sitere na ugwu Uruguay, wee si na ''garrucho'', okwu mkparị nwere ike ịbụ nke Charrua sitere, nke pụtara ihe dị ka "ochie indian" ma ọ bụ "onye na-eleda anya", a na-ahụkwa ya n'ezie na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otú ọ dị n'asụsụ Portuguese nke dị n'ebe ugwu Uruguay, a naghị akpọ fọnịm /rr/ n'ụzọ dị mfe, a na-asụkwa ya dị ka /h/ (na-ada ụda dị ka English h). [ 38 ] Ya mere, a ga-asụgharị ''garrucho'' dị ka ''gahucho'', na n'ezie onye France na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ọdịdị Augustin Saint-Hilaire, na-eme njem na Uruguay n'oge ọgba aghara Artigas, dere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya (16 October 1820): == Ihe atụ == Gaucho n'akụkụ ụfọdụ yiri ndị otu ime obodo nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ndị ọzọ, omenala ndị dabeere na ịnyịnya dị ka North America cowboy ( {{Lang|es|[[vaquero]]}} na Spanish), {{Lang|es|[[huaso]]}} nke Central Chile, Peruvian {{Lang|es|chalan}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|es|[[morochuco]]}}, Venezuelan na Colombian {{Lang|es|[[llanero]]}}, Ecuadorian {{Lang|es|chagra}}, Hawaiian {{Lang|haw|[[paniolo]]}}, [ 143 ] {{Lang|es|[[charro]]}} nke Mexico, na ndị Portuguese {{Lang|pt|[[Campino (profession)|campino]]}}, {{Lang|pt|[[vaqueiro]]}} ma ọ bụ ọbụna {{Lang|pt|[[cowboy|caubói]]}} . == Na omenala ewu ewu == * {{Lang|es|[[Martín Fierro]]}} is a 2,316-line epic poem by the Argentine writer [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] on the life of the eponymous gaucho. * La Vuelta de Martín Fierro (1879) is the sequel. * ''The Jewish Gauchos'' is a 1910 novel by Alberto Gerchunoff about Jewish gauchos in Argentina. It was adapted into a film, {{Lang|es|[[Los Gauchos judíos]]}}, in 1975. * ''The Gaucho'' was a 1927 film starring Douglas Fairbanks. * ''Gauchos of El Dorado'' was a 1941 American Western ''Three Mesquiteers'' B-movie directed by Lester Orlebeck. * {{Lang|es|[[La Guerra Gaucha]]}} was a 1942 Argentine film set during the Gaucho war against Spanish royalists in [[Salta]], northern Argentina, in 1817. It is considered a classic of [[Cinema of Argentina|Argentine cinema]]. * The third segment of Disney's 1942 animated feature package film, {{Lang|es|[[Saludos Amigos]]}}, is titled "El Gaucho Goofy", where American cowboy Goofy gets taken mysteriously to the Argentine Pampas to learn the ways of the native gaucho. * ''Way of a Gaucho'' 1952 film starring Gene Tierney and Rory Calhoun. * El Fin, a short story by Jorge Luis Borges (1953), is about the death of José Hernández's eponymous protagonist. * Martín Fierro (1968) was an Argentine film based on the same character. * ''Gaucho'' is the name of the 1980 album by American jazz fusion band Steely Dan, which featured a song by the same name. * {{Lang|es|[[Inodoro Pereyra]]}} by [[Roberto Fontanarrosa]] is an Argentine comics series about a gaucho. * ''Gaucho'' is the name of a song by the Dave Matthews Band on the 2012 album Away From the World. * The Gaucho is the University of California Santa Barbara mascot. == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ==   == Hụkwa == * Onye ọchụnta ego * Gaucho atụrụ * Criollo ịnyịnya * Cowboy * Sertanejos * Caipira == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == {{notelist}} {{Commons category|Gauchos}}{{Mounted stock herders}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c77lg9ueu19cyzwrcodafdk230ush0y Medical ethnobotany of India 0 59354 671264 654080 2026-07-02T11:32:29Z Johnnybam 24488 671264 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|author=Palhares|first=Rafael Melo|date=2015-05-15|title=Medicinal Plants Recommended by the World Health Organization: DNA Barcode Identification Associated with Chemical Analyses Guarantees Their Quality|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0127866|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127866|issn=1932-6203|pmid=25978064}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|author=World Health Organization|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122458802|title=WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019|date=2019|isbn=978-92-4-069932-8|location=[Geneva]|oclc=1122458802}}</ref>Ọgwụgwụ ethnobotany nke India bụ igbu nke osisi ọgwụ India na ojiji ọdịnala ha.  A na-eji Osisi eme ihe na mpaghara India maka mgbaàmà na-egosi ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ma na-ama na-abụ ihe dị mkpa nke ngwaahịa na ọgwụ maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ.  Ndị India taa na-eji osisi maka ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ bụ isi (ịkarịsịa n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị na-agba eru) na dịka ndị ọzọ na-emegharị nke oge a.  A na-eme emu na 70% nke ndị India bi n'ime ime obodo na-eji omenala maka mkpa ndabere bụ.  Ịdabere na osisi maka ọgwụ ọgwụ na ihe ndị a na-ama na mba ndị na-emepe gbara, ebe n'etiti 65% na 80% nke ndị mmadụ na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe. Ọgwụgwọ na India na-eduzi n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ọgwụ ọgwụ, ma n' akara edi a na-ekerịta n'ọtụtụ ebe (Ayurveda, [1] Siddha, Unani), na omume dị elu nke ma ọ bụ mmepụta (Adivasi).  N'etiti 3,000[2] na 5,000[3] ụdị osisi ọgwụ na-eto na India na ihe dịka 1,000 na-eyi egwu mkpochapụ.  N'ime ndị a, e dekọrọ ihe ụgbọ ụdị osisi 2,400 maka iji mee ọgwụ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Choudhury|first=Suvashish|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003930404|title=Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 : North-East India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|date=2017|others=K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-36583-1|editor=Pullaiah|edition=First|chapter=Chapter 5. Ethnomedicinal Plants of North-East India|oclc=1003930404}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Tushar|date=2010-10-28|title=Ethnomedical uses of Zingiberaceous plants of Northeast India|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874110005799|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=132|issue=1|pages=286–296|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.032|pmid=20727402|issn=0378-8741}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Sajem|first=Albert L|date=December 2006|title=Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assam, northeast India|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-33|issn=1746-4269|pmid=16899114}}</ref> == Ayurveda Herbal == na-eme Ayurveda ọrịa na osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike iweghachi nguzozi nke ndị mebiri.[1]  Ihe ka ọtụtụ (90%) nke ọgwụ Ayurvedic na osisi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Kumar|first=Syal|date=2016-10-05|title=The Significance of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants|journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine|volume=22|issue=3|pages=494–501|doi=10.1177/2156587216671392|issn=2156-5872|pmid=27707902}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na rediresiri ọgwụgwọ ike na ọgwụ ọdịnala, a na-Mpụta mkpá akwụkwọ Ayurvedic site na nchacha ụlọ na ngwaahịa iji nkwado irẹ nke otu.  Ụfọdụ osisi eji eme ihe na Ayurveda nwere metabolites nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ nke nwere uru.[1]  Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mkpụrụ uru uru, ụfọdụ ike inwe na-akpa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Meena|first=Ajay Kumar|date=2009-12-18|title=Estimation of heavy metals in commonly used medicinal plants: a market basket survey|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1264-3|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=170|issue=1–4|pages=657–660|doi=10.1007/s10661-009-1264-3|pmid=20020323|issn=0167-6369}}</ref> Ọ dịkarịa ala, a chọpụtala osisi 700 site na usoro ọgwụ Ayurvedic. Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtala ihe karịrị 12,000 aha osisi Sanskrit n'ihe odide Ayurvedic oge ochie (gụnyere samhitas na nighantus) enwere nnukwu ihe isi ike n'ịtọlite njirimara botanical nke ọtụtụ ụdị a kpọtụrụ aha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=Varghese|date=October 2020|title=Controversial identities of medicinal plants in classical literature of Ayurveda|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=565–572|doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2019.09.003|pmid=32070638}}</ref> A na-akwadebe osisi dịka ọdịnala si dị, na-eji akụkụ osisi ụfọdụ dịka egosiri n'ihe odide akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Pole|first=Sebastian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460904361|title=Ayurvedic medicine : the principles of traditional practice|date=2006|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=044310090X|location=[Edinburgh]|oclc=460904361}}</ref> Nkwenye Ayurvedic na-ekwu na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke osisi (dịka akwụkwọ, okooko osisi, mgbọrọgwụ) nwere ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji gwọọ ọrịa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Parasuraman|first=Subramani|date=2014|title=Polyherbal formulation: Concept of ayurveda|journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews|volume=8|issue=16|pages=73–80|doi=10.4103/0973-7847.134229|issn=0973-7847|pmid=25125878}}</ref> ===== Ngwakọta ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ na synergism ===== <ref name=":12" />Ọgwụgwọ Ayurvedic na- elele nke otutu (usoro usoro polyherbal).  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ayurvedic ọrịa na ụfọdụ, mgbe a àmà ya, nwere ike na-akwado nke nwera ike ike irẹ nke ire;  a na-akpọ echiche a synergism.  Ihe odide Ayurvedic Sarangdhar Samhita (ihe dị ka 1300 AD) mesiri ike mkpa synergism dị.[1]  A na-eji otu ọgwụ Ayurvedic (trikatu) site na ijikọta ginger, ogologo ose, na ose dị ka ihe nhọrọ maka mgbari nri ma ọ bụ nsogbu afọ.  Ndị na-eme Ayurvedic na-egosi dị otú ahụ nwere ike ike ịmakọrọ.[2]  Afọ nke afọ 2014 faịlụ aro usoro nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndabere maka mgbọrọgwụ herbal synergism.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yong|date=2014-01-01|title=Synergy effects of herb extracts: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X13002840|journal=Fitoterapia|language=en|volume=92|pages=133–147|doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010|pmid=24177191|issn=0367-326X}}</ref> ==== Ọgwụ Ayurvedic na mmekọrịta ọgwụ ==== Nkwadebe nwere ikike na Ayurveda ike i taimaka makọrọ (ma ọ bụ bioavailability) nke ọgwụ.  N'ihi na ndị mgbasa na- uzọ Ayurveda eme ihe iji gbakwunye nke oge a, ebelata nke ire Ayurvedic nwere ike ngwaọrụ ama na-azụ.  onyinye, mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ike Usoro usoro enzyme cytochrome (CYP), nke nke enzyme imeju dị oke mkpa na metabolism ọgwụ.  Igbochi ma ọ bụ na-eme ka enzymes CYP siri ike bụ ike ngwaahịa a na-ahụ nke ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ na ọgwụ.[1]  Ike nke CYP nwere ike ime ka ọrụ ọgwụ daa n'ebe mgbochi ebe mgba dị, ebe ele nke usoro CYP nwere ike mee ka ọgwụ dị elu. ==== Nnyocha maka ịdị irè ==== N'afọ 2021, nyocha usoro n'ime ọgwụgwọ Ayurvedic maka sinusitis kpebiri mkpa ọ dị ime nnyocha ahụike siri ike tupu e nwee ike iru nkwubi okwu banyere nchekwa na ịdị irè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahmad|first=Azeem|date=2021-10-11|title=Efficacy and safety of Ayurveda interventions for sinusitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine|volume=20|issue=2|pages=316–327|language=en|doi=10.1515/jcim-2021-0390|pmid=34634197|issn=1553-3840}}</ref> Nnukwu ihe ịma aka n'ịtụle ọgwụ ahịhịa Ayurvedic bụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọgwụgwọ. Nnyocha dị iche iche na Ayurveda kpebiri na a chọrọ nhazi nke àgwà na ihe ndị dị n'ime ahịhịa maka nyocha. Nke a na-agụnye nyocha banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ahịhịa, ịdị irè nke ọgwụ, nyocha nke ọgwụ, na njirimara nke usoro ọgwụgwọ n'ezie (ya bụ, otu ọgwụ si arụ ọrụ n'ezie). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mukherjee|first=Pulok K.|date=February 2017|title=Development of Ayurveda – Tradition to trend|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874116307826|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=197|pages=10–24|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.024|pmid=27633405}}</ref> == Mkpa na itinye ya n'ọrụ == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ikdhzemgl0w3unwjoosba09ppkvxmq6 Meagan Chauke 0 59875 671227 205985 2026-07-02T11:09:29Z Johnnybam 24488 671227 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis''' ( née Chauke ; amuru 4 Septemba 1992) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye ọchụnta ego South Africa. Ọ nọchitere anya African National Congress (ANC) na National Assembly nke South Africa kemgbe June 2024. Amụrụ na Pretoria, Chauke ghọrọ onye na-akwado nkwarụ, onye okike ọdịnaya, na onye na-ekwu okwu ọha mgbe ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|tụfuru ọhụụ ya]] na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ mmalite nke teknụzụ enyemaka akpọrọ Featherlinx. Ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke ọnwa Mee 2024 ma bụrụ onye isi oche oche nkwarụ ANC. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ na 4 Septemba 1992, '''<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref>''' A mụrụ Chauke na Pretoria wee tolite na mpaghara mmiri bara ụba nke Waterkloof . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pretoria High School maka ụmụ nwanyị wee mụọ akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum South Africa . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=21 April 2023|title=Verslae toe siekte my sig steel in die jaar wat ek swanger word|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/verslae-toe-siekte-my-sig-steel-in-die-jaar-wat-ek-swanger-word-20230421|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Huisgenoot|language=af-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na 2015, a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|mfu ọhụụ]] na-enweghị ike ịgbagha, o wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ihu ọha na afọ ndị sochirinụ dị ka onye na-akwado nkwarụ na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi . N'okpuru moniker "Chineke kpuru ìsì", ọ na-ebipụta vlogs banyere ịzụ ụmụ mgbe kpuru ìsì na TikTok, ebe o nwere ihe karịrị 126,000 na-eso ụzọ site na January 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu ọrụ ebere, gụnyere otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ akpọrọ Disabled Women Living with Dignity. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/ "Opening society's eyes to the benefits of inclusivity"]. ''Thisability''. 2021-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, o hiwere Featherlinx, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị na Pretoria nke chọrọ ịzụlite teknụzụ enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ; ọ bụ onye otu mmemme GrindstoneX, mmalite incubator nke Grindstone Accelerator na Naspers Labs hiwere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dhond|first=Ila|date=27 December 2023|title=Second cohort of 10 female entrepreneurs announced by GrindstoneX, Naspers Labs|url=https://incubees.com/second-cohort-of-10-female-entrepreneurs-announced-by-grindstonex-naspers-labs/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Incubees|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Julaị 2022, African National Congress (ANC) kwupụtara na Chauke ga-eguzo dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya na ntuli aka ime obodo na-abịa na Obodo Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality . Ọ kwụrụ na Tshwane's Ward 42, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mejupụtara Waterkloof na Ogige Ncheta, ebe onye kansụl na-achị ọchịchị, Phillip Nel nke Democratic Alliance (DA), nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2022|title=Independent Electoral Commission on candidates contesting municipal by-elections on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/independent-electoral-commission-candidates-contesting-municipal-elections-3|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=South African Government}}</ref> Emere ntuli aka ime na 3 Ọgọst 2022 na DA nwere ngalaba; Chauke meriri Shane Maas, onye nwetara 77% nke votu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2022|title=Results of the Municipal By-elections held on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/News-And-Media/News-List/News/News-Article/Results-of-the-Municipal-By-elections-held-on-3-August-2022?a=AISDGvpz75ps1usOfX7oitKw1FY09pkRBcHVjeGhsUM=|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Mee 2024, Chauke guzoro dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ụlọ omeiwu, họọrọ 16th na ndepụta pati mba ANC. <ref name=":122" />A họpụtara ya ịbụ oche na National Assembly, ụlọ omebe iwu nke South Africa nzuko omeiwu . A họpụtara ya dị ka onye so na kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkwarụ na dịka onye so na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta na Nkwukọrịta Dijitalụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/tshehofatso-meagan-chauke/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oche nrụrụ ime obodo nke ANC. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Elections 2024: The Under-45’s Club|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/the-under-45s-club/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọhụhụ nke Chaauke kpatara mmebi akwara anya na-adịgide adịgide dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke idiopathic hypertension intracranial . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZwane-Ejike2023">Zwane-Ejike, Nokuthula (14 April 2023). [https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414 "My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again"]. ''You''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụjuanya na-adịgide adịgide na-enweghị isi na isi ọwụwa, ọ malitere ịla n'ihu na January 2015 mgbe ọ na-echere nchoputa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/ "Opening society's eyes to the benefits of inclusivity"]. ''Thisability''. 2021-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLegodi2024">Legodi, Simangele (24 January 2024). [https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom "Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom"]. ''EWN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuwo na ya nwere ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị ma mgbe ọ na-eche nyocha na mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha ọbara mgbali elu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> Ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu]] mana ọ nwere ike ịhụ ìhè, silhouettes, na ụfọdụ agba, <ref name=":0" /> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "dị ka ile anya n'ígwé ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2020|title=Megan Chauke is blind but navigates life with a powerful vision|url=https://www.yfm.co.za/2020/01/30/mytruestory-megan-chauke-is-blind-but-navigates-life-with-a-powerful-vision/|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=YFM}}</ref> Na 2018 ọ lụrụ Sikhumbuzo Adonis, enyi ya nwoke nke afọ ise.[1][2] Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọnụ, amụrụ na 2016 na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cupido|first=Gerry|date=13 June 2024|title=Meagan Adonis, the Blind Goddess, on motherhood and her passion for fashion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/fashion/meagan-adonis-the-blind-goddess-on-motherhood-and-her-passion-for-fashion-9c82c053-bdca-4c56-9c79-b18c01995502|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iat1t583m8454wgx82exa7v3eiigwu0 671230 671227 2026-07-02T11:10:58Z Johnnybam 24488 671230 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis''' ( née Chauke ; amuru 4 Septemba 1992) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye ọchụnta ego South Africa. Ọ nọchitere anya African National Congress (ANC) na National Assembly nke South Africa kemgbe June 2024. Amụrụ na Pretoria, Chauke ghọrọ onye na-akwado nkwarụ, onye okike ọdịnaya, na onye na-ekwu okwu ọha mgbe ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|tụfuru ọhụụ ya]] na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ mmalite nke teknụzụ enyemaka akpọrọ Featherlinx. Ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke ọnwa Mee 2024 ma bụrụ onye isi oche oche nkwarụ ANC. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ na 4 Septemba 1992, '''<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref>''' A mụrụ Chauke na Pretoria wee tolite na mpaghara mmiri bara ụba nke Waterkloof . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pretoria High School maka ụmụ nwanyị wee mụọ akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum South Africa . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=21 April 2023|title=Verslae toe siekte my sig steel in die jaar wat ek swanger word|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/verslae-toe-siekte-my-sig-steel-in-die-jaar-wat-ek-swanger-word-20230421|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Huisgenoot|language=af-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na 2015, a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|mfu ọhụụ]] na-enweghị ike ịgbagha, o wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ihu ọha na afọ ndị sochirinụ dị ka onye na-akwado nkwarụ na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi . N'okpuru moniker "Chineke kpuru ìsì", ọ na-ebipụta vlogs banyere ịzụ ụmụ mgbe kpuru ìsì na TikTok, ebe o nwere ihe karịrị 126,000 na-eso ụzọ site na January 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu ọrụ ebere, gụnyere otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ akpọrọ Disabled Women Living with Dignity. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/ "Opening society's eyes to the benefits of inclusivity"]. ''Thisability''. 2021-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, o hiwere Featherlinx, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị na Pretoria nke chọrọ ịzụlite teknụzụ enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ; ọ bụ onye otu mmemme GrindstoneX, mmalite incubator nke Grindstone Accelerator na Naspers Labs hiwere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dhond|first=Ila|date=27 December 2023|title=Second cohort of 10 female entrepreneurs announced by GrindstoneX, Naspers Labs|url=https://incubees.com/second-cohort-of-10-female-entrepreneurs-announced-by-grindstonex-naspers-labs/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Incubees|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Julaị 2022, African National Congress (ANC) kwupụtara na Chauke ga-eguzo dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya na ntuli aka ime obodo na-abịa na Obodo Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality . Ọ kwụrụ na Tshwane's Ward 42, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mejupụtara Waterkloof na Ogige Ncheta, ebe onye kansụl na-achị ọchịchị, Phillip Nel nke Democratic Alliance (DA), nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2022|title=Independent Electoral Commission on candidates contesting municipal by-elections on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/independent-electoral-commission-candidates-contesting-municipal-elections-3|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=South African Government}}</ref> Emere ntuli aka ime na 3 Ọgọst 2022 na DA nwere ngalaba; Chauke meriri Shane Maas, onye nwetara 77% nke votu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2022|title=Results of the Municipal By-elections held on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/News-And-Media/News-List/News/News-Article/Results-of-the-Municipal-By-elections-held-on-3-August-2022?a=AISDGvpz75ps1usOfX7oitKw1FY09pkRBcHVjeGhsUM=|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Mee 2024, Chauke guzoro dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ụlọ omeiwu, họọrọ 16th na ndepụta pati mba ANC. <ref name=":122" />A họpụtara ya ịbụ oche na National Assembly, ụlọ omebe iwu nke South Africa nzuko omeiwu . A họpụtara ya dị ka onye so na kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkwarụ na dịka onye so na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta na Nkwukọrịta Dijitalụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/tshehofatso-meagan-chauke/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oche nrụrụ ime obodo nke ANC. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Elections 2024: The Under-45’s Club|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/the-under-45s-club/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọhụhụ nke Chaauke kpatara mmebi akwara anya na-adịgide adịgide dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke idiopathic hypertension intracranial . <ref name=":0" />Mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụjuanya na-adịgide adịgide na-enweghị isi na isi ọwụwa, ọ malitere ịla n'ihu na January 2015 mgbe ọ na-echere nchoputa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/ "Opening society's eyes to the benefits of inclusivity"]. ''Thisability''. 2021-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLegodi2024">Legodi, Simangele (24 January 2024). [https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom "Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom"]. ''EWN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuwo na ya nwere ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị ma mgbe ọ na-eche nyocha na mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha ọbara mgbali elu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> Ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu]] mana ọ nwere ike ịhụ ìhè, silhouettes, na ụfọdụ agba, <ref name=":0" /> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "dị ka ile anya n'ígwé ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2020|title=Megan Chauke is blind but navigates life with a powerful vision|url=https://www.yfm.co.za/2020/01/30/mytruestory-megan-chauke-is-blind-but-navigates-life-with-a-powerful-vision/|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=YFM}}</ref> Na 2018 ọ lụrụ Sikhumbuzo Adonis, enyi ya nwoke nke afọ ise.[1][2] Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọnụ, amụrụ na 2016 na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cupido|first=Gerry|date=13 June 2024|title=Meagan Adonis, the Blind Goddess, on motherhood and her passion for fashion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/fashion/meagan-adonis-the-blind-goddess-on-motherhood-and-her-passion-for-fashion-9c82c053-bdca-4c56-9c79-b18c01995502|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fwyrej2aep03y9yn608ycglqcjx3drj 671231 671230 2026-07-02T11:11:35Z Johnnybam 24488 671231 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis''' ( née Chauke ; amuru 4 Septemba 1992) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye ọchụnta ego South Africa. Ọ nọchitere anya African National Congress (ANC) na National Assembly nke South Africa kemgbe June 2024. Amụrụ na Pretoria, Chauke ghọrọ onye na-akwado nkwarụ, onye okike ọdịnaya, na onye na-ekwu okwu ọha mgbe ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|tụfuru ọhụụ ya]] na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ mmalite nke teknụzụ enyemaka akpọrọ Featherlinx. Ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke ọnwa Mee 2024 ma bụrụ onye isi oche oche nkwarụ ANC. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ na 4 Septemba 1992, '''<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref>''' A mụrụ Chauke na Pretoria wee tolite na mpaghara mmiri bara ụba nke Waterkloof . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pretoria High School maka ụmụ nwanyị wee mụọ akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum South Africa . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=21 April 2023|title=Verslae toe siekte my sig steel in die jaar wat ek swanger word|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/verslae-toe-siekte-my-sig-steel-in-die-jaar-wat-ek-swanger-word-20230421|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Huisgenoot|language=af-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na 2015, a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|mfu ọhụụ]] na-enweghị ike ịgbagha, o wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ihu ọha na afọ ndị sochirinụ dị ka onye na-akwado nkwarụ na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi . N'okpuru moniker "Chineke kpuru ìsì", ọ na-ebipụta vlogs banyere ịzụ ụmụ mgbe kpuru ìsì na TikTok, ebe o nwere ihe karịrị 126,000 na-eso ụzọ site na January 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu ọrụ ebere, gụnyere otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ akpọrọ Disabled Women Living with Dignity. <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2019, o hiwere Featherlinx, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị na Pretoria nke chọrọ ịzụlite teknụzụ enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ; ọ bụ onye otu mmemme GrindstoneX, mmalite incubator nke Grindstone Accelerator na Naspers Labs hiwere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dhond|first=Ila|date=27 December 2023|title=Second cohort of 10 female entrepreneurs announced by GrindstoneX, Naspers Labs|url=https://incubees.com/second-cohort-of-10-female-entrepreneurs-announced-by-grindstonex-naspers-labs/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Incubees|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Julaị 2022, African National Congress (ANC) kwupụtara na Chauke ga-eguzo dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya na ntuli aka ime obodo na-abịa na Obodo Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality . Ọ kwụrụ na Tshwane's Ward 42, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mejupụtara Waterkloof na Ogige Ncheta, ebe onye kansụl na-achị ọchịchị, Phillip Nel nke Democratic Alliance (DA), nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2022|title=Independent Electoral Commission on candidates contesting municipal by-elections on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/independent-electoral-commission-candidates-contesting-municipal-elections-3|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=South African Government}}</ref> Emere ntuli aka ime na 3 Ọgọst 2022 na DA nwere ngalaba; Chauke meriri Shane Maas, onye nwetara 77% nke votu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2022|title=Results of the Municipal By-elections held on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/News-And-Media/News-List/News/News-Article/Results-of-the-Municipal-By-elections-held-on-3-August-2022?a=AISDGvpz75ps1usOfX7oitKw1FY09pkRBcHVjeGhsUM=|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Mee 2024, Chauke guzoro dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ụlọ omeiwu, họọrọ 16th na ndepụta pati mba ANC. <ref name=":122" />A họpụtara ya ịbụ oche na National Assembly, ụlọ omebe iwu nke South Africa nzuko omeiwu . A họpụtara ya dị ka onye so na kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkwarụ na dịka onye so na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta na Nkwukọrịta Dijitalụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/tshehofatso-meagan-chauke/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oche nrụrụ ime obodo nke ANC. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Elections 2024: The Under-45’s Club|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/the-under-45s-club/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọhụhụ nke Chaauke kpatara mmebi akwara anya na-adịgide adịgide dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke idiopathic hypertension intracranial . <ref name=":0" />Mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụjuanya na-adịgide adịgide na-enweghị isi na isi ọwụwa, ọ malitere ịla n'ihu na January 2015 mgbe ọ na-echere nchoputa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/ "Opening society's eyes to the benefits of inclusivity"]. ''Thisability''. 2021-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLegodi2024">Legodi, Simangele (24 January 2024). [https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom "Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom"]. ''EWN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuwo na ya nwere ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị ma mgbe ọ na-eche nyocha na mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha ọbara mgbali elu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> Ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu]] mana ọ nwere ike ịhụ ìhè, silhouettes, na ụfọdụ agba, <ref name=":0" /> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "dị ka ile anya n'ígwé ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2020|title=Megan Chauke is blind but navigates life with a powerful vision|url=https://www.yfm.co.za/2020/01/30/mytruestory-megan-chauke-is-blind-but-navigates-life-with-a-powerful-vision/|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=YFM}}</ref> Na 2018 ọ lụrụ Sikhumbuzo Adonis, enyi ya nwoke nke afọ ise.[1][2] Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọnụ, amụrụ na 2016 na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cupido|first=Gerry|date=13 June 2024|title=Meagan Adonis, the Blind Goddess, on motherhood and her passion for fashion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/fashion/meagan-adonis-the-blind-goddess-on-motherhood-and-her-passion-for-fashion-9c82c053-bdca-4c56-9c79-b18c01995502|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 38nbuprhsbvjmn70hu48txo7otq3jnh 671237 671231 2026-07-02T11:15:07Z Johnnybam 24488 671237 wikitext text/x-wiki  <ref name=":1" /> '''Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis''' ( née Chauke ; amuru 4 Septemba 1992) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye ọchụnta ego South Africa. Ọ nọchitere anya African National Congress (ANC) na National Assembly nke South Africa kemgbe June 2024. Amụrụ na Pretoria, Chauke ghọrọ onye na-akwado nkwarụ, onye okike ọdịnaya, na onye na-ekwu okwu ọha mgbe ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|tụfuru ọhụụ ya]] na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ mmalite nke teknụzụ enyemaka akpọrọ Featherlinx. Ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke ọnwa Mee 2024 ma bụrụ onye isi oche oche nkwarụ ANC. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ na 4 Septemba 1992, '''<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref>''' A mụrụ Chauke na Pretoria wee tolite na mpaghara mmiri bara ụba nke Waterkloof . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pretoria High School maka ụmụ nwanyị wee mụọ akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=21 April 2023|title=Verslae toe siekte my sig steel in die jaar wat ek swanger word|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/verslae-toe-siekte-my-sig-steel-in-die-jaar-wat-ek-swanger-word-20230421|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Huisgenoot|language=af-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na 2015, a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|mfu ọhụụ]] na-enweghị ike ịgbagha, o wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ihu ọha na afọ ndị sochirinụ dị ka onye na-akwado nkwarụ na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi . N'okpuru moniker "Chineke kpuru ìsì", ọ na-ebipụta vlogs banyere ịzụ ụmụ mgbe kpuru ìsì na TikTok, ebe o nwere ihe karịrị 126,000 na-eso ụzọ site na January 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu ọrụ ebere, gụnyere otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ akpọrọ Disabled Women Living with Dignity. N'afọ 2019, o hiwere Featherlinx, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị na Pretoria nke chọrọ ịzụlite teknụzụ enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ; ọ bụ onye otu mmemme GrindstoneX, mmalite incubator nke Grindstone Accelerator na Naspers Labs hiwere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dhond|first=Ila|date=27 December 2023|title=Second cohort of 10 female entrepreneurs announced by GrindstoneX, Naspers Labs|url=https://incubees.com/second-cohort-of-10-female-entrepreneurs-announced-by-grindstonex-naspers-labs/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Incubees|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Julaị 2022, African National Congress (ANC) kwupụtara na Chauke ga-eguzo dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya na ntuli aka ime obodo na-abịa na Obodo Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality . Ọ kwụrụ na Tshwane's Ward 42, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mejupụtara Waterkloof na Ogige Ncheta, ebe onye kansụl na-achị ọchịchị, Phillip Nel nke Democratic Alliance (DA), nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2022|title=Independent Electoral Commission on candidates contesting municipal by-elections on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/independent-electoral-commission-candidates-contesting-municipal-elections-3|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=South African Government}}</ref> Emere ntuli aka ime na 3 Ọgọst 2022 na DA nwere ngalaba; Chauke meriri Shane Maas, onye nwetara 77% nke votu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2022|title=Results of the Municipal By-elections held on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/News-And-Media/News-List/News/News-Article/Results-of-the-Municipal-By-elections-held-on-3-August-2022?a=AISDGvpz75ps1usOfX7oitKw1FY09pkRBcHVjeGhsUM=|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Mee 2024, Chauke guzoro dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ụlọ omeiwu, họọrọ 16th na ndepụta pati mba ANC. <ref name=":122" />A họpụtara ya ịbụ oche na National Assembly, ụlọ omebe iwu nke South Africa nzuko omeiwu . A họpụtara ya dị ka onye so na kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkwarụ na dịka onye so na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta na Nkwukọrịta Dijitalụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/tshehofatso-meagan-chauke/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oche nrụrụ ime obodo nke ANC. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Elections 2024: The Under-45’s Club|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/the-under-45s-club/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọhụhụ nke Chaauke kpatara mmebi akwara anya na-adịgide adịgide dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke idiopathic hypertension intracranial . <ref name=":0" />Mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụjuanya na-adịgide adịgide na-enweghị isi na isi ọwụwa, ọ malitere ịla n'ihu na January 2015 mgbe ọ na-echere nchoputa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLegodi2024">Legodi, Simangele (24 January 2024). [https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom "Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom"]. ''EWN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwuwo na ya nwere ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị ma mgbe ọ na-eche nyocha na mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha ọbara mgbali elu. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu]] mana ọ nwere ike ịhụ ìhè, silhouettes, na ụfọdụ agba, <ref name=":0" /> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "dị ka ile anya n'ígwé ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2020|title=Megan Chauke is blind but navigates life with a powerful vision|url=https://www.yfm.co.za/2020/01/30/mytruestory-megan-chauke-is-blind-but-navigates-life-with-a-powerful-vision/|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=YFM}}</ref> Na 2018 ọ lụrụ Sikhumbuzo Adonis, enyi ya nwoke nke afọ ise.[1][2] Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọnụ, amụrụ na 2016 na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cupido|first=Gerry|date=13 June 2024|title=Meagan Adonis, the Blind Goddess, on motherhood and her passion for fashion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/fashion/meagan-adonis-the-blind-goddess-on-motherhood-and-her-passion-for-fashion-9c82c053-bdca-4c56-9c79-b18c01995502|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qxi2gm10nczynucj1vs7i0hwkffx7y3 671240 671237 2026-07-02T11:16:20Z Johnnybam 24488 671240 wikitext text/x-wiki  <ref name=":1" /> '''Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis''' ( née Chauke ; amuru 4 Septemba 1992) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye ọchụnta ego South Africa. Ọ nọchitere anya African National Congress (ANC) na National Assembly nke South Africa kemgbe June 2024. Amụrụ na Pretoria, Chauke ghọrọ onye na-akwado nkwarụ, onye okike ọdịnaya, na onye na-ekwu okwu ọha mgbe ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|tụfuru ọhụụ ya]] na 2015. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ mmalite nke teknụzụ enyemaka akpọrọ Featherlinx. Ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke ọnwa Mee 2024 ma bụrụ onye isi oche oche nkwarụ ANC. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ na 4 Septemba 1992, '''<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|accessdate=2024-03-26|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref>''' A mụrụ Chauke na Pretoria wee tolite na mpaghara mmiri bara ụba nke Waterkloof . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=14 April 2023|title=My Story: I went blind the same year I found out I was pregnant and my kids helped me embrace life again|url=https://www.news24.com/you/mystory/my-story-i-i-went-blind-the-same-year-i-found-out-i-was-pregnant-and-my-kids-helped-me-embrace-life-again-20230414|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=You|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Opening society’s eyes to the benefits of inclusivity|url=https://www.thisability.co.za/2021/02/17/opening-societys-eyes-to-the-benefits-of-inclusivity/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Thisability|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pretoria High School maka ụmụ nwanyị wee mụọ akwụkwọ nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum South Africa . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Zwane-Ejike|first=Nokuthula|date=21 April 2023|title=Verslae toe siekte my sig steel in die jaar wat ek swanger word|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/verslae-toe-siekte-my-sig-steel-in-die-jaar-wat-ek-swanger-word-20230421|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Huisgenoot|language=af-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na 2015, a chọpụtara na ọ nwere [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|mfu ọhụụ]] na-enweghị ike ịgbagha, o wee bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ihu ọha na afọ ndị sochirinụ dị ka onye na-akwado nkwarụ na onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi . N'okpuru moniker "Chineke kpuru ìsì", ọ na-ebipụta vlogs banyere ịzụ ụmụ mgbe kpuru ìsì na TikTok, ebe o nwere ihe karịrị 126,000 na-eso ụzọ site na January 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Legodi|first=Simangele|date=24 January 2024|title=Meagan Adonis relishing challenges and joys of being a blind mom|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/01/23/meagan-adonis-relishing-challenges-and-joys-of-being-a-blind-mom|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=EWN|language=en}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu ọrụ ebere, gụnyere otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ akpọrọ Disabled Women Living with Dignity. N'afọ 2019, o hiwere Featherlinx, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị na Pretoria nke chọrọ ịzụlite teknụzụ enyemaka maka ndị nwere nkwarụ; ọ bụ onye otu mmemme GrindstoneX, mmalite incubator nke Grindstone Accelerator na Naspers Labs hiwere. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dhond|first=Ila|date=27 December 2023|title=Second cohort of 10 female entrepreneurs announced by GrindstoneX, Naspers Labs|url=https://incubees.com/second-cohort-of-10-female-entrepreneurs-announced-by-grindstonex-naspers-labs/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Incubees|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Julaị 2022, African National Congress (ANC) kwupụtara na Chauke ga-eguzo dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya na ntuli aka ime obodo na-abịa na Obodo Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality . Ọ kwụrụ na Tshwane's Ward 42, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mejupụtara Waterkloof na Ogige Ncheta, ebe onye kansụl na-achị ọchịchị, Phillip Nel nke Democratic Alliance (DA), nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2022|title=Independent Electoral Commission on candidates contesting municipal by-elections on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/independent-electoral-commission-candidates-contesting-municipal-elections-3|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=South African Government}}</ref> Emere ntuli aka ime na 3 Ọgọst 2022 na DA nwere ngalaba; Chauke meriri Shane Maas, onye nwetara 77% nke votu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2022|title=Results of the Municipal By-elections held on 3 August 2022|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/News-And-Media/News-List/News/News-Article/Results-of-the-Municipal-By-elections-held-on-3-August-2022?a=AISDGvpz75ps1usOfX7oitKw1FY09pkRBcHVjeGhsUM=|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Mee 2024, Chauke guzoro dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke ụlọ omeiwu, họọrọ 16th na ndepụta pati mba ANC. <ref name=":122" />A họpụtara ya ịbụ oche na National Assembly, ụlọ omebe iwu nke South Africa nzuko omeiwu . A họpụtara ya dị ka onye so na kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ntorobịa na ndị nwere nkwarụ na dịka onye so na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta na Nkwukọrịta Dijitalụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tshehofatso Meagan Chauke-Adonis|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/tshehofatso-meagan-chauke/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oche nrụrụ ime obodo nke ANC. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Elections 2024: The Under-45’s Club|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/the-under-45s-club/|accessdate=2024-07-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọhụhụ nke Chaauke kpatara mmebi akwara anya na-adịgide adịgide dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke idiopathic hypertension intracranial . <ref name=":0" />Mgbe ọ nwesịrị nhụjuanya na-adịgide adịgide na-enweghị isi na isi ọwụwa, ọ malitere ịla n'ihu na January 2015 mgbe ọ na-echere nchoputa. O kwuwo na ya nwere ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị ma mgbe ọ na-eche nyocha na mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha ọbara mgbali elu. <ref name=":3" />Ọ [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu]] mana ọ nwere ike ịhụ ìhè, silhouettes, na ụfọdụ agba, <ref name=":0" /> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "dị ka ile anya n'ígwé ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2020|title=Megan Chauke is blind but navigates life with a powerful vision|url=https://www.yfm.co.za/2020/01/30/mytruestory-megan-chauke-is-blind-but-navigates-life-with-a-powerful-vision/|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=YFM}}</ref> Na 2018 ọ lụrụ Sikhumbuzo Adonis, enyi ya nwoke nke afọ ise.[1][2] Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọnụ, amụrụ na 2016 na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cupido|first=Gerry|date=13 June 2024|title=Meagan Adonis, the Blind Goddess, on motherhood and her passion for fashion|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/fashion/meagan-adonis-the-blind-goddess-on-motherhood-and-her-passion-for-fashion-9c82c053-bdca-4c56-9c79-b18c01995502|accessdate=22 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g5ypiiaxqjpcn6nwv3ueixes12jmjov Longnü 0 59977 670900 206184 2026-07-01T20:45:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Longnü''' (Chinese omenala: 龍女; : 龙女; : ; Sanskrit: ''nāgakanyā''; Vietnamese: Long modul), sụgharịrị dị ka Dragon Girl, tinyere Sudhana a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị na-akwado bodhisattva Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) na Okpukpe Buddha nke China. Ọnụnọ ya na ihe oyiyi nke Guanyin sitere na sutras tantric na-eme ememe Amoghapāśa na otu puku ụdị Guanyin, nke kwuru na Longnü na-enye Guanyin pearl na-abaghị uru iji kelee ya maka onye nke ikpeazụ na-eleta obí Eze Dragọn na ala oké osimiri iji kụziere ndị bi na ya dharani nzọpụta ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yü|first=Chün-fang|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/yu--12028|title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Enweghị isi mmalite akwụkwọ nsọ jikọtara Sudhana na Longnü na Avalokiteśvara n'otu oge. A na-atụ aro na acolytes bụ ihe nnọchianya nke akwụkwọ abụọ bụ isi Mahāyāna, Lotus Sūtra na Avataṃsaka Sūtra, nke Longnü na Sudhana pụtara, n'otu n'otu. Ihe ngosi nke Longnü na Sudhana na Avalokiteśvara nwere ike ịbụ na Yunü (Jade Maiden) na Jintong (Golden Youth) bụ ndị na-apụta na ihe oyiyi nke Jade Emperor. A na-akọwa ya dị ka nwa nwanyị dị afọ asatọ nke Eze Dragọn (Chinese omenala: 龍王; : 龙王; : ; Sanskrit: ''Nagaraja'') nke Oké Osimiri Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.[2] == Na Lotus Sūtra == [[Faịlụ:Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png|thumb|Nwa nwanyị eze dragọn ahụ nyere Buddha ọla ya dị oké ọnụ ahịa; ihu akwụkwọ Lotus Sutra nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ na "Heike Nokyo". [3]]] A na-egosi Longnü na isi nke 12 nke Lotus Sūtra (Skt. Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra) dị ka onye jupụtara na amamihe na inweta nghọta ozugbo.[4][5] Na Lotus Sūtra, Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva na-ekwu maka ya, na-ekwu:[6]<blockquote>E nwere nwa nwanyị nke eze nāga Sāgara nke dị naanị afọ asatọ. Ọ maara ihe; ikike ya dị nkọ; ọ makwaara ikike na omume niile nke ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi. O nwetala ike ncheta.[ihe odide ala peeji 1] Ọ na-echekwa akụ nzuzo niile dị omimi nke Buddha, na-abanye n'ime ime ntụgharị uche, ma nwee ike ịghọta dharmas niile. O mepụtara echiche nke nghọta (Skt. ''bodhicitta'') ozugbo ma ruo n'ọkwa nke nonretrogression. Ọ na-ekwu okwu n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ma na-eche banyere ndị nwere mmetụta dị ka ọmịiko dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ ụmụ ya. Àgwà ọma ya zuru oke. Echiche na nkọwa ya dị aghụghọ ma sara mbara, nwee obi ebere, ma nwee ọmịiko. O nwere uche dị n'otu ma nweta nghọta.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, onye na-eso ụzọ [[Buddha]] bụ Sariputra, onye Sravaka, ekwenyeghị na nwanyị nwere ike iru Buddha. [9][10][11][ihe odide ala ala peeji 2] Na nzaghachi, nwa agbọghọ nāga nyere Buddha pearl, na-anọchi anya ndụ ya na ego ya, ọ nabatara ya.[13] Ọ na-agbanwe ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ bodhisattva nwoke zuru oke, wee nweta nghọta zuru oke.[13][14][15] Dị ka Schuster si kwuo, arụmụka Lotus Sutra "na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ụfọdụ ahụ (nwoke) dabara maka akara aka kachasị elu, na ahụ ndị ọzọ (nwanyị) adịghị." Na Chan Buddha, e weere akụkọ ahụ dị ka ihe atụ iji mesie ike ikike nke ịmụrụ anya na mberede.[17][18] == N'akụkọ ọdịnala == === Akụkọ Banyere Oké Osimiri Ndịda === A single chapter in the ''Complete Tale of Avalokiteśvara and the Southern Seas'' ({{zh|c=南海觀音全傳|p=Nánhǎi Guānyīn Quánzhuàn}}), a sixteenth century Ming dynasty novel is the first text that connects Longnü and Sudhana together as being acolytes of Avalokiteśvara. When the Dragon King's third son was out for swim in the sea in the form of a carp, he was captured by a fisherman. Unable to transform into his dragon form due to being trapped on land, he was going to be sold and butchered at the local market. Once Avalokiteśvara learned of his predicament, she gave Shancai all her money and sent her disciple to buy him from the market and set him free. Because the carp was still alive hours after it was caught, this drew a large crowd and soon a bidding war started due to people believing that eating this fish would grant them immortality. Shancai was easily outbid and begged the fish seller to spare the life of the fish, but to no avail and earning the scorn of the people at the market. It was then that Avalokiteśvara projected her voice from far away saying, "A life should definitely belong to one who tries to save it, not one who tries to take it". The crowd realizing their mistake soon dispersed and Shancai was able to bring the carp back to Avalokiteśvara and return it to the sea. Dị ka ihe ngosi nke ekele, Dragọn King rịọrọ Ao Guang ka o weta "Pearl of Light", ma nwa nwa ya wepụtara onwe ya ịga n'ọnọdụ nna ya kama. Mgbe o nyechara Avalokiteśvara pearl ahụ, o kpebiri ịnọnyere ya wee bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ ya ịmụta Dharma Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes|author=[[Wilt L. Idema|Idema, Wilt L]].|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2008|isbn=9780824832155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKimqfLnB1IC&dq=carp&pg=PA31|pages=31–32}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Ndị Dị Mkpa === [[Faịlụ:Iron_Buddha_Temple_Nagakanya_(Long_Nu).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Longnü gosipụtara dị ka nwanyị bodhisattva na China.]] N'adịghị ka akụkọ zuru oke nke Avalokiteśvara na Oké Osimiri Ndịda nke na-ekwu naanị Longnü na nkenke, Akwụkwọ mpịakọta dị oké ọnụ ahịa nke Sudhana na Longnü (Chinese: 善財龍女寶撰; pinyin: Shàncái Lóngnǚ Bǎozhuàn), akwụkwọ mpịakọta bụ narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke dị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. etinyere na akụkọ akụkọ Longnü na Sudhana ma yie ka ọ sitere na Taoist.Edere ederede n'oge Qianfu nke usoro ndị eze Tang. Otu ụbọchị mgbe Sudhana na-aga n'okporo ụzọ ugwu ịga leta nna ya, ọ nụrụ olu na-eti mkpu maka enyemaka. N'ime nyocha, ọ na-apụta na ọ bụ olu agwọ tọrọ n'ime karama kemgbe afọ iri na asatọ gara aga .Agwọ ahụ na-arịọ Sudhana ka ọ hapụ ya, nke ọ ga-aghọ ezigbo ọdịdị ya, nke anụ ọhịa, ma yie egwu iri ya. Mgbe Sudhana na-eme mkpesa na omume agwọ ahụ, ọ na-eme arụmụka na karịa ēn (恩, omume obiọma) na-akwụghachi ụgwọ site na esemokwu, na nke ahụ bụ ụzọ ụwa. Otú ọ dị, agwọ ahụ kwetara inyefe ndị ọkàikpe atọ okwu ahụ. Onye ọka ikpe mbụ a na-egosi arụmụka ahụ bụ mmadụ nke Golden Water Buffalo Star, onye kwenyere na agwọ ahụ, n'ihi ahụmịhe ya n'oge gara aga na ụmụ mmadụ. The Buffalo Star na-akọwa otú ọ na-achọghị ịdakwasị n'ụwa mana Kṣitigarbha chụpụrụ ya n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke eluigwe, onye nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike nọ.Kṣitigarbha ṅụrụ iyi na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ mmadụ akwụghachighị ihu ọma ya, anya ya ga-ada wee daa n'ala. N’ihi ọdịda kpakpando Buffalo dakwasịrị n’ụwa, bụ́ nke dị na mbụ, ọ tụfuru ezé ihu ya nile. Ọ tara ahụhụ nke ukwuu n’aka ụmụ mmadụ; mb͕e ọ dọb͕uru onwe-ya n'ọlu n'ihi onye-nwe-ya, eb͕uru ya rie. N’ihi nke a, anya Kṣitigarbha dapụrụ n’ezie, wee ghọọ ejula ndị buffalo na-azọdazi ma ọ na-akọ ubi. Onye ọka ikpe nke abụọ ha zutere bụ onye ụkọchukwu Taoist Zhuangzi, onye kwenyere na agwọ ahụ, na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe o nwere mgbe ọ kpọlitere ọkpụkpụ nke kpọgara Zhuangji n'ụlọ ikpe ozugbo ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ezu ego ya. Onye ọka ikpe ikpeazụ ha zutere bụ nwa agbọghọ. Nwa agbọghọ ahụ gwara agwọ ahụ na ọ nwere ike iri ya, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọ ahụ nwere ike igosi ya otu o si nwee ike ịbanye n'ime karama nke Sudhana wepụtara ya. Ozugbo agwọ ahụ batara n'onwe ya na karama ahụ, ọ tọrọ atọ. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ gosipụtara onwe ya ịbụ Avalokiteśvara. Mgbe agwọ na-arịọ maka ebere, Avalokiteśvara na-agwa ya na iji nweta nzọpụta, ọ ga-etinyerịrị onwe ya na omume okpukpe na Grotto nke ụda nke Iju Mmiri (nke dị ugbu a Fayu Temple) n'Ugwu Putuo. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, Sudhana ghọrọ onye acolyte nke Avalokiteśvara yana Filial Parrot. Mgbe agwọ ahụ nyefeworo onwe ya ruo afọ asaa nke mkpakọ, ọ na-asachapụ nsi ya ma na-amị pearl. Ọ na-agbanwe ghọọ Longnü wee ghọọ acolyte nke Avalokiteśvara.[23] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite journal|author=Abe|first=Ryuchi|title=Revisiting the Dragon Princess: Her Role in Medieval Engi Stories and Their Implications in Reading the Lotus Sutra|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies|date=2015|volume=42|issue=1|pages=27–70|doi=10.18874/jjrs.42.1.2015.27-70|url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4400}} * {{Cite book|title=Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes|first=Wilt L.|author=Idema|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2008|isbn=9780824832155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKimqfLnB1IC}} * {{Cite book|author=Kato|first=Bunno|title=The Threefold Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of Innumerable Meanings; The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law; The Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue|date=1975|publisher=Weatherhill & Kōsei Publishing|location=New York/Tōkyō|url=http://www.rk-world.org/publications/ThreefoldLotusSutra.pdf}} * {{Cite book|author=Kubo|first=Tsugunari|url=http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf|title=The Lotus Sutra|edition=Revised 2nd|location=Berkeley, California|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|date=2007|isbn=978-1-886439-39-9|accessdate=2015-09-05}} * {{Cite journal|author=Levering|first=Miriam L.|date=1982|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8561/2468|title=The Dragon Girl and the Abbess of Mo-Shan: Gender and Status in the Ch'an Buddhist Tradition|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=5|pages=19–36}} * {{Cite book|author=Levering|first=Miriam L.|date=2013|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TytPQ1gCvwC|chapter=The Dragon Daughter|editor=Vanessa R. Sasson|title=Little Buddhas : Children and Childhoods in Buddhist Texts and Traditions|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199945610}} * {{Cite book|author=Meeks|first=Lori Rachelle|title=Hokkeji and the reemergence of female monastic orders in premodern Japan|date=2010|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824833947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4fARMdQkXUC&q=dragon+girl+enlightenment&pg=PA69}} * {{Cite journal|author=Murano|first=Senchu|date=1967|url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/3178|title=An Outline of the Lotus Sūtra|journal=Contemporary Religions in Japan|volume=8|pages=16–84|accessdate=2015-02-20}} * {{Cite journal|author=Peach|first=Lucinda Joy|date=2002|url=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew104093.htm|title=Social responsibility, sex change, and salvation: Gender justice in the Lotus Sūtra|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=52|pages=50–74|doi=10.1353/pew.2002.0003|accessdate=2015-02-20}} * {{Cite journal|author=Schuster|first=Nancy|date=1981|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8533/2440|title=Changing the Female Body: Wise Women and the Bodhisattva Career in Some Maharatnakutasutras|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=4|pages=24–69}} * {{Cite book|author=Ueki|first=Masatoshi|date=2003|chapter=The Story of the Dragon King´s Daughter|editor=Robin Wang|title=Images of women in Chinese thought and culture, writings from the pre-Qin period through the Song dynasty|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett|isbn=0872206521}} * {{Cite book|url=http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/lsoc/toc/|title=The Lotus Sutra and Its Opening and Closing Chapters|location=Tokyo|publisher=Soka Gakkai|date=2009|isbn=978-4-412-01409-1|ref={{sfnref|Watson|2009}}}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bernard Faure|title=The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HidpRwrmx4AC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691091716|pages=91–99}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://books.google.com/books?id=O03rvTi0vwAC&dq=sokushin+jobutsu&pg=PA57 Lotus Sutra na nkọwa Saicho nke mmezu nke Buddhahood na ahụ a]; Na George J Tanabe, Jr.; Willa J Tanabe; Lotus Sutre na omenala ndị Japan. Honolulu: Mahadum nke Hawaii Press.    [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0824811984|0824811984]], peeji nke 53-74&nbsp;&nbsp; == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121206062018/http://www.putuoshan.net/English/Seeings/guanyin2.php Putuoshan] * [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/Guan_Yin.htm Omenala Ndị China - Guan Yin] * [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/jade_one_golden_child.htm Omenala ndị China - Jade One na Golden Child] 2cbzmzxdi5o82bjqx87es491ef7zm1x Isabel Durant 0 60195 671057 363890 2026-07-02T09:38:15Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ihe nkiri */ Fixed reference error 671057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Isabel Durant (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1991 [1] [2]), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Issi Durant, bụ onye omere na onye na-agba egwu Australia. A maara ya maka ọrụ ya dị ka Grace Whitney na Dance Academy (2012 – 2013), Ondina mermaid na Mako: Island of Secrets (2015 – 2016) na Claire Brady na Days of Our Lives (2020 – 2021). == Ndụ na ọrụ == Durant si Sydney, Australia. Ọ malitere ịgba egwú nke ọma mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Loreto Kirribilli . <ref name="Dance Informa">{{Cite web|author=Renata Ogayar|url=http://dancemagazine.com.au/2013/07/dance-academy-star-isabel-durant/|title=Dance Academy' star Isabel Durant|work=Dance Informa Australia|date=July 2013}}</ref> Durant pụtara na ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ 20 kacha elu na oge nke atọ nke yabụ ị chere na ị nwere ike ịgba egwu Australia. Na-esochi mkpochapụ ya site na So You Think You Can Can Dance Australia, ọ gara imepe ihe ngosi maka usoro ihe nkiri ndị ntorobịa na-eto eto Dance Academy wee tinye ya na ọrụ nke onye na-akpata nsogbu Grace Whitney maka oge nke abụọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ, ọrụ ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu n'ime usoro 'usoro nke atọ.[1] [2] Ọ pụtakwara na usoro atọ nke usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri American-Australian comedy-drama TV nke ekesara na NBC na 2013. N'afọ 2014, Durant sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Mako: Island of Secrets na oge nke abụọ ya, na-egwu mermaid Ondina, <ref name="TSMH">{{Cite news|author=Natalie Bochenski|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/mako-island-of-secrets-takes-queensland-to-the-world-20140423-374cn.html|title=Mako: Island of Secrets takes Queensland to the world|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2016-02-14}}</ref> na-anọgide na ihe ngosi ahụ ruo oge nke atọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mermaid's Tale Double Take For Heine|work=The Gold Coast Bulletin|page=2|date=18 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, a mara ọkwa na Durant sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri American soap opera Days of Our Lives, na-ewere ọrụ Claire Brady.<ref name="DOOL">{{Cite web|author=Mike Jubinville|title=Isabel Durant Cast as Claire Brady on ''DAYS''|url=https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/08/03/isabel-durant-cast-as-claire-brady-on-days|work=Daytime Confidential|publisher=[[SAY Media|Confidential Media, Inc.]]|date=3 August 2020|accessdate=2020-08-03}}</ref> Na Septemba 10, 2020, e buliri ya n'ọkwa ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ. == Ihe nkiri == [[Faịlụ:Issi_Durant_(8534027174)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Durant na Machị 2013]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ọrụ ihe nkiri na telivishọn !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2007 |''Razzle Dazzle: Njem n'ịgba egwú'' |Òtù Egwú Miss Elizabeth |Ihe nkiri |- |2010 |''Ya mere, ị chere na ị nwere ike ịgba egwu Australia'' |Ya onwe ya |Onye na-asọ mpi (oge nke 3); dị ka Issi Durant |- |2012–2013 |''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Egwú'' |Grace Whitney |Ọrụ bụ isi (oge 2-3), 39 episodes; aha ya bụ Issi Durant n'oge oge 2 |- |2013 |''Ndị Dọkịta Reef'' |Emma |Ihe omume 1.3, 1.12 |- |2013 |''Ogige ahụ'' |Deanna |Ihe omume: "Jide Flag", "The Mixer", "CIT Overnight" |- |2015–2016 |''Mako: Àgwàetiti nke Ihe Nzuzo'' |Ondina |Ọrụ bụ isi (oge 2-3) |- |2017 |''Nke a bụ Anyị'' |Kelly |Ihe omume: "Nọmba Mbụ" |- |2018 |''Ndụ n'onwe ya'' |Shari Dickstein |Ihe nkiri |- |2020–2021 |''Ụbọchị Ndụ Anyị'' |Claire Brady |Ọrụ nkwekọrịta<ref name="DOOL" /> |} == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0y12mvmqoyoztx1mosd747h5vqyfani Levitikọs 18 0 60354 670711 209226 2026-07-01T18:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670711 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Levitikọs 18 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Leviticus 17|isi nke 17]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Leviticus 19|isi nke 19]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Book_of_Exodus_Chapter_28-2_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">"Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ", ihe osise Bible, Sweet Media, 1984</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Leviticus|Akwụkwọ Levitikọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Hibru | class="infobox-data" |[[Torah]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Hibru | class="infobox-data" |3 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Torah]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |3 |} Levitikọs 18 (isi nke iri na asatọ nke Akwụkwọ Levitikọs) na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ omume mmekọahụ ndị e weere dị ka ihe arụ, gụnyere ndị ikwu na ndị ikwu na ibe ha. Isiakwụkwọ ahụ katọkwara ofufe Molok. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Usoro Ịdị Nsọ (Levitikọs 17–26), [1] na mmachibido iwu mmekọahụ ya na Levitikọs 20, [2] jikọtara ya na nke ukwuu ma e wezụga na isi nke 20 na-emesi ike karịa ntaramahụhụ. A na-akọwakarị Levitikọs 18:22 dị ka ihe na-amachibido nwoke idina nwoke iwu, ma a na-arụrịta ụka banyere ihe ọ pụtara, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-atụ aro na ọ na-emetụta nanị ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ikpere arụsị, ndina n'ike, ma ọ bụ ikwu na ndị ikwu na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka na ọ malitere ka oge na-aga. == Ihe odide == Ihe odide mbụ nke Levitikọs 18,[1] dị ka nke ọtụtụ n'ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru, ka e dere n'asụsụ Hibru. A na-achọta nsụgharị ndị kasị ochie nke ihe odide Hibru n'Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Pentateuch nke Sameria, na Ihe odide Masoret. Nsụgharị Grik oge ochie sitere na narị afọ nke atọ TOA, Septuagint, dịkwa. Ebe ọ bụ na agbakwunyere nkewa nke isi na narị afọ nke iri na atọ OA, e kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri atọ. Isiakwụkwọ malitere site na Chineke gwara Moses okwu (amaokwu 1) na inye ya ozi maka ụmụ Israel (2), dọọ ha aka ná ntị ka ha debe iwu Chineke karịa omume ndị Kenan ma ọ bụ ndị Ijipt (3–5). Mgbe ahụ, e hotara na Chineke dị ka edepụta ndị mmadụ a machibidoro iwu inwe mmekọahụ n’ihi mmekọrịta ezinụlọ (6–19). N'amaokwu nke 20, Chineke machibidoro mmekọahụ nwunye onye agbata obi, na n'amaokwu 21 Chineke machibidoro mmadụ ibufe ụmụ ya n'ọkụ nye Molok. Amaokwu nke 22 bụ amaokwu a ma ama banyere "na mmadụ dina," a tụlere n'okpuru ebe a, ebe n'amaokwu nke 23 Chineke machibidoro anụ ụlọ, na, dịka nsụgharị ụfọdụ si kwuo, pedophilia. N’amaokwu ikpe-azụ (24–30), Chineke dọrọ aka ná ntị na imebi iwu ndị a ga-eweta mmerụ nakwa na ndị Kenan na-achọ ịchụpụ ha n’ala Kenan n’ihi ịgbaso omume ndị a, ma dọọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ga-eme ndị Izrel otu ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha daba n’omume ndị a. == Mmekọahụ ==   Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-edepụta ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke ọ na-ele anya dị ka njikọ nwoke na nwanyị; otu ndepụta pụtara na Usoro Deuteronomic, na ndepụta abụọ dị na Usoro ịdị nsọ nke Levitikọs. Ndepụta ndị a na-ekwu naanị mmekọrịta na ndị ikwu nwanyị; ewezuga agụụ mmekọahụ, nke pụtara na a na-agwa ụmụ nwoke ndepụta a. Ndepụta ndị a tụlere dịka ndị a:     {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:right" | colspan="3" | |Levitikọs 18 |Levitikọs 20 |Deuterọnọmi |- | colspan="3" |Di nne na nna ochie (gụnyere nne na nna nna ndị ọzọ) | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Di nne ma ọ bụ nna |Nne na Nna | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#6090FF" | |- |Nna Nna | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | style="background-color:#4c387f" | |- | colspan="3" |Nne na Nna di | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | style="background-color:#6090FF" | |- | rowspan="3" |Nwanne nna | colspan="2" |Nwanne nne na nna | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | |- | rowspan="2" |Nwunye nwanne nna ya |Nwunye nwanne nna | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | |- |Nwunye nwanne nne | colspan="3" | |- | rowspan="3" |Nwa nne na nna | colspan="2" |Half-Sibling (n'akụkụ nne) | | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#4c387f" | |- | rowspan="2" |Nwa nna ya |Ụmụnne | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#4c387f" | | |- |Half-Sibling (n'akụkụ nna) | style="background-color:#4c387f" | |- | colspan="3" |Nwunye nwanne ya nwoke | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | (A na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ na nwanne ya nwoke anwụọ n'amụtaghị nwa (alụmdi na nwunye Levirate)) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretersbibl02butt/|title=Interpreter's Bible|publisher=[[Abingdon Press]]|date=1953|pages=[https://archive.org/details/interpretersbibl02butt/page/93 93] & [https://archive.org/details/interpretersbibl02butt/page/103 103]|quote=16. There is curiously no reference here to the so-called Levirate marriage, at one time practiced in Israel, whereby, if a man died childless, his brother would take his wife in order to raise up descendants for him. (Deut. 25:5-10).{{nbsp}}[...] 21. So-called Levirate marriage is presumably excepted (see Deut. 25:5 ff.).}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" |Nwanne nwoke | colspan="3" | |- | colspan="3" |Nwoke di (ma ọ bụrụ na di ya ka dị ndụ) | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | | |- | rowspan="3" |Nwa nwanne nwanyị | colspan="2" |Nwa nwanne ya nwoke | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | |- | rowspan="2" |Nwa nwanne nne / Di nwanne nne |Nwa nwanne nwanyị | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | |- |Nwa nwanne nwanyị di ya | colspan="3" | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nwa di ya |Nwatakịrị | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | | | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF70B8" | |- |Nwa di ya | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | style="background-color:#4c387f" | |- | colspan="3" |Nwoke di | style="background-color:#4c387f" | | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | style="background-color:#FF70B8" | |- | colspan="3" |Nwa nwa di (gụnyere nwa nwa) | style="background-color:#6090FF" | | | |- |} Otu akụkụ nke ndepụta niile bụ na a machibidoghị nwoke na nwa ya nwanyị mmekọahụ n'ụzọ doro anya. Talmud na-arụ ụka na nke a bụ n'ihi na mmachibido iwu ahụ pụtara ìhè, karịsịa nyere iwu megidere mmekọrịta ya na nwa nwa.[1] A kọwara mkpirisi nke ndepụta ahụ dị na Levitikọs 20, na karịsịa nke ahụ dị na Deuterọnọmi, site n'agụmakwụkwọ oge ochie nke ndị Juu kọwara dị ka n'ihi nchapụta nke mmachibido iwu na-efu efu.[2][3] Mmachibido iwu doro anya megide iso “ma nwanyị na nwa ya nwanyị” na-enwe mmekọahụ [4] machibidoro omume mmekọahụ n'etiti nwoke na nwa ya nwanyị n'ezoghị ọnụ, dị ka mmachibido iwu megide ime mmekọahụ na "onye ọ bụla dị nso" [5]. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ atụwo aro na ọ dị na mbụ na ndepụta ahụ ma e mesịa, e wepụrụ ya na mberede na nke nsụgharị nke oge a na-adabere na ya, n'ihi mmejọ nke odeakwụkwọ.[6]. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná mba ndị ebo na-enwekwa mmasị n'alụmdi na nwunye nke ndị na-abụghị ndị ha na ha na-akpa. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ a ma ama na Torah, a na-akọwa mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. N'akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a mere n'usoro oge tupu e guzobe iwu nke Livaị. Abraham lụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị Sera,[3] Jekọb lụrụ nwanne nwunye mbụ ya (n'agbanyeghị na ọ maghị), [4] [5] [6] na Amram lụrụ nwanne nna ya Jokebed. Ewezuga okwu a na-enyo enyo nke nwoke lụrụ nwa ya nwanyị, ndepụta ahụ dị na Levitikọs 18 na-ewepụta otu iwu ahụ nke esoro na omenala Arabik tupu oge Islam.[1] == Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị ==    Ntụle okwu site n’okwu nke ihe odide Hibru WLC nke Levitikọs 18:22:[1] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Hibru (WLC) !Ntụgharị !Bekee |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|וְאֶ֨ת־}}}} |wə-'eṯ- |Na DOM |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|זָכָ֔ר}}}} |zā-ḵār, |nwoke |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|לֹ֥א}}}} |lō |na-abụghị |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תִשְׁכַּ֖ב}}}} |ṯīš-kaḇ |ị ga-edina ala |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י}}}} |mīš-kə-ḇē |àkwà nke/coitally[a] |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|אִשָּׁ֑ה}}}} |'īš-šā; |nwanyị |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|תּוֹעֵבָ֖ה}}}} |tō-'ē-ḇā |ihe na-asọ oyi |- | align="right" |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|הִֽוא׃}}}} |hī' |ọ |} A sụgharịrị Levitikọs 18:22 n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka:  Gi na nwoke edinala, dika nwoke na nwanyi nēdina: ihe-árú ka ọ bu. —Levitikọs 18:22, King James Version [28]  Gị na nwoke edinala dị ka nwoke na nwanyị na-edina; ọ bu ihe-árú. —Levitikọs 18:22, JPS Tanakh[29]  Gị na nwoke edinala dị ka nwanyị na nwanyị; ọ bu ihe-árú. —Levitikọs 18:22, Nsụgharị Standard Version na English Standard Version[30]  Gị na nwoke edinala dị ka nwanyị na nwanyị; ihe di otú a bu ihe-árú. —Levitikọs 18:22, Bible Ọhụrụ [31]  Unu emela nwoke idina nwoke, idina nwoke ọzọ dika nwoke na nwanyi. Ọ bụ mmehie jọgburu onwe ya. —Levitikọs 18:22, New Living Translation[32] A na-akọwakarị okwu Hibru nke Levitikọs 18:22 dị ka nke machibidoro ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ omume nile nke nwoke idina nwoke iwu, ọ bụ ezie na nke bụ kpọmkwem omume, na n'ọnọdụ ndị a, bụ okwu nke arụmụka ndị ọkà mmụta na-aga n'ihu.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ[2] kwuru na amaokwu 22 na-akatọ "mmekọ nwoke na nwoke" ma ọ bụ "mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị", ebe ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ọ na-akatọ naanị ụmụ nwoke na-abanye n'ime ụmụ nwoke (mmekọrịta gbasara ike).[35][3][4] Ndị ọzọ kwenyere n'ihi ọmụmụ nke asụsụ e ji mee ihe na Hibru mbụ, na mmachi ahụ dị mkpa naanị n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (n'ihe gbasara ikpere arụsị, àjà okpukpe ma ọ bụ ụdị idina n'ike dị iche iche bụ nke ndị Kenan ma ọ bụ ndị Ijipt na-emekarị), na kpọmkwem adịghị emetụta mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke oge a.[5] [6] [7]. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eche na ọdịnaya nke ederede gbanwere ka oge na-aga, ebe ihe atụ ndị mbụ ga-adụ ọdụ naanị nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị idina nwoke, ọ bụghị nwoke idina nwoke, n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'àgwà gbara ya gburugburu n'oge ahụ.[8][42] Azaghachiwokwa na agụmagụ ndị dị otú ahụ na nyocha.[42][9][44] Amachibidoghị mmasị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na Torah; Otú ọ dị, onye rabaị na ọkà mmụta Juu bụ Maimonides kpebiri na a machibidoro inwe mmasị nwanyị n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ "omume ndị Ijipt" [b] na kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ site n'iti ihe. == Akụkụ Torah kwa izu == Isiakwụkwọ ahụ dum bụ akụkụ nke Torah kwa izu (parashah) Acarei Mot (אַחֲרֵי מוֹת) nke nwere Levitikọs 17:1–18:30.[1] [2] == Ihe edeturu == Okwu ahụ bụ מכבי, mis-ke-bê bụ ihe arụrụ ụdị aha nwoke bụ משכב, miš-kab, nke n'aka nke ya si na ngwaa-kab, nke pụtara 'dina] ala] [19] [20] A na-akọwa aha ahụ משכב, mis-kab dị ka ma ebe anụ ahụ nke dinara ala, na-eme ihe ndina (ya bụ. (ya bụ maka ụra, maka inwe mmekọahụ). [21] Strong's Concordance depụtara 46 omume nke משכב, mis-kab [19] N'ime ndị 46, na KJV sụgharịrị ya dị ka 'akwa' 34 ugboro, 'bedroom' 4 ugboro, 'ihe ndina' 1 oge, na iche iche ngwaa ụdị nke 'ịgha ụgha' 7 ugboro. [22] Nrụpụta ahụ משכבי, miš-ka-be pụtara nanị ugboro atọ n'ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ - ugboro abụọ na Levitikọs dị ka משכבי אשה, miš-ke-be 'iš-šāh[23] na otu ugboro na Jenesis 49: 4[24] dị ka מִשְׁכְבֵי אָבְ, miš-bֵי kā, nke a sụgharịrị ịbụ "[n'akwa nna gị."[25] [26] Ya mere, משכבי אשה, miš-kə-bê 'iš-šāh nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụ 'akwa nwanyị' ma ọ bụ 'dina ala nke nwanyị'.[27] b.↑↑ Amaokwu nke 3. == Edensibia == . ↑ Levitikọs 17-26 2. ↑ Levitikọs 20 3. ↑ Levitikọs 18 4.↑ Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Vol. 2. Abingdon Press. 1953. p. 93 & 103 - site na Internet Archive. 16. O nweghị mmasị n’ebe a na-ekwu banyere alụmdi na nwunye a na-akpọ ndị Livaị, bụ́ nke e nwere n’otu oge n’Izrel, bụ́ ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụrụ na mmadụ anwụọ n’amụtaghị nwa, nwanne ya nwoke ga-alụrụ nwunye ya ka o wee mụọrọ ya ụmụ. ( Diut. 25:5-5 ) 10). [...] 21. Ihe a na-akpọ alụmdi na nwunye nke ndị Livaị nwere ike ịbụ nke ukwuu (lee Deut 25-5 ff)" 5.↑ "Yevamot 3a", sefaria.org. 6. ↑ ​​6.0 6.1 6.2 "Mkpụrụ obi". Akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma Juu. 7. ↑ Samuel ben Meir, Commentary, ad loc. 8. ↑ Levitikọs 18:17 9. ↑ Levitikọs 18:6 10.↑ Cheyne; Nwa. "Alụmdi na nwunye: nhọrọ nke nwunye". Encyclopaedia Biblica. 11.↑ Thompson, Thomas L. (2007). Akụkọ ifo gara aga: Nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na akụkọ ifo nke Israel. Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0465010523</nowiki>. 12. ↑ Jenesis 20:12 13. ↑ Jenesis 29:16 14. ↑ Jenesis 29:23 15. ↑ Jenesis 29:28 16. ↑ Ọpụpụ 6:10 17.↑ "Levitikọs 18:22 Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru". biblehub.com. eweghachiri 3 Nọvemba 2019. 18. ↑ Maka nkọwa nke ụfọdụ echiche ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara ajụjụ a, lee Walsh (2001) . 19. ↑ Greenberg (1988), p. 191; Wenham (1979), p. 259; Kahn (1984), p. 49 20. ↑ Talmud, b. Sanhedrin 54a-54b; Josephus, Flavius. Megide Apion II. p. 199.; na Philo, Abraham 135. Ụfọdụ ndị odee ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ekwupụta echiche a gụnyere Alter (2004), p. 623, 632; Boyarin (1995), p. 339, 343; Brooten (1996), p. 61; Cohen (1990), p. 6; Daube (1986), p. 447; Milgrom (2000), p. 1568; Olyan (1994), p. 185; Thurston (1990), p. 16; Walsh (2001), p. 208; na Brodsky (2009). 21. ↑ "Nkpughe nke Levitikọs 18 Gill". 2022. Edebere na mbụ na 25 Disemba 2022. 22. ↑ “N’asụsụ Hibru, Levitikọs 18:22 ọ̀ na-ekwu n’ezie “mgbe ya na” nwanyị nọ? www.gaychristian101.com. eweghachiri 18 June 2019. 23. ↑ Robinson (2016); Barenblat (2004); Paul (2015); Mmanụ aṅụ (2012) 24. ↑ "Levitikọs 18:22/20:13 n'Akụkọ: Iwu Machibido Iji Mmekọahụ Na-eweda Ya ala". Nọdụ ala. 12 Mee 2016. Edebere ya na izizi na 29 Ọgọst 2016. eweghachiri 29 Mee 2020. 25. ↑ Dershowitz, Idan (21 Julaị 2018). "Echiche | The Akụkọ nzuzo nke Levitikọs." New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Edebere na mbụ na 29 Julaị 2018. Ewepụtara 21 Maachị 2021. 26. ↑ Wright, David F. (1989). "Mma nwoke idina nwoke: Mkpa nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ". Evangelical Quarterly. 61 (4): 291-300. doi:10.1163/27725472-06104002, S2CID 252175136 27. ↑ "Homosexuality na Halakhah (Iwu ndị Juu)". Ọmụmụ ndị Juu m. eweghachiri 2 Maachị 2017. 28. ↑ Levitikọs 16:1-18:30 29. ↑ "Parashah kalenda". hebcal.com. === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Alter|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Alter|title=The five books of Moses: a translation with commentary|date=2004}} * {{Cite web|author=Barenblat|first=Rachel|url=https://velveteenrabbi.blogs.com/blog/2004/05/rereading_levit.html|work=Velveteen Rabbi|title=(Re)Reading Leviticus 18:22|date=17 May 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208065356/https://velveteenrabbi.blogs.com/blog/2004/05/rereading_levit.html|archivedate=8 December 2022}} * {{Cite journal|author=Boyarin|first=Daniel|authorlink=Daniel Boyarin|title=Are there any Jews in 'The History of Sexuality'?|journal=[[Journal of the History of Sexuality]]|volume=5|date=1995}} * {{Cite book|author=Brodsky|first=David|chapter=Sex in the Talmud: How to Understand Leviticus 18 and 20|date=28 October 2009|title=Torah Queeries|pages=157–169|editor=Drinkwater|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-2012-7|doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814720127.003.0030|chapterurl=http://nyu.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.18574/nyu/9780814720127.001.0001/upso-9780814720127-chapter-30|accessdate=26 January 2021}} * {{Cite book|author=Brooten|first=Bernadette|authorlink=Bernadette Brooten|title=Love Between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism|date=1996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Cohen|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Samuel Cohen|title=The Biblical Prohibition of Homosexual Intercourse|journal=[[Journal of Homosexuality]]|volume=19|date=1990|pages=3–20|doi=10.1300/J082v19n04_02|pmid=2230109}} * {{Cite journal|author=Daube|first=David|authorlink=David Daube|title=The Old Testament Prohibitions of Homosexuality|journal=Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romantische Abteilung|volume=103|date=1986}} * {{Cite book|author=Gagnon|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert A. J. Gagnon|title=The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics|date=2001}} * {{Cite book|author=Greenberg|first=David|authorlink=David Greenberg (historian)|title=The Construction of Homosexuality|date=1988}} * {{Cite journal|author=Honeycutt|first=Willie E.|title=The Meaning and Continuing Relevance of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13|date=May 2012|journal=SOR Faculty Publications and Presentations|volume=182|url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1180&context=sor_fac_pubs}} * {{Cite book|author=Kahn|first=Yoel|authorlink=Yoel Kahn|chapter=Judaism and Homosexuality: The Traditionalist/ Progressive Debate|title=Homosexuality and Religion|editor=Hasbany|date=1984}} * {{Cite book|author=Milgrom|first=Jacob|authorlink=Jacob Milgrom|title=Leviticus 17–22|date=2000}} * {{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=B. A.|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/interpreting-Leviticus-18-22.htm|title=Translations and interpretations of Leviticus 18:22; all views|work=www.religioustolerance.org|date=12 January 2016|accessdate=19 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316203025/http://www.religioustolerance.org/interpreting-Leviticus-18-22.htm|archivedate=16 March 2021}} * {{Cite book|author=Thurston|first=Thomas|chapter=Leviticus 18:22 and the Prohibition of Homosexual Acts|title=Homophobia and the Judeo-Christian Tradition|editor=Stemmeler|date=1990}} * {{Cite journal|author=Olyan|first=Saul M.|title="And with a Male You Shall Not Lie the Lying down of a Woman": On the Meaning and Significance of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13|journal=[[Journal of the History of Sexuality]]|date=1994|volume=5|issue=2|pages=179–206|pmid=11639358|issn=1043-4070}} * {{Cite web|author=Paul|first=Ian|url=https://www.psephizo.com/biblical-studies/the-grammar-of-leviticus-18-22/|work=Psephizo|title=The Grammar of Leviticus 18.22|date=21 January 2015}} * {{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=Jerome|title=Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13: Who Is Doing What To Whom?|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|date=2001|pages=201–209|doi=10.2307/3268292|url=http://www.sbl-site.org/Publications/JBL/JBL1202.pdf}} * {{Cite book|author=Wenham|first=Gordon|authorlink=Gordon Wenham|title=The Book of Leviticus|date=1979}} * {{Cite book|author=Wold|first=Donald|title=Out of Order: Homosexuality in the Bible and the Ancient Near East|date=1998}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Other translations can be viewed at [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/ Bible Gateway]. * [http://blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Lev/Lev018.html Matthew Henry's Commentary on Lev 18] (18th Century) * Acharei Mot (Jewish weekly Torah portion that includes Leviticus 18) * [http://headcoverings-by-devorah.com/HebEngTaNaKh27.html Hebrew phrasing] for Lev 18. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030218054755/http://www.anova.org/sev/ The Great Books], for NRSV text. * Blue Letter Bible's [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520134325/http://www.tgm.org/bible.htm Bible Lookup Tools] were used to derive passage citations. * [http://blueletterbible.org/Comm/jfb/Lev/Lev018.html Robert Jamieson's Commentary on Lev 18]. (19th Century) (conservative).{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021108043003/http://www.geocities.com/pharsea/Leviticus.html Pharsea's treatment of Leviticus 18:22]. (balanced){{citation needed|date=July 2018}} * [http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bibh.htm ReligiousTolerance.org's treatment of Leviticus 18:22]. (liberal){{citation needed|date=July 2018}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]: ** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9919/showrashi/true Vayikra - Levitikọs - Isi nke 18 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org * Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]: ** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) ** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=3&chapter=18&version=9 Levitikọs isi nke 18. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible] {{Book of Leviticus|state=collapsed}} r9lcp07nn3knnr7k4ieea414p02na49 Emọs 1 0 60418 671187 208985 2026-07-02T10:49:52Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Amaokwu 1 */ 671187 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Joel 3]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Amos 2|Isi nke 2]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Nevi'im]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="jfb" /> Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ,<ref name="gill" /> : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu.<ref name="Ogden" /> Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). <ref name="Ogden" /> Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === gvr805c4lvuvb7ljjfkqlqah79o6l9e 671188 671187 2026-07-02T10:50:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Amaokwu 1 */ 671188 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Joel 3]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Amos 2|Isi nke 2]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Nevi'im]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ,<ref name="gill" /> : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu.<ref name="Ogden" /> Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). <ref name="Ogden" /> Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === goyqd8nu3xftsywtd4tid30c1i56lke 671190 671188 2026-07-02T10:50:46Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Amaokwu 1 */ 671190 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Joel 3]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Amos 2|Isi nke 2]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Nevi'im]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ, : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu.<ref name="Ogden" /> Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). <ref name="Ogden" /> Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === 8sc8mqs5yu7jj688rxith1k2igtedcd 671191 671190 2026-07-02T10:51:16Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ */ 671191 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Joel 3]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Amos 2|Isi nke 2]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Nevi'im]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ, : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu.<ref name="Ogden" /> Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === 3s8blwre10j8lqi2e4un5hj8li1gvxg 671194 671191 2026-07-02T10:52:32Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ */ 671194 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← [[Joel 3]]&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">[[Amos 2|Isi nke 2]] →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Nevi'im]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |[[Old Testament|Agba Ochie]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ, : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu. Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === a0rz00pmbloyu3q4bd5tuvxs0ii3kcd 671195 671194 2026-07-02T10:53:04Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671195 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Amọs 1 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="float: left;">← Joel 3&nbsp;</div><div style="float: right;">Isi nke 2 →&nbsp;</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:CodexGigas_110_MinorProphets.jpg|417x417px]]<div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">[[Book of Amos|Akwụkwọ Amọmọs]] (1:1-5:21) na [[Latin|Latịn]] na [[Codex Gigas]], nke e mere na narị afọ nke 13.</div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |Akwụkwọ Amọmọs |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Nevi'im |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akụkụ Bible Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |Agba Ochie |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro n'akụkụ Ndị Kraịst | class="infobox-data" |30 |} Emọs 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru.[1][2] Akwụkwọ a nwere ndụ Emọs onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma iri ahụ, ikpe Chineke megide [1] Taịa, Idọm, na Amọn.[3] Ikpe e kpere Moab, na megide Israel n’onwe ya, sochiri n’isi nke 2. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ ahụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n'amaokwu iri na ise. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru bụ́ nke so n’ihe odide Masoret ọdịnala, gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Aleppo (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [6] Achọtala ibé akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, gụnyere 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 TOA) nwere amaokwu 1?; 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 TOA) nwere amaokwu 3–7, 9–15; [1] 5Q4 (5QAmos; 50 TOA–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 2–5[1] na Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII; 75–100 OA) nwere amaokwu 5–15[1].My E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''Q'''">B '''Q">A''' nke nsụgh<sup>A</sup> Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (<sup>B</sup>; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>Q; narị afọ nke isii).[13][a] == Ọdịdị ya == New King James Version na-ekewa isiakwụkwọ a n'ime: * Amọs 1:1-2 = Aha * Amọs 1:3-5 = Ikpe Banyere Damaskọs * Amọmọs 1:6-8 = Ikpe Banyere Gaza * Amọs 1:9-10 = Ikpe na Taịa * Amọmọs 1:11-12 = Ikpe Banyere Edọm * Amọmọs 1:13-15 = Ikpe Banyere Amọn == Isiokwu (1:1-2) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Okwu Amọs, onye so n'ime ndị na-azụ atụrụ nke Tekoa,'' : ''nke ọ hụrụ banyere Israel'' :: ''n'oge Uzia eze Juda,'' :: ''na n'oge Jeroboam nwa Joash eze Izrel,'' : ''afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ.'' * "Okwu": a na-eji otu ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe na mmalite nke Akwụkwọ Jeremaịa (Jeremaịa 1:1), na Ekleziyaستọs (Ekleziyaستۆس 1:1). Dị ka Pulpit Commentary si kwuo, "okwu" ndị ahụ abụghị nke Amọs, kama nke Chineke ma ọ bụ [[Jehovah|Jehova]], dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote, "nke ọ hụrụ" gosiri. * "Amos" (nke pụtara na Hibru "ibu") bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Tekoa, obere obodo Juda, mpaghara dị mma maka ọzụzụ atụrụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, Amọs nwere ma na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ, ma na-anakọta fig sycamore. Amọmọs 7:14, 15) na-egosi na Amọs nọ n'ọkwá dị ala". * "Ndị na-azụ atụrụ" (Hibru: ''noked''): otu ihe ahụ dị na 2 Ndị Eze 3:4, nke a na-etinye na Mesha, Eze Moab, nnukwu "onye na-azụ anụ": ya mere ụfọdụ weere na Amọs abụghị naanị onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, kama ọ bụ onye nwere ìgwè atụrụ bara ọgaranya. Otú ọ dị (Amos 7:14, 15) na-ekwu na ọnọdụ ya bụ nke "nwoke dara ogbenye na-arụsi ọrụ ike". * "N'ihe gbasara Israel" ma ọ bụ kama "n'elu Israel": okwu siri ike na-abịa na mmejọ siri ike nke Israel. Okwu bu ya ụzọ "ahụ" abụghị naanị nke anya, kama nke ọhụụ nke Chineke nyere. Amos na-ekwu naanị na ha bụ okwu "ya", iji gbakwunye ozugbo, na ha si n'aka Chineke bịa ya, na ya onwe ya bụ naanị akụkụ mmadụ nke Chineke na-ekwu okwu. * "Tekoa", obere obodo Juda, kilomita isii n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Betlehem, na iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem, n'ókè nke nnukwu ọzara (2 Ihe E Mere 20:20; tụnyere 2 Ihe E Mere 11:6). Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ájá dị mma maka ịkpa anụ karịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Maundrell na-ekwu ọ dị kilomita itoolu, n'ebe ndịda ya; na, dị ka Jerome si kwuo, ọ dị kilomita iri na abụọ site na Jerusalem; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu n'ebe ọzọ, na "Thecua", ma ọ bụ Tekoa, bụ obodo nta n'ụbọchị a, kilomita itoolu site na Aelia ma ọ bụ Jerusalem, ebe a na-ahụ ili ya: ma ọ bụ na e mehiere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke Aelia maka Betlehem; ọ bụ na nke mbụ yiri ka ọ dị; dị anya site na Josephus si kwuo, ọ bụghị n'ụlọ Herodium. * "Afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji": nke a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ, ma dị ọhụrụ na ncheta. Zakariya kwuru banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge Uzia, Zakariya 14:5. Ndị edemede ndị Juu na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ mgbe Uzia nwụrụ na ekpenta maka ịwakpo ọfịs onye nchụàjà; ọ bụkwa n'afọ o nwụrụ, mgbe Aịsaịa hụrụ ọhụụ nke ebube nke Onyenwe anyị, na ogidi ụlọ ahụ kwagara, Aịsaịa 6:1; onye Josephus kwetara; onye na-ekwukwa, na "ụlọ nsọ ahụ ka ala ọma jijiji gbawara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwu gbaa n'elu ihu eze ahụ, na-akpọrọ ozugbo ozugbo; na-akpọ Ohia nke ikpeazụ nke Atọh, ka ọ ga-ebido, n'ebe ahụ, dị ka ọ nọ, ka ọ dị n'ebe a ga-anọchi anya ya, dị n'oge nke eze ahụ, ka ọ nọ n'oge ọzọ, : ''O wee sị, Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu.'' :: ''ma kwuo olu ya site na Jerusalem;'' : ''ebe obibi nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-eru uju,'' :: ''na elu nke Carmel ga-akpọnwụ.'' Ihe odide obe: Amọs 7:4:4 na Joel 3:16 == Ilu ọnụ ọgụgụ == Amaokwu ndị na-ewebata ikpe Chineke kpere Izrel na ndị agbata obi ha, n’isiakwụkwọ a na isi nke 2, ha nile ji ihe odide nke a maara dị ka ihe atụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe atụ.[1] Ha na-egosipụta echiche nke ụdị okwu ahụ, ma gosikwa "iji uri eme ihe" Amos. [2] [3] metụtakwara amaokwu ndị ahụ n'ụdị okwu e n'Ilu 30:15-33. [3] == Ala ọma jijiji nke narị afọ nke asatọ == Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara ala Steven A. Austin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na 2000 na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie na Israel na Jọdan nwere ụlọ Iron Age (Iron IIb) nke nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mebiri.[1] Mpekere ala ọma jijiji dị na saịtị isii (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Gwa Judeideh, na 'En Haseva), bụ ndị e debere n'ụzọ dabara adaba na etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC, nwere njehie oge nke ~ afọ 30.[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mbara ala na-amụ n'Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ kọkwara ihe omume ala ọma jijiji a n'afọ 2019.[2]Go Amos nke Tekoa kwuru okwu n'ụlọ nsọ nke nwa ehi ọla edo dị n'obodo Betel dị n'ebe ugwu alaeze Izrel naanị "afọ abụọ tupu ala ọma jijiji ahụ" (Amos 1:1), n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ BC mgbe Uzia bụ eze Juda na Jeroboam nke Abụọ bụ eze Izrel. Amọs kwuru na ala ahụ na-ama jijiji (Amos 8:8), ụlọ na-agbaji (Ames 6:11), ebe ịchụàjà na-agba agbaji (Ams 3:14), ọbụnakwa ụlọ nsọ dị na Betel na-akụ ma na-ada (Amos 9:1). Ala ọma jijiji nke Amọmọs metụtara akwụkwọ Hibru nke ukwuu. Mgbe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye amụma Hibru nwere ike ịkọwa nleta Chineke n'ikpe n'ekwughị maka ala ọma jijijii. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ gasịrị, Aịsaịa dere banyere "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe ihe niile dị elu na nke dị elu ga-emebi n'oge Onyenwe anyị "na-ebili iji maa ụwa n'ụzọ dị egwu" (Aịsaịa 2:19, 21). Mgbe ahụ, Aịsaịa hụrụ Onyenwe anyị n'ụlọ nsọ nke ala ọma jijiji mere (Aịsaịa 6:4). Joel kwughachiri ụkpụrụ Amọs: "Onyenwe anyị ga-esi na Zaịọn na-eti mkpu, ma kwuo olu ya na [[Jerusalem]]," ma gbakwunye ihe oyiyi nke ala ọma jijiji "eluigwe na ụwa ga-ama jijiji" (Joel 3:16; tụnyere Amọs 1:2:2). Mgbe ọ kọwapụtara ala ọma jijiji na egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'oge "Ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị" mgbe Mezaịa na-abịa n'Ugwu Olive, Zakariya kwuru, sị, "Ee, unu ga-agba ọsọ, dị ka unu si gbapụ tupu ala ọma jijizi ahụ n'oge Eze Uzia nke Juda" (Zekaraya 14:5). Egwu nke ala ọma jijiji Amos kpatara ga-abụrịrị isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo na Jerusalem, n'ihi na Zakariya gwara ndị na-agụ ya ka ha cheta ihe omume ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ afọ 230 ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 2005, onye na-ahụ maka ala ọma jijiji bụ Nicholas Ambraseys nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ala ọma jijijii akụkọ ihe mere eme na Jerusalem na ọkachasị ala ọma jijizi 'Amos'. Ọ na-ekwu na "ndị edemede nke oge a kwuru na ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na 759 BC ma nye ya oke nke 8.2, na ike dị na Jerusalem n'etiti nke asatọ na nke itoolu. " O kwenyere na ala ọma mmiri dị otú ahụ "kwesịrị ibibi Jerusalem n'ala" ma kwuo na enweghị ihe akaebe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ederede maka nke a. N'ikwu okwu banyere ala ọma jijiji nke Zakariya, ọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ntinye nke narị afọ nke ise ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma na-atụle nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkụ ahụ nke na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụ aro na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke okwu Hibru maka "a ga-akwụsị" (ve-nistam), na "ị ga-agba ọsọ" (ve -ve-nastem) " nakwa na "site n'ịnakwere ọgụgụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe kwere omume karịa ihe okike akọwapụtara, o doro anya na enweghị nkọwa ọzọ karịa nnukwu ala ọma jijiji, nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ kpatara ya" Ọ na-ekwu na ọchụchọ maka mgbanwe n'ala yiri nke ụwa a kpọmkwem na Jerusalem.[1][2] == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === === Ndị Kraịst === bxo7mdhzbz7snn6s6omqmylfd8m4u5t Yusuf Shitu Galambi 0 60540 670998 670515 2026-07-02T06:19:00Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345446756|Yusuf Shitu Galambi]]" 670998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuf Shitu Galambi''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị nke ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị etiti na-anọchite anya Gwaram nke [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] na Nzukọ Mba nke iri . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Omorogbe|first=Paul|date=2021-06-20|title=Jigawa bye-election: APC candidate declared winner|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/jigawa-bye-election-apc-candidate-declared-winner/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2021-05-23|title=Galambi emerges Gwaram APC house of reps candidate|url=https://thesun.ng/galambi-emerges-gwaram-apc-house-of-reps-candidate/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Muhammad|first=Khaleel|date=2021-06-20|title=APC wins Jigawa bye-election|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/20/apc-wins-jigawa-bye-election/|accessdate=2024-12-25|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1964]] 96yq4elbdk4uckj6g9pz26n6n70pbte Uche Nnaji 0 61044 670879 210739 2026-07-01T19:39:44Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ndezi mkpụrụ okwu ụfọdụ 670879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uche Nnaji''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka minista nke Innovation , Sayensị , na Nkà na ụzụ .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adaji|first=Daniel|date=2024-11-11|title=World Science Day: Minister restates Nigeria's commitment to innovation, scientific collaboration|url=https://punchng.com/world-science-day-minister-restates-nigerias-commitment-to-innovation-scientific-collaboration/|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/712033-nigeria-eu-initiative-to-advance-technology-development-minister.html|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewumi|first=Bode|date=2024-11-06|title=Accurate data crucial to driving Nigeria's energy transition process —Minister|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/accurate-data-crucial-to-driving-nigerias-energy-transition-process-minister/|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n' afọ 2023, Onye isi ala [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] họpụtara Uche Nnaji dị ka Minista nke Innovation, Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ nke Federal Republic nke Naijiria <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ekugo|first=Ngozi|date=2023-08-17|title=Here are Tinubu's Ministers from the South East and their portfolio|url=https://nairametrics.com/2023/08/17/here-are-tinubus-ministers-from-the-south-east-and-their-portfolio/|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=Nairametrics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Aworinde|first=Oluwatobi|date=2023-08-16|title=Full List: Portfolios Of Tinubu's 45 Ministers|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/08/16/full-list-of-ministers-and-portfolios/|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8hq1v4mj9dedp4jygczurfk3qzyb3or Module:Location map 828 63314 670726 670409 2026-07-01T04:12:58Z Zackmann08 14653 If no coordinates supplied, don't try to make a map 670726 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function round(n, decimals) local pow = 10^(decimals or 0) return math.floor(n * pow + 0.5) / pow end function p.getMapParams(map, frame) if not map then error('The name of the location map definition to use must be specified', 2) end local moduletitle = mw.title.new('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) if not moduletitle then error(string.format('%q is not a valid name for a location map definition', map), 2) elseif moduletitle.exists then local mapData = mw.loadData('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) return function(name, params) if name == nil then return 'Module:Location map/data/' .. map elseif mapData[name] == nil then return '' elseif params then return mw.message.newRawMessage(tostring(mapData[name]), unpack(params)):plain() else return mapData[name] end end else error('Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/' .. map .. '" does not exist', 2) end end function p.data(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local params = {} for k,v in ipairs(args) do if k > 2 then params[k-2] = v end end return map(args[2], #params ~= 0 and params) end local hemisphereMultipliers = { longitude = { W = -1, w = -1, E = 1, e = 1 }, latitude = { S = -1, s = -1, N = 1, n = 1 } } local function decdeg(degrees, minutes, seconds, hemisphere, decimal, direction) if decimal then if degrees then error('Decimal and DMS degrees cannot both be provided for ' .. direction, 2) elseif minutes then error('Minutes can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif seconds then error('Seconds can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) end local retval = tonumber(decimal) if retval then return retval end error('The value "' .. decimal .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not minutes then error('Seconds were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without minutes also being provided', 2) elseif not degrees then if minutes then error('Minutes were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere was provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) end return nil end decimal = tonumber(degrees) if not decimal then error('The degree value "' .. degrees .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif minutes and not tonumber(minutes) then error('The minute value "' .. minutes .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not tonumber(seconds) then error('The second value "' .. seconds .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal + (minutes or 0)/60 + (seconds or 0)/3600 if hemisphere then local multiplier = hemisphereMultipliers[direction][hemisphere] if not multiplier then error('The hemisphere "' .. hemisphere .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal * multiplier end return decimal end -- Finds a parameter in a transclusion of {{Coord}}. local function coord2text(para,coord) -- this should be changed for languages which do not use Arabic numerals or the degree sign local lat, long = mw.ustring.match(coord,'<span class="p%-latitude latitude">([^<]+)</span><span class="p%-longitude longitude">([^<]+)</span>') if lat then return tonumber(para == 'longitude' and long or lat) end local result = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.match(coord,'%-?[%.%d]+°[NS] %-?[%.%d]+°[EW]') or '', '[ °]') if para == 'longitude' then result = {result[3], result[4]} end if not tonumber(result[1]) or not result[2] then mw.log('Malformed coordinates value') mw.logObject(para, 'para') mw.logObject(coord, 'coord') return error('Malformed coordinates value', 2) end return tonumber(result[1]) * hemisphereMultipliers[para][result[2]] end -- effectively make removeBlanks false for caption and maplink, and true for everything else -- if useWikidata is present but blank, convert it to false instead of nil -- p.top, p.bottom, and their callers need to use this function p.valueFunc(key, value) if value then value = mw.text.trim(value) end if value ~= '' or key == 'caption' or key == 'maplink' then return value elseif key == 'useWikidata' then return false end end local function getContainerImage(args, map) if args.AlternativeMap then return args.AlternativeMap elseif args.relief then local digits = mw.ustring.match(args.relief,'^[1-9][0-9]?$') or '1' -- image1 to image99 if map('image' .. digits) ~= '' then return map('image' .. digits) end end return map('image') end function p.top(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local width local default_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(args.default_width),"%d*")) if not args.width then width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) elseif mw.ustring.sub(args.width, -2) == 'px' then width = mw.ustring.sub(args.width, 1, -3) else width = args.width end local width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number == 0 then -- check to see if width is junk. If it is, then use default calculation width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; end if args.max_width ~= "" and args.max_width ~= nil then -- check to see if width bigger than max_width local max_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(args.max_width,"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number>max_as_number and max_as_number>0 then width = args.max_width; end end local retval = frame:extensionTag{name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Module:Location map/styles.css'}} if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '<div class="center">' end if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' and args.border ~= 'infobox' then retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap noresize thumb ' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'floatleft' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' or args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'tnone' else retval = retval .. 'floatright' end retval = retval .. '"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:' .. (width + 2) .. 'px' if args.border == 'none' then retval = retval .. ';border:none' elseif args.border then retval = retval .. ';border-color:' .. args.border end retval = retval .. '"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px' .. (args.border ~= 'none' and ';border:1px solid lightgray">' or '">') else retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap" style="width:' .. width .. 'px;' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'float:left;clear:left' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto' elseif args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:none' else retval = retval .. 'float:right;clear:right' end retval = retval .. '"><div style="width:' .. width .. 'px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px">' end local image = getContainerImage(args, map) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() retval = string.format( '%s[[File:%s|%spx|%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', retval, image, width, args.alt or ((args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' is located in ' .. map('name')), args.maplink and ('|link=' .. args.maplink) or '' ) if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' then if (currentTitle.namespace == 0) and mw.ustring.find(args.caption, '##') then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption]]' end end if args.overlay_image then return retval .. '<div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0">[[File:' .. args.overlay_image .. '|' .. width .. 'px|class=notpageimage noviewer]]</div>' else return retval end end function p.bottom(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local retval = '</div>' local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if not args.caption or args.border == 'infobox' then if args.border then retval = retval .. '<div style="padding-top:0.2em">' else retval = retval .. '<div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">' end retval = retval .. (args.caption or (args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' (' .. map('name') .. ')') .. '</div>' elseif args.caption ~= '' then -- This is not the pipe trick. We're creating a link with no text on purpose, so that CSS can give us a nice image retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>' end if args.switcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">' .. args.switcherLabel .. '</span>' elseif args.autoSwitcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ' .. map('name') .. '</span>' end retval = retval .. '</div></div>' if args.caption_undefined then mw.log('Removed parameter caption_undefined used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|caption_undefined]]' end end if map('skew') ~= '' or map('lat_skew') ~= '' or map('crosses180') ~= '' or map('type') ~= '' then mw.log('Removed parameter used in map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (map('skew') ~= '' and 'skew' or '') .. (map('lat_skew') ~= '' and 'lat_skew' or '') .. (map('crosses180') ~= '' and 'crosses180' or '') .. (map('type') ~= '' and 'type' or '') retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key .. ' ]]' end end if string.find(map('name'), '|', 1, true) then mw.log('Pipe used in name of map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with a name containing a pipe]]' end end if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '</div>' end return retval end local function markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size) return mw.html.create('div') :addClass('od') :addClass('notheme') -- T236137 :cssText('top:' .. round(y, 3) .. '%;left:' .. round(x, 3) .. '%;font-size:' .. label_size .. '%') :node(imageDiv) :node(labelDiv) end local function markImageDiv(mark, marksize, label, link, alt, title) local builder = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('id') :cssText('left:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px;top:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px') :attr('title', title) if marksize ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(string.format( '[[File:%s|%dx%dpx|%s|link=%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', mark, marksize, marksize, label, link, alt and ('|alt=' .. alt) or '' )) end return builder end local function markLabelDiv(label, label_size, label_width, position, background, x, marksize) if tonumber(label_size) == 0 then return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('l0'):wikitext(label) end local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') local distance = round(marksize / 2 + 1) if position == 'top' then -- specified top builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('bottom:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'bottom' then -- specified bottom builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('top:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'left' or (tonumber(x) > 70 and position ~= 'right') then -- specified left or autodetected to left builder:addClass('pl'):cssText('right:' .. distance .. 'px') else -- specified right or autodetected to right builder:addClass('pr'):cssText('left:' .. distance .. 'px') end builder = builder:tag('div') :wikitext(label) if background then builder:cssText('background-color:' .. background) end return builder:done() end local function getX(longitude, left, right) local width = (right - left) % 360 if width == 0 then width = 360 end local distanceFromLeft = (longitude - left) % 360 -- the distance needed past the map to the right equals distanceFromLeft - width. the distance needed past the map to the left equals 360 - distanceFromLeft. to minimize page stretching, go whichever way is shorter if distanceFromLeft - width / 2 >= 180 then distanceFromLeft = distanceFromLeft - 360 end return 100 * distanceFromLeft / width end local function getY(latitude, top, bottom) return 100 * (top - latitude) / (top - bottom) end function p.mark(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map~'}) end local mapnames = {} if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in mw.text.gsplit(args[1], '#', true) do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) mapnames[#mapnames + 1] = mapname end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) args[1] = 'World' end end if type(map) == 'table' then local outputs = {} local oldargs = args[1] for k,v in ipairs(map) do args[1] = mapnames[k] outputs[k] = tostring(p.mark(frame, args, v)) end args[1] = oldargs return table.concat(outputs, '#PlaceList#') .. '#PlaceList#' end local x, y, longitude, latitude longitude = decdeg(args.lon_deg, args.lon_min, args.lon_sec, args.lon_dir, args.long, 'longitude') latitude = decdeg(args.lat_deg, args.lat_min, args.lat_sec, args.lat_dir, args.lat, 'latitude') if args.excludefrom then -- If this mark is to be excluded from certain maps entirely (useful in the context of multiple maps) for exclusionmap in mw.text.gsplit(args.excludefrom, '#', true) do -- Check if this map is excluded. If so, return an empty string. if args[1] == exclusionmap then return '' end end end local builder = mw.html.create() local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if args.coordinates then -- Temporarily removed to facilitate infobox conversion. See [[Wikipedia:Coordinates in infoboxes]] -- if longitude or latitude then -- error('Coordinates from [[Module:Coordinates]] and individual coordinates cannot both be provided') -- end longitude = coord2text('longitude', args.coordinates) latitude = coord2text('latitude', args.coordinates) elseif not longitude and not latitude and args.useWikidata then -- If they didn't provide either coordinate, try Wikidata. If they provided one but not the other, don't. local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity() if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local value = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value longitude, latitude = value.longitude, value.latitude end if args.link and (currentTitle.namespace == 0) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with linked markers with coordinates from Wikidata]]') end end if not longitude then error('No value was provided for longitude') elseif not latitude then error('No value was provided for latitude') end if currentTitle.namespace > 0 then if (not args.lon_deg) ~= (not args.lat_deg) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Degrees]]') elseif (not args.lon_min) ~= (not args.lat_min) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Minutes]]') elseif (not args.lon_sec) ~= (not args.lat_sec) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Seconds]]') elseif (not args.lon_dir) ~= (not args.lat_dir) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Hemisphere]]') elseif (not args.long) ~= (not args.lat) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Decimal]]') end end if ((tonumber(args.lat_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lat_dir and args.lat_dir ~='')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if ((tonumber(args.lon_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lon_dir and args.lon_dir ~= '')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if args.skew or args.lon_shift or args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter used in invocation.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (args.skew and 'skew' or '') .. (args.lon_shift and 'lon_shift' or '') .. (args.markhigh and 'markhigh' or '') builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key ..' ]]') end end if map('x') ~= '' then x = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('x', { latitude, longitude }))) else x = tonumber(getX(longitude, map('left'), map('right'))) end if map('y') ~= '' then y = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('y', { latitude, longitude }))) else y = tonumber(getY(latitude, map('top'), map('bottom'))) end if (x < 0 or x > 100 or y < 0 or y > 100) and not args.outside then mw.log('Mark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = ' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y) local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = currentTitle.prefixedText builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set|' .. key .. ' ]]') end end local mark = args.mark or map('mark') if mark == '' then mark = 'Red pog.svg' end local marksize = tonumber(args.marksize) or tonumber(map('marksize')) or 8 local imageDiv = markImageDiv(mark, marksize, args.label or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, args.link or '', args.alt, args[2]) local label_size = args.label_size or 91 local labelDiv if args.label and args.position ~= 'none' then labelDiv = markLabelDiv(args.label, label_size, args.label_width or 6, args.position, args.background, x, marksize) end return builder:node(markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size)) end local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.infobox_pushpin_map(frame) local raw_args = getArgs(frame) local parsed_args = {} --If no map is supplied, return. if not raw_args['pushpin_map'] then return end --If no coordinates supplied, return. if not raw_args['coordinates'] then return end -- Parse the raw arguments parsed_args[1] = raw_args['pushpin_map'] parsed_args.float = 'center' parsed_args.border = 'infobox' parsed_args.coordinates = raw_args['coordinates'] parsed_args.caption = raw_args['pushpin_caption'] parsed_args.relief = raw_args['pushpin_relief'] parsed_args.label = raw_args['pushpin_label'] parsed_args.label_size = raw_args['pushpin_label_size'] parsed_args.position = raw_args['pushpin_label_position'] parsed_args.mark = raw_args['pushpin_mark'] parsed_args.marksize = raw_args['pushpin_mark_size'] parsed_args.alt = raw_args['pushpin_alt'] parsed_args.background = raw_args['pushpin_background'] parsed_args.width = raw_args['pushpin_map_size'] local map = {} local caption_list = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(parsed_args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if parsed_args['caption'] then for caption in mw.text.gsplit(parsed_args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] if not parsed_args.caption then parsed_args.caption = 'Location within ' .. map('name') end end if type(map) == 'table' then mw.log('----') mw.logObject(map) if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) elseif not parsed_args.caption then -- Set a default caption for each of the multiple maps for i=1, #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = 'Location within '.. map[i]('name') end end local outputs = {} parsed_args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do parsed_args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, parsed_args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, parsed_args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, parsed_args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, parsed_args, map) end end function p.main(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map', valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if args.useWikidata == nil then args.useWikidata = true end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, args, map) end end return p nla6fi9z7iim3mtito5pv3jwcnz0reg 670727 670726 2026-07-01T19:16:58Z King ChristLike 13051 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map]] 670726 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function round(n, decimals) local pow = 10^(decimals or 0) return math.floor(n * pow + 0.5) / pow end function p.getMapParams(map, frame) if not map then error('The name of the location map definition to use must be specified', 2) end local moduletitle = mw.title.new('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) if not moduletitle then error(string.format('%q is not a valid name for a location map definition', map), 2) elseif moduletitle.exists then local mapData = mw.loadData('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) return function(name, params) if name == nil then return 'Module:Location map/data/' .. map elseif mapData[name] == nil then return '' elseif params then return mw.message.newRawMessage(tostring(mapData[name]), unpack(params)):plain() else return mapData[name] end end else error('Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/' .. map .. '" does not exist', 2) end end function p.data(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local params = {} for k,v in ipairs(args) do if k > 2 then params[k-2] = v end end return map(args[2], #params ~= 0 and params) end local hemisphereMultipliers = { longitude = { W = -1, w = -1, E = 1, e = 1 }, latitude = { S = -1, s = -1, N = 1, n = 1 } } local function decdeg(degrees, minutes, seconds, hemisphere, decimal, direction) if decimal then if degrees then error('Decimal and DMS degrees cannot both be provided for ' .. direction, 2) elseif minutes then error('Minutes can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif seconds then error('Seconds can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) end local retval = tonumber(decimal) if retval then return retval end error('The value "' .. decimal .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not minutes then error('Seconds were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without minutes also being provided', 2) elseif not degrees then if minutes then error('Minutes were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere was provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) end return nil end decimal = tonumber(degrees) if not decimal then error('The degree value "' .. degrees .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif minutes and not tonumber(minutes) then error('The minute value "' .. minutes .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not tonumber(seconds) then error('The second value "' .. seconds .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal + (minutes or 0)/60 + (seconds or 0)/3600 if hemisphere then local multiplier = hemisphereMultipliers[direction][hemisphere] if not multiplier then error('The hemisphere "' .. hemisphere .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal * multiplier end return decimal end -- Finds a parameter in a transclusion of {{Coord}}. local function coord2text(para,coord) -- this should be changed for languages which do not use Arabic numerals or the degree sign local lat, long = mw.ustring.match(coord,'<span class="p%-latitude latitude">([^<]+)</span><span class="p%-longitude longitude">([^<]+)</span>') if lat then return tonumber(para == 'longitude' and long or lat) end local result = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.match(coord,'%-?[%.%d]+°[NS] %-?[%.%d]+°[EW]') or '', '[ °]') if para == 'longitude' then result = {result[3], result[4]} end if not tonumber(result[1]) or not result[2] then mw.log('Malformed coordinates value') mw.logObject(para, 'para') mw.logObject(coord, 'coord') return error('Malformed coordinates value', 2) end return tonumber(result[1]) * hemisphereMultipliers[para][result[2]] end -- effectively make removeBlanks false for caption and maplink, and true for everything else -- if useWikidata is present but blank, convert it to false instead of nil -- p.top, p.bottom, and their callers need to use this function p.valueFunc(key, value) if value then value = mw.text.trim(value) end if value ~= '' or key == 'caption' or key == 'maplink' then return value elseif key == 'useWikidata' then return false end end local function getContainerImage(args, map) if args.AlternativeMap then return args.AlternativeMap elseif args.relief then local digits = mw.ustring.match(args.relief,'^[1-9][0-9]?$') or '1' -- image1 to image99 if map('image' .. digits) ~= '' then return map('image' .. digits) end end return map('image') end function p.top(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local width local default_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(args.default_width),"%d*")) if not args.width then width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) elseif mw.ustring.sub(args.width, -2) == 'px' then width = mw.ustring.sub(args.width, 1, -3) else width = args.width end local width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number == 0 then -- check to see if width is junk. If it is, then use default calculation width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; end if args.max_width ~= "" and args.max_width ~= nil then -- check to see if width bigger than max_width local max_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(args.max_width,"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number>max_as_number and max_as_number>0 then width = args.max_width; end end local retval = frame:extensionTag{name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Module:Location map/styles.css'}} if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '<div class="center">' end if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' and args.border ~= 'infobox' then retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap noresize thumb ' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'floatleft' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' or args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'tnone' else retval = retval .. 'floatright' end retval = retval .. '"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:' .. (width + 2) .. 'px' if args.border == 'none' then retval = retval .. ';border:none' elseif args.border then retval = retval .. ';border-color:' .. args.border end retval = retval .. '"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px' .. (args.border ~= 'none' and ';border:1px solid lightgray">' or '">') else retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap" style="width:' .. width .. 'px;' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'float:left;clear:left' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto' elseif args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:none' else retval = retval .. 'float:right;clear:right' end retval = retval .. '"><div style="width:' .. width .. 'px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px">' end local image = getContainerImage(args, map) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() retval = string.format( '%s[[File:%s|%spx|%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', retval, image, width, args.alt or ((args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' is located in ' .. map('name')), args.maplink and ('|link=' .. args.maplink) or '' ) if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' then if (currentTitle.namespace == 0) and mw.ustring.find(args.caption, '##') then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption]]' end end if args.overlay_image then return retval .. '<div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0">[[File:' .. args.overlay_image .. '|' .. width .. 'px|class=notpageimage noviewer]]</div>' else return retval end end function p.bottom(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local retval = '</div>' local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if not args.caption or args.border == 'infobox' then if args.border then retval = retval .. '<div style="padding-top:0.2em">' else retval = retval .. '<div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">' end retval = retval .. (args.caption or (args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' (' .. map('name') .. ')') .. '</div>' elseif args.caption ~= '' then -- This is not the pipe trick. We're creating a link with no text on purpose, so that CSS can give us a nice image retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>' end if args.switcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">' .. args.switcherLabel .. '</span>' elseif args.autoSwitcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ' .. map('name') .. '</span>' end retval = retval .. '</div></div>' if args.caption_undefined then mw.log('Removed parameter caption_undefined used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|caption_undefined]]' end end if map('skew') ~= '' or map('lat_skew') ~= '' or map('crosses180') ~= '' or map('type') ~= '' then mw.log('Removed parameter used in map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (map('skew') ~= '' and 'skew' or '') .. (map('lat_skew') ~= '' and 'lat_skew' or '') .. (map('crosses180') ~= '' and 'crosses180' or '') .. (map('type') ~= '' and 'type' or '') retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key .. ' ]]' end end if string.find(map('name'), '|', 1, true) then mw.log('Pipe used in name of map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with a name containing a pipe]]' end end if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '</div>' end return retval end local function markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size) return mw.html.create('div') :addClass('od') :addClass('notheme') -- T236137 :cssText('top:' .. round(y, 3) .. '%;left:' .. round(x, 3) .. '%;font-size:' .. label_size .. '%') :node(imageDiv) :node(labelDiv) end local function markImageDiv(mark, marksize, label, link, alt, title) local builder = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('id') :cssText('left:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px;top:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px') :attr('title', title) if marksize ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(string.format( '[[File:%s|%dx%dpx|%s|link=%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', mark, marksize, marksize, label, link, alt and ('|alt=' .. alt) or '' )) end return builder end local function markLabelDiv(label, label_size, label_width, position, background, x, marksize) if tonumber(label_size) == 0 then return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('l0'):wikitext(label) end local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') local distance = round(marksize / 2 + 1) if position == 'top' then -- specified top builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('bottom:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'bottom' then -- specified bottom builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('top:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'left' or (tonumber(x) > 70 and position ~= 'right') then -- specified left or autodetected to left builder:addClass('pl'):cssText('right:' .. distance .. 'px') else -- specified right or autodetected to right builder:addClass('pr'):cssText('left:' .. distance .. 'px') end builder = builder:tag('div') :wikitext(label) if background then builder:cssText('background-color:' .. background) end return builder:done() end local function getX(longitude, left, right) local width = (right - left) % 360 if width == 0 then width = 360 end local distanceFromLeft = (longitude - left) % 360 -- the distance needed past the map to the right equals distanceFromLeft - width. the distance needed past the map to the left equals 360 - distanceFromLeft. to minimize page stretching, go whichever way is shorter if distanceFromLeft - width / 2 >= 180 then distanceFromLeft = distanceFromLeft - 360 end return 100 * distanceFromLeft / width end local function getY(latitude, top, bottom) return 100 * (top - latitude) / (top - bottom) end function p.mark(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map~'}) end local mapnames = {} if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in mw.text.gsplit(args[1], '#', true) do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) mapnames[#mapnames + 1] = mapname end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) args[1] = 'World' end end if type(map) == 'table' then local outputs = {} local oldargs = args[1] for k,v in ipairs(map) do args[1] = mapnames[k] outputs[k] = tostring(p.mark(frame, args, v)) end args[1] = oldargs return table.concat(outputs, '#PlaceList#') .. '#PlaceList#' end local x, y, longitude, latitude longitude = decdeg(args.lon_deg, args.lon_min, args.lon_sec, args.lon_dir, args.long, 'longitude') latitude = decdeg(args.lat_deg, args.lat_min, args.lat_sec, args.lat_dir, args.lat, 'latitude') if args.excludefrom then -- If this mark is to be excluded from certain maps entirely (useful in the context of multiple maps) for exclusionmap in mw.text.gsplit(args.excludefrom, '#', true) do -- Check if this map is excluded. If so, return an empty string. if args[1] == exclusionmap then return '' end end end local builder = mw.html.create() local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if args.coordinates then -- Temporarily removed to facilitate infobox conversion. See [[Wikipedia:Coordinates in infoboxes]] -- if longitude or latitude then -- error('Coordinates from [[Module:Coordinates]] and individual coordinates cannot both be provided') -- end longitude = coord2text('longitude', args.coordinates) latitude = coord2text('latitude', args.coordinates) elseif not longitude and not latitude and args.useWikidata then -- If they didn't provide either coordinate, try Wikidata. If they provided one but not the other, don't. local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity() if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local value = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value longitude, latitude = value.longitude, value.latitude end if args.link and (currentTitle.namespace == 0) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with linked markers with coordinates from Wikidata]]') end end if not longitude then error('No value was provided for longitude') elseif not latitude then error('No value was provided for latitude') end if currentTitle.namespace > 0 then if (not args.lon_deg) ~= (not args.lat_deg) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Degrees]]') elseif (not args.lon_min) ~= (not args.lat_min) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Minutes]]') elseif (not args.lon_sec) ~= (not args.lat_sec) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Seconds]]') elseif (not args.lon_dir) ~= (not args.lat_dir) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Hemisphere]]') elseif (not args.long) ~= (not args.lat) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Decimal]]') end end if ((tonumber(args.lat_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lat_dir and args.lat_dir ~='')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if ((tonumber(args.lon_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lon_dir and args.lon_dir ~= '')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if args.skew or args.lon_shift or args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter used in invocation.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (args.skew and 'skew' or '') .. (args.lon_shift and 'lon_shift' or '') .. (args.markhigh and 'markhigh' or '') builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key ..' ]]') end end if map('x') ~= '' then x = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('x', { latitude, longitude }))) else x = tonumber(getX(longitude, map('left'), map('right'))) end if map('y') ~= '' then y = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('y', { latitude, longitude }))) else y = tonumber(getY(latitude, map('top'), map('bottom'))) end if (x < 0 or x > 100 or y < 0 or y > 100) and not args.outside then mw.log('Mark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = ' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y) local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = currentTitle.prefixedText builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set|' .. key .. ' ]]') end end local mark = args.mark or map('mark') if mark == '' then mark = 'Red pog.svg' end local marksize = tonumber(args.marksize) or tonumber(map('marksize')) or 8 local imageDiv = markImageDiv(mark, marksize, args.label or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, args.link or '', args.alt, args[2]) local label_size = args.label_size or 91 local labelDiv if args.label and args.position ~= 'none' then labelDiv = markLabelDiv(args.label, label_size, args.label_width or 6, args.position, args.background, x, marksize) end return builder:node(markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size)) end local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.infobox_pushpin_map(frame) local raw_args = getArgs(frame) local parsed_args = {} --If no map is supplied, return. if not raw_args['pushpin_map'] then return end --If no coordinates supplied, return. if not raw_args['coordinates'] then return end -- Parse the raw arguments parsed_args[1] = raw_args['pushpin_map'] parsed_args.float = 'center' parsed_args.border = 'infobox' parsed_args.coordinates = raw_args['coordinates'] parsed_args.caption = raw_args['pushpin_caption'] parsed_args.relief = raw_args['pushpin_relief'] parsed_args.label = raw_args['pushpin_label'] parsed_args.label_size = raw_args['pushpin_label_size'] parsed_args.position = raw_args['pushpin_label_position'] parsed_args.mark = raw_args['pushpin_mark'] parsed_args.marksize = raw_args['pushpin_mark_size'] parsed_args.alt = raw_args['pushpin_alt'] parsed_args.background = raw_args['pushpin_background'] parsed_args.width = raw_args['pushpin_map_size'] local map = {} local caption_list = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(parsed_args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if parsed_args['caption'] then for caption in mw.text.gsplit(parsed_args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] if not parsed_args.caption then parsed_args.caption = 'Location within ' .. map('name') end end if type(map) == 'table' then mw.log('----') mw.logObject(map) if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) elseif not parsed_args.caption then -- Set a default caption for each of the multiple maps for i=1, #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = 'Location within '.. map[i]('name') end end local outputs = {} parsed_args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do parsed_args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, parsed_args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, parsed_args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, parsed_args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, parsed_args, map) end end function p.main(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map', valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if args.useWikidata == nil then args.useWikidata = true end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, args, map) end end return p nla6fi9z7iim3mtito5pv3jwcnz0reg Module:Clear 828 63378 670722 670406 2012-04-27T02:37:31Z 67.71.69.201 337482 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 670723 670407 2026-07-01T19:16:56Z King ChristLike 13051 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Clear]] 337490 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" class={{{class|}}}></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> an9yinekx1cqo1nkoi5u8nuqub9qbvg Jian Cao 0 64862 670918 422447 2026-07-01T22:19:00Z Timzy D'Great 12485 670918 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jian Cao''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na injinia onye nchọ nchọ ya na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-eme n'ọrụ nke nyocha ya gụnyere omume igwe na mmepụta nke mpempe ígwè na ihe ndị a na-akpa akpa, gụnyere mmebi na-enweghị ọnwụ na usoro mmepụta laser. Ọ bụ Cardiss Collins Prọfesọ nke Injinịa Mechanical na Mahadum Northwestern na onye nduzi nke Northwestern Initiative for Manufacturing Science and Innovation. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Cao gụrụ Ihe onwunwe sayensị na injinia na njikwa akpaghị aka na Mahadum Shanghai Jiao Tong, nweta nzere bachelọ n'ebe ahụ na 1989. Ọ gara Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) maka ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na injinia igwe, nweta nzere masta n'ebe ahụ na 1992, wee mechaa Ph.D. ya na 1995, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Mary Cunningham Boyce. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nyocha postdoctoral na MIT, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Northwestern na 1995. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ n'afọ 2002, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nduzi mmemme na National Science Foundation site n'afọ 2003 ruo 2005. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Northwestern, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na 2008, na-agbakwunye njikọ ọma na Ngalaba nke Injinia Civil na Environmental na 2010 na Ngalaba Sayensị na Injinia na 2018. Site na 2012 ruo 2021 ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke mahadum maka nyocha. A kpọrọ ya Cardiss Collins Prọfesọ n'afọ 2016. Cao guzobere Northwestern Initiative for Manufacturing Science and Innovation na 2015, ọ bụkwa onye nduzi kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya. N'afọ 2016, ọ ghọrọ Senior Institute Fellow na Argonne National Laboratory. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Journal of Materials Processing Technology'' kemgbe afọ 2018. A họpụtara Cao dị ka onye ASME Fellow na 2006, dị ka Fellow nke Society of Manufacturing Engineers na 2010 (SME), dị ka Fello nke International Academy for Production Engineering na 2014, na dị ka Felull nke American Association for the Advancement of Science na 2018, ghọtara "maka onyinye ya dị mkpa na nghọta nke usoro ọdịda na nhazi usoro na maka ihe ọhụrụ iji kwalite usoro mmepụta ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe". A họpụtara ya na National Academy of Engineering na 2022, "maka ịmalite usoro nhazi akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na maka idu ndú na mmepụta", na American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 2023. Ọ natara ASME Thomas J.R. Hughes Young Investigator Award na afọ 2006, award pụrụ iche Na Asme na nrụpụta ọrụ Igwe Na afọ 2009 nakwa 2013. ASME nwepụtara onwe ha we bye service award Na afọ 2011.ASME Charles Russ Richard memorial award Na afọ 2017. ASME Milton c.shaw nrụpụta nchọ nchọ medalna adọ 2020. na ASME Ted Belytschko Applied Mechanics Division Award na 2023. Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke SME Frederick W. Taylor Research Medal na 2016, na onye mmeri 2020 nke SME Gold Medal, "maka onyinye okike na nke ọsụ ụzọ ya na mmepe nke ntọala sayensị na teknụzụ nke usoro mmepụta ọhụrụ site na mbipụta sara mbara, ikwu okwu na ọrụ ọha na eze". [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ba9dc8ueq0dq86qtmzq8w1ij8zt488y Edith Layard Stephens 0 67249 671297 516875 2026-07-02T11:46:45Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671297 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Edith Layard Stephens''' (1884-1966) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ na mba Saụt Afrịka, onye isi n'ihe gbasara algae na ero, ọkachasị ero a na-eri eri na ndị na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=A. C.|title=A History of Scientific Endeavour in South Africa: A Collection of Essays Published on the Occasion of the Centenary of the Royal Society of South Africa|date=1977|publisher=[[Royal Society of South Africa]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Creese|first=Mary R.S.|title=Ladies in the laboratory III South African, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian women in science : nineteenth and early twentieth centuries : a survey of their contributions|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810872899|pages=18&ndash;22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9FkFg5ogZAC}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Stephens n'ọnwa Disemba abalị ịsii n'ime afọ 1884, na [[Cape Town]], Cape Colony, dị ka nwa nwanyị nke Michael Stephens, onye bụ onye isi nchịkwa locomotive nke Cape Government Railways na Annie Hoskyn. N'afọ 1901, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Rustenburg School for Girls na Rondebosch, Cape Town. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na South African College (nke mesịrị ghọọ Mahadum Cape Town) ma mesịa nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts na Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope . N'afọ 1906, Stephans gụsịrị nzere BA na nsọpụrụ na botany nke Cape of Good Hope nyere ya ma nye ya ihe nrite ọla edo maka sayensị na Queen Victoria Scholarship na 1881 Exhibition Scholarship n'afọ 1907, nke dugara ya na Mahadum Cambridge.<ref name="botanical">{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|title=Botanical exploration of southern Africa|date=1981|publisher=[[A. A. Balkema]]|location=Cape Town|isbn=0869611291|pages=334–335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == N'afọ 1908, Stephens bipụtara ihe odide mbido banyere akpa nwa ọhụrụ na nwa ọhụrụ nke ụfọdụ Penaeaceae na Annals of Botany, nke dabeere na nyocha ya nke ọ malitere kemgbe South African College. Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ya emeghị ka ọ ruo eru ebe ọ bụ na Mahadum Cambridge enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị nzere n'oge afọ ndị ahụ, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Linnean Society nke London. N'ihe dị ka 1911, Stephhens laghachiri South Africa. N'ime ọkara afọ mbụ nke 1913, ọ bụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na botany na South African College ma mesịa nọchie W.T. Saxton, dị ka onye nkuzi na botany ma nọgide na Ngalaba Botany mgbe kọleji ahụ ghọrọ Mahadum Cape Town na 1918, ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1940. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nsọpụrụ na taxonomy osisi na Bolus Herbarium n'afọ 1952. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33334034|title=Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types|author=Stafleu|first=Frans Antonie|location=Utrecht|publisher=Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema|date=1976|edition=2nd|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.48631|isbn=9031302244}}</ref> O mere nnyocha pụrụ iche na algae na fungus mmiri dị ọcha, nke a maara maka akwụkwọ nta abụọ ya nwere ihe osise na fungus na-egbu egbu na nke a na-eri eri ma nyekwa aka na [[Pennaeaceae]]. Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na sistematic botany (cryptogams) na Bolus Herbarium ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1966. <ref name="botanical" /> == Onyinye == The Cape Tercentenary Foundation nyere Stephens onyinye maka enyemaka ya maka nchekwa nke anụmanụ na osisi na Cape n'y 1957. O jiri onyinye a zụta mpaghara a na-akpọ Isoetes Vlei, nke o nyere National Botanic Gardens, nke a maara dị ka Edith Stephens Cape Flats Flora Reserve . <ref name="botanical" />{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|title=Botanical exploration of southern Africa|date=1981|publisher=[[A. A. Balkema]]|location=Cape Town|isbn=0869611291|pages=334–335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGunnCodd1981">[[Mary Gunn|Gunn, Mary]]; [[Leslie Codd|Codd, L. E. W.]] (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC ''Botanical exploration of southern Africa'']. Cape Town: [[A. A. Balkema]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">334–</span>335. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0869611291|<bdi>0869611291</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == * Ihe edeturu na Flora Aquatic nke South Africa, Cape Town: Mahadum nke Cape Town, 1924. * Ihe ndị dị na South Western Cape Province Cape Town: Specialty Press nke SA Ltd., 1929. (Ya na Robert Harold Compton; Robert Stephen Adamson; Paul Andries van der Byl na Margaret R Levyns, Mrs.) * Ụfọdụ South African Edible Fungi, Longmans, Green and Co., Cape Town, 1953 * Ụfọdụ South African Poisonous and Inerible Fungi, Longmans, Green and Co., Cape Town, 1953 == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} mb65s26uyu0gkxp1p579gv13n2wdzdr Lindsay Hunt 0 67267 670732 516932 2026-07-01T19:28:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lindsay Hunt''' bụ onye dinta nke mba Saụt Afrịka ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa anụmanụ nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ imepụta anụ ehi Cape n'enweghị ụkwara nta ehi na ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ. Ọrụ a eguzobela ìgwè ehi na-enweghị ọrịa n'ógbè itoolu niile nke Saụt Afrịka, ebe dị anya na mpaghara Kruger National Park nke TB bibiri.. A chọpụtara ya n'afọ 1990, ụkwara nta ehi buffalo bụ ọrịa nje bacteria na-efe efe. Anụ ehi buffalo nwere ike ibu ọrịa ahụ ruo ogologo oge, na-aghọ onye tara ahụ ma mechaa daa n'okpuru anụ ọhịa. Ụkwara nta enweela mmetụta dị njọ n'ahụ anụ ọhịa buffalo, na-agafe ihe mgbochi ụdị anụmanụ ahụ ma na-emerụ anụ ọhịa, ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-akọ ahịhịa, dị ka ọdụm, agụ, cheetah, adaka, kudu, eland, bongo, oryx, antelope sable na waterbuck.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bT1pn2HUjhcC&dq=%22Jeremy+Anderson%22+%22White+River%22&pg=PA237|title=A Certain Curve of Horn|author=John Frederick Walker|publisher=Grove Press|year=1964|isbn=9780802140685}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta ehi, nke mbụ a kọrọ na South Africa na 1880 n'ụmụ ehi ụlọ na 1928 n'ụgbọ ọhịa na Eastern Cape, ma eleghị anya na ndị bi na Europe na anụ ụlọ ha bịara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=605|publisher=Agricultural Research Council|title=Tuberculosis|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011004358/http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=605|archivedate=11 October 2006}}</ref> Ndị South African National Parks Board chere na naanị ihe ngwọta bara uru maka ọrịa a bụ ịzụ anụ ọhịa buffalo na-enweghị ọrịa. Hunt nwetara anụ mbụ ya na-azụ anụ ọhịa buffalo site na ọdọ mmiri nke Kruger Park ma mepụta usoro ndị a nabatara na ngalaba nlekọta anụ ọhịa. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTvT6vSRVck Vidio YouTube na Lindsay Hunt] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005064337/http://www.amatolahunters.co.za/NewsOld.htm Ndị na-achụ nta Amatola] * [http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/the-man-who-brought-buffalo-back-to-the-cape-1.107481#.URIZevJu4fk Nwoke ahụ kpọghachiri atụ na Cape] * [http://www.farmersweekly.co.za/article.aspx?id=5308&h=Black-gold:-disease-free-buffalo-farming Ọlaedo ojii: Ịkpa anụ ọhịa buffalo na-enweghị ọrịa (Farmer's Weekly)] lee: Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom special Buffalo Warrior. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] raui4x3dk83ksosleylbo682gv08qky John Hewitt (onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ) 0 67280 671093 516999 2026-07-02T10:10:15Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Hewitt''' (23 Disemba 1880 - 4 Ọgọst 1961) bụ onye South Africa gụrụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ na ihe ndị mgbe ochie nke sitere mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]]. A mụrụ ya na Dronfield, Derbyshire, England, ma nwụọ na Grahamstown, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1286|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|author=Plug|first=C.}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ herpetology nke kọwara ụdị ọhụrụ dị iche iche. Ọ kọwakwara ụdị ududo ọhụrụ na arachnids ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas mbụ na sayensị okike na Jesus College, Cambridge n'afọ 1903. Site n'afọ 1905 ruo 1908 ọ bụ onye Nlekọta nke ọ́bankà Sarawak dị na Kuching, Sarawak. N'afọ 1909, ọ gara South Africa ịrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nlekọta na ọ́bankà Transvaal na Pretoria. N'afọ 1910, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke ọ́bankà Albany dị na Grahamstown, o mechara laa ezumike nká n'afọ 1958. Nwa ya nwanyị, Florence Ellen Hewitt (1910-1979), bụ onye nkuzi na onye gụrụ phycology. Ọ bụ onye òtù guzobere South African Museums Association ma mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye nduzi, a gụrụ ngalaba ọhụrụ nke ọ́bankà Albany n'aha ya n'afọ 1958. Hilary Deacon nọchiri ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọ́bankà Albany == Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie == Hewitt malitere ime nnyocha baa na ọ̀gbọ́ okwute gasị <ref name="S2A3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1286|title=Hewitt, Dr John (zoology, archaeology)|publisher=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> na mpaghara Grahamstown nke Eastern Cape, ebe, site na njikọ aka ya na C. W. Wilmot, ọ bọpụtara ọ́gbà dị na ubi Wilton, ma kọwaa omenala a maara kemgbe dịka Omenala Wilton. Ya na Reverend A. P. Stapleton nyere akụkọ mbụ maka omenala Howiesons Poort. == Ihe Nrite == * Honorary D.Sc. nke Mahadum South Africa (1935) * Ihe nrite South Africa nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science (1936).<ref name="Anonymous" /> * Onye otu Royal Society of South Africa. === Aha njirimara === A na-asọpụrụ Hewitt na aha a kapịrị ọnụ nke ụdị ahụhụ Bornean, ''Cicindela hewittii'' yana nke ngwere South Africa, ''Goggia hewitti'' . == Akwụkwọ ndị O Dere == * Adler, Kraig (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) (1989). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111001072216/http://www.ssarherps.org/pdf/HOH/HoH80.pdf ''Contributions to the History of Herpetology. St. Louis, Missouri: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p.&nbsp;80''] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://archive.today/20121224234425/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/ento/Obituaries.htm Ihe ọmụma nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Albany] * [[:fr:John Hewitt|Ntinye Wikipedia French banyere John Hewitt]] qumtpp7gzkj2smif4s8jw7aabw20yq3 671095 671093 2026-07-02T10:10:54Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Hewitt''' (23 Disemba 1880 - 4 Ọgọst 1961) bụ onye South Africa gụrụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ na ihe ndị mgbe ochie nke sitere mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]]. A mụrụ ya na Dronfield, Derbyshire, England, ma nwụọ na Grahamstown, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1286|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|author=Plug|first=C.}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ herpetology nke kọwara ụdị ọhụrụ dị iche iche. Ọ kọwakwara ụdị ududo ọhụrụ na arachnids ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas mbụ na sayensị okike na Jesus College, Cambridge n'afọ 1903. Site n'afọ 1905 ruo 1908 ọ bụ onye Nlekọta nke ọ́bankà Sarawak dị na Kuching, Sarawak. N'afọ 1909, ọ gara South Africa ịrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nlekọta na ọ́bankà Transvaal na Pretoria. N'afọ 1910, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke ọ́bankà Albany dị na Grahamstown, o mechara laa ezumike nká n'afọ 1958. Nwa ya nwanyị, Florence Ellen Hewitt (1910-1979), bụ onye nkuzi na onye gụrụ phycology. Ọ bụ onye òtù guzobere South African Museums Association ma mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye nduzi, a gụrụ ngalaba ọhụrụ nke ọ́bankà Albany n'aha ya n'afọ 1958. Hilary Deacon nọchiri ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọ́bankà Albany == Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie == Hewitt malitere ime nnyocha baa na ọ̀gbọ́ okwute gasị <ref name="S2A3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1286|title=Hewitt, Dr John (zoology, archaeology)|publisher=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> na mpaghara Grahamstown nke Eastern Cape, ebe, site na njikọ aka ya na C. W. Wilmot, ọ bọpụtara ọ́gbà dị na ubi Wilton, ma kọwaa omenala a maara kemgbe dịka Omenala Wilton. Ya na Reverend A. P. Stapleton nyere akụkọ mbụ maka omenala Howiesons Poort. == Ihe Nrite == * Honorary D.Sc. nke Mahadum South Africa (1935) * Ihe nrite South Africa nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science (1936). * Onye otu Royal Society of South Africa. === Aha njirimara === A na-asọpụrụ Hewitt na aha a kapịrị ọnụ nke ụdị ahụhụ Bornean, ''Cicindela hewittii'' yana nke ngwere South Africa, ''Goggia hewitti'' . == Akwụkwọ ndị O Dere == * Adler, Kraig (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) (1989). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111001072216/http://www.ssarherps.org/pdf/HOH/HoH80.pdf ''Contributions to the History of Herpetology. St. Louis, Missouri: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p.&nbsp;80''] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://archive.today/20121224234425/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/ento/Obituaries.htm Ihe ọmụma nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Albany] * [[:fr:John Hewitt|Ntinye Wikipedia French banyere John Hewitt]] gypome1kj2xggdagox6ae33lrnpl7jz Isabella Abbott 0 72457 671080 588669 2026-07-02T10:04:25Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference error 671080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabella Aiona Abbott''' (Abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Juunu afọ 1919 - abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, 2010) bụ onye nkuzi, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike, na [[Ethnobotany|ọkà mmụta banyere ọdịbendị mmadụ]] si Hawaii. Nwanyị mbụ si Hawaii nwetara PhD na [[Amamihe|sayensị]], <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> ọ ghọrọ ọkachamara kachasị elu na algae mmiri Pacific. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Abbott '''Isabella Kauakea Yau Yung Aiona''' na Hana, Maui, Ókèala nke Hawaii, n' abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Junnu afọ 1919. Aha ya na Hawaii pụtara "mmiri ozuzo ọcha nke Hana" a makwaara ya dị ka "Izzy". <ref name="stanford" /> Nna ya bụ onye China ebe nne ya bụ onye Hawaii . Nne ya kụziiri ya gbasara ahịhịa mmiri Hawaii a na-eri eri <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> na uru na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi Hawaii. Abbott bụ naanị nwa agbọghọ na nke abụọ kacha nta n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne asatọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> O tolitere na Honolulu dị nso na Waikiki, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọKamehameha n'afo 1937. <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum ya na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaiʻi dị na Mānoa n'afọ 1941, <ref name="stanford" /> nweta akara ugo mmụta masta na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Michigan n'afọ 1942, na Dọkịta nke nkà Ihe Ọmụma na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley n'afọ 1950. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford" /> Ọ lụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ bụ Donald Putnam Abbott (1920–1986), onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na Mahadum Hawaiʻi yana Berkeley. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Pacific Grove, California ebe di ya kụziri ihe na ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hopkins nke Mahadum Stanford na-achịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ, a naghị ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị a ga-enye ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ, o tinyere oge na-azụ nwa ya nwanyị bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, mgbe ọ na-amụ algae dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. O mere ka ntụziaka nri dị iche iche sikwuo ike iji ahịhịa mmiri ehi ( ''Nereocystis'' ) nke obodo ahụ mee ihe n'ihe oriri dịka achịcha na pickles. <ref name="stanford" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1966, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nyocha ma kuzie dịka onye nkuzi na Hopkins. O chịkọtara akwụkwọ gbasara algae mmiri nke Monterey peninsula, nke mechara gbasaa iji gụnye akụkụ niile nke California. Otu Botanical nke America nyere ya ihe nrite Darbaker n'afọ 1969. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1972, Mahadum Stanford kwalitere ya ozugbo na prọfesọ zuru oke nke Biology, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ nwere agba n'ọkwa a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Abbotts abụọ lara ezumike nká wee laghachi Hawaii, ebe Mahadum Hawaii were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ kuziere [[ethnobotany]], mmekọrịta mmadụ na osisi. <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ asatọ na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ otu narị na iri ise. A na-ewere ya dị ka ọkachamara kachasị elu n'ụwa na ahịhịa mmiri Hawaiian, nke a maara n'asụsụ Hawaiian dị ka ''limu'' . A na-enye ya otuto maka ịchọpụta ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ aha ya, gụnyere ụdị ''Abbottella'' ezinụlọ Rhodomelaceae (red algae). <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ nwee aha ntutu "First Lady of Limu." N'afọ 1993, o nwetara ihe nrite Charles Reed Bishop, n'afọ 1997 o nwetara ihe nrite Gilbert Morgan Smith site na National Academy of Sciences . <ref name="Morgan">{{Cite web|date=|title=Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal|url=https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926152240/https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archivedate=26 September 2023|accessdate=16 February 2011|work=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|publisher=|quote=Isabella A. Abbott (1997)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Wilder nke Botany site n<nowiki>''afọ 1980 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1982, mgbe ya na di ya kwagara Hawaii ebe ọ gara n'</nowiki>ihu na nyocha ya dị ka prọfesọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Bernice P. Bishop Museum . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 1997, o dere edemede na Honolulu Star-Bulletin na-akatọ ndị nlekọta nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Kamehameha, nke dugara na nhazi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na 1988, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nke American Association for the Advancement of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Fellows: AAAS Featured Fellow for May: Isabella Aiona Abbott (1919-2010)|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605071139/https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archivedate=5 June 2022|accessdate=17 June 2022|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii kpọrọ ya " Living Treasury of Hawaii" . <ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2005 |title=Six named Living Treasures |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122095636/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2010 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 January 2023 |title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu' |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[University of Hawaiʻi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye kacha nwee ikike n'ihe gbasara algae dị na mpaghara Pacific Ocean, na 2008, ọ natara ihe nrite ihe nrite ndụ ya niile site n'aka Ngalaba Ala na Akụrụngwa Okike nke Hawaii maka ọmụmụ ihe ya gbasara coral reefs. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ndị otu ndị ọchịchị nke Mahadum Hawaiʻi ji otu olu votu mee ka aha Abbott bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Life Sciences Building bụrụ aha Abbott n'afọ 2023. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=19 January 2023|title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archivedate=25 June 2023|accessdate=21 January 2024|work=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ "BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'"]. ''[[University of Hawaiʻi]]''. 19 January 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ Archived] from the original on 25 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Isabella Kauakea Aiona Abbott nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na otu n'ụlọ ya dị na Honolulu . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Abbott ndị fọdụrụ gụnyere ada ya bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, na otu nwa nwa ya nwanyị, ha abụọ bi na Hawaii. Iji chekwaa ihe nketa na ọrụ Abbott dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi, Mahadum Hawaiʻi guzobere agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado nnyocha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Ethnobotany|nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ]] na ahịhịa ndị dị na Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * Isabella A. Abbott (1947). ''Brackish-Water Algae from the Hawaiian Islands.'' Pacific Science. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=On Schimmelmannia from California and Japan|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Gilbert Morgan Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyaAAAAIAAJ|title=Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula, California|year=1969|isbn=978-0-804740197|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]}} * Isabella A. Abbott (1970). ''Yamadaella, a new genus in the Nemaliales (Rhodophyta).'' Phycologia * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Contributions to the systematics of Benthic Marine Algae of the North Pacific: Proceedings of a seminar on the contributions of culture, laboratory, field and life history studies to the systematics of benthic marine algae of the Pacific; Japan–U.S. cooperative science program, August 13–16, 1971|location=Sapporo, Japan|year=1972|publisher=Japanese Society of Psychology}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Limu: an ethnobotanical study of some edible Hawaiian seaweeds|year=1974|publisher=Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Marine Algae of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYrx7i02uqsC|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-2152-3|year=1976}} * {{Cite book|author=Elmer Yale Dawson|title=How to know the seaweeds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOEXAQAAMAAJ|publisher=W. C. Brown Company|year=1978|isbn=978-0-697-04892-9}} *   * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1990). ''A taxonomic and nomenclatural assessment of the species of Liagora (Rhodophyta, Nemaliales) in the herbarium of Lamouroux.'' * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Lā'au Hawaiʻi: traditional Hawaiian uses of plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L295QgAACAAJ|date=March 1992|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-0-930897-62-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds With reference to some Pacific species|year=1995|publisher=California Sea Grant College Program}} Eight volume series from an international workshop hosted by the University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, July 1993 * Isabella A. Abbott (April 1996). ''New Species and Notes on Marine Algae from Hawaiʻi.'' Pacific Science. University of Hawaiʻi Press. * Isabella A. Abbott (July 1996). ''Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds.'' Hydrobiologia. Kluwer Academic Publishers. * Alan J.K. Millar; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''The new genus and species Ossiella pacifica (Griffithsieae, Rhodophyta) from Hawaii and Norfolk Island, Pacific Ocean.'' Journal of Phycology. * G.T. Kraft; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''Platoma ardreanum (Schizymeniaeae, Gigartinales) and Halymenia chiangiana (Halymeniaceae, Halymeniales), two new species of proliferous, foliose red algae from the Hawaiian Islands''. Cryptogamie, Algologie. * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1998). ''Some new species and new combinations of marine red algae from the central Pacific.'' Phycological Research. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine red algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUYVAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-003-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine green and brown algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIwZAQAAIAAJ|date=April 2004|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-030-7}} * Isabella A. Abbott; John Marinus Huisman (June 2005). ''Studies in the Liagoraceae (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) I. The genus Trichogloea.'' Phycological Research. * M.S. Kim; I.A. Abbott (March 2006). ''Taxonomic notes on Hawaiian Polysiphonia, with transfer to Neosiphonia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta).'' Phycological Research. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (April 2006). ''Ganonema vermiculare sp nov (Liagoraceae, Rhodophyta), a new species from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea''. Botanica Marina. * C.F. Gurgel; R. Terada; I.A. Abbott; et al. (April 2006). ''Towards a global phylogeography of Gracilaria salicornia (gracilariaceae, rhodophyta), an invasive species in Hawaii, based on chloroplast and mitochondrial markers.'' Journal of Phycology. * {{Cite book|editor=Craig R. Elevitch|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Grw4g0-h54C|date=June 2006|publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources|isbn=978-0-9702544-5-0}} * Isabella Aiona Abbott; John Marinus Huisman; Celia M. Smith (2007). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hawaiian_Reef_Plants.html?id=DfgUAQAAIAAJ ''Hawaiian Reef Plants''.] Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College Program. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (April 2008). ''Additional marine benthic algae from Howland and Baker Islands, central Pacific.'' Pacific Science. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (October 2010). ''Marine Benthic Algae of Johnston Atoll: New Species Records, Spatial Distribution, and Taxonomic Affinities with Neighboring Islands.'' Pacific Science. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine; Daniel C. O'Doherty (July 2010). ''Morphological relationships within the genus Lophocladia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) including a description of L. kuesteri sp nov from Hawaiʻi.'' Phycologia. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (July 2012). ''Veleroa setteana, n. sp (Rhodophyta: Rhodomelaceae), from the Hawaiian Archipelago, including Notes on the Generitype.'' Pacific Science. == Leekwa == * Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ Hawaiian * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f54xyw9hq58fkbig2sxcz25gw9aifhr 671083 671080 2026-07-02T10:06:39Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ọrụ */ 671083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabella Aiona Abbott''' (Abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Juunu afọ 1919 - abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, 2010) bụ onye nkuzi, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike, na [[Ethnobotany|ọkà mmụta banyere ọdịbendị mmadụ]] si Hawaii. Nwanyị mbụ si Hawaii nwetara PhD na [[Amamihe|sayensị]], <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> ọ ghọrọ ọkachamara kachasị elu na algae mmiri Pacific. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Abbott '''Isabella Kauakea Yau Yung Aiona''' na Hana, Maui, Ókèala nke Hawaii, n' abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Junnu afọ 1919. Aha ya na Hawaii pụtara "mmiri ozuzo ọcha nke Hana" a makwaara ya dị ka "Izzy". <ref name="stanford" /> Nna ya bụ onye China ebe nne ya bụ onye Hawaii . Nne ya kụziiri ya gbasara ahịhịa mmiri Hawaii a na-eri eri <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> na uru na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi Hawaii. Abbott bụ naanị nwa agbọghọ na nke abụọ kacha nta n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne asatọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> O tolitere na Honolulu dị nso na Waikiki, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọKamehameha n'afo 1937. <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum ya na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaiʻi dị na Mānoa n'afọ 1941, <ref name="stanford" /> nweta akara ugo mmụta masta na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Michigan n'afọ 1942, na Dọkịta nke nkà Ihe Ọmụma na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley n'afọ 1950. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford" /> Ọ lụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ bụ Donald Putnam Abbott (1920–1986), onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na Mahadum Hawaiʻi yana Berkeley. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Pacific Grove, California ebe di ya kụziri ihe na ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hopkins nke Mahadum Stanford na-achịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ, a naghị ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị a ga-enye ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ, o tinyere oge na-azụ nwa ya nwanyị bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, mgbe ọ na-amụ algae dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. O mere ka ntụziaka nri dị iche iche sikwuo ike iji ahịhịa mmiri ehi ( ''Nereocystis'' ) nke obodo ahụ mee ihe n'ihe oriri dịka achịcha na pickles. <ref name="stanford" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1966, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nyocha ma kuzie dịka onye nkuzi na Hopkins. O chịkọtara akwụkwọ gbasara algae mmiri nke Monterey peninsula, nke mechara gbasaa iji gụnye akụkụ niile nke California. Otu Botanical nke America nyere ya ihe nrite Darbaker n'afọ 1969. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1972, Mahadum Stanford kwalitere ya ozugbo na prọfesọ zuru oke nke Biology, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ nwere agba n'ọkwa a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Abbotts abụọ lara ezumike nká wee laghachi Hawaii, ebe Mahadum Hawaii were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ kuziere [[ethnobotany]], mmekọrịta mmadụ na osisi. <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ asatọ na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ otu narị na iri ise. A na-ewere ya dị ka ọkachamara kachasị elu n'ụwa na ahịhịa mmiri Hawaiian, nke a maara n'asụsụ Hawaiian dị ka ''limu'' . A na-enye ya otuto maka ịchọpụta ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ aha ya, gụnyere ụdị ''Abbottella'' ezinụlọ Rhodomelaceae (red algae). <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ nwee aha ntutu "First Lady of Limu." N'afọ 1993, o nwetara ihe nrite Charles Reed Bishop, n'afọ 1997 o nwetara ihe nrite Gilbert Morgan Smith site na National Academy of Sciences . <ref name="Morgan">{{Cite web|date=|title=Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal|url=https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926152240/https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archivedate=26 September 2023|accessdate=16 February 2011|work=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|publisher=|quote=Isabella A. Abbott (1997)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Wilder nke Botany site n<nowiki>''afọ 1980 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1982, mgbe ya na di ya kwagara Hawaii ebe ọ gara n'</nowiki>ihu na nyocha ya dị ka prọfesọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Bernice P. Bishop Museum . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 1997, o dere edemede na Honolulu Star-Bulletin na-akatọ ndị nlekọta nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Kamehameha, nke dugara na nhazi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na 1988, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nke American Association for the Advancement of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Fellows: AAAS Featured Fellow for May: Isabella Aiona Abbott (1919-2010)|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605071139/https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archivedate=5 June 2022|accessdate=17 June 2022|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii kpọrọ ya " Living Treasury of Hawaii" . <ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2005 |title=Six named Living Treasures |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122095636/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2010 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 January 2023 |title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu' |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[University of Hawaiʻi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye kacha nwee ikike n'ihe gbasara algae dị na mpaghara Pacific Ocean, na 2008, ọ natara ihe nrite ihe nrite ndụ ya niile site n'aka Ngalaba Ala na Akụrụngwa Okike nke Hawaii maka ọmụmụ ihe ya gbasara coral reefs. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ndị otu ndị ọchịchị nke Mahadum Hawaiʻi ji otu olu votu mee ka aha Abbott bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Life Sciences Building bụrụ aha Abbott n'afọ 2023. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=19 January 2023|title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archivedate=25 June 2023|accessdate=21 January 2024|work=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ "BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'"]. ''[[University of Hawaiʻi]]''. 19 January 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ Archived] from the original on 25 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Isabella Kauakea Aiona Abbott nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na otu n'ụlọ ya dị na Honolulu . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Abbott ndị fọdụrụ gụnyere ada ya bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, na otu nwa nwa ya nwanyị, ha abụọ bi na Hawaii. Iji chekwaa ihe nketa na ọrụ Abbott dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi, Mahadum Hawaiʻi guzobere agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado nnyocha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Ethnobotany|nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ]] na ahịhịa ndị dị na Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * Isabella A. Abbott (1947). ''Brackish-Water Algae from the Hawaiian Islands.'' Pacific Science. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=On Schimmelmannia from California and Japan|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Gilbert Morgan Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyaAAAAIAAJ|title=Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula, California|year=1969|isbn=978-0-804740197|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]}} * Isabella A. Abbott (1970). ''Yamadaella, a new genus in the Nemaliales (Rhodophyta).'' Phycologia * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Contributions to the systematics of Benthic Marine Algae of the North Pacific: Proceedings of a seminar on the contributions of culture, laboratory, field and life history studies to the systematics of benthic marine algae of the Pacific; Japan–U.S. cooperative science program, August 13–16, 1971|location=Sapporo, Japan|year=1972|publisher=Japanese Society of Psychology}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Limu: an ethnobotanical study of some edible Hawaiian seaweeds|year=1974|publisher=Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Marine Algae of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYrx7i02uqsC|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-2152-3|year=1976}} * {{Cite book|author=Elmer Yale Dawson|title=How to know the seaweeds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOEXAQAAMAAJ|publisher=W. C. Brown Company|year=1978|isbn=978-0-697-04892-9}} *   * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1990). ''A taxonomic and nomenclatural assessment of the species of Liagora (Rhodophyta, Nemaliales) in the herbarium of Lamouroux.'' * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Lā'au Hawaiʻi: traditional Hawaiian uses of plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L295QgAACAAJ|date=March 1992|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-0-930897-62-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds With reference to some Pacific species|year=1995|publisher=California Sea Grant College Program}} Eight volume series from an international workshop hosted by the University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, July 1993 * Isabella A. Abbott (April 1996). ''New Species and Notes on Marine Algae from Hawaiʻi.'' Pacific Science. University of Hawaiʻi Press. * Isabella A. Abbott (July 1996). ''Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds.'' Hydrobiologia. Kluwer Academic Publishers. * Alan J.K. Millar; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''The new genus and species Ossiella pacifica (Griffithsieae, Rhodophyta) from Hawaii and Norfolk Island, Pacific Ocean.'' Journal of Phycology. * G.T. Kraft; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''Platoma ardreanum (Schizymeniaeae, Gigartinales) and Halymenia chiangiana (Halymeniaceae, Halymeniales), two new species of proliferous, foliose red algae from the Hawaiian Islands''. Cryptogamie, Algologie. * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1998). ''Some new species and new combinations of marine red algae from the central Pacific.'' Phycological Research. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine red algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUYVAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-003-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine green and brown algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIwZAQAAIAAJ|date=April 2004|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-030-7}} * Isabella A. Abbott; John Marinus Huisman (June 2005). ''Studies in the Liagoraceae (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) I. The genus Trichogloea.'' Phycological Research. * M.S. Kim; I.A. Abbott (March 2006). ''Taxonomic notes on Hawaiian Polysiphonia, with transfer to Neosiphonia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta).'' Phycological Research. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (April 2006). ''Ganonema vermiculare sp nov (Liagoraceae, Rhodophyta), a new species from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea''. Botanica Marina. * C.F. Gurgel; R. Terada; I.A. Abbott; et al. (April 2006). ''Towards a global phylogeography of Gracilaria salicornia (gracilariaceae, rhodophyta), an invasive species in Hawaii, based on chloroplast and mitochondrial markers.'' Journal of Phycology. * {{Cite book|editor=Craig R. Elevitch|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Grw4g0-h54C|date=June 2006|publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources|isbn=978-0-9702544-5-0}} * Isabella Aiona Abbott; John Marinus Huisman; Celia M. Smith (2007). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hawaiian_Reef_Plants.html?id=DfgUAQAAIAAJ ''Hawaiian Reef Plants''.] Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College Program. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (April 2008). ''Additional marine benthic algae from Howland and Baker Islands, central Pacific.'' Pacific Science. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (October 2010). ''Marine Benthic Algae of Johnston Atoll: New Species Records, Spatial Distribution, and Taxonomic Affinities with Neighboring Islands.'' Pacific Science. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine; Daniel C. O'Doherty (July 2010). ''Morphological relationships within the genus Lophocladia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) including a description of L. kuesteri sp nov from Hawaiʻi.'' Phycologia. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (July 2012). ''Veleroa setteana, n. sp (Rhodophyta: Rhodomelaceae), from the Hawaiian Archipelago, including Notes on the Generitype.'' Pacific Science. == Leekwa == * Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ Hawaiian * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] scm1a47vtr2rfdwqfrkjtffo040gzo1 671086 671083 2026-07-02T10:07:55Z Akwugo 11031 /* Edensibịa */ fixed typo 671086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabella Aiona Abbott''' (Abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Juunu afọ 1919 - abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, 2010) bụ onye nkuzi, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike, na [[Ethnobotany|ọkà mmụta banyere ọdịbendị mmadụ]] si Hawaii. Nwanyị mbụ si Hawaii nwetara PhD na [[Amamihe|sayensị]], <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> ọ ghọrọ ọkachamara kachasị elu na algae mmiri Pacific. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Abbott '''Isabella Kauakea Yau Yung Aiona''' na Hana, Maui, Ókèala nke Hawaii, n' abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Junnu afọ 1919. Aha ya na Hawaii pụtara "mmiri ozuzo ọcha nke Hana" a makwaara ya dị ka "Izzy". <ref name="stanford" /> Nna ya bụ onye China ebe nne ya bụ onye Hawaii . Nne ya kụziiri ya gbasara ahịhịa mmiri Hawaii a na-eri eri <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> na uru na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi Hawaii. Abbott bụ naanị nwa agbọghọ na nke abụọ kacha nta n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne asatọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> O tolitere na Honolulu dị nso na Waikiki, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọKamehameha n'afo 1937. <ref name="sesq">{{Cite news|author=Tsai|first=Michael|date=July 2, 2006|title=Isabella Abbott|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6abbott|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum ya na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaiʻi dị na Mānoa n'afọ 1941, <ref name="stanford" /> nweta akara ugo mmụta masta na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Michigan n'afọ 1942, na Dọkịta nke nkà Ihe Ọmụma na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley n'afọ 1950. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Howe|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2010|title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies: Scientist studied algae at Hopkins Marine Station|url=https://www.montereyherald.com/2010/11/17/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies/|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[The Monterey County Herald|Monterey Herald]]}}</ref> <ref name="stanford" /> Ọ lụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ bụ Donald Putnam Abbott (1920–1986), onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na Mahadum Hawaiʻi yana Berkeley. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Pacific Grove, California ebe di ya kụziri ihe na ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hopkins nke Mahadum Stanford na-achịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ, a naghị ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị a ga-enye ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ, o tinyere oge na-azụ nwa ya nwanyị bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, mgbe ọ na-amụ algae dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. O mere ka ntụziaka nri dị iche iche sikwuo ike iji ahịhịa mmiri ehi ( ''Nereocystis'' ) nke obodo ahụ mee ihe n'ihe oriri dịka achịcha na pickles. <ref name="stanford" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1966, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nyocha ma kuzie dịka onye nkuzi na Hopkins. O chịkọtara akwụkwọ gbasara algae mmiri nke Monterey peninsula, nke mechara gbasaa iji gụnye akụkụ niile nke California. Otu Botanical nke America nyere ya ihe nrite Darbaker n'afọ 1969. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1972, Mahadum Stanford kwalitere ya ozugbo na prọfesọ zuru oke nke Biology, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ nwere agba n'ọkwa a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Abbotts abụọ lara ezumike nká wee laghachi Hawaii, ebe Mahadum Hawaii were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ kuziere [[ethnobotany]], mmekọrịta mmadụ na osisi. <ref name="stanford">{{Cite news|author=Bergeron|first=Louis|date=December 7, 2010|title=Isabella Abbott, world-renowned Stanford algae expert, dies at 91|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/december/izzie-abbott-obit-120710.html|accessdate=December 7, 2010|work=Stanford Report|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ asatọ na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ otu narị na iri ise. A na-ewere ya dị ka ọkachamara kachasị elu n'ụwa na ahịhịa mmiri Hawaiian, nke a maara n'asụsụ Hawaiian dị ka ''limu'' . A na-enye ya otuto maka ịchọpụta ihe karịrị ụdị narị abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ aha ya, gụnyere ụdị ''Abbottella'' ezinụlọ Rhodomelaceae (red algae). <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Jennifer|date=October 21, 2010|title=Pioneering professor is first lady of limu|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/malamalama/2010/10/isabella-abbott/|accessdate=November 4, 2010|work=Malamalama: The Light of Knowledge|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ nwee aha ntutu "First Lady of Limu." N'afọ 1993, o nwetara ihe nrite Charles Reed Bishop, n'afọ 1997 o nwetara ihe nrite Gilbert Morgan Smith site na National Academy of Sciences . <ref name="Morgan">{{Cite web|date=|title=Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal|url=https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926152240/https://nasonline.org/programs/awards/gilbert-morgan-smith-medal.html|archivedate=26 September 2023|accessdate=16 February 2011|work=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|publisher=|quote=Isabella A. Abbott (1997)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Wilder nke Botany site n<nowiki>''afọ 1980 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1982, mgbe ya na di ya kwagara Hawaii ebe ọ gara n'</nowiki>ihu na nyocha ya dị ka prọfesọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> O jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Bernice P. Bishop Museum . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 1997, o dere edemede na Honolulu Star-Bulletin na-akatọ ndị nlekọta nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Kamehameha, nke dugara na nhazi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston |first=Healoha|date=3 May 2021|title=Marine Botanist Isabella Aiona Abbott and More Women to Know this Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133609/https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/marine-botanist-isabella-aiona-abbott-and-more-women-know-asian-american-and-pacific-islander|archivedate=18 July 2023|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=[[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Na 1988, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nke American Association for the Advancement of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Fellows: AAAS Featured Fellow for May: Isabella Aiona Abbott (1919-2010)|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605071139/https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|archivedate=5 June 2022|accessdate=17 June 2022|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii kpọrọ ya " Living Treasury of Hawaii" . <ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2005 |title=Six named Living Treasures |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122095636/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Jan/16/ln/ln19p.html |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2010 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Advertiser]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 January 2023 |title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu' |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[University of Hawaiʻi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye kacha nwee ikike n'ihe gbasara algae dị na mpaghara Pacific Ocean, na 2008, ọ natara ihe nrite ihe nrite ndụ ya niile site n'aka Ngalaba Ala na Akụrụngwa Okike nke Hawaii maka ọmụmụ ihe ya gbasara coral reefs. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ndị otu ndị ọchịchị nke Mahadum Hawaiʻi ji otu olu votu mee ka aha Abbott bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Life Sciences Building bụrụ aha Abbott n'afọ 2023. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=19 January 2023|title=BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/|archivedate=25 June 2023|accessdate=21 January 2024|work=[[University of Hawaiʻi]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ "BOR approves naming Life Sciences Building after 'First Lady of Limu'"]. ''[[University of Hawaiʻi]]''. 19 January 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001250/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2023/01/19/isabella-aiona-abbott-life-sciences-building/ Archived] from the original on 25 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Isabella Kauakea Aiona Abbott nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na otu n'ụlọ ya dị na Honolulu . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Abbott ndị fọdụrụ gụnyere ada ya bụ Annie Abbott Foerster, na otu nwa nwa ya nwanyị, ha abụọ bi na Hawaii. Iji chekwaa ihe nketa na ọrụ Abbott dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi, Mahadum Hawaiʻi guzobere agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado nnyocha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Ethnobotany|nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ]] na ahịhịa ndị dị na Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blinks|first=Lawrence|date=1986|title=Memorial Resolution: Donald Putnam Abbott 1920–1986|url=http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143303/http://www-marine.stanford.edu/memorials/AbbottD.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2010|accessdate=December 8, 2010|work=[[Hopkins Marine Station]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * Isabella A. Abbott (1947). ''Brackish-Water Algae from the Hawaiian Islands.'' Pacific Science. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=On Schimmelmannia from California and Japan|year=1961}} * {{Cite book|author=Gilbert Morgan Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyaAAAAIAAJ|title=Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula, California|year=1969|isbn=978-0-804740197|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]}} * Isabella A. Abbott (1970). ''Yamadaella, a new genus in the Nemaliales (Rhodophyta).'' Phycologia * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Contributions to the systematics of Benthic Marine Algae of the North Pacific: Proceedings of a seminar on the contributions of culture, laboratory, field and life history studies to the systematics of benthic marine algae of the Pacific; Japan–U.S. cooperative science program, August 13–16, 1971|location=Sapporo, Japan|year=1972|publisher=Japanese Society of Psychology}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Limu: an ethnobotanical study of some edible Hawaiian seaweeds|year=1974|publisher=Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Marine Algae of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYrx7i02uqsC|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-2152-3|year=1976}} * {{Cite book|author=Elmer Yale Dawson|title=How to know the seaweeds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOEXAQAAMAAJ|publisher=W. C. Brown Company|year=1978|isbn=978-0-697-04892-9}} *   * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1990). ''A taxonomic and nomenclatural assessment of the species of Liagora (Rhodophyta, Nemaliales) in the herbarium of Lamouroux.'' * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Lā'au Hawaiʻi: traditional Hawaiian uses of plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L295QgAACAAJ|date=March 1992|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-0-930897-62-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella A. Abbott|title=Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds With reference to some Pacific species|year=1995|publisher=California Sea Grant College Program}} Eight volume series from an international workshop hosted by the University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, July 1993 * Isabella A. Abbott (April 1996). ''New Species and Notes on Marine Algae from Hawaiʻi.'' Pacific Science. University of Hawaiʻi Press. * Isabella A. Abbott (July 1996). ''Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds.'' Hydrobiologia. Kluwer Academic Publishers. * Alan J.K. Millar; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''The new genus and species Ossiella pacifica (Griffithsieae, Rhodophyta) from Hawaii and Norfolk Island, Pacific Ocean.'' Journal of Phycology. * G.T. Kraft; Isabella A. Abbott (1997). ''Platoma ardreanum (Schizymeniaeae, Gigartinales) and Halymenia chiangiana (Halymeniaceae, Halymeniales), two new species of proliferous, foliose red algae from the Hawaiian Islands''. Cryptogamie, Algologie. * Isabella Aiona Abbott (1998). ''Some new species and new combinations of marine red algae from the central Pacific.'' Phycological Research. * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine red algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUYVAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-003-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Marine green and brown algae of the Hawaiian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIwZAQAAIAAJ|date=April 2004|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-030-7}} * Isabella A. Abbott; John Marinus Huisman (June 2005). ''Studies in the Liagoraceae (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) I. The genus Trichogloea.'' Phycological Research. * M.S. Kim; I.A. Abbott (March 2006). ''Taxonomic notes on Hawaiian Polysiphonia, with transfer to Neosiphonia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta).'' Phycological Research. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (April 2006). ''Ganonema vermiculare sp nov (Liagoraceae, Rhodophyta), a new species from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea''. Botanica Marina. * C.F. Gurgel; R. Terada; I.A. Abbott; et al. (April 2006). ''Towards a global phylogeography of Gracilaria salicornia (gracilariaceae, rhodophyta), an invasive species in Hawaii, based on chloroplast and mitochondrial markers.'' Journal of Phycology. * {{Cite book|editor=Craig R. Elevitch|author=Isabella Aiona Abbott|title=Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Grw4g0-h54C|date=June 2006|publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources|isbn=978-0-9702544-5-0}} * Isabella Aiona Abbott; John Marinus Huisman; Celia M. Smith (2007). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hawaiian_Reef_Plants.html?id=DfgUAQAAIAAJ ''Hawaiian Reef Plants''.] Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College Program. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (April 2008). ''Additional marine benthic algae from Howland and Baker Islands, central Pacific.'' Pacific Science. * Roy T. Tsuda; Isabella A. Abbott; Peter S. Vroom; et al. (October 2010). ''Marine Benthic Algae of Johnston Atoll: New Species Records, Spatial Distribution, and Taxonomic Affinities with Neighboring Islands.'' Pacific Science. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine; Daniel C. O'Doherty (July 2010). ''Morphological relationships within the genus Lophocladia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) including a description of L. kuesteri sp nov from Hawaiʻi.'' Phycologia. * Isabella A. Abbott; David L. Ballantine (July 2012). ''Veleroa setteana, n. sp (Rhodophyta: Rhodomelaceae), from the Hawaiian Archipelago, including Notes on the Generitype.'' Pacific Science. == Leekwa == * Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ Hawaiian * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6loe6xc7fakbyht6160ni3kv9go1c7f Ernst Oswald Johannes Westphal 0 72610 671283 595553 2026-07-02T11:40:57Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernst Oswald Johannes Gotthard Gotthilf Westphal''' ([[Khalavha]] na Venda, South Africa, 1919 - Bredasdorp nso [[Cape Town]], South Africa), 27 Nọvemba 1990) bụ onye South Africa ma bụrụkwa ọkammụta asụsụ na ọkachamara n'asụsụ Bantu na Khoisan. Site na 1949 ruo 1962 ọ kụziri na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London . <ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:E.O.J._Westphal.jpg|thumb|Prọfesọ Ernst Westphal na Mahadum Cape Town.]] A mụrụ Ernst Westphal na Khalava na Venda, nwa nke nne na nna ndị ozi ala ọzọ Lutheran nke German. Nna ya bụ [[Gotthard Westphal]] na nna nna ya, Ernst Westphal, ya na nwunye ya Wilhelmine bụ onye nkuzi na onye nduzi nke Solomon Plaatje. Dị ka nwatakịrị, E.O.J. Westphal maara asụsụ German, [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], na Afrikaans nke ọma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa. Asụsụ mbụ ya na nke ala ya, Otú ọ dị, bụ Venda, mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, e dubara ya n'ime emume nzuzo Venda maka ụmụ okorobịa.<ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRycroft1992">Rycroft, David (1992). "Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)". ''African Languages and Cultures''. '''5''' (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09544169208717746|10.1080/09544169208717746]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771802 1771802].</cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ [[Asụsụ Zulu|Zulu]] na Southern Sotho n'okpuru Clement Martyn Doke na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1942, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ebe ahụ 1942-1947. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Asụsụ Bantu na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) na Mahadum London 1949-1962, ebe ezigbo enyi ya bụ Guy Atkins (nwanne Vera Atkins), onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta asụsụ Africa. Enyi na onye mmekọ ọzọ bụ Fenner Brockway. Westphal bụ Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ Africa na School of African studies na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa, site na 1962 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1984, a makwaara ya dị ka onye nwere ikike pịa asụsụ click nke Ndị San, Asụsụ Khoisan, nke ọ maara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Rycroft ekwuola na Westphal na-asụ asụsụ isii dị ka onye obodo, isii ọzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke, na asụsụ Africa narị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ na-asụ nke ọma.<ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRycroft1992">Rycroft, David (1992). "Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)". ''African Languages and Cultures''. '''5''' (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09544169208717746|10.1080/09544169208717746]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771802 1771802].</cite></ref> Na Lisbon, Westphal tụgharịrị edemede na ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na [[Mozambique]] site n'asụsụ mbụ ha gaa na Portuguese n'aha gọọmentị Portugal, ya na Prọfesọ de Almeida rụkọtara ọrụ. A na-ekwu na akwụkwọ doctoral nke Westphal The Sentence in Venda (Mahadum nke London, 1955) dabeere kpamkpam na ihe ọ maara maka asụsụ ahụ, na-ejighị isi iyi ọzọ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ezinụlọ Westphal etinyela aka nke ukwuu na ndụ ọdịbendị nke South Africa ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. Nna nna ya, Gotthilf Ernst Westphal, dịka ọmụmaatụ, hụrụ ikike nke Sol Plaatje, onye dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mission Station na Pniel, Northern Cape, ma nye ya agụmakwụkwọ onwe ya maọbụ nke nzuzo. N'etiti ntụnye ndị ọzọ, Plaatje bụ onye guzobere na odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke African National Congress (ANC). Dị ka E.O.J. Westphal, o nwere onyinye asụsụ pụrụ iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Westphal bụkwa otu n’ime ndị guzobere SANCCOB (South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds), akụkọ nke e dere na akwụkwọ Marie Philp nke ọ kpọrọ Gregory. A tụgharịrị site n’akwụkwọ Afrikaans nke Marie Philip na Adèle Naudé: Gregory. Kaapse pikkewyn, 1971. Westphal nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ: Robin Peter, (1945-2015), Richard Geoffrey, (1948-1996), na Jonathan Westphal, amụrụ 1951. Nwunye nke abụọ nke Prọfesọ Westphal bụ Althea buuru ntụ ya si Africa gaa Zennor, Cornwall, England, ka e lie ya n'ụlọụka St Senara, mana n'ihe omume ahụ, e liri ya na Port Appin, Scotland, dị nso na Glencoe, Highland. Nkume ili ya nwere okwu a, "Ezi Nwa nke Venda". E bipụtara Festschrift mgbe ọ nwụsịrị iji sọpụrụ ya, ntụnye asụsụ Africa: nke e nyere iji sọpụrụ Ernst Westphal, nke Derek F. Gowlett dezigharịrị (Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1992). == Ndepụta Akwụkwọ E Ji Rụọ Ọrụ == * The Sentence in Venda, Mahadum nke London, London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1955. * Kwangari: An Index of Lexical Types, Mahadum nke London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1958. * The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot and Bantu Linguistic Relationships, Oxford University Press, 1963. * ''Usoro ụdaume na foto X-Ray: nyocha nke Cardinal Vowel Chart '', School of African Studies, Cape Town, 1971. * with Almeida, António de: Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/35711|title=Almeida, António de and Westphal, Ernst Oswald Johannes 19xx|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig|accessdate=1 September 2022|quote=}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} h7nciiyb9woujm1ubj2920xvpfmed53 671285 671283 2026-07-02T11:41:55Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernst Oswald Johannes Gotthard Gotthilf Westphal''' ([[Khalavha]] na Venda, South Africa, 1919 - Bredasdorp nso [[Cape Town]], South Africa), 27 Nọvemba 1990) bụ onye South Africa ma bụrụkwa ọkammụta asụsụ na ọkachamara n'asụsụ Bantu na Khoisan. Site na 1949 ruo 1962 ọ kụziri na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London . <ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:E.O.J._Westphal.jpg|thumb|Prọfesọ Ernst Westphal na Mahadum Cape Town.]] A mụrụ Ernst Westphal na Khalava na Venda, nwa nke nne na nna ndị ozi ala ọzọ Lutheran nke German. Nna ya bụ [[Gotthard Westphal]] na nna nna ya, Ernst Westphal, ya na nwunye ya Wilhelmine bụ onye nkuzi na onye nduzi nke Solomon Plaatje. Dị ka nwatakịrị, E.O.J. Westphal maara asụsụ German, [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], na Afrikaans nke ọma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa. Asụsụ mbụ ya na nke ala ya, Otú ọ dị, bụ Venda, mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, e dubara ya n'ime emume nzuzo Venda maka ụmụ okorobịa.<ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRycroft1992">Rycroft, David (1992). "Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)". ''African Languages and Cultures''. '''5''' (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09544169208717746|10.1080/09544169208717746]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771802 1771802].</cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ [[Asụsụ Zulu|Zulu]] na Southern Sotho n'okpuru Clement Martyn Doke na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1942, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ebe ahụ 1942-1947. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Asụsụ Bantu na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) na Mahadum London 1949-1962, ebe ezigbo enyi ya bụ Guy Atkins (nwanne Vera Atkins), onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta asụsụ Africa. Enyi na onye mmekọ ọzọ bụ Fenner Brockway. Westphal bụ Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ Africa na School of African studies na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa, site na 1962 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1984, a makwaara ya dị ka onye nwere ikike pịa asụsụ click nke Ndị San, Asụsụ Khoisan, nke ọ maara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Rycroft ekwuola na Westphal na-asụ asụsụ isii dị ka onye obodo, isii ọzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke, na asụsụ Africa narị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ na-asụ nke ọma.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Na Lisbon, Westphal tụgharịrị edemede na ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na [[Mozambique]] site n'asụsụ mbụ ha gaa na Portuguese n'aha gọọmentị Portugal, ya na Prọfesọ de Almeida rụkọtara ọrụ. A na-ekwu na akwụkwọ doctoral nke Westphal The Sentence in Venda (Mahadum nke London, 1955) dabeere kpamkpam na ihe ọ maara maka asụsụ ahụ, na-ejighị isi iyi ọzọ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ezinụlọ Westphal etinyela aka nke ukwuu na ndụ ọdịbendị nke South Africa ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. Nna nna ya, Gotthilf Ernst Westphal, dịka ọmụmaatụ, hụrụ ikike nke Sol Plaatje, onye dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mission Station na Pniel, Northern Cape, ma nye ya agụmakwụkwọ onwe ya maọbụ nke nzuzo. N'etiti ntụnye ndị ọzọ, Plaatje bụ onye guzobere na odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke African National Congress (ANC). Dị ka E.O.J. Westphal, o nwere onyinye asụsụ pụrụ iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Westphal bụkwa otu n’ime ndị guzobere SANCCOB (South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds), akụkọ nke e dere na akwụkwọ Marie Philp nke ọ kpọrọ Gregory. A tụgharịrị site n’akwụkwọ Afrikaans nke Marie Philip na Adèle Naudé: Gregory. Kaapse pikkewyn, 1971. Westphal nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ: Robin Peter, (1945-2015), Richard Geoffrey, (1948-1996), na Jonathan Westphal, amụrụ 1951. Nwunye nke abụọ nke Prọfesọ Westphal bụ Althea buuru ntụ ya si Africa gaa Zennor, Cornwall, England, ka e lie ya n'ụlọụka St Senara, mana n'ihe omume ahụ, e liri ya na Port Appin, Scotland, dị nso na Glencoe, Highland. Nkume ili ya nwere okwu a, "Ezi Nwa nke Venda". E bipụtara Festschrift mgbe ọ nwụsịrị iji sọpụrụ ya, ntụnye asụsụ Africa: nke e nyere iji sọpụrụ Ernst Westphal, nke Derek F. Gowlett dezigharịrị (Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1992). == Ndepụta Akwụkwọ E Ji Rụọ Ọrụ == * The Sentence in Venda, Mahadum nke London, London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1955. * Kwangari: An Index of Lexical Types, Mahadum nke London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1958. * The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot and Bantu Linguistic Relationships, Oxford University Press, 1963. * ''Usoro ụdaume na foto X-Ray: nyocha nke Cardinal Vowel Chart '', School of African Studies, Cape Town, 1971. * with Almeida, António de: Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/35711|title=Almeida, António de and Westphal, Ernst Oswald Johannes 19xx|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig|accessdate=1 September 2022|quote=}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 9u2d8wcq5n80en139fuir18m7hfye4n 671287 671285 2026-07-02T11:42:18Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernst Oswald Johannes Gotthard Gotthilf Westphal''' ([[Khalavha]] na Venda, South Africa, 1919 - Bredasdorp nso [[Cape Town]], South Africa), 27 Nọvemba 1990) bụ onye South Africa ma bụrụkwa ọkammụta asụsụ na ọkachamara n'asụsụ Bantu na Khoisan. Site na 1949 ruo 1962 ọ kụziri na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London . <ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:E.O.J._Westphal.jpg|thumb|Prọfesọ Ernst Westphal na Mahadum Cape Town.]] A mụrụ Ernst Westphal na Khalava na Venda, nwa nke nne na nna ndị ozi ala ọzọ Lutheran nke German. Nna ya bụ [[Gotthard Westphal]] na nna nna ya, Ernst Westphal, ya na nwunye ya Wilhelmine bụ onye nkuzi na onye nduzi nke Solomon Plaatje. Dị ka nwatakịrị, E.O.J. Westphal maara asụsụ German, [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], na Afrikaans nke ọma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa. Asụsụ mbụ ya na nke ala ya, Otú ọ dị, bụ Venda, mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, e dubara ya n'ime emume nzuzo Venda maka ụmụ okorobịa.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ọ gụrụ [[Asụsụ Zulu|Zulu]] na Southern Sotho n'okpuru Clement Martyn Doke na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1942, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ebe ahụ 1942-1947. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Asụsụ Bantu na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) na Mahadum London 1949-1962, ebe ezigbo enyi ya bụ Guy Atkins (nwanne Vera Atkins), onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta asụsụ Africa. Enyi na onye mmekọ ọzọ bụ Fenner Brockway. Westphal bụ Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ Africa na School of African studies na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa, site na 1962 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1984, a makwaara ya dị ka onye nwere ikike pịa asụsụ click nke Ndị San, Asụsụ Khoisan, nke ọ maara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Rycroft ekwuola na Westphal na-asụ asụsụ isii dị ka onye obodo, isii ọzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke, na asụsụ Africa narị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ na-asụ nke ọma.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Na Lisbon, Westphal tụgharịrị edemede na ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na [[Mozambique]] site n'asụsụ mbụ ha gaa na Portuguese n'aha gọọmentị Portugal, ya na Prọfesọ de Almeida rụkọtara ọrụ. A na-ekwu na akwụkwọ doctoral nke Westphal The Sentence in Venda (Mahadum nke London, 1955) dabeere kpamkpam na ihe ọ maara maka asụsụ ahụ, na-ejighị isi iyi ọzọ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ezinụlọ Westphal etinyela aka nke ukwuu na ndụ ọdịbendị nke South Africa ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. Nna nna ya, Gotthilf Ernst Westphal, dịka ọmụmaatụ, hụrụ ikike nke Sol Plaatje, onye dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mission Station na Pniel, Northern Cape, ma nye ya agụmakwụkwọ onwe ya maọbụ nke nzuzo. N'etiti ntụnye ndị ọzọ, Plaatje bụ onye guzobere na odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke African National Congress (ANC). Dị ka E.O.J. Westphal, o nwere onyinye asụsụ pụrụ iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Westphal bụkwa otu n’ime ndị guzobere SANCCOB (South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds), akụkọ nke e dere na akwụkwọ Marie Philp nke ọ kpọrọ Gregory. A tụgharịrị site n’akwụkwọ Afrikaans nke Marie Philip na Adèle Naudé: Gregory. Kaapse pikkewyn, 1971. Westphal nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ: Robin Peter, (1945-2015), Richard Geoffrey, (1948-1996), na Jonathan Westphal, amụrụ 1951. Nwunye nke abụọ nke Prọfesọ Westphal bụ Althea buuru ntụ ya si Africa gaa Zennor, Cornwall, England, ka e lie ya n'ụlọụka St Senara, mana n'ihe omume ahụ, e liri ya na Port Appin, Scotland, dị nso na Glencoe, Highland. Nkume ili ya nwere okwu a, "Ezi Nwa nke Venda". E bipụtara Festschrift mgbe ọ nwụsịrị iji sọpụrụ ya, ntụnye asụsụ Africa: nke e nyere iji sọpụrụ Ernst Westphal, nke Derek F. Gowlett dezigharịrị (Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1992). == Ndepụta Akwụkwọ E Ji Rụọ Ọrụ == * The Sentence in Venda, Mahadum nke London, London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1955. * Kwangari: An Index of Lexical Types, Mahadum nke London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1958. * The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot and Bantu Linguistic Relationships, Oxford University Press, 1963. * ''Usoro ụdaume na foto X-Ray: nyocha nke Cardinal Vowel Chart '', School of African Studies, Cape Town, 1971. * with Almeida, António de: Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/35711|title=Almeida, António de and Westphal, Ernst Oswald Johannes 19xx|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig|accessdate=1 September 2022|quote=}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ja3teuydtbrdijbtn9zpd2f7budi4fq 671288 671287 2026-07-02T11:42:42Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernst Oswald Johannes Gotthard Gotthilf Westphal''' (Khalavha na Venda, South Africa, 1919 - Bredasdorp nso [[Cape Town]], South Africa), 27 Nọvemba 1990) bụ onye South Africa ma bụrụkwa ọkammụta asụsụ na ọkachamara n'asụsụ Bantu na Khoisan. Site na 1949 ruo 1962 ọ kụziri na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London . <ref name="Rycroft">{{Cite journal|author=Rycroft|first=David|date=1992|title=Professor Ernest Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919-1990)|journal=African Languages and Cultures|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09544169208717746}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:E.O.J._Westphal.jpg|thumb|Prọfesọ Ernst Westphal na Mahadum Cape Town.]] A mụrụ Ernst Westphal na Khalava na Venda, nwa nke nne na nna ndị ozi ala ọzọ Lutheran nke German. Nna ya bụ Gotthard Westphal na nna nna ya, Ernst Westphal, ya na nwunye ya Wilhelmine bụ onye nkuzi na onye nduzi nke Solomon Plaatje. Dị ka nwatakịrị, E.O.J. Westphal maara asụsụ German, [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], na Afrikaans nke ọma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa. Asụsụ mbụ ya na nke ala ya, Otú ọ dị, bụ Venda, mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, e dubara ya n'ime emume nzuzo Venda maka ụmụ okorobịa.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ọ gụrụ [[Asụsụ Zulu|Zulu]] na Southern Sotho n'okpuru Clement Martyn Doke na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1942, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ebe ahụ 1942-1947. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Asụsụ Bantu na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) na Mahadum London 1949-1962, ebe ezigbo enyi ya bụ Guy Atkins (nwanne Vera Atkins), onye bụkwa ọkà mmụta asụsụ Africa. Enyi na onye mmekọ ọzọ bụ Fenner Brockway. Westphal bụ Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ Africa na School of African studies na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa, site na 1962 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1984, a makwaara ya dị ka onye nwere ikike pịa asụsụ click nke Ndị San, Asụsụ Khoisan, nke ọ maara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Rycroft ekwuola na Westphal na-asụ asụsụ isii dị ka onye obodo, isii ọzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke, na asụsụ Africa narị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ na-asụ nke ọma.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Na Lisbon, Westphal tụgharịrị edemede na ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na [[Mozambique]] site n'asụsụ mbụ ha gaa na Portuguese n'aha gọọmentị Portugal, ya na Prọfesọ de Almeida rụkọtara ọrụ. A na-ekwu na akwụkwọ doctoral nke Westphal The Sentence in Venda (Mahadum nke London, 1955) dabeere kpamkpam na ihe ọ maara maka asụsụ ahụ, na-ejighị isi iyi ọzọ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Ezinụlọ Westphal etinyela aka nke ukwuu na ndụ ọdịbendị nke South Africa ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. Nna nna ya, Gotthilf Ernst Westphal, dịka ọmụmaatụ, hụrụ ikike nke Sol Plaatje, onye dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mission Station na Pniel, Northern Cape, ma nye ya agụmakwụkwọ onwe ya maọbụ nke nzuzo. N'etiti ntụnye ndị ọzọ, Plaatje bụ onye guzobere na odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke African National Congress (ANC). Dị ka E.O.J. Westphal, o nwere onyinye asụsụ pụrụ iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="Rycroft" /> Westphal bụkwa otu n’ime ndị guzobere SANCCOB (South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds), akụkọ nke e dere na akwụkwọ Marie Philp nke ọ kpọrọ Gregory. A tụgharịrị site n’akwụkwọ Afrikaans nke Marie Philip na Adèle Naudé: Gregory. Kaapse pikkewyn, 1971. Westphal nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ: Robin Peter, (1945-2015), Richard Geoffrey, (1948-1996), na Jonathan Westphal, amụrụ 1951. Nwunye nke abụọ nke Prọfesọ Westphal bụ Althea buuru ntụ ya si Africa gaa Zennor, Cornwall, England, ka e lie ya n'ụlọụka St Senara, mana n'ihe omume ahụ, e liri ya na Port Appin, Scotland, dị nso na Glencoe, Highland. Nkume ili ya nwere okwu a, "Ezi Nwa nke Venda". E bipụtara Festschrift mgbe ọ nwụsịrị iji sọpụrụ ya, ntụnye asụsụ Africa: nke e nyere iji sọpụrụ Ernst Westphal, nke Derek F. Gowlett dezigharịrị (Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1992). == Ndepụta Akwụkwọ E Ji Rụọ Ọrụ == * The Sentence in Venda, Mahadum nke London, London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1955. * Kwangari: An Index of Lexical Types, Mahadum nke London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1958. * The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot and Bantu Linguistic Relationships, Oxford University Press, 1963. * ''Usoro ụdaume na foto X-Ray: nyocha nke Cardinal Vowel Chart '', School of African Studies, Cape Town, 1971. * with Almeida, António de: Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke Angola.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/35711|title=Almeida, António de and Westphal, Ernst Oswald Johannes 19xx|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig|accessdate=1 September 2022|quote=}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} a6vxzkalylvpxmtcl7j21obr1vjeqwd Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 0 72736 670920 595954 2026-07-01T22:24:09Z Timzy D'Great 12485 670920 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jewish Palestinian Aramaic bụ asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu na-asụ n'oge Oge Ochie na Judia na Levant, ọkachasị na Hasmonean, Herodian na Roman Judia na ala ndị dị ya nso na ngwụcha narị afọ nke mbụ TOA, na mgbe e mesịrị na Siria Palaestina na Palaestina Secunda na mmalite narị afọ nke mbụ OA. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a Galilean Aramaic mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na okwu ahụ na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na olu asụsụ Galilean ya. <ref name="Fassberg">{{Cite journal|author=Fassberg|first=Steven E.|date=2021-02-24|title=Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: Chronology, Geography, and Typology|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/arst/19/1/article-p5_2.xml|journal=Aramaic Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1163/17455227-bja10015|issn=1477-8351}}</ref> Ihe odide kachasị pụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Aramaic nke ndị Juu dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ bụ Jerusalem Talmud, nke a ka na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukperechi ndị Juu na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị n'ọtụtụ ebe dịka Talmud nke ndị Babilọn, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka e dere n'asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọkachasị Megillat Taanit: Talmud nke Babilọn nwere okwu ndị e kwuru mgbe ụfọdụ site na ha. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ 4Q246, nke dị na Qumran, ka e dere n'asụsụ a kwa.. A na-ede Targum na ihe odide ndị yiri ya n'asụsụ Late Jewish Literary Aramaic . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaufman|first=Stephen A.|date=2013|title=The Dialectology of Late Jewish Literary Aramaic|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/arst/11/2/article-p145_5.xml|journal=Aramaic Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=145–148|doi=10.1163/17455227-13110206|issn=1477-8351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Litke|first=Andrew W.|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/isbn/9789004393752/html?srsltid=AfmBOooOD-nC9OSfv6SuSzO8Mx0xHZ7kLD1sznCz6wHvd6EfcAcl0WYi|title=Targum Song of Songs and Late Jewish Literary Aramaic: Language, Lexicon, Text, and Translation|date=2019-02-19|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-39375-2|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkwa ikpeazụ nke asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu Palestine.<ref name="Fassberg" /> E nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche n'asụsụ dị n'etiti Judia na Galili, ọtụtụ ederede ndị dị ugbu a dị n'[[Asụsụ Galili]]. Michael Sokoloff ebipụtala akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị iche iche nke asụsụ abụọ ahụ. Asụsụ Galili nke Aramaic nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Jizọs na-asụ.<ref name="NPR2">{{Cite web|date=25 February 2004|title='Passion' Stirs Interest in Aramaic|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1697899|accessdate=3 September 2011|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|quote=Jesus would have spoken the local dialect, referred to by scholars as Galilean Aramaic, which was the form common to that region, Amar says.}}</ref> A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya [[Arabic]] Western Aramaic nke ndị Juu mgbe ndị Alakụba meriri Lvant na narị afọ nke asaa. == Asụsụ == === Orthography === י, ו, א, ה na-egosi ụdaume. A na-ejikwa iji iji dochie anya otu okwu ha n'etiti okwu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1924|pages=11|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide ihe atụ == {| class="wikitable" |+ !JPA<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Sokoloff|first=Michael|title=A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period|year=2002|isbn=965-226-101-7|edition=2nd|location=Israel|pages=33|language=en}}</ref> !Bekee<ref name=":0" /> |- |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'oge na-adịghị anya |Nwa nwanyị nke otu nwoke dị mkpa n'ebe ahụ |- |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe n'oge ahụ ka a na - na - na-eme ka a na |Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka onye na-eru uju rie nri site na ya |- |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-achị achị |Enweghị aka ma ọ bụ inwe aka ọzọ |} == Hụkwa == * Ndị Kraịst Palestine Aramaic * Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Babilọn * Asụsụ Mandaic * Asụsụ Sameria * Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Neo-Aramaic == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   6urtn2xu2hudap4cmbwnwi9ij1xo4ri Love Don't Cost a Dime 0 73122 670904 655894 2026-07-01T21:26:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Love Don't Cost a Dime | cover = | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Magixx (singer)|Magixx]] | EP = Magixx | released = 24 September 2021 | recorded = {{nowrap|At Mavin Studios}}, {{small| {{nowrap|[[Lekki]], [[Lagos]]}}, {{nowrap|Nigeria}}}} | genre = {{hlist|[[contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[alté]]|[[afropop]]}} | length = {{duration|m=3|s=25}} | label = [[Mavin Records|Mavin]] | writer = Adelabu Alexander Adewunmi | producer = Lomon | next_title = Chocolate | next_year = 2022 | misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|vXfR-uiltvI|"Love Don't Cost A Dime"}} | type = song }} | format = }} "Love Don't Cost a Dime" bụ egwu nke onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ na Naịjirịa bụ Magixx, sitere na egwu mbụ ya bụ EP Magixx. Mavin Records wepụtara ya dịka egwu otu ugboro n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2021. Magixx dere egwu a, Lomon mekwara ya. E wepụtara ụdị egwu ọhụrụ nke akpọrọ "Love Don't Cost a Dime (Re-Up)" nke onye na-abụ abụ Naịjirịa bụ Ayra Starr wepụtara dịka egwu otu ugboro n'afọ 2022. <ref name="The Culture Custodian" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == ''Magixx'' bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na nkwekọ mbipụta egwu na Mavin Records na 23 Septemba 2021, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Jazzy unveils new Mavin artiste, Magixx|url=https://punchng.com/don-jazzy-unveils-new-mavin-artiste-magixx/|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=23 September 2021}}</ref> otu ụbọchị tupu ntọhapụ nke ọrụ ya bụ Magixx. <ref name="BellaNaija" /> ""Love Don't Cost a Dime", egwu mbụ na EP, bụ otu n'ime egwu ndị o dere. Lomon mere ihe nkiri ahụ, na Mavin Studios dị na Lekki, Lagos. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Bambo Ojo, onye dere egwu maka The Culture Custodian, Magixx kwuru maka okike egwu ahụ, wee sị: "Abụ ahụ bụ naanị ihe na-akpali akpali. Ọ bụghị ihe m na-enwe n'oge ahụ kpaliri ya, kama ọ dabere na ahụmịhe gara aga. " Na 16 Ọktoba 2021, Glitch Africa wepụtara ihe ngosi nke "Love Don't Cost a Dime ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ojo|first=Bambo|title=Interview: Magixx on Music Journey, signing to Mavin & self-titled EP|url=https://culturecustodian.com/interview-magixx-on-music-journey-signing-to-mavin-self-titled-ep/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Magixx Performs 'Love Don't Cost a Dime' Live for Glitch Africa {{!}} WATCH|url=https://notjustok.com/videos/magixx-live-for-glitch-africa-video/|work=NotjustOk|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=17 October 2021}}</ref> == Nnakwere na arụmọrụ azụmahịa == Ndị na-akatọ egwu maka The Native kewara "Love Don't Cost a Dime" dị ka ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị kachasị egwu na egwuregwu a na-akpọ aha, n'oge echiche mbụ ha banyere ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our first impressions of Magixx's self-titled debut EP|url=https://thenativemag.com/first-impressions-magixx/|work=The NATIVE|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=27 September 2021}}</ref> N'ime nyocha maka Pulse Nigeria, onye na-enyocha egwu Motolani Alake kọwara "Love Don't Cost a Dime" dị ka "abụ kachasị mma na EP. " Na 25 Ọktoba 2021, abụ ahụ malitere na ọnụọgụ 22 na chaatị TurnTable Top 50; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hello Magixx, you're welcome [Pulse EP Review]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-magixx-magixx-ep/9lf627d#:~:text=A%20story%20for%20another%20day,influences%20of%20his%20formative%20years.|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=5 April 2022|language=en-EN|date=27 September 2021}}</ref> ọ malitekwara na chaatụ Turntable Top 50 Airplay na ọnụọụọgụ 46 na 23 Ọktobi 2021 wee ruo na ọnụọnụ 15, na 27 Ọktobe 2021.Egwú ahụ malitere na ọnụọgụ 30 na chaatị <nowiki><i id="mwOw">Billboard</i></nowiki> U.S. Afrobeats Songs, ma tinye ya na ndepụta nke Culture Custodian nke "5 egwu iji gbakwunye na listi egwu gị" na Septemba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Omo|first=Imade|title=New Music Friday: 5 Songs to add to your playlist|url=https://culturecustodian.com/new-music-friday-5-songs-to-add-to-your-playlist/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Na 12 Febụwarị 2022, "Love Don't Cost a Dime (Re-Up) ", nke gosipụtara [[Ayra Starr]], malitere na 27 na chaatị TurnTable Top 50 wee ruo n'ọkwa 8 na 28 Machị 2022. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, ọ malitere na chaatị Turntable Top 50 Airplay na nọmba 15 wee ruo n'ọkwa nke anọ, n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwarị afọ 2022.<ref name="Turntable Top 50 Airplay Chart">{{Cite web|title=Turntable Top 50 Airplay Chart|url=https://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Airplay|work=Turntable Charts|accessdate=5 April 2022|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131835/http://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Airplay}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Turntable Charts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere na ọnụọgụ 41 na chaatị Turntable Top 50 Streaming Songs na 2 Machị 2022, wee ruo n'ọkwa 14 na 23 Machị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turntable Top 50 Streaming Songs|url=https://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Streaming|work=Turntable Charts|accessdate=5 April 2022|language=en|archivedate=31 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331034656/https://www.turntablecharts.com/Charts/Streaming}}</ref> Ọ malitere na chaatị Turntable Top Triller Nigeria na nọmba 14 na 23 Febụwarị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turntable Top Triller chart Nigeria|url=https://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Triller|work=Turntable Charts|accessdate=5 April 2022|language=en|archivedate=17 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417204151/http://turntablecharts.com/Charts/Triller}}</ref> Egwú ahụ malitere na UK Afrobeats Singles Chart na nọmba 20 na 13 Machị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Afrobeats Chart Top 20|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/20220313/afrobeat/|work=www.officialcharts.com|accessdate=5 April 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, "Love Don't Cost a Dime (Re-Up) " enwetala nde iyi 4.6 na Boomplay. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, ọ malitere na TurnTable Top 100 ọhụrụ, mmụba nke chaatị Top 50, na nọmba 33.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TurnTable Nigeria Top 100|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/1|work=www.turntablecharts.com|publisher=TurnTable|accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, mgbe e bidoro na mbụ nke chaatị egwu Top Afro-R&B nke Nigeria, "Love Don't Cost a Dime (Re-Up) " pụtara na nọmba 1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TurnTable Top Afro-R&B Songs|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/7|work=turntablecharts.com/|publisher=TurnTable|accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, ọ malitere na chaatị TurnTable Top Streaming Songs nke a malitere ọhụrụ, mgbasawanye nke chaatị Top 50 Streaming Songs, na nọmba 37, wee malite na chaatụ TurnTableTop Radio Songs nke a na-amalite ọhụrụ, mgbasa nke chaatụ Top 50 Airplay, na nọmba 33.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TurnTable Top Streaming Songs|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/3|work=www.turntablecharts.com|accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TurnTable Top Radio Songs|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/4|work=www.turntablecharts.com|accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref> == Vidio egwu == Vidio egwu maka "Love Don't Cost a Dime" bụ nke Director K <ref name="BellaNaija">{{Cite web|title=Mavin Records' New Artiste Magixx Debuts New EP "Magixx"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/09/magixx-new-ep-magixx/|work=BellaNaija|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=24 September 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/09/magixx-new-ep-magixx/ "Mavin Records' New Artiste Magixx Debuts New EP "Magixx""]. ''BellaNaija''. 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> duziri maka PriorGold Pictures, a tọhapụrụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ dị ka EP. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, ọ gafere nde mmadụ iri na asaa na YouTube. == Nsụgharị == * 2021: "Ịhụnanya anaghị efu ego" * 2022: "Ịhụnanya anaghị efu Dime (Re-Up) " (ya na [[Ayra Starr]]) - 2:27<ref name="The Culture Custodian">{{Cite web|title=Magixx Taps Ayra Starr For 'Love Don't Cost A Dime' Remix|url=https://culturecustodian.com/magixx-taps-ayra-starr-for-love-dont-cost-a-dime-remix/|work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)|accessdate=5 April 2022|date=9 February 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://culturecustodian.com/magixx-taps-ayra-starr-for-love-dont-cost-a-dime-remix/ "Magixx Taps Ayra Starr For 'Love Don't Cost A Dime' Remix"]. ''The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)''. 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Chaatị == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu maka "Ịhụnanya anaghị efu ego" ! scope="col" |Chart (2021) ! scope="col" |Ebe kachasị elu<br /> |- ! scope="row" |Naịjirịa [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]TurnTable_Top_50_chart" id="mwjw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="TurnTable Top 50 chart">TurnTable Top 50 chaatị (TurnTable) |22 |- ! scope="row" |Nigeria ''TurnTable'' Top 50 Airplay (TurnTable) |46 |- ! scope="row" |US Afrobeats Songs (''Billboard'') |30 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu maka "Ịhụnanya anaghị efu Dime (Re-Up) " ! scope="col" |Chart (2022) ! scope="col" |Ebe kachasị elu<br /> |- ! scope="row" |Nigeria [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]TurnTable_Top_100" id="mwpw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="TurnTable Top 100">TurnTable Top 100 (TurnTable) |33 |- ! scope="row" |Naịjirịa [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]TurnTable_Top_50_chart" id="mwrQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="TurnTable Top 50 chart">TurnTable Top 50 chaatị (TurnTable) |27 |- ! scope="row" |Naịjirịa Top Afro-R&B Songs (''TurnTable'') |1 |- ! scope="row" |Nigeria ''TurnTable'' Top 50 Airplay (TurnTable) |15 |- ! scope="row" |Naịjirịa Top 50 Streaming Songs (''TurnTable'') |41 |- ! scope="row" |Top Triller chart Nigeria (''TurnTable'') |14 |-{{single chart|UKafrobeats|11|date=20220508|rowheader=true|access-date=3 December 2024|refname=UKafro}} |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 4uwsjpy6k1gszg57j04goyra2o2unhu Enawene Nawe 0 73167 671197 596897 2026-07-02T10:55:06Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkọta */ 671197 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2020-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2014">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2014). [https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf "A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2020-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2014">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2014). [https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf "A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2018">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2018). [https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 "A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;The participatory documentation: the case of the Paresi-Haliti and Enawene Nawe languages&#x5D; (in Portuguese). p.&nbsp;101. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 Archived] from the original on 2019-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t48hdbpr7btg1v5ai59i9o2dj822t4u 671198 671197 2026-07-02T10:55:29Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkọta */ 671198 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2020-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2014">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2014). [https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf "A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2018">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2018). [https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 "A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;The participatory documentation: the case of the Paresi-Haliti and Enawene Nawe languages&#x5D; (in Portuguese). p.&nbsp;101. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 Archived] from the original on 2019-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qapuyqgyhh96btjunofrmdojxivqhfk 671199 671198 2026-07-02T10:56:20Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkọta */ 671199 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrandão2018">Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2018). [https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 "A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;The participatory documentation: the case of the Paresi-Haliti and Enawene Nawe languages&#x5D; (in Portuguese). p.&nbsp;101. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380 Archived] from the original on 2019-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5syb3xl7xf4jnzwttwrz6zbi0bpor1x 671200 671199 2026-07-02T10:59:52Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Aha nnọchiaha */ 671200 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5vqovkxa0hxk95g131koq0eqxpblodg 671202 671200 2026-07-02T11:01:05Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụ okwu okike */ 671202 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 63qsuxy2ckey03m10wp1c2qw0mwb3ls 671203 671202 2026-07-02T11:01:40Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnụ ọgụgụ */ 671203 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] noekkaza99kbot457on0zvdsg1bum0p 671206 671203 2026-07-02T11:02:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnụ ọgụgụ */ 671206 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref>   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9jgsfa42q0k3q972x07itxotc2orrzs 671207 671206 2026-07-02T11:02:34Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụedemede */ 671207 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ajxs8nd4bf1il58yojbpiagptyfa7qr 671210 671207 2026-07-02T11:03:00Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụ okwu */ 671210 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n9j5lp3sjpi6zfsl5ye5wxsn58r52q9 671211 671210 2026-07-02T11:03:25Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụ okwu */ 671211 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|last=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZorthêa2006">Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). [http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe"] &#x5B;Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j86svudn00ru7h21y48jwqyqrbiovz5 671213 671211 2026-07-02T11:03:59Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkọta */ 671213 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006" /> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e7k107abafus5afyoex4x5v45c73cbg 671215 671213 2026-07-02T11:05:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ebe a na-etinye ya */ 671215 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006" /> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gkfrd2qsnjjr42qxwlmqf0senly9plz 671218 671215 2026-07-02T11:05:32Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụ okwu okike */ 671218 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006" /> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|author=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Almeida2015">de Almeida, Juliana (2015). [https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos"] &#x5B;Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015" /> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p1tcw5s9r26pxh5o98xxmsmryvwhut1 671220 671218 2026-07-02T11:05:51Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mkpụrụ okwu okike */ 671220 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Mato Grosso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Enawene Nawe people|Ndị Enawene Nawe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * Southern ** [[Paresi–Waura languages|Paresi-Xingu]]? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006" /> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015" /> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015" /> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jlt5q1rhoc2lzt1t37ysgjk6dlksyt0 671222 671220 2026-07-02T11:06:45Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671222 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Enawene Nawe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Enawené-Nawé-language text">''Salumã''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Mato Grosso |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ndị Enawene Nawe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |570 (2014)<ref name="Brandao2014">{{cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|last=Brandão|title=A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)|url=https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|pages=6–7|year=2014|access-date=2021-01-21|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130004720/https://amerindias.github.io/referencias/bra14referencegrammarparesi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">Ezinụlọ asụsụ</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">Arawak * Southern ** Paresi-Xingu? *** Paresi- **** '''Enawene Nawe'''? Enawene Nawe   </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">ISO 639-3</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:unk|unk]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''Glottolog'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enaw1238 enaw1238]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |ELP | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/2054 Enawené-Nawé] |} '''Enawene Nawe''' (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), nke a makwaara dị ka '''{{Lang|unk|Salumã}}''', bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Brazil]] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 bi na mpaghara mmiri Juruena na-asụ, na kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Iquê na steeti Mato Grosso. == Nchịkọta == Aikhenvald (1999) Na-akpọ Enewene Nawe asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Arawak nke Ndịda yana Terena, Lapachu na Moxo .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> .<ref name="Brandao2014" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke nnọchiaha onwe onye n'etiti Paresi na Enawene Nawe<ref name="Brandao2018">{{Cite web|first=Ana Paula Barros|author=Brandão|title=A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe|language=pt|url=https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380|year=2018|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2019-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033848/https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/moara/article/download/6815/5380}}</ref> !Onye !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |1SG |natyo |A mụrụ ya |- |2SG |hitso |nwa |- |3SG |Eze |tpu mgbe ahụ |- |1PL |witso |wixo |- |2PL |xitso |dexo |- |3PL |Ezenae |erenaha |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ <ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006">{{Cite web|first=Kátia Silene|author=Zorthêa|title=Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe|url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf|publisher=Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso|language=pt|year=2006|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512224303/http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Azorthea-2006/zorthea_2006_daraiti.pdf}}</ref> !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |otu |hatita |xoxola |- |abụọ |hinama |mmalite |- |atọ |hanama |koytala |- |anọ |zalakakoa |noxi |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ọzọ<ref name="Brandao2014" /><ref name="Zorthea2006" /> !Okwu !Paresi !Enawene Nawe |- |ka ọ daa |ezoa |edoa |- |ọsụsọ |ịnyịnya ibu, Mali |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi ala |- |ihe ọṅụṅụ |oge, tera |ọdịda anyanwụ |- |ọka |kozeto |korito |- |anya |zotse |edose |- |ụlọ |hati, hana |hakolo |- |nnụnụ |Oloo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |abalị |maka |Mikya |- |nkume |Tsehali |Sairi |- |nwanne nna |koko |kokore |- |ilu |katyala |Katal |- |basketball |Kwo |tohe |- |ịsa ahụ |koha |Oge Anyị Na-eme |- |na-abịa |kaoka |takwa |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume 15 dị iche iche.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nchịkọta ụdaume ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Mgbe alv. /Obodo<br />Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨kw⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨t⟩ |Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ⟨ky⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨k⟩ | |- !voiced | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨d⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ⟨m⟩ |n'ihi ya⟨n⟩ |Nkọwa⟨ñ⟩ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na⟨r⟩ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |SINA⟨s⟩ |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa⟨x⟩ | |__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨h⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨w⟩ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨l⟩ |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị⟨y⟩ | | |} N'etiti ndị a, a na-akọ ọdịiche dị iche iche na-esonụ: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /><ref name="Almeida2015">{{Cite web|first=Juliana|last=de Almeida|title=Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos|language=pt|url=https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf|publisher=Universidade federal do Amazonas|year=2015|accessdate=2021-01-21|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045724/https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4828/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Juliana%20de%20Almeida.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mgbanwe nke ụdaume ! colspan="2" |Ụdị !Ihe Nlereanya |- |⟨w⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [w] na [b] na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu n'ihu ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/i/}} |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|wesera}} "to drink": {{IPA|[weseɾa~beseɾa]}} *{{angbr|wera}} "itch": {{IPA|[weɾa~beɾa]}}}} |- |⟨m⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [m] na [w] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datamare}} "(mythical character)": {{IPA|[datamaɾe~datawaɾe]}} *{{angbr|Alame}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[alame~alawe]}}}} |- |⟨d⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [d], [s], [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|datowa}} "tomorrow": {{IPA|[datowa~latowa]}} *{{angbr|derohi}} "ritual step": {{IPA|[deɾohi~leɾohi]}} *{{angbr|edoa}} "to fall": {{IPA|[edoa~eɾoa]}}}} |- |⟨r⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [ɾ] na [l] |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|Kawari}} "(proper noun)": {{IPA|[kawaɾi~kawali]}} *{{angbr|korito}} "corn": {{IPA|[koɾito~kolito]}}}} |- |⟨k⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [k] na [g] n'etiti ụdaume |"M na-eche": [⟨nawenekota⟩~nawenegota] |- |⟨ky⟩ |dị iche n'etiti na n'etiti ụdaume | |- |⟨t⟩ |dị iche n'etiti [t] na [d] n'etiti ụdaume |{{Plainlist|*{{angbr|atana}} "thunder": {{IPA|[atana~adana]}} *{{angbr|meta}} "tickle": {{IPA|[meta~meda]}}}} |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ọnụ 4 na ụdaume imi 4.<ref name="Zorthea2006" />   == Asụsụ == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="white-space: pre;" |Ndị nnọchiaha onwe ha <ref name="Brandao2018" /> !Onye !Otu !Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |A mụrụ ya |wixo |- |Nke abụọ |nwa |dexo |- |Nke atọ |tupu mgbe ahụ |erenaha |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Nọmba iri na otu mbụ na Enawene Nawe bụ ndị a: <ref name="Zorthea2006" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Enawene Nawe |- |1 |xoxola |- |2 |mmalite |- |3 |koytala |- |4 |noxi |- |5 |Eze, ugboro ugboro Ogologo oge |- |6 |lolokwate |- |7 |Lolate |- |8 |hoxiro |- |9 |mamalakari |- |10 |ketera |- |11 |darayti |} Zorthêa (2006) na-ekwu na ọnụọgụ niile ma e wezụga initini (2) na monarese (5) nwere ike ibute ụzọ ma soro ya.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === Enawene Nawe na-eji ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na prefixes iji nweta nkọwa dị iche iche site na okwu mgbọrọgwụ. ==== Mkpụrụ okwu okike ==== Zorthêa (2006) kọwara Enawene Nawe dị ka onye nwere nsonaazụ abụọ iji gosi okike n'ụzọ doro anya: ''-lo'' maka okike nwanyị na ''-re'' maka nwoke.<ref name="Zorthea2006" /> De Almeida (2015), Otú ọ dị, na-ekwu na anọ suffixes: ''-nero'' na ''-lo'' na-egosi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ebe ''-nere'' na ''-li'' na-egosi nwanyị.<ref name="Almeida2015" /> Ihe atụ sitere na de Almeida (2015): <ref name="Almeida2015" /> * Towalinero "nwanyi Towali" * ''Towali'''Nere''''' "nwoke Towali" * ''Iyakaloti'' "mmụọ nwanyị" * ''Iyakaliti'' "mmụọ nwoke" ==== Ebe a na-etinye ya ==== A na-eji nsonaazụ ''-kwa'' eme ihe iji gosi ebe ma na-ahụkarị ya na aha obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Enawene Nawe ''''matokoda'''' sitere na matokoda, nke pụtara "ihe na-ebu mmiri", na ''-kwa'' "ebe".<ref name="Almeida2015" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 04qu0cteo446dq0ar6yi5l7w4842gru Stella Nkoro 0 73366 670878 597228 2026-07-01T19:35:21Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 670878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Stella Nkoro | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Ikom]] II | preceded = [[Simon Nkoro]] | nationality = [[Nigerian]] | occupation = Politician | spouse = [[Simon Nkoro]] | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) }} '''Stella Nkoro''' bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye jere ozi dịka onye nnọchite anya mpaghara Ikom II steeti n'ụlọ omebe iwu steeti Cross River. Mgbe di ya, Simon Nkoro nwụsịrị, oche ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo, nke butere ntuli aka n'afọ 2018. Stella Nkoro bụ naanị onye ga-azọ ntuliaka ahụ, nọchite anya Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), e mesịkwara kwupụta na ọ bụ onye mmeri dịka Akụkụ 41 nke Iwu Nhọrọ nke 2010 (dị ka edezigharịrị). Site na nhọpụta ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nke abụọ iji mejupụta oche di ya nwụrụ anwụ na Cross River Steeti House of Assembly. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=The Eagle|date=2018-12-03|title=Another wife replaces late husband in Cross River Assembly {{!}}|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/another-wife-replaces-late-husband-in-cross-river-assembly/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=punchng|date=2018-11-09|title=Widow wins husband’s legislative seat before election|url=https://punchng.com/widow-wins-husbands-legislative-seat-before-election/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-03|title=Another wife replaces late husband in Cross River Assembly - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/another-wife-replaces-late-husband-in-cross-river-assembly/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wife replaces late husband in Cross River Assembly|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/298917-wife-replaces-late-husband-in-cross-river-assembly.html|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa== [[Otú:Ȯra Cross River]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q73sdsgpvukiwhw6e9vht3n66r9pgid John Moorfield 0 73443 671157 597358 2026-07-02T10:39:25Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671157 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111645/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away "Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away"]. ''Te Karere''. 20 May 2018. Archived from [https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away the original] on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111645/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away "Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away"]. ''Te Karere''. 20 May 2018. Archived from [https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away the original] on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tjtfn7f30emqkn02gft63uxxyi1aqg5 671165 671157 2026-07-02T10:41:30Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671165 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere" /><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111645/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away "Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away"]. ''Te Karere''. 20 May 2018. Archived from [https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away the original] on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i4l29b48g91jtvfmtbxnpsqc2ckox52 671167 671165 2026-07-02T10:42:14Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671167 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere" /><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere" /> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oipjwmuyge0012fxwsntd7wojzhy4xi 671168 671167 2026-07-02T10:42:46Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671168 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato" /> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere" /><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere" /> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ol5b43a72928uew4dvz1axj251nfr8c 671171 671168 2026-07-02T10:43:22Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671171 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato" /> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato" /> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere" /><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources "Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources"]. University of Waikato. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere" /> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] agn50lv41uk4qaysydsonzcixudw5nn 671173 671171 2026-07-02T10:45:24Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 671173 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''John Cornelius Moorfield''' QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori. Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Te Karere">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .<ref name="Te Karere" /> Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori. <ref name="Waikato">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori. N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&context=L&vid=DUNEDIN&search_scope=Catalogue&tab=library_catalogue&lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . <ref name="Waikato" /> A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.<ref name="Waikato" /> N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Waikato" /> A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.<ref name="Te Karere" /><ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="GG" /> Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.<ref name="Waikato" /><ref name="Otago">{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.<ref name="Otago" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="AUT">{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori & indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan. N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara "The Vine"), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.<ref name="Te_Aka">{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}</ref> Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.<ref name="Death notice" /><ref name="Te Karere" /> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}} == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 150ik2ti30j7gztr2g6q9fee9puqjng Georgette Brenez 0 73505 670974 597463 2026-07-02T01:18:56Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya */ fixed reference errors 670974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Georgette Brenez | image = | office = [[Parliament of Wallonia|Member of the Walloon Regional Council]] | term_start = 15 October 1980 | term_end = 3 September 1985 | constituency = | office2 = [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Member of the Chamber of Representatives]] | termstart2 = 28 March 1974 | termend2 = 3 September 1985 | birth_date = {{birth date|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint-Ghislain]], Belgium | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|01|09|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Ath]], Belgium | party = [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]] }} '''Georgette Brenez''' (5 Nọvemba 1930 - 9 Jenụwarị 2010) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Belgium na onye na-eme mkpọsa na Walloon Movement . Ọ bụ onye òtù chemba ndị nnọchianya site na 1974 ruo 1985 na onye Òtù kansụl mpaghara nke Walloon site na 1980 ruo 1985. Ọ bụ onye òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ Socialist Party. == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Brenez na 5 Nọvemba 1930 na Tertre , mpaghara dị n'obodo Saint-Ghislain. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, nna ya mere ka ọ banye na Walloon Movement, ọ ma mesịa sonye na Wallonie Libre. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-akwa akwa aka na 1947, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Établissements Bertiau-Delacroix na 1949. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke sọma kampụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Femmes prévoyantes socialistes (FPS) nke Saint-Ghislain na 1947, na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mpaghara ya ruo 1956. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Belgian Socialist Party (PSB) dị na Dinant site na 1957 ruo 1959, mgbe ọ kwagara Ath. Ọ ghọziri odeakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti na FPS nke Tournai-Ath na 1959 wee bụrụ onye isi mpaghara ya na 1985. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche mba ya na 1990. Ọ bụ onye òtù Socialist Mutualities, osote onye isi oche nke mpaghara na National Children's Society (O.N.E.), na onye òtù Kọmitii Kasị Elu nke O.N.E. na nke Ezinụlọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya == A họpụtara Brenez dị ka onye kansụlọ obodo maka Ath na 1970. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka kansụlọ mpaghara na Ath . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Georgette Brenez, femme politique|url=https://www.ath.be/loisirs/tourisme/office-de-tourisme/evenements/2021/journees-du-patrimoine-femmes-et-patrimoine/athoises-extraordinaires/georgette-brenez/georgette-brenez-femme-politique|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Ath - Mon pays vert|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ na-ahụ maka ndị ntorobịa, ezinụlọ na egwuregwu site na 1971 ruo 1976 wee bụrụ onye isi oche maka agụmakwụkwọ, ezinụlọ na ndị dị n'etiti na mkpata akụ site na 1977 ruo 1985, n'oge njikọta nke mpaghara. A họpụtara ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1974 e mere na 10 Machị 1974 dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'ọgbakọ ndị nnọchianya maka mpaghara Tournai-Ath-Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ site na 28 Machị 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=BRENEZ Georgette|url=https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Parlement de Wallonie|language=fr|archivedate=2022-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ ma jee ozi obere oge dị ka naanị nwanyị na-anọchite anya ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Socialist na Wallonia. Brenez bụ onye òtù Council of the French Community site na 4 Eprel 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985, na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Council site na 1981 ruo 1985. Ọ tụrụ vootu maka ịmepụta nzukọ mpaghara n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1980 ma jee ozi na Kansụl Ógbè Walloon site na 15 Ọktoba n'afọ 1980 ruo 3 Septemba 1985. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=BRENEZ Georgette|url=https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Parlement de Wallonie|language=fr|archivedate=2022-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 "BRENEZ Georgette"]. ''Parlement de Wallonie'' (in French). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 Archived] from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> O nwere mmasị karịsịa na ahụike ọha na eze, ezinụlọ, ọdịbendị, ọrụ na nchekwa ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dewael|first=Patrick|date=21 January 2010|title=Éloge funèbre de Madame Georgette Brenez|url=https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2022|work=Chamber of Representatives|language=fr|archivedate=30 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164454/https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi obodo mbụ nke Ath site na 1985 ruo 1997 wee bụrụ onye na-anọchite anya onye isi obodo nke Ath site n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1992 ruo Jenụwarị 1994, mgbe [[Guy Spitaels]] nọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista-bụ onye isi ala nke Wallonia, na ọzọkwa n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Brenez hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1997. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dussart|first=F.|date=11 January 2010|title=Décès de Georgette Brenez à Ath|language=fr|work=[[RTBF]]|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/deces-de-georgette-brenez-a-ath-4847983|accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 2010 na Ath . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} r0rvj6lkz0pglq9hkn6fb8wtklawmg9 670975 670974 2026-07-02T01:20:01Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya */ fixed reference errors 670975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Georgette Brenez | image = | office = [[Parliament of Wallonia|Member of the Walloon Regional Council]] | term_start = 15 October 1980 | term_end = 3 September 1985 | constituency = | office2 = [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Member of the Chamber of Representatives]] | termstart2 = 28 March 1974 | termend2 = 3 September 1985 | birth_date = {{birth date|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint-Ghislain]], Belgium | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|01|09|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Ath]], Belgium | party = [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]] }} '''Georgette Brenez''' (5 Nọvemba 1930 - 9 Jenụwarị 2010) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Belgium na onye na-eme mkpọsa na Walloon Movement . Ọ bụ onye òtù chemba ndị nnọchianya site na 1974 ruo 1985 na onye Òtù kansụl mpaghara nke Walloon site na 1980 ruo 1985. Ọ bụ onye òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ Socialist Party. == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Brenez na 5 Nọvemba 1930 na Tertre , mpaghara dị n'obodo Saint-Ghislain. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, nna ya mere ka ọ banye na Walloon Movement, ọ ma mesịa sonye na Wallonie Libre. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-akwa akwa aka na 1947, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Établissements Bertiau-Delacroix na 1949. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke sọma kampụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Femmes prévoyantes socialistes (FPS) nke Saint-Ghislain na 1947, na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mpaghara ya ruo 1956. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Belgian Socialist Party (PSB) dị na Dinant site na 1957 ruo 1959, mgbe ọ kwagara Ath. Ọ ghọziri odeakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti na FPS nke Tournai-Ath na 1959 wee bụrụ onye isi mpaghara ya na 1985. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche mba ya na 1990. Ọ bụ onye òtù Socialist Mutualities, osote onye isi oche nke mpaghara na National Children's Society (O.N.E.), na onye òtù Kọmitii Kasị Elu nke O.N.E. na nke Ezinụlọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya == A họpụtara Brenez dị ka onye kansụlọ obodo maka Ath na 1970. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka kansụlọ mpaghara na Ath . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Georgette Brenez, femme politique|url=https://www.ath.be/loisirs/tourisme/office-de-tourisme/evenements/2021/journees-du-patrimoine-femmes-et-patrimoine/athoises-extraordinaires/georgette-brenez/georgette-brenez-femme-politique|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Ath - Mon pays vert|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ na-ahụ maka ndị ntorobịa, ezinụlọ na egwuregwu site na 1971 ruo 1976 wee bụrụ onye isi oche maka agụmakwụkwọ, ezinụlọ na ndị dị n'etiti na mkpata akụ site na 1977 ruo 1985, n'oge njikọta nke mpaghara. A họpụtara ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1974 e mere na 10 Machị 1974 dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'ọgbakọ ndị nnọchianya maka mpaghara Tournai-Ath-Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ site na 28 Machị 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ ma jee ozi obere oge dị ka naanị nwanyị na-anọchite anya ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Socialist na Wallonia. Brenez bụ onye òtù Council of the French Community site na 4 Eprel 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985, na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Council site na 1981 ruo 1985. Ọ tụrụ vootu maka ịmepụta nzukọ mpaghara n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1980 ma jee ozi na Kansụl Ógbè Walloon site na 15 Ọktoba n'afọ 1980 ruo 3 Septemba 1985. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=BRENEZ Georgette|url=https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Parlement de Wallonie|language=fr|archivedate=2022-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 "BRENEZ Georgette"]. ''Parlement de Wallonie'' (in French). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 Archived] from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> O nwere mmasị karịsịa na ahụike ọha na eze, ezinụlọ, ọdịbendị, ọrụ na nchekwa ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dewael|first=Patrick|date=21 January 2010|title=Éloge funèbre de Madame Georgette Brenez|url=https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2022|work=Chamber of Representatives|language=fr|archivedate=30 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164454/https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi obodo mbụ nke Ath site na 1985 ruo 1997 wee bụrụ onye na-anọchite anya onye isi obodo nke Ath site n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1992 ruo Jenụwarị 1994, mgbe [[Guy Spitaels]] nọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista-bụ onye isi ala nke Wallonia, na ọzọkwa n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Brenez hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1997. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dussart|first=F.|date=11 January 2010|title=Décès de Georgette Brenez à Ath|language=fr|work=[[RTBF]]|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/deces-de-georgette-brenez-a-ath-4847983|accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 2010 na Ath . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} dtsw0ohzyclwp1uw2cds3aa4g072lzx 670976 670975 2026-07-02T01:21:41Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ Mmalite */ fixed reference errors 670976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Georgette Brenez | image = | office = [[Parliament of Wallonia|Member of the Walloon Regional Council]] | term_start = 15 October 1980 | term_end = 3 September 1985 | constituency = | office2 = [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Member of the Chamber of Representatives]] | termstart2 = 28 March 1974 | termend2 = 3 September 1985 | birth_date = {{birth date|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint-Ghislain]], Belgium | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|01|09|1930|11|05|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Ath]], Belgium | party = [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]] }} '''Georgette Brenez''' (5 Nọvemba 1930 - 9 Jenụwarị 2010) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Belgium na onye na-eme mkpọsa na Walloon Movement . Ọ bụ onye òtù chemba ndị nnọchianya site na 1974 ruo 1985 na onye Òtù kansụl mpaghara nke Walloon site na 1980 ruo 1985. Ọ bụ onye òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ Socialist Party. == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Brenez na 5 Nọvemba 1930 na Tertre , mpaghara dị n'obodo Saint-Ghislain. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, nna ya mere ka ọ banye na Walloon Movement, ọ ma mesịa sonye na Wallonie Libre. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-akwa akwa aka na 1947, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Établissements Bertiau-Delacroix na 1949. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke sọma kampụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ sonyeere Femmes prévoyantes socialistes (FPS) nke Saint-Ghislain na 1947, na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mpaghara ya ruo 1956. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Belgian Socialist Party (PSB) dị na Dinant site na 1957 ruo 1959, mgbe ọ kwagara Ath. Ọ ghọziri odeakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti na FPS nke Tournai-Ath na 1959 wee bụrụ onye isi mpaghara ya na 1985. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche mba ya na 1990. Ọ bụ onye òtù Socialist Mutualities, osote onye isi oche nke mpaghara na National Children's Society (O.N.E.), na onye òtù Kọmitii Kasị Elu nke O.N.E. na nke Ezinụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya == A họpụtara Brenez dị ka onye kansụlọ obodo maka Ath na 1970. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka kansụlọ mpaghara na Ath . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Georgette Brenez, femme politique|url=https://www.ath.be/loisirs/tourisme/office-de-tourisme/evenements/2021/journees-du-patrimoine-femmes-et-patrimoine/athoises-extraordinaires/georgette-brenez/georgette-brenez-femme-politique|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Ath - Mon pays vert|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ na-ahụ maka ndị ntorobịa, ezinụlọ na egwuregwu site na 1971 ruo 1976 wee bụrụ onye isi oche maka agụmakwụkwọ, ezinụlọ na ndị dị n'etiti na mkpata akụ site na 1977 ruo 1985, n'oge njikọta nke mpaghara. A họpụtara ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1974 e mere na 10 Machị 1974 dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'ọgbakọ ndị nnọchianya maka mpaghara Tournai-Ath-Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ site na 28 Machị 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ahụ ma jee ozi obere oge dị ka naanị nwanyị na-anọchite anya ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Socialist na Wallonia. Brenez bụ onye òtù Council of the French Community site na 4 Eprel 1974 ruo 3 Septemba 1985, na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Council site na 1981 ruo 1985. Ọ tụrụ vootu maka ịmepụta nzukọ mpaghara n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1980 ma jee ozi na Kansụl Ógbè Walloon site na 15 Ọktoba n'afọ 1980 ruo 3 Septemba 1985. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=BRENEZ Georgette|url=https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=Parlement de Wallonie|language=fr|archivedate=2022-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 "BRENEZ Georgette"]. ''Parlement de Wallonie'' (in French). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164500/https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=composition_dep_det&id=827 Archived] from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> O nwere mmasị karịsịa na ahụike ọha na eze, ezinụlọ, ọdịbendị, ọrụ na nchekwa ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dewael|first=Patrick|date=21 January 2010|title=Éloge funèbre de Madame Georgette Brenez|url=https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf|accessdate=30 July 2022|work=Chamber of Representatives|language=fr|archivedate=30 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730164454/https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/newsletter/52-084-plenum-other-01F.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi obodo mbụ nke Ath site na 1985 ruo 1997 wee bụrụ onye na-anọchite anya onye isi obodo nke Ath site n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1992 ruo Jenụwarị 1994, mgbe [[Guy Spitaels]] nọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista-bụ onye isi ala nke Wallonia, na ọzọkwa n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Brenez hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1997. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dussart|first=F.|date=11 January 2010|title=Décès de Georgette Brenez à Ath|language=fr|work=[[RTBF]]|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/deces-de-georgette-brenez-a-ath-4847983|accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 2010 na Ath . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Georgette BRENEZ {{!}} Connaître la Wallonie|url=http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x|accessdate=2022-07-30|work=connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x "Georgette BRENEZ | Connaître la Wallonie"]. ''connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233912/http://connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be/fr/wallons-marquants/dictionnaire/brenez-georgette#.YuVTPHbMI2x Archived] from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 9xawaa37urs0na5o9yiebkgsd4mtdhg Funke Femi Adepoju 0 73581 670957 620924 2026-07-02T00:37:44Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Funke Femi Adepoju''' (25 Septemba 1969) bụ onye nchịkwa ọha na eze na onye teknụzụ. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke kọleji ndị ọrụ nchịkwa nke Naịjirịa (ASCON) ma bụrụkwa onye isi njikwa nke Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission (LASWARCO).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Funke Adepoju: Why Lagos Regulates Usage of Underground Water – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/06/13/funke-adepoju-why-lagos-regulates-usage-of-underground-water/|accessdate=2026-01-10|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinselure|first=Wale|date=2025-11-11|title=ASCON to expand digital learning for public servants|url=https://punchng.com/ascon-to-expand-digital-learning-for-public-servants/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Peter|first=Dansu|title=BREAKING: President Tinubu Appoints Funke Adepoju as Director-General of ASCON, Badagry|url=http://www.badagrytoday.com/2025/05/breaking-president-tinubu-appoints.html|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Badagry Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olopade|first=Kayode|date=2025-05-02|title=President Tinubu Appoints Funke Adepoju as New Director-General of ASCON, Badagry|url=https://www.adtoknews.com.ng/2025/05/president-tinubu-appoints-funke-adepoju.html|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Adtok News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Saanyol|first=Tyavzua|date=2025-05-06|title=ASURI writes Tinubu over appointment of ASCON DG|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/asuri-writes-tinubu-over-appointment-of-ascon-dg/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Anayo|date=2025-08-16|title=100 Days In office: ASCON Not Just Refurbished, But Repositioned – DG|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/100-days-in-office-ascon-not-just-refurbished-but-repositioned-dg/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=New Telegraph|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Adepoju nwetara nzere nke mbụ na nke abụọ na Bekee na Njikwa Mmụta n'afọ 1989 na 1993 na Mahadum Steeti Lagos (LASU) na Mahadum Ilorin (UNILORIN). O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na LASU na 1998 na nzere PhD na Njikwa Mmụta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Opeseitan|first=Tunde|date=2020-09-25|title=Funke Adepoju at 51: Tribute to an Amazon revolutionizing Lagos Water Sector|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/25/funke-adepoju-at-51-tribute-to-an-amazon-revolutionizing-lagos-water-sector/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=PM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOpeseitan2020">Opeseitan, Tunde (2020-09-25). [https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/25/funke-adepoju-at-51-tribute-to-an-amazon-revolutionizing-lagos-water-sector/ "Funke Adepoju at 51: Tribute to an Amazon revolutionizing Lagos Water Sector"]. ''PM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-01-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ Ọha na Eze nke Lagos === N'afọ 1991, Adepoju malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka Project Officer (Education) n'okpuru Federal Government of Nigeria / European Economic Community Middle Belt Programme. O mechara sonye na Lagos State Public Service, ebe ọ ịgooro n'ọkwa onye nduzi. N'afọ 2019, Gọvanọ [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] [[Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu|Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] họpụtara Adepoju dị ka Onye isi njikwa nke Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission (LASWARCO). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Babatunde|first=Olaoluwakitan|date=2020-06-13|title=Funke Adepoju: Why Lagos Regulates Usage of Underground Water|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/06/13/funke-adepoju-why-lagos-regulates-usage-of-underground-water/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> === Onye isi nchịkwa nke ASCON === Na Mee 2025, Onye isi ala [[Bola Tinubu]] họpụtara Adepoju ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi nchịkwa nke ASCON. Ụlọ ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ nke ndị isi ọrụ ọha na eze na nke onwe na mpaghara nchịkwa, idu ndú, na njikwa iji bulie ihe ọhụrụ na ịza ajụjụ na ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinselure|first=Wale|date=2025-10-23|title=FG harps on accountability in MDAs|url=https://punchng.com/fg-harps-on-accountability-in-mdas/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ugbodaga|first=Kazeem|date=2025-10-22|title=Akume charges CEOs to lead with integrity, accountability, vision|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/10/22/akume-charges-ceos-to-lead-with-integrity-accountability-vision/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=PM News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=TheCable|date=2025-10-22|title=Akume to agency heads: Uphold accountability, integrity in public service|url=https://www.thecable.ng/akume-to-agency-heads-uphold-accountability-integrity-in-public-service/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Adepoju bụ onye otu nke Nigerian Institute of Water Engineers, Institute of Corporate Administration, Association of Human Resource Practitioners, na Chartered Institute of Local Government and Public Administration. Na 7 Nọvemba 2025, ASCON, n'okpuru idu ndú ya, meriri onye nkuzi kachasị mma nke afọ (Corporate Category - Public Sector) site na National Institute of Training and Development (NITAD). Na Septemba 2025, e nyere ya 2025/2026 AIG Visiting Fellowship na AIG-Blavatnik School of Government, Mahadum Oxford, United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wahab|first=Adesina|date=2025-11-09|title=ASCON bags National Award for Excellence in pubic sector capacity building|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/11/ascon-bags-national-award-for-excellence-in-pubic-sector-capacity-building/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-10-08|title=ASCON Director-General, Mrs. Funke Adepoju, Named 2025/2026 AIG – University of Oxford|url=https://amdin.africa/ascon-director-general-mrs-funke-adepoju-named-2025-2026-aig-university-of-oxford/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=AMDIN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogundare|first=Funmi|date=2025-10-01|title=ASCON DG Named 2025/2026 AIG-Blavatnik Visiting Fellow at Oxford – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/10/01/ascon-dg-named-2025-2026-aig-blavatnik-visiting-fellow-at-oxford/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Shaping Africa’s Future: The 2025 AIG Fellow|url=https://www.aigimoukhuedefoundation.org/latest-news/shaping-africas-future-the-2025-aig-fellow-lopl255|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Aig-Imoukhuede Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Introducing the new Aig-Imoukhuede Foundation Visiting Fellow: Funke Adepoju {{!}} Blavatnik School of Government|url=https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/news/introducing-new-aig-imoukhuede-foundation-visiting-fellow-funke-adepoju|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=www.bsg.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g8e7xh8ufjga3rw0y8nh3a5p9ie3ueh Enna kodumai Saravanan idhu? 0 73854 671225 598356 2026-07-02T11:08:25Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ojiji ndị ọzọ */ 671225 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Enna kodumai Saravanan idhu?''' (transl. Gịnị bụ arrocity nke a, Saravanan?; abbreviated to '''EKSI''') bụ ihe e kwuru site na ihe nkiri asụsụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] nke India nke afọ 2005 bụ ''Chandramukhi'' nke onye Senthilnathan kwuru, nke Prabhu mere. Ahịrị ahụ enwetawo ewu ewu <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|date=Sep 12, 2008|title=On a different turf|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/09/12/stories/2008091250810100.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915011356/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/09/12/stories/2008091250810100.htm|archivedate=2008-09-15|accessdate=2023-09-12|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> dị ka ngosipụta nke irony ma ọ bụ ihe ijuanya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=31 August 2011|title=Toeing the comic line|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/toeing-the-comic-line/articleshow/9807206.cms|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=The Times of India|archivedate=9 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209045124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/toeing-the-comic-line/articleshow/9807206.cms}}</ref> == Mmalite == "Chandramukhi". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>. "Enna Kodumai Saravanan Idhu" pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "Kedu ihe arụ a bụ, Saravanan?" Saravanan, aha chi Hindu Murugan, bụkwa aha a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Tamil." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ojiji ndị ọzọ == Usoro ahụ nwetara nlebara anya na ewu ewu mgbe e dezigharịrị ya ntakịrị ka ọ bụrụ "Enna Kodumai, Sir", nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị Premji Amaran ji mee ihe na ''Chennai 600028'' (2007). Premji na-eji ahịrị ahụ eme ihe ọzọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya niile na ihe nkiri ọ na-eme, na-aghọ okwu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2008|title=Grill mill|url=https://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250341600.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104203243/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250341600.htm|archivedate=4 November 2008|accessdate=2025-02-25|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri 2007 Sivaji: The Boss, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Livingston na-eji ụdị "Enna Kodumai Saravanan Sir". E jikwa mkparịta ụka ahụ mee ihe na ihe nkiri 2019 ''Thambi'' nke Karthi. Enna Kodumai Saravanan Ithu bụkwa nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "EKSI" na mkparịta ụka na Asụsụ SMS.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nkata * Ozi ederede == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} g0l7miokhk4rzc4rjjecae8ipii9es7 Frank Mba (onye uwe ojii) 0 74765 670933 629189 2026-07-01T23:36:09Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference error 670933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] | name = Frank Mba | image = DIG Frank Mba.jpg | caption = DIG Frank Mba meeting with IGP | birth_name = | office = Deputy [[Inspector General of Police (Nigeria)|Inspector General of Police]]<br>Department of Training and Development | president = | term_start = 20 June 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_date = <!--{{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} reliable source needed for [[WP:DOB]] --> | birth_place = [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = [[Police officer]] <br>[[Lawyer]] | alma_mater = [[University of Lagos]]<br>[[Nigerian Law School]]<br>[[University of Dundee]] }} Frank Mba bụ onye uwe ojii na onye ọka iwu Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka osote onye na-ahụ maka ndị uwe ojii Nigeria na-ahụ maka Ngalaba Ọzụzụ na mmepe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị uweojii na-ahụ maka ndị uweojii na Nigeria.[1][2][3][4] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mba na Lagos steeti. O sonyeere ndị uweojii na Naịjirịa n'afọ 1992 ka ọ bụ onye ọrụ kadet wee zụọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa dị na Kano, ebe ọ gụchara dịka ọkaibe kacha mma. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke iwu (LLB) na Mahadum Lagos, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu gbasara iwu Naijiria wee kpọọ ya na Nigerian Bar na 2002. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta akara ugo mmụta Master na Law (LLM) na Mahadum Dundee dị na Scotland, United Kingdom, wee gụchaa na Distinction.<ref name="auto1" /> == Ọrụ == Mba malitere ọrụ uwe ojii ya dịka onye nyocha wee gbagoro n'ọkwa. N'afọ 1999, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP), sochiri osote onye isi ndị uwe ojii (DSP) na 2003. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Superintendent of Police (SP) na 2008, Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) na 2012, Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) na 2012, Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) na 2001D. 2018, na Kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii (CP) na Disemba 2020. Na Machị 2023, e mere ya mma dị ka Assistant Inspector-General of Police (AIG). Mba bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa ugboro atọ wee nweta nrite UN maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye otu ndị uwe ojii Nigeria Contingent na United Nations Mission na Liberia site na 2006 ruo 2007.[1]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-20|title=10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba|url=https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/|accessdate=2023-11-23|work=Business Post|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/ "10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba"]. ''Business Post''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2023-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-23</span></span>.</cite> </ref> == Mmekọrịta ọkachamara == Mba bụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR), Chattered Institute of Local Government and Public Administration nke Nigeria (CILGPAN), na Chattered Examiners of Criminology and Forensic Investigation Inc., USA (FCECFI). Ọ bụkwa onye otu International Institute of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals, USA (CFIP), FBI National Academy Associates Inc. (FBINAA), na International Emergency Management Society (TIEMS).[1]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-20|title=10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba|url=https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/|accessdate=2023-11-23|work=Business Post|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/ "10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba"]. ''Business Post''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2023-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-23</span></span>.</cite> </ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hnj1juvn4njg3ikvgt876v7qlqjbvtg Francis Okaroh 0 74767 670929 629191 2026-07-01T23:31:05Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Kọleji */ fixed reference error 670929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis Okaroh''' // i (amụrụ n'August 25, 1963 na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], Nigeria) bụ onye na-agbachitere [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'ịgba bọọlụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'ime ụlọ na Cleveland Force na 1987-88 tupu ya etinye oge ise na Major League Soccer (MLS) na New England Revolution (1996-1997), Chicago Fire (1998-1999) na Miami Fusion (2000). Ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere na mkpọsa mmeghe maka Revolution na Fire, na-emeri MLS Cup '98 na nke ikpeazụ. Ọ bụ onye enyemaka onye nkuzi na mmemme bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke na Alma mater ya na Mahadum Boston kemgbe 2007. == Onye ọkpụkpọ == === Kọleji === Okaroh gbara bọọlụ kọleji na United States na Mahadum Boston (BU) site na 1982 ruo 1986. Ọ bụ onye otu nke abụọ nke 1986 All American.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nscaa.com/awards-detail.php?it=I&yr=1986|title=1986 All Americans|accessdate=2010-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003854/http://www.nscaa.com/awards-detail.php?it=I&yr=1986|archivedate=2011-06-15}}</ref> A nabatara ya na BU Athletic Hall of Fame n'afọ 2006. In November 1987, Okaroh signed with the Cleveland Force of Major Indoor Soccer League. He played only one season with the Force. In 1995, Okaroh played for the amateur Lowell Blues of the Luso-American Soccer Association. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1996, na nkwadebe maka oge egwuregwu bọọlụ Major League na-abịanụ, Okaroh bịanyere aka na Cape Cod Crusaders nke USISL.<ref name="NESoccerToday" /> Okaroh bịanyere aka na Major League Soccer's New England Revolution na July 22, 1996. <ref name="ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf" /> O mere nke mbụ ya na June 23 na mmeri 4-1 na Dallas Burn.<ref name="2024 Media Guide">{{Cite book|title=2024 Media Guide|publisher=New England Revolution|url=https://revolution.1rmg.com/season/2024/media-guide/|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}</ref> Okaroh bụ onye egwuregwu pụtara ìhè na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Revolution backline n'oge ya na klọb ahụ. <ref name="NESoccerToday">{{Cite web|url=http://nesoccertoday.com/?p=1932|author=Donahue, Sean|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Revolution Best XI Ever|date=December 31, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="All-Star">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19970609/news/306099944|date=June 9, 1997|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Lals a likely All-Star, but Okaroh deserves it|author=Chapman, Doug}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "The General," Okaroh malitere egwuregwu iri abụọ na mkpọsa mmeghe nke Revolution, n'agbanyeghị na ọ sonyeere n'etiti oge ahụ.<ref name="All-Star" /> A kpọrọ ya onye na-agbachitere otu nke afọ maka oge New England Revolution nke 1996 (nke a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka "Bic Tough Defensive Player of the Year" maka ebumnuche nkwado). <ref name="2024 Media Guide" /> N'afọ 1997, Okaroh nyeere klọb ahụ aka iru eru maka egwuregwu egwuregwu maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, na-amalite 29 n'oge oge, ma na-akpọkwa ya Revolution Defender of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcblazers.com/clubinfo/Coaches/448124.html|title=Francis Okaroh - Executive Director - FC Blazers|work=www.fcblazers.com|accessdate=March 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313113719/http://www.fcblazers.com/clubinfo/Coaches/448124.html|archivedate=March 13, 2015}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 4, 1997, Chicago Fire weghaara Okaroh na agba nke asaa nke 1997 MLS Expansion Draft. <ref name="ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135826/https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|url=https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|title=ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf|archivedate=June 12, 2018|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135826/https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf "ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://newengland-mp7static.mlsdigital.net/elfinderimages/media/ClubHistory_CoachandPlayerRegistry.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, o nyeere Fire aka na 1998 MLS Cup na 1998 U.S. Open Cup okpukpu abụọ, na-apụta 33 n'asọmpi niile.<ref name="Chicago Fire SC Media Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/chicagofire2011mediaguide/page/n71/mode/2up|accessdate=September 26, 2024|title=Chicago Fire SC 2011 media guide}}</ref> Na Machị 10, 2000, erere ya na Miami Fusion maka nhọrọ Fusion's 2001 nke abụọ MLS SuperDraft yana nhọrọ nhazi ọnọdụ.[1] Ọ mere ngosi 13 n'oge naanị ya na Fusion tupu erere ya na MetroStars. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ikpeazụ, a napụrụ ya tupu oge 2001. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] Okaroh pụtara ugboro 114 n'oge ọrụ MLS ya, ọ dịghịkwa mgbe ọ gbara goolu. Ọgba ọsọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye nke asaa n'oge niile na MLS na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/first-xi-goal-less-wonders|title=First XI: Goal-less wonders|date=January 23, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2024}}</ref> Na mbido 1990s, Okaroh zụrụ otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke High School Norwood. Ugbu a, [mgbe?] ọ na-agba Francis Okaroh's Ultimate Soccer Academy na New Hampton, New Hampshire. Na 2007, ọ ghọrọ osote onye nkuzi na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nke Mahadum Boston.[1] Ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Ben, ọ tọrọ ntọala FC Blazers, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ntorobịa nke dabere na Massachusetts.[2] Francis Okaroh sonyeere ndị ọrụ Emmanuel College dị ka Onye isi nchịkwa bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eweghara mmemme ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, na-apụ mgbe oge 2025 gasịrị. N'ime oge abụọ mbụ ya na ndị otu ahụ, Okaroh duuru ndị nsọ gaa na GNAC postseason abụọ ma kpọọ ya GNAC Women's Soccer Coach of the Year nke afọ 2022. Ọ zụrụ 2022 GNAC Rookie of the Year, 2022 GNAc Goalkeeper of the Year na 2021 GNAC Defensive Player of the Year mgbe ọ nwere ndị otu asatọ a na-asọpụrụ na GNAC All-Conference squad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 1, 2023|title=Francis Okaroh|url=https://www.goecsaints.com/sports/w-soccer/coaches/Francis_Okaroh|accessdate=2023-12-24|work=Emmanuel College|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9vuvdgy4i2r3m95a5zov0r1zjufy91k Maha Jouini 0 74987 670939 630844 2026-07-01T23:51:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670939 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maha Jouini''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1987 <ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-09-24|title=La plume de Maha Jouini, trempée dans la vie des Tunisiennes et des Berbères|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/la-plume-de-maha-jouini-trempee-dans-la-vie-des-tunisiennes-et-des-berberes-2657|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=TV5MONDE - Informations|language=fr}}</ref>) bụ onye edemede Tunisian na onye na-ede blọgụ, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ, na ọkachamara Artificial Intelligence nke bi na China. == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == O nwere nzere masta na Artificial Intelligence na New Technologies na Tianjin University of Education and Technology (China).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1 /><ref name=":3" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand, na-elekwasị anya n'ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ dị n'Afrịka, ọkachasị n'ime Kọmishọna Njikọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke Afrịka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Moatshe|first=Rapula|date=1988-07-13|title=Tshwane and University of Johannesburg launch programme for young building inspectors|url=https://iol.co.za/news/2025-06-22-tshwane-and-university-of-johannesburg-launch-programme-for-young-building-inspectors/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=IOL|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na Artificial Intelligence na nka na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Tianjin ebe o nyere aka na mmekọrịta Sino-Africa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Maha Jouini {{!}} The Short Story Project|url=https://shortstoryproject.com/writers/maha-jouini/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa nke African Union iji kwụsị alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka n'Africa dịka onye nhazi mgbasa ozi ebe ọ nọ na Ethiopia site na ngwụcha afọ 2014 ruo 2017.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ Digital Communication na African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=maha jouini – JouiniTech Policy Expert|url=https://mahajouini.tech/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US|archivedate=2026-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517041335/https://mahajouini.tech/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260517041335/https://mahajouini.tech/ "maha jouini – JouiniTech Policy Expert"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu African Union's AI Task Force na ebumnuche ịkwalite atụmatụ African Union maka iji ọgụgụ isi eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'Africa.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke African & Francophone Agency for AI na onye bụbu onye nchọpụta na AI Global Index.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nkhwashu|first=Nkhensani|date=2025-04-17|title=ITWeb TV: Building an AI-powered Africa, by Africans for Africans|url=https://www.itweb.co.za/article/itweb-tv-building-an-ai-powered-africa-by-africans-for-africans/PmxVEMKEm16vQY85|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=ITWeb|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRIA President Maha Jouini on AI ethics, digital sovereignty, and Africa’s technological future|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/lifestyle/afria-president-maha-jouini-on-ai-ethics-digital-sovereignty-and-africas-technological-future-58caab23-12f5-47d3-84af-3cc21fb6faa8|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2025-05-23|title=Sentech Africa Tech Week 2025: Pioneering Africa's Digital Transformation|url=https://capetimes.co.za/news/2025-05-23-sentech-africa-tech-week-2025-pioneering-africas-digital-transformation/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=Cape Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-31|title=Maha Jouini : Responsible AI is essential for Africa’s sustainable future - Conglomerate Magazine|url=https://conglomeratemagazine.com/responsible-ai-is-essential-for-africas-sustainable-future/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://conglomeratemagazine.com/responsible-ai-is-essential-for-africas-sustainable-future/ "Maha Jouini : Responsible AI is essential for Africa's sustainable future - Conglomerate Magazine"]. 2025-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-22</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=ORADA Conference {{!}} Empower. Innovate. Connect.|url=https://www.oradaconference.com/maha-jouini|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=ORADA|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.oradaconference.com/maha-jouini "ORADA Conference | Empower. Innovate. Connect"]. ''ORADA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A kpọrọ ya onye nke afọ na 2018 site na ikpo okwu Maghreb Voices n'ihi ọrụ ya dị mkpa dị ka onye na-emetụta mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.<ref name=":5" /> A maara ya nke ọma na mpaghara Arab dị ka onye na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mere ka ọ nata nsọpụrụ na itinye aka na nzukọ mba ụwa gbasara nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ amaala.<ref name=":5" /> Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Global Center on AI Governance . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maha Jouini - Research Fellow - GCG|url=https://www.globalcenter.ai/about/maha-jouini|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=www.globalcenter.ai|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere African Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technology . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Maha Jouini's Speaker Profile|url=https://sessionize.com/meha-jouini/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=sessionize.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sessionize.com/meha-jouini/ "Maha Jouini's Speaker Profile"]. ''sessionize.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara Afrịka na Global responsible AI hackathon 2023 nke Woman in AI Ethics Initiative malitere.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye African School on Internet Governance (AfriSIG) nke afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meha Jouini at AfriSIG 2015: The internet has allowed me to publicly express my identity as an Amazing woman activist {{!}} African School on Internet Governance|url=https://afrisig.org/2015/10/05/meha-joueni-at-afrisig-2015-the-internet-has-allowed-me-to-publicly-express-my-identity-as-an-amazigh-woman-activist/|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=afrisig.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Right To Information {{!}} African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms|url=https://africaninternetrights.org/en/principles/right-information?page=5|accessdate=2026-03-22|work=africaninternetrights.org}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Top 20 Women Change makers pioneers na MENA site na UNESCO na The Asfari Institute for Civil Society and Citizenship na AUB na 2022. <ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> * A na-akpọ ya "Onye nke Afọ" site na Maghreb Voices na 2018. <ref name=":3"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * AI na Data Policy na Africa: Ọkpụkpọ maka Sovereign Innovation <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-19|title=AI and Data Policy in Africa: A Call for Sovereign Innovation - iAfrica.com|url=https://iafrica.com/ai-and-data-policy-in-africa-a-call-for-sovereign-innovation/|accessdate=2026-03-22|language=en-ZA}}</ref> * Ihe omuma-Amara Africa-Led Designing of Responsible Artificial Intelligence Technologies. * https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552074.2022.2136432 * [https://www.genderit.org/tags/internet-governance?page=2 Meha Jouini: Ịntanetị enyerela m aka ikwupụta njirimara m n'ihu ọha dị ka nwanyị Amazigh na-eme ihe ike] == Hụkwa == * Nchịkwa nke ọgụgụ isi aka * Anja Kaspersen * Wendell Wallach * Kiara Nirghin == Edemsibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ea0P9UTL_tw AI Ethics and Citizen Participation in Africa site na Ms. Maha JOUINI] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=St8Zve5DSWc AI Ethics and Hate Speech site na Maha Jouini (AI Ethics: Global Perspectives)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxkZd6NEKoQ Maha Jouini na-emeghe ụzọ AI na Digital Tech maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hcy-C0-qdzg #83 Tunisia Culture, AI maka udo na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na Maha Jouini] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzIxoEA36-Q Iji AI eme ihe iji nweta nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na North Africa (AI Ethics: Global Perspectives)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiCzdrLB3AQ ICCIA Ajụjụ ọnụ na Ms. Maha Jouini] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4dktufdyb4l4sjek3kese3pjgow3uhz Eorcengota 0 75106 671251 631566 2026-07-02T11:25:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ */ 671251 wikitext text/x-wiki   Saint '''Eorcengota''' ma ọ bụ '''Ercongotha''' bụ nwa eze Kentish na narị afọ nke asaa ma bụrụkwa onye nun n'ebe obibi ndị Monk Faremoutiers Abbey, onye a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nsọ na ụka Ndị Kraịst. A maara ya maka ọhụụ o nwere n'elu àkwà ọnwụ ya nke a na-ekwu na o buru amụma ọnwụ nke ya. == Ezinụlọ == Eorcengota bụ nwa nwanyị nke Eze Eorcenberht nke Kent na St. Seaxburh nke Ely, ọ bụkwa nwanne nwanyị nke Eze Ecgberht nke Kent, Eze Hlothhere nke Kent na Saint Ermenilda nke Ely.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Castelow|first=Ellen|title=Kings of Kent|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Kings-Of-Kent/|work=Historic UK|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya sonyere nke ukwuu n'ịkwalite Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ebe nna nna ya Eadbald nke Kent bụ eze Anglo-Saxon mbụ chegharịrị sowe ụzọ Kraịst. Nna ya nyekwara iwu ka e bibie arụsị ndị ọgọ mmụọ ma tinye n'ọrụ omume Ndị Kraịst siri ike n'ófè alaeze ya niile.<ref name="Sykes">{{Cite book|author=Sykes|first=Katharine|title=Symbolic Reproduction in Early Medieval England Secular and Monastic Households|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192659132|pages=65-66|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Symbolic_Reproduction_in_Early_Medieval/DMoHEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA65&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Ndụ == A maghị ọtụtụ ihe banyere ndụ Eorcengota, mana nna ya zigara ya na Faremoutiers Abbey dị na Brie, France, ka ọ bụrụ onye nọn n'ihi enweghị ebe obibi ndị mọnk n'England n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Ridyard">{{Cite book|author=Ridyard|first=Susan J.|title=The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=60-61|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Royal_Saints_of_Anglo_Saxon_England/rj49AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Whitelock|title=English Historical Documents Volume 1|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/English_Historical_Documents_500_1042/gLpQFeVfpuYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA739&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Nwanne nwunye nne ya Saint Sæthryth na nwanne nne ya Saint Æthelburh nke Faremoutiers jere ozi dị ka abbess na ebe obibi ndị mọnk.<ref name="Ridyard" /> Onye mọnk Bede dere banyere ịdị ọcha na inwe nsọpụrụ n'ebe Chineke nọ nke Eorcengota, nakwa na o buru amụma ọnwụ nke ya.<ref name="Ridyard">{{Cite book|author=Ridyard|first=Susan J.|title=The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=60-61|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Royal_Saints_of_Anglo_Saxon_England/rj49AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRidyard1988">Ridyard, Susan J. (1988). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Royal_Saints_of_Anglo_Saxon_England/rj49AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover ''The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults'']. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">60–</span>61.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ihe ndina ọnwụ ya, o kwuru na ọ natara ọhụụ ebe ọ hụrụ ndị ikom yi uwe ọcha na-abanye n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ. Mgbe Eorcengota jụrụ ha maka ebumnuche nke nleta ahụ, ha zara na ha bịara ịnakọta ''aureum illud nomisna'' (mkpụrụ ego ọlaedo) nke e si Kent were gaa n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ, nke mkpụrụ ego ahụ na-anọchite anya Eorcengot n'onwe ya. N'oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ego ígwè dị ụkọ ma bụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe dị oke mkpa, a ma jiri ya dị ka ọla.<ref name="Sykes" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Naismith|first=Rory|title=The Social Significance of Monetization in the Early Middle Ages|journal=Past & Present|date=1 April 2014|volume=223|issue=1|pages=3-39|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtu004|url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article-abstract/223/1/3/1426150?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haworth|first=Katie D.|title=Pierced, looped and framed: the (re)use of gold coins in jewellery in sixth- and seventh-century England|journal=Early Medieval Europe|date=26 June 2024|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1111/emed.12714|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12714}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, na mmalite nke narị afọ nke asaa, a malitere imepụta ụfọdụ n'ime mkpụrụ ego ndị England mbụ n'obodo ya bụ Kent.<ref name="Sykes" /> Ụbọchị oriri ime ncheta ya n'ụka Roman Katọlik bụ abalị asaa n'ọnwa Julaị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Ercongotha|url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3161|work=Catholic Online|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> ebe ụbọchị ncheta ya n'etiti ndị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ bụ abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome|url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdfeb.htm|work=Orthodox Europe|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}  hjmyuoyxaken931c8v8q09tujszcaix 671253 671251 2026-07-02T11:25:35Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ndụ */ 671253 wikitext text/x-wiki   Saint '''Eorcengota''' ma ọ bụ '''Ercongotha''' bụ nwa eze Kentish na narị afọ nke asaa ma bụrụkwa onye nun n'ebe obibi ndị Monk Faremoutiers Abbey, onye a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nsọ na ụka Ndị Kraịst. A maara ya maka ọhụụ o nwere n'elu àkwà ọnwụ ya nke a na-ekwu na o buru amụma ọnwụ nke ya. == Ezinụlọ == Eorcengota bụ nwa nwanyị nke Eze Eorcenberht nke Kent na St. Seaxburh nke Ely, ọ bụkwa nwanne nwanyị nke Eze Ecgberht nke Kent, Eze Hlothhere nke Kent na Saint Ermenilda nke Ely.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Castelow|first=Ellen|title=Kings of Kent|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Kings-Of-Kent/|work=Historic UK|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya sonyere nke ukwuu n'ịkwalite Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ebe nna nna ya Eadbald nke Kent bụ eze Anglo-Saxon mbụ chegharịrị sowe ụzọ Kraịst. Nna ya nyekwara iwu ka e bibie arụsị ndị ọgọ mmụọ ma tinye n'ọrụ omume Ndị Kraịst siri ike n'ófè alaeze ya niile.<ref name="Sykes">{{Cite book|author=Sykes|first=Katharine|title=Symbolic Reproduction in Early Medieval England Secular and Monastic Households|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192659132|pages=65-66|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Symbolic_Reproduction_in_Early_Medieval/DMoHEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA65&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Ndụ == A maghị ọtụtụ ihe banyere ndụ Eorcengota, mana nna ya zigara ya na Faremoutiers Abbey dị na Brie, France, ka ọ bụrụ onye nọn n'ihi enweghị ebe obibi ndị mọnk n'England n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Ridyard">{{Cite book|author=Ridyard|first=Susan J.|title=The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=60-61|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Royal_Saints_of_Anglo_Saxon_England/rj49AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Whitelock|title=English Historical Documents Volume 1|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/English_Historical_Documents_500_1042/gLpQFeVfpuYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eorcengota&pg=PA739&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Nwanne nwunye nne ya Saint Sæthryth na nwanne nne ya Saint Æthelburh nke Faremoutiers jere ozi dị ka abbess na ebe obibi ndị mọnk.<ref name="Ridyard" /> Onye mọnk Bede dere banyere ịdị ọcha na inwe nsọpụrụ n'ebe Chineke nọ nke Eorcengota, nakwa na o buru amụma ọnwụ nke ya.<ref name="Ridyard" /> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ihe ndina ọnwụ ya, o kwuru na ọ natara ọhụụ ebe ọ hụrụ ndị ikom yi uwe ọcha na-abanye n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ. Mgbe Eorcengota jụrụ ha maka ebumnuche nke nleta ahụ, ha zara na ha bịara ịnakọta ''aureum illud nomisna'' (mkpụrụ ego ọlaedo) nke e si Kent were gaa n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ, nke mkpụrụ ego ahụ na-anọchite anya Eorcengot n'onwe ya. N'oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ego ígwè dị ụkọ ma bụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe dị oke mkpa, a ma jiri ya dị ka ọla.<ref name="Sykes" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Naismith|first=Rory|title=The Social Significance of Monetization in the Early Middle Ages|journal=Past & Present|date=1 April 2014|volume=223|issue=1|pages=3-39|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtu004|url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article-abstract/223/1/3/1426150?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haworth|first=Katie D.|title=Pierced, looped and framed: the (re)use of gold coins in jewellery in sixth- and seventh-century England|journal=Early Medieval Europe|date=26 June 2024|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1111/emed.12714|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12714}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, na mmalite nke narị afọ nke asaa, a malitere imepụta ụfọdụ n'ime mkpụrụ ego ndị England mbụ n'obodo ya bụ Kent.<ref name="Sykes" /> Ụbọchị oriri ime ncheta ya n'ụka Roman Katọlik bụ abalị asaa n'ọnwa Julaị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Ercongotha|url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3161|work=Catholic Online|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> ebe ụbọchị ncheta ya n'etiti ndị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ bụ abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome|url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdfeb.htm|work=Orthodox Europe|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}  al60vabnhr2cn2f5vkgx2sm0ed4n49h Germaine Cohen-Bazire 0 75115 670978 655792 2026-07-02T01:26:10Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ fixed reference error 670978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Germaine Cohen-Bazire Stanier''' (2 Septemba 1920 - 9 Mee 2001) bụ onye [[France]] na-amụ banyere ụmụ irighiri ihe. A 1960 Guggenheim Fellow, Ọ mụrụ ọrụ protein na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na usoro ndụ (biological processes) nke nje bacteria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na Mahadum California, Berkeley na Pasteur Institute, nke ikpeazụ ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Germaine Bazire na 2 Septemba 1920 na Thonon-les-Bains . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Institut Pasteur {{!}} Archives|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cbg0.html|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=webext.pasteur.fr}}</ref> Nne ya kụziri na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nna ya kụzikwa sayensị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere ''bachelọ'' na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Toulouse n'afọ 1938 wee kwaga Mahadum Toulouse, ''licence ès sciences'' na 1942 na ''diplôme d’études supérieures'' na…1942 na diplôme d'études supérieures n'afọ 1945.<ref name="GF" /> Ọ sonyeere French National Centre for Scientific Research na 1945, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nyocha site na 1955 ruo 1957. <ref name="GF" /> N'oge a, ọ nwetara ScD ya na Mahadum Paris na 1950, <ref name="GF" /> na thesis ya metụtara nyocha ya na butyric na [[acetonobutylic]] fermentation, nke Georges Cohen lekọtara. <ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha nke Jacques Monod na Pasteur Institute . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> N'afọ 1953, ọ kwagara Mahadum California, Berkeley dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta postdoctoral, malite dị ka onye nyocha nje bacteria tupu ọ ghọọ onye nyocha nje na 1956. <ref name="GF" /> <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}</ref> N’oge mmalite ọrụ ya na Pasteur Institute, ọ nyochara ''enzyme induction'' ma na 1953, o nyere aka chọpụta ihe na-egbochi ikike nke tryptophan ịmepụta… tryptophan synthase.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ime nchọpụta alphaproteobacteria na cyanobacteria mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na UCB, gụnyere [[athiorhodaceae]] na [[chloroniums]], ọ mụkwara ọrụ phycobiliprotein na cyanobacterium.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ wepụtakwara ụdị mutated nke cereibacter sphaeroides iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha na carotenoids.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ pụtara na 1959 Oregon State University Biology Colloquium ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ a ma ama na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1969-04-22|title=Biology Colloquium At OSU To Attract Top U.S. Scientistsp|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/384034240/|work=Corvallis Gazette-Times|page=18}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, e nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship iji mụọ "nchịkwa nke njikọ nke ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nje".<ref>{{Cite news|date=1960-04-25|title=Guggenheims to 23 Berkeleyans|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/994313045/|work=The Berkeley Gazette|page=11}}</ref> ''Nnyocha Photosynthesis'' kpọrọ ya "onye ndu ụwa na ultrastructure na physiology nke cyanobacteria", ebe mmadụ atọ nke ndị ọrụ ibe Pasteur Institute - Agnes Ullmann, Georges N. Cohen, na François Jacob - O kwuru na a na-amata ya n’ụwa niile dịka otu n’ime ndị ọkachamara kachasị elu n’ihe gbasara ''photosynthetic prokaryotes''.". <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGovindjeeAllenBeatty2004">Govindjee; Allen, John F.; Beatty, J. Thomas (April 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca "Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3"]</span>. ''Photosynthesis Research''. '''80''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595 0166-8595].</cite></ref><ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Mgbe o si na United States lọta, ọ laghachiri na Pasteur Institute na 1971. <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGovindjeeAllenBeatty2004">Govindjee; Allen, John F.; Beatty, J. Thomas (April 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca "Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3"]</span>. ''Photosynthesis Research''. '''80''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595 0166-8595].</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne na 1982 na prọfesọ na Pasteur Institute na 1985, tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1988. <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /><ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ nke International Cell Research Organization . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Roger Stanier, onye Canada microbiologist onye ya na ya rụkọrhọ ọrụ na Pasteur Institute.<ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGovindjeeAllenBeatty2004">Govindjee; Allen, John F.; Beatty, J. Thomas (April 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca "Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3"]</span>. ''Photosynthesis Research''. '''80''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595 0166-8595].</cite></ref> Ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, yana nwa nwoke site na alụmdi na nwunye gara aga.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> O kwuru na André Michel Lwoff na Jacques Monod, ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel, bụ "mmụọ ozi na-eche ya" na "onye isi echiche" n'otu n'otu.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Mee 2001 na Vancouver, ebe ọ gara ezumike n’afọ asatọ ikpeazụ ya; ọ dị afọ iri asatọ..<ref name="ASM 2001" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 17, 2001|title=STANIER|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for-germaine/70384856/|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=The Vancouver Sun|pages=F13}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgoJAQAAIAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and of the Treasurer|date=1955|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 96ddc79sg2v4s8mmlim56vx0teknzov 670980 670978 2026-07-02T01:33:11Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Germaine Cohen-Bazire Stanier''' (2 Septemba 1920 - 9 Mee 2001) bụ onye [[France]] na-amụ banyere ụmụ irighiri ihe. A 1960 Guggenheim Fellow, Ọ mụrụ ọrụ protein na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na usoro ndụ (biological processes) nke nje bacteria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na Mahadum California, Berkeley na Pasteur Institute, nke ikpeazụ ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Germaine Bazire na 2 Septemba 1920 na Thonon-les-Bains . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Institut Pasteur {{!}} Archives|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cbg0.html|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=webext.pasteur.fr}}</ref> Nne ya kụziri na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nna ya kụzikwa sayensị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere ''bachelọ'' na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Toulouse n'afọ 1938 wee kwaga Mahadum Toulouse, ''licence ès sciences'' na 1942 na ''diplôme d’études supérieures'' na…1942 na diplôme d'études supérieures n'afọ 1945.<ref name="GF" /> Ọ sonyeere French National Centre for Scientific Research na 1945, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nyocha site na 1955 ruo 1957. <ref name="GF" /> N'oge a, ọ nwetara ScD ya na Mahadum Paris na 1950, <ref name="GF" /> na thesis ya metụtara nyocha ya na butyric na [[acetonobutylic]] fermentation, nke Georges Cohen lekọtara. <ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha nke Jacques Monod na Pasteur Institute . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> N'afọ 1953, ọ kwagara Mahadum California, Berkeley dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta postdoctoral, malite dị ka onye nyocha nje bacteria tupu ọ ghọọ onye nyocha nje na 1956. <ref name="GF" /> <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> N’oge mmalite ọrụ ya na Pasteur Institute, ọ nyochara ''enzyme induction'' ma na 1953, o nyere aka chọpụta ihe na-egbochi ikike nke tryptophan ịmepụta… tryptophan synthase.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ime nchọpụta alphaproteobacteria na cyanobacteria mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na UCB, gụnyere [[athiorhodaceae]] na [[chloroniums]], ọ mụkwara ọrụ phycobiliprotein na cyanobacterium.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ wepụtakwara ụdị mutated nke cereibacter sphaeroides iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha na carotenoids.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ pụtara na 1959 Oregon State University Biology Colloquium ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ a ma ama na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1969-04-22|title=Biology Colloquium At OSU To Attract Top U.S. Scientistsp|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/384034240/|work=Corvallis Gazette-Times|page=18}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, e nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship iji mụọ "nchịkwa nke njikọ nke ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nje".<ref>{{Cite news|date=1960-04-25|title=Guggenheims to 23 Berkeleyans|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/994313045/|work=The Berkeley Gazette|page=11}}</ref> ''Nnyocha Photosynthesis'' kpọrọ ya "onye ndu ụwa na ultrastructure na physiology nke cyanobacteria", ebe mmadụ atọ nke ndị ọrụ ibe Pasteur Institute - Agnes Ullmann, Georges N. Cohen, na François Jacob - O kwuru na a na-amata ya n’ụwa niile dịka otu n’ime ndị ọkachamara kachasị elu n’ihe gbasara ''photosynthetic prokaryotes''.". <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /><ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Mgbe o si na United States lọta, ọ laghachiri na Pasteur Institute na 1971. <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne na 1982 na prọfesọ na Pasteur Institute na 1985, tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1988. <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /><ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ nke International Cell Research Organization . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Roger Stanier, onye Canada microbiologist onye ya na ya rụkọrhọ ọrụ na Pasteur Institute.<ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, yana nwa nwoke site na alụmdi na nwunye gara aga.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUllmannCohenFrancois">Ullmann, Agnes; Cohen, Georges N.; Francois, Jacob. [https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html "CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)"]. ''ASM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2026</span> &#x2013; via www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu.</cite></ref> O kwuru na André Michel Lwoff na Jacques Monod, ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel, bụ "mmụọ ozi na-eche ya" na "onye isi echiche" n'otu n'otu.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Mee 2001 na Vancouver, ebe ọ gara ezumike n’afọ asatọ ikpeazụ ya; ọ dị afọ iri asatọ..<ref name="ASM 2001" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 17, 2001|title=STANIER|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for-germaine/70384856/|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=The Vancouver Sun|pages=F13}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgoJAQAAIAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and of the Treasurer|date=1955|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] fbp3b9hs6j7hk0nxlj2dkzsa4lqy73b 670982 670980 2026-07-02T01:43:54Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Germaine Cohen-Bazire Stanier''' (2 Septemba 1920 - 9 Mee 2001) bụ onye [[France]] na-amụ banyere ụmụ irighiri ihe. A 1960 Guggenheim Fellow, Ọ mụrụ ọrụ protein na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na usoro ndụ (biological processes) nke nje bacteria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na Mahadum California, Berkeley na Pasteur Institute, nke ikpeazụ ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Germaine Bazire na 2 Septemba 1920 na Thonon-les-Bains . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Institut Pasteur {{!}} Archives|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cbg0.html|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=webext.pasteur.fr}}</ref> Nne ya kụziri na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nna ya kụzikwa sayensị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere ''bachelọ'' na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Toulouse n'afọ 1938 wee kwaga Mahadum Toulouse, ''licence ès sciences'' na 1942 na ''diplôme d’études supérieures'' na…1942 na diplôme d'études supérieures n'afọ 1945.<ref name="GF" /> Ọ sonyeere French National Centre for Scientific Research na 1945, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nyocha site na 1955 ruo 1957. <ref name="GF" /> N'oge a, ọ nwetara ScD ya na Mahadum Paris na 1950, <ref name="GF" /> na thesis ya metụtara nyocha ya na butyric na [[acetonobutylic]] fermentation, nke Georges Cohen lekọtara. <ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha nke Jacques Monod na Pasteur Institute . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> N'afọ 1953, ọ kwagara Mahadum California, Berkeley dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta postdoctoral, malite dị ka onye nyocha nje bacteria tupu ọ ghọọ onye nyocha nje na 1956. <ref name="GF" /> <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> N’oge mmalite ọrụ ya na Pasteur Institute, ọ nyochara ''enzyme induction'' ma na 1953, o nyere aka chọpụta ihe na-egbochi ikike nke tryptophan ịmepụta… tryptophan synthase.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ malitere ime nchọpụta alphaproteobacteria na cyanobacteria mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na UCB, gụnyere [[athiorhodaceae]] na [[chloroniums]], ọ mụkwara ọrụ phycobiliprotein na cyanobacterium.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ wepụtakwara ụdị mutated nke cereibacter sphaeroides iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha na carotenoids.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ pụtara na 1959 Oregon State University Biology Colloquium ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ a ma ama na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1969-04-22|title=Biology Colloquium At OSU To Attract Top U.S. Scientistsp|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/384034240/|work=Corvallis Gazette-Times|page=18}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, e nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship iji mụọ "nchịkwa nke njikọ nke ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nje".<ref>{{Cite news|date=1960-04-25|title=Guggenheims to 23 Berkeleyans|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/994313045/|work=The Berkeley Gazette|page=11}}</ref> ''Nnyocha Photosynthesis'' kpọrọ ya "onye ndu ụwa na ultrastructure na physiology nke cyanobacteria", ebe mmadụ atọ nke ndị ọrụ ibe Pasteur Institute - Agnes Ullmann, Georges N. Cohen, na François Jacob - O kwuru na a na-amata ya n’ụwa niile dịka otu n’ime ndị ọkachamara kachasị elu n’ihe gbasara ''photosynthetic prokaryotes''.". <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /><ref name="ASM 2001" /> Mgbe o si na United States lọta, ọ laghachiri na Pasteur Institute na 1971. <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Unité de Physiologie Microbienne na 1982 na prọfesọ na Pasteur Institute na 1985, tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1988. <ref name="Govindjee 2004" /><ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ nke International Cell Research Organization . <ref name="ASM 2001" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Roger Stanier, onye Canada microbiologist onye ya na ya rụkọrhọ ọrụ na Pasteur Institute.<ref name="Govindjee 2004" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, yana nwa nwoke site na alụmdi na nwunye gara aga.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> O kwuru na André Michel Lwoff na Jacques Monod, ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel, bụ "mmụọ ozi na-eche ya" na "onye isi echiche" n'otu n'otu.<ref name="ASM 2001" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 9 Mee 2001 na Vancouver, ebe ọ gara ezumike n’afọ asatọ ikpeazụ ya; ọ dị afọ iri asatọ..<ref name="ASM 2001" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 17, 2001|title=STANIER|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for-germaine/70384856/|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=The Vancouver Sun|pages=F13}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="ASM 2001">{{Cite news|author=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=CyanoNews: Germaine Stainer (Cohen-Bazire)|url=https://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanonews/v16/Germaine.html|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=ASM News}}</ref> <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgoJAQAAIAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and of the Treasurer|date=1955|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="Govindjee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Govindjee|date=April 2004|title=Celebrating the Millennium: Historical Highlights of Photosynthesis Research, Part 3|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=80|issue=1-3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1023/B:PRES.0000030564.59043.ca|issn=0166-8595}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] tjriwnalb19cmokpozirhxug0cer84x Pirkko Moisala 0 75144 670683 631645 2026-07-01T12:33:09Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ */ removed uncreated template in square brackets 670683 wikitext text/x-wiki Pirkko Moisala (amuru 14 Nọvemba 1953) bu onye okachamara ethnomusicologist Finnish, ode akwukwo na onye nkuzi. Ọ na-eduzi ọrụ nyocha nke egwu ụmụ amaala na ọdịmma na Mahadum Helsinki, tọrọ ntọala International Council for Music Traditional yana osote onye isi oche nke Society of Finland maka Ethnomusicology. A maara ya maka nyocha ya na onye na-ede Finnish bụ Kaija Saariaho na maka idezi egwu na okike. == Ọrụ == Moisala gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Helsinki na Mahadum Turku (UTU). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mahadum Åbo Akademi na mahadum Turku. [1] Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita nke Musicology na Ethnomusicology na Mahadum Helsinki.[2][3] Ọ na-eduzi ọrụ nyocha nke egwu ụmụ amaala na ọdịmma, nke "na-amụ egwu dịka ngwá ọrụ maka ike agbụrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na nkwado omenala".[1] Moisala bụ onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Ethnomusicology'', ''Royal Journal of Musicology'' na Women and Music . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pirkko Moisala|url=https://www.helsinki.fi/en/about-us/people/people-finder/pirkko-moisala-9026719|accessdate=2026-04-17|work=[[University of Helsinki]]|language=en}}</ref> O guzobere International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM) <ref name=":1" /> ma bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke The Finnish Society of Ethnomusicology . [1]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administration or Research?|url=http://375humanistia.helsinki.fi/en/pirkko-moisala/administration-or-research-1|accessdate=2026-04-17|work=375 Humanists|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Nkwupụta ọdịbendị na Egwú: Ịga n'ihu na Mgbanwe na Egwú Gurung nke Nepal'' (1991, Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Helffer|first=Mireille|date=1992|title=Reviews. Cultural Cognition in Music: Continuity and Change in the Gurung Music of Nepal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/768482?origin=crossref|journal=Yearbook for Traditional Music|language=fr|volume=24|pages=163|doi=10.2307/768482}}</ref> * ''Kansanmusiikin na-ejide: Metodologian'' pose (1991) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rahkonen|first=Carl|date=1993-12-01|title="Kansanmusiikin tutkimus: Metodologian opas", ed. Pirkko Moisala (Book Review)|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/bacb98c2d677e317f7c797239cddb5eb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819506|journal=Notes|volume=50|issue=2}}</ref> * ''Egwú na Mmekọahụ'' (nke ya na Beverley Diamond dezigharịrị, 2000, University of Illinois Press) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weiss|first=Sarah|date=2002|title=Review of Music and Gender|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/900934|journal=Notes|volume=58|issue=3|pages=569–572|issn=0027-4380}}</ref> * "Nepal" na ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent'' * ''Kaija Saariaho, Women Composers Series, 1'' (2009, University of Illinois Press) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster-Craig|first=John|date=2011|title=Reviews: "Kaija Saariaho" by Pirkko Moisala|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0a3bbbfe93aa773c578051aee6c6e935/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=12846|journal=Fontes Artis Musicae - Journal of the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives, and Documentation Centres|volume=58|issue=1|pages=99–100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Munk|first=James|date=2011-02-01|title=Kaija Saariaho. By Pirkko Moisala.|url=https://academic.oup.com/ml/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ml/gcq096|journal=Music and Letters|language=en|volume=92|issue=1|pages=174–176|doi=10.1093/ml/gcq096|issn=0027-4224}}</ref> * ''Nzukọ Egwú na Deleuze na Guattari'' (nke edere na Taru Leppänen, Milla Tiainen na Hanna Väätäinen, 2017, Bloomsbury Academic) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Iain|date=2018-02-01|title=Musical Encounters with Deleuze and Guattari. Ed. by Pirkko Moisala, Taru Leppänen, Milla Tiainen, and Hanna Väätäinen|url=https://academic.oup.com/ml/article/99/1/145/4996155|journal=Music and Letters|language=en|volume=99|issue=1|pages=145–148|doi=10.1093/ml/gcy031|issn=0027-4224}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 83851on3st15azouzb2ajhspx6aheuu Adis King 0 75165 670684 631805 2026-07-01T12:39:33Z Ebube Clara 43871 670684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ptf3riaj0izujt6cg2iceqbebxxdmlg 670685 670684 2026-07-01T12:43:01Z Ebube Clara 43871 670685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] 9mdolsjdxyhq4j65egsu9gxvs40renc 670686 670685 2026-07-01T12:47:57Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] s9kw3eum7abmcme0zpzadkxsgc67c7l 670687 670686 2026-07-01T12:48:33Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] lgvsxx482veugeyy64svwz3ribpanj3 670688 670687 2026-07-01T12:49:44Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom" /> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] dfbdgnsaxe8xqwvm1fq5fsijtzfih1e 670689 670688 2026-07-01T12:50:58Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom" /> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] d39uta9nskosjhjahnnycik6w0dfi5f 670690 670689 2026-07-01T12:52:15Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom" /> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/ "Adis King"]. ''dom767.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] jm4d9qnvicvg4z40kw7p2os266guyat 670691 670690 2026-07-01T12:58:22Z Ebube Clara 43871 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 670691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Adis King| Adis King]]''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom" /> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] 8cib4g9zu62sasek037bom966cmysvj Georgette Delibrias 0 75187 670977 631779 2026-07-02T01:23:36Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ndụ */ fixed reference errors 670977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgette Delibrias''' (15 Ọgọst 1924 - 29 Eprel 2015) bụ onye French gụrụ fizis<ref>{{Cite web|author=CEA|date=2026-02-20|title=Quatre femmes scientifiques du CEA bientôt inscrites sur la Tour Eiffel|url=https://www.cea.fr/drf/Pages/Actualites/Vie-de-la-DRF/2026/quatre-femmes-scientifiques-du-CEA-bientot-inscrites-sur-la-tour-Eiffel.aspx|accessdate=2026-04-15|work=CEA/Fabrique de savoirs|language=fr}}</ref> onye bụ ọkachamara na radiocarbon dating nwere mmasị na nkà mmụta ihe ochie. A na-atụ aro ka agbakwunye aha ya n'akụkụ Eiffel Tower. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Délibrias na abalị mkpụrụ Ụbọchị iri na anọ arrondissement nke Paris na abalị mkpụrụ Ụbọchị iri na ise ọgọstụ n'afọ 1924. Ọ gụrụ maka akara ugo mmụta ya na 1946 na Ecole polytechnique féminine (EPF) nke Paris . <ref name="obit" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya na Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ihe nchọpụta neutron nke e ji boron trifluoride rụọ. Ọ gara n'ihu site n'ile anya na alpha aerosols na Jacques Labeyrie iji nweta mmasị n'oge na ikike nke iji carbon 14 iji nweta oge oge ihe ochie. Ha nwetara ihe atụ mbụ e bipụtara nke radiocarbon dating na CEA.<ref name="obit" /> Ọ duziri ụlọ nyocha a raara nye teknụzụ na-apụta na radiocarbon dating nke ga-eme n'oge na-edozi ihe nlele puku asatọdị iche iche. O bipụtara ihe akaebe nke ndị bi na America 32,000 afọ gara aga mgbe ekwere na ụbọchị kachasị ochie bụ 13,000 afọ.<ref name="obit">{{Cite journal|author=Paterne|first=Martine|date=March 2016|title=Obituary: Georgette Délibrias (1924–2015)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/obituary-georgette-delibrias-19242015/51FC236461C3354F023A8D461A64C8C7|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=viii–ix|doi=10.1017/RDC.2016.1|issn=0033-8222}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPaterneFontugne2016">Paterne, Martine; Fontugne, Michel (March 2016). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/obituary-georgette-delibrias-19242015/51FC236461C3354F023A8D461A64C8C7 "Obituary: Georgette Délibrias (1924–2015)"]. ''Radiocarbon''. '''58''' (1): <span class="nowrap">viii–</span>ix. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/RDC.2016.1|10.1017/RDC.2016.1]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222 0033-8222].</cite></ref> O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ na Brazil, Senegal, Egypt na Algeria. A na-eto ya maka ime ka usoro ahụ bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="rgf">{{Cite web|title=Le nom de Georgette Délibrias, pionnière du 14C, proposé pour figurer sur la Tour Eiffel parmi les 72 Femmes de Science – RéGEF|url=https://www.regef.fr/le-nom-de-georgette-delibrias-pionniere-du-14c-propose-pour-figurer-sur-la-tour-eiffel-parmi-les-72-femmes-de-science/|accessdate=2026-02-19|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == N'afọ 2026, a mara ọkwa Délibrias dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 72 nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na STEM nke a tụpụtara ka agbakwunye aha ha na ụmụ nwoke 72 emerela na Eiffel Tower. Onye isi obodo Paris, Anne Hidalgo mara ọkwa atụmatụ ahụ na-agbaso aro nke kọmitii nke Isabelle Vauglin nke Femmes et Sciences [fr] na Jean-François Martins, na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-elekọta Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eiffel Tower: a list of 72 women scientists will soon be inscribed on the Parisian monument|url=https://www.sortiraparis.com/en/news/in-paris/articles/340564-eiffel-tower-list-of-72-women-scientists-soon-to-be-honored-on-the-paris-landmark|accessdate=2026-02-02|work=www.sortiraparis.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-01-26|title=Eiffel Tower to honor 72 women scientists for posterity|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2026/01/26/eiffel-tower-to-honor-72-women-in-science-for-posterity_6749828_7.html|accessdate=2026-02-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les noms des 72 femmes pour la Tour Eiffel ont été révélés.|url=https://www.femmesetsciences.fr/news/les-noms-des-72-femmes-pour-la-tour-eiffel-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-r%C3%A9v%C3%A9l%C3%A9|accessdate=2026-02-19|work=Femmes & Sciences|language=fr}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 7l730xsch63d174mx1putrcod2wl0kn Frank Onyeka 0 75350 670937 632397 2026-07-01T23:45:18Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 670937 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview "Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want"]. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ghgbpu3jf90dkxfezcqt20lkldwly3l 670938 670937 2026-07-01T23:49:24Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Klọb */ fixed reference errors 670938 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview "Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want"]. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425">{{soccerbase season|104025|2024|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tqbj2menbhh3rdmlwsma6y04890kmvp 670940 670938 2026-07-01T23:51:37Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Klọb */ fixed reference errors 670940 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview "Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want"]. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26<ref name=sb2526>{{soccerbase season|104025|2025|access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425">{{soccerbase season|104025|2024|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9lg9svnvsjaaprafparax7wwjy0zijf Ebenezer Harcourt 0 75376 671140 632469 2026-07-02T10:31:17Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 671140 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ebenezer Ifeanyi Harcourt''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu maka klọb Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa Sporting Lagos na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ Harcourt na Umunteke-Asa, Ukwa West na Abia State, Nigeria. Ọ gbara bọọlụ ntorobịa na Sporting Lagos Academy tupu ya na Sporting Lagos malite ọrụ ọkachamara ya. Harcourt meriri asọmpị mbụ ya na ndị otu mba Naijiria n'afọ 2025, wee bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta ga-anọchi anya Naịjirịa. Ọ bụkwa onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta na 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ebenezer Ifeanyi Harcourt na 21 Ọktoba 2009 na Umunteke-Asa, [[Ukwa West]], Abia State, Nigeria . <ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="infonews">{{Cite news|author=Sampson|first=Orji|title=From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON|url=https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Infonews|date=May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSampson2025">Sampson, Orji (May 2025). [https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html "From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON"]. ''Infonews''. Owerri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224160631/https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nna ya bụ Ifeanyi Harcourt, onye na-enye ndị na-edebe goolu ọzụzụ maka klọb bọọlụ Naijiria [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] . <ref name="infonews" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Harcourt sonyeere Sporting Lagos Academy mgbe ọ dị afọ iri.<ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ na Nigeria Nationwide League . <ref name="acl">{{Cite news|author=Areo|first=Samuel|title=NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw|url=https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=ACLSports|date=29 November 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAreo2025">Areo, Samuel (29 November 2025). [https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ "NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw"]. ''ACLSports''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224161555/https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harcourt meriri Gothia Cup na academy na 2024. <ref name="thisday">{{Cite news|author=Ikhazuagbe|first=Duro|title=Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/|accessdate=22 December 2025|date=26 September 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIkhazuagbe2025">Ikhazuagbe, Duro (26 September 2025). [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ "Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile"]. ''[[This Day]]''. Apapa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250928110112/https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2025, Harcourt gbara bọọlụ nke mbụ ya na Sporting Lagos na Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa.<ref name="acl">{{Cite news|author=Areo|first=Samuel|title=NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw|url=https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=ACLSports|date=29 November 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAreo2025">Areo, Samuel (29 November 2025). [https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ "NNL: Ebenezer Harcourt makes Sporting debut in home draw"]. ''ACLSports''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224161555/https://www.aclsports.com/nnl-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-sporting-debut-in-home-draw/ Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A họpụtara ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Nigeria na-erubeghị afọ 20 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise ma bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kacha nta na-egwu na 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations. Na nkeji iri na ise, Harcourt zọpụtara penariti abụọ na mmeri Nigeria meriri ndị na-agbachitere Senegal, na-eru eru Nigeria maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke 2025 FIFA U-20. N'ime egwuregwu ise, ọ debere mpempe akwụkwọ atọ dị ọcha wee merie ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ n'oge oge, na-akpọ aha na CAF Best XI maka asọmpi ma na-adọta mmasị site na Nigeria Premier Football League na ndị otu mba ndị ọzọ. Harcourt zọpụtara penalty na ọgụ ya na Niger na ọkara ikpeazụ nke 2025 WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship, na-enye aka na mmeri Naịjirịa.<ref name="fin">{{Cite news|author=Abel|first=Kelechi|title=Flying Eagles Keeper Ebenezer Harcourt Reflects on WAFU U-20 Semi Final|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Football in Nigeria|date=21 July 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbel2025">Abel, Kelechi (21 July 2025). [https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/ "Flying Eagles Keeper Ebenezer Harcourt Reflects on WAFU U-20 Semi Final"]. ''Football in Nigeria''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250805075716/https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/interviews/flying-eagles-keeper-ebenezer-harcourt-reflects-on-wafu-u-20-semi-final/ Archived] from the original on 5 August 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ivory Coast meriri Naijiria site na 1-0 na ngwụcha, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ n'efu.<ref name="paf">{{Cite news|author=Olsson|first=Andrew|title=WAFU U-20: Ivory Coast pounce on late mistake to emerge as champions|url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/wafu-u-20-ivory-coast-pounce-on-late-mistake-to-emerge-as-champions/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Pan-Africa Football|date=24 July 2025}}</ref> Tupu 2025 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Premier League club Manchester United zigara ndị scout ka ha nyochaa Harcourt na Chile <ref name="thisday">{{Cite news|author=Ikhazuagbe|first=Duro|title=Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/|accessdate=22 December 2025|date=26 September 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIkhazuagbe2025">Ikhazuagbe, Duro (26 September 2025). [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ "Manchester Utd to Spy on Ebenezer as Flying Eagles Land in Chile"]. ''[[This Day]]''. Apapa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250928110112/https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/26/manchester-utd-to-spy-on-ebenezer-as-flying-eagles-land-in-chile/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> na ''ESPN'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Naijiria ise ga-ele anya na asọmpi ahụ. <ref name="sportsration">{{Cite news|title=Manchester United scouts watch Nigeria’s teenage goalkeeper Harcourt|url=https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=SportsRation|date=25 September 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/ "Manchester United scouts watch Nigeria's teenage goalkeeper Harcourt"]. ''SportsRation''. 25 September 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251223130531/https://sportsration.com/manchester-united-scouts-watch-nigerias-teenage-goalkeeper-harcourt/ Archived] from the original on 23 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="espn">{{Cite news|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Nigeria's Terrific Teens – Five Flying Eagles players to watch at the FIFA U-20 World Cup|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup|accessdate=22 December 2025|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=29 September 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUdoh2025">Udoh, Colin (29 September 2025). [https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup "Nigeria's Terrific Teens – Five Flying Eagles players to watch at the FIFA U-20 World Cup"]. [[ESPN]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251223124758/https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/46418758/nigeria-terrific-teens-five-flying-eagles-players-watch-fifa-u-20-world-cup Archived] from the original on 23 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harcourt meriri n'egwuregwu mbụ ya na ndị otu mba Naịjirịa n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2025, na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha na mmeri 2-0 ha meriri Congo na Group D nke asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2024 iji bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị ọhụrụ na-anọchite anya ndị otu Naịjiria na afọ iri na ise.<ref name="ats">{{Cite news|title=CHAN 2024 : 15-Year-Old Ebenezer Harcourt Makes History with Clean Sheet|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2025/08/20/chan-2024-15-year-old-ebenezer-harcourt-makes-history-with-clean-sheet/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Africa Top Sports|date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="thenation">{{Cite news|author=Oguntade|first=Victor|title=Harcourt reflects on dream Super Eagles’ debut at 2024 CHAN|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/harcourt-reflects-on-dream-super-eagles-debut-at-2024-chan/|accessdate=23 December 2025|date=22 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Harcourt na ndị otu Eric Chelle maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa megide Rwanda na South Africa na Septemba.<ref name="acl" /> Ndị nkuzi Harcourt na Sporting Lagos Academy toro echiche ya na nkà na ụzụ ya.<ref name="caf" />Otu onye nduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na Harcourt zụrụ n'ụzọ siri ike na ebumnuche.<ref name="infonews" /> Infonews kwuru na ụkpụrụ ọrụ ya bụ ihe mere a kpọrọ ya ozugbo na otu mba U20.<ref name="infonews" /> ESPN akọwaala Harcourt dị ka onye nwere obi ike na onye dị egwu, <ref name="espn" /> CAF, <ref name="caf">{{Cite news|title=Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria’s AFCON U20 hero|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=16 May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ "Teenage wall: How 15-Year-Old Harcourt became Nigeria's AFCON U20 hero"]. ''[[U-20 Africa Cup of Nations]]''. [[Confederation of African Football]]. 16 May 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251110082133/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-u-20-africa-cup-of-nations/news/teenage-wall-how-15-year-old-harcourt-became-nigeria-s-afcon-u20-hero/ Archived] from the original on 10 November 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> na Infonews, <ref name="infonews">{{Cite news|author=Sampson|first=Orji|title=From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON|url=https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html|accessdate=22 December 2025|work=Infonews|date=May 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSampson2025">Sampson, Orji (May 2025). [https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html "From Umunteke-Asa Ukwa West To Stardom: Enwereuzo Harcourt's Heroic Outing For Nigeria @ U-20 AFCON"]. ''Infonews''. Owerri. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251224160631/https://www.infonews.com.ng/2025/05/from-umunteke-asa-ukwa-west-to-stardom.html Archived] from the original on 24 December 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> onye ikike na echiche ya dị ka ndị okenye, ndị nwere ahụmahụ.<ref name="fin" /> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Sporting Lagos F.C.|Egwuregwu Lagos]] |2025–26 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa |7 |0 |1 |0 |8 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !7 !0 !1 !0 !8 !0 ! |} === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 19 August 2025}}<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Ebenezer Harcourt Stats |url=https://www.soccerway.com/player/harcourt-ebenezer/lhHUE0s0/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224162511/https://www.soccerway.com/player/harcourt-ebenezer/lhHUE0s0/ |archive-date=24 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Egwuregwu Lagos''' * Iko Gothia: 2024 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * U-20 Africa Cup of Nations CAF Best XI: 2025 '''Ihe ndekọ''' * Onye egwuregwu kachasị nta [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba]]: afọ 15 * 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị nta: afọ 15 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sajhsavifs0ehk30gneg2jx4zu430g5 Gabrielle Petit 0 75517 670963 638883 2026-07-02T00:51:08Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ fixed reference errors 670963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabrielle Petit (1908) ]] '''Gabrielle Petit''' (née '''Mathieu'''; November 26, 1860 - 1952),Ọ bụ onye France na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-emegide ndị ụkọchukwu, onye na-akwado ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'agbanyeghị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu ọrụ na ndị na-akwado echiche Freethought. Ọ hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ La Femme afranchie (Nwanyị E Nwere Onwe Ya) <ref name="Jablonka2022">{{Cite book|first=Ivan|author=Jablonka|date=3 February 2022|title=A History of Masculinity: From Patriarchy to Gender Justice|publisher=Penguin UK|pages=|isbn=978-0-14-199371-3|oclc=1308424789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CscZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}</ref> ebe ọ katọrọ ịgba akwụna. Na nzukọ, ọ kwuru banyere [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]], [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi ọmụmụ]], ihe ọjọọ nke militarism, na nkwado maka ndị ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gabrielle Mathieu na Cayrols, na Nọvemba 26, 1860, <ref name="Maitron" / Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, na-enyere ndị mụrụ ya aka ma na-elekọta ewu.<ref name="1:frwp" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Petit zutere iwu mbụ ya maka ịtụ nkume n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agagharị; a tara ya na enyi ya ahụhụ. Ọ garaghị akwụkwọ, dịka o kwuru n'oge ikpe mbụ ya:— "Ruo mgbe m dị afọ iri abụọ, enweghị m onye nkuzi ọzọ karịa okike, ubi, ahịhịa na ọhịa maka ọbá akwụkwọ m, akwụkwọ ndụ, nke kachasị zuru oke na nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ nwere peeji ọhụrụ kwa ụbọchị. "<ref name="1:frwp" /> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara na US ebe ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke tupu ya na nna ya kewaa. Ọ laghachighị France ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ebe ọ zụlitere nwa ya nwoke naanị ya. N'afọ 1897, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa, ọ malitere itinye aka n'ịgbachitere na inyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka aka. === ''Nwanyị A tọhapụrụ'' === Mgbe ọ zutere Marguerite Durand, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ La ''Fronde'', Petit tinyere aka na ọrụ mgbasa ozi. N'ọnwa Eprel 1904, Petit guzobere La Femme affranchie, <ref name="2:frwp">{{Cite book|first=François-Olivier|author=Touati|title=Maladies, médecines et sociétés|year=1991|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-TAK2s4lMC&pg=PA291}}</ref> "otu akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-eche echiche n'onwe ha".<ref name="3:frwp">{{Cite journal|first=René|author=Bianco|title=100 ans de presse anarchiste|journal=La Femme Affranchie|language=fr|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbianco.ficedl.info%2Farticle979.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1913 na mgbe ahụ n'ime afọ 1930. <ref name="4:frwp">{{Cite book|title=BERTRAND Julia, Marie, Victorine|publisher=Dictionnaire des anarchistes "Le Maitron"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle153818#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dabere na nkwado nke onye bụbu onye isi obodo, Jean Allemane, onye a chụpụrụ na New Caledonia, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu gbasara ego akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke gụnyere ndenye aha, ire ahịa n'okporo ámá, na ire ahịa nye ndị otu na ndị na-akwado ya. Site na 1904 ruo 1907, ọtụtụ ndị edemede kwadoro otu ahụ, gụnyere onye na-akwado udo na onye na-akwado ikike nwanyị bụ Odette Laguerre na Nelly Roussel, ndị si n'ezinụlọ Katọlik bourgeois, mana mgbe ha dị afọ 20, ha kwụsịrị ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ iji tụgharịa gaa na mgba nke ikike nwanyị.<ref name="5:frwp" /> N'etiti ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị e mepụtara, La Femme affranchie wepụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu iji katọọ ịgba akwụna.   Na mgbakwunye na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Gabrielle nwere nzukọ na France niile gbasara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị na onye Neomalthusianist Paul Robin.<ref name="5:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Anne|author=Cova|year=2011|title=Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-54569-4|oclc=721829187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCova2011">Cova, Anne (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74 ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'']. Harmattan. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-2-296-54569-4|<bdi>978-2-296-54569-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721829187 721829187].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'otu n'ime nzukọ ndị ahụ ka Petit zutere Julia Bertrand, onye mere ka ọ mata echiche nnwere onwe.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Site na 1904 ruo 1910, Petit nyere nkuzi 2,000 na ngalaba 58. O kwetara na ya nwere mmasị n'ezie na Louise Michel, na-eto ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1905. <ref name="5:frwp" /> === Ikpe nke mmegide agha === [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_2.jpg|thumb|''Ndụmọdụ Nne'' (1904) ]] N'August 1, 1907, e jidere Petit na Granges, Vosges, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. N'oge ikpe ya, na Nọvemba 20, 1907, <ref name="7:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Jean|author=Rabaut|date=1 January 1996|title=Marguerite Durand (1864-1936): "La Fronde" féministe ou "Le Temps" en jupons|language=fr|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-32051-2|oclc=988951155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XARNwxgN7H4C&pg=PA106}}</ref> e boro ya ebubo na o kwuru Ugwu na-emegide agha n'oge nkuzi na nke, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, kpaliri ndị agha ka ha ghara inupụ isi ma zuo ngwá agha. Ọ nọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo na Febụwarị 1, 1908. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ ghọrọ onye "dị ize ndụ", onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye uwe ojii so ya na njem ya niile. Mana nke ahụ egbochighị Petit ịga n'ihu na-agagharị na France iji nye nkuzi, mgbe ụfọdụ atọ n'ụbọchị. N'August 2, 1908, e jidere Petit ọzọ mgbe ọ na-akwado ndị ọrụ silk na-eme ngagharị iwe na Besançon, n'ihi na ọ na-eme mgbasa ozi na-emegide agha. Ikpe ahụ mere n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref name="8:frwp">{{Cite web|title=Cartoliste. Procès de Gabrielle Petit - Besançon, 29 Août 1908|url=https://cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1097.html?lang=fr|work=cartoliste.ficedl.info|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ, ma tọhapụ ya na Nọvemba 13, 1908.<ref name="9:frwp">{{Cite book|editor=Mayeur|author=Institut Marc Sangnier|year=2006|title=Le Sillon de Marc Sangnier et la démocratie sociale: actes du colloque des 18 et 19 mars 2004, Besançon|language=fr|publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|isbn=978-2-84867-159-8|oclc=1049140942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIsPGcK9ChYC&pg=PA80}}</ref> Na mbido 1913, Petit na Bertrand, na-eche egwu agha na-arịwanye elu, dere mbipụta pụrụ iche nke La Femme affranchie, ebe olu ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya na-aghọwanye ike na ime ihe ike megide ndị na-eme udo.<ref name="Ronsin1990">{{Cite book|editor=Ronsin|year=1990|title=Les Vosgiens célèbres: dictionnaire biographique illustré|language=fr|publisher=Editions G. Louis|isbn=978-2-907016-09-4|oclc=243717630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ZmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === Oge agha === N'afọ 1927, mgbe ọ bi na mpaghara Vosges, Lot, na Charente, onye uwe ojii na-ejikọta ya mgbe niile, e debara aha ya na Carnet B, site n'August 23, 1913. <ref name="10:frwp">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle [née MATHIEU Gabrielle] - Maitron|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle84307#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=archive.wikiwix.com|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ maliteghachiri nkuzi ya banyere pacifism na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu, ọbụlagodi na, dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe, o weere na ọgụ a nwere njedebe ya.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Na mbido afọ 1930, ọ sonyere na Obodo nnwere onwe na Puch-d'Agenais, Lot-et-Garonne, nke "onye na-emebi iwu" [[Victor Coissac]] duziri. N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ ugbu a, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọkachasị na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ.<ref name="12:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Diana|author=Cooper-Richet|year=1985|title=L'exercice du bonheur, ou, Comment Victor Coissac cultiva l'utopie entre les deux guerres, dans sa communauté de l'Intégrale|publisher=Editions Champ Vallon|language=fr|pages=237–|isbn=978-2-903528-51-5|oclc=1284525745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSaRvvX2AOsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Gabrielle Petit nwụrụ na 1952.<ref name="Maitron">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307|publisher=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|date=6 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307 "PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle"] (in French). Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier. 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "La bonne belle-mere", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 4, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904">{{Cite book|title=Belgische bibliografie|date=1904|publisher=H. Manceaux|pages=173, 230|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA173|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|chapter=LITTERATURE.}}</ref> * "Conte de Mai", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 5, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> * "Nwanyị nke ọdịnihu", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 8, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * ''Gabrielle Petit, devant la Cour d'assises de Nancy, 21 novembre 1907'', in Christine Bard, Grégoire Kauffmann, ''Les insoumises, la révolution féministe'', Le Monde, 2013,  . (in French) * Anne Cova, ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'', L'Harmattan, 2011,  , <small>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PP74 online excerpts]</small>. (in French) * Christiane Demeulenaere-Douyère, ''Paul Robin. Un militant de la liberté et du bonheur'', Paris, Publisud, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CabaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22conduit+par+Gabrielle+Petit%22 p.320]. (in French) * Madeleine Laude, ''Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable'', Éditions du Monde libertaire, 2010,  , <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904192701/http://www.editionsmondelibertaire.org/produit.php?ref=978-291551-4407&id_rubrique=17&PHPSESSID=dgh55upekfm00ebkh0gfkj2rn4 editor's note] Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine</small>. (in French) * Florence Rochefort [fr], [[Michelle Zancarini-Fournel]], ''Le pouvoir du genre : laïcités et religions, 1905-2005'', Éditions Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoKMOXMVXB0C&dq=%22Les+Filles+de+noce%22%22Gabrielle+Petit%22&pg=PA114 p.114],  . (in French) * Patrick Schindler, ''Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable : une femme affranchie'', Le Monde libertaire, n°1628, 24 mars 2011, <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904025154/http://www.monde-libertaire.fr/expressions/14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie full text]</small>. (in French) * Georges Ubbiali, ''Une femme affranchie. Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable'', revue électronique Dissidences, Bibliothèque de comptes rendus, septembre 2011, <small>[http://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1372 full text]</small>. (in French) * Daniel Vasseur, ''Les débuts du mouvement ouvrier dans la région Belfort-Montbéliard (1870-1914)'', Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz9ogTq5pWQC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PA137 p.137],  . (in French) * Michelle Zancarini-Fournel, Florence Rochefort, Bibia Pavard [fr], ''Les lois Veil. Les événements fondateurs:Contraception 1974, IVG 1975'', Armand Colin, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wg2XZJxboUgC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PT30 biographical sketch]. (in French) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a5z1tbkokh0xz24bkd4e7easocgi2fr 670964 670963 2026-07-02T00:51:54Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabrielle Petit (1908) ]] '''Gabrielle Petit''' (née '''Mathieu'''; November 26, 1860 - 1952),Ọ bụ onye France na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-emegide ndị ụkọchukwu, onye na-akwado ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'agbanyeghị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu ọrụ na ndị na-akwado echiche Freethought. Ọ hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ La Femme afranchie (Nwanyị E Nwere Onwe Ya) <ref name="Jablonka2022">{{Cite book|first=Ivan|author=Jablonka|date=3 February 2022|title=A History of Masculinity: From Patriarchy to Gender Justice|publisher=Penguin UK|pages=|isbn=978-0-14-199371-3|oclc=1308424789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CscZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}</ref> ebe ọ katọrọ ịgba akwụna. Na nzukọ, ọ kwuru banyere [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]], [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi ọmụmụ]], ihe ọjọọ nke militarism, na nkwado maka ndị ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gabrielle Mathieu na Cayrols, na Nọvemba 26, 1860, <ref name="Maitron" / Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, na-enyere ndị mụrụ ya aka ma na-elekọta ewu.<ref name="1:frwp" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Petit zutere iwu mbụ ya maka ịtụ nkume n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agagharị; a tara ya na enyi ya ahụhụ. Ọ garaghị akwụkwọ, dịka o kwuru n'oge ikpe mbụ ya:— "Ruo mgbe m dị afọ iri abụọ, enweghị m onye nkuzi ọzọ karịa okike, ubi, ahịhịa na ọhịa maka ọbá akwụkwọ m, akwụkwọ ndụ, nke kachasị zuru oke na nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ nwere peeji ọhụrụ kwa ụbọchị. "<ref name="1:frwp">{{Cite news|first=Patrick|author=Schindler|title=Expressions - Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable : une femme affranchie|publisher=Le Monde libertaire|date=24 March 2011|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-libertaire.fr%2Fexpressions%2F14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchindler2011">Schindler, Patrick (24 March 2011). [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-libertaire.fr%2Fexpressions%2F14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url "Expressions - Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable : une femme affranchie"] (in French). No.&nbsp;1628. Le Monde libertaire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span> &#x2013; via archive.wikiwix.com.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara na US ebe ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke tupu ya na nna ya kewaa. Ọ laghachighị France ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ebe ọ zụlitere nwa ya nwoke naanị ya. N'afọ 1897, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa, ọ malitere itinye aka n'ịgbachitere na inyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka aka. === ''Nwanyị A tọhapụrụ'' === Mgbe ọ zutere Marguerite Durand, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ La ''Fronde'', Petit tinyere aka na ọrụ mgbasa ozi. N'ọnwa Eprel 1904, Petit guzobere La Femme affranchie, <ref name="2:frwp">{{Cite book|first=François-Olivier|author=Touati|title=Maladies, médecines et sociétés|year=1991|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-TAK2s4lMC&pg=PA291}}</ref> "otu akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-eche echiche n'onwe ha".<ref name="3:frwp">{{Cite journal|first=René|author=Bianco|title=100 ans de presse anarchiste|journal=La Femme Affranchie|language=fr|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbianco.ficedl.info%2Farticle979.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1913 na mgbe ahụ n'ime afọ 1930. <ref name="4:frwp">{{Cite book|title=BERTRAND Julia, Marie, Victorine|publisher=Dictionnaire des anarchistes "Le Maitron"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle153818#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dabere na nkwado nke onye bụbu onye isi obodo, Jean Allemane, onye a chụpụrụ na New Caledonia, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu gbasara ego akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke gụnyere ndenye aha, ire ahịa n'okporo ámá, na ire ahịa nye ndị otu na ndị na-akwado ya. Site na 1904 ruo 1907, ọtụtụ ndị edemede kwadoro otu ahụ, gụnyere onye na-akwado udo na onye na-akwado ikike nwanyị bụ Odette Laguerre na Nelly Roussel, ndị si n'ezinụlọ Katọlik bourgeois, mana mgbe ha dị afọ 20, ha kwụsịrị ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ iji tụgharịa gaa na mgba nke ikike nwanyị.<ref name="5:frwp" /> N'etiti ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị e mepụtara, La Femme affranchie wepụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu iji katọọ ịgba akwụna.   Na mgbakwunye na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Gabrielle nwere nzukọ na France niile gbasara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị na onye Neomalthusianist Paul Robin.<ref name="5:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Anne|author=Cova|year=2011|title=Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-54569-4|oclc=721829187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCova2011">Cova, Anne (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74 ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'']. Harmattan. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-2-296-54569-4|<bdi>978-2-296-54569-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721829187 721829187].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'otu n'ime nzukọ ndị ahụ ka Petit zutere Julia Bertrand, onye mere ka ọ mata echiche nnwere onwe.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Site na 1904 ruo 1910, Petit nyere nkuzi 2,000 na ngalaba 58. O kwetara na ya nwere mmasị n'ezie na Louise Michel, na-eto ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1905. <ref name="5:frwp" /> === Ikpe nke mmegide agha === [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_2.jpg|thumb|''Ndụmọdụ Nne'' (1904) ]] N'August 1, 1907, e jidere Petit na Granges, Vosges, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. N'oge ikpe ya, na Nọvemba 20, 1907, <ref name="7:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Jean|author=Rabaut|date=1 January 1996|title=Marguerite Durand (1864-1936): "La Fronde" féministe ou "Le Temps" en jupons|language=fr|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-32051-2|oclc=988951155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XARNwxgN7H4C&pg=PA106}}</ref> e boro ya ebubo na o kwuru Ugwu na-emegide agha n'oge nkuzi na nke, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, kpaliri ndị agha ka ha ghara inupụ isi ma zuo ngwá agha. Ọ nọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo na Febụwarị 1, 1908. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ ghọrọ onye "dị ize ndụ", onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye uwe ojii so ya na njem ya niile. Mana nke ahụ egbochighị Petit ịga n'ihu na-agagharị na France iji nye nkuzi, mgbe ụfọdụ atọ n'ụbọchị. N'August 2, 1908, e jidere Petit ọzọ mgbe ọ na-akwado ndị ọrụ silk na-eme ngagharị iwe na Besançon, n'ihi na ọ na-eme mgbasa ozi na-emegide agha. Ikpe ahụ mere n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref name="8:frwp">{{Cite web|title=Cartoliste. Procès de Gabrielle Petit - Besançon, 29 Août 1908|url=https://cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1097.html?lang=fr|work=cartoliste.ficedl.info|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ, ma tọhapụ ya na Nọvemba 13, 1908.<ref name="9:frwp">{{Cite book|editor=Mayeur|author=Institut Marc Sangnier|year=2006|title=Le Sillon de Marc Sangnier et la démocratie sociale: actes du colloque des 18 et 19 mars 2004, Besançon|language=fr|publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|isbn=978-2-84867-159-8|oclc=1049140942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIsPGcK9ChYC&pg=PA80}}</ref> Na mbido 1913, Petit na Bertrand, na-eche egwu agha na-arịwanye elu, dere mbipụta pụrụ iche nke La Femme affranchie, ebe olu ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya na-aghọwanye ike na ime ihe ike megide ndị na-eme udo.<ref name="Ronsin1990">{{Cite book|editor=Ronsin|year=1990|title=Les Vosgiens célèbres: dictionnaire biographique illustré|language=fr|publisher=Editions G. Louis|isbn=978-2-907016-09-4|oclc=243717630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ZmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === Oge agha === N'afọ 1927, mgbe ọ bi na mpaghara Vosges, Lot, na Charente, onye uwe ojii na-ejikọta ya mgbe niile, e debara aha ya na Carnet B, site n'August 23, 1913. <ref name="10:frwp">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle [née MATHIEU Gabrielle] - Maitron|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle84307#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=archive.wikiwix.com|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ maliteghachiri nkuzi ya banyere pacifism na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu, ọbụlagodi na, dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe, o weere na ọgụ a nwere njedebe ya.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Na mbido afọ 1930, ọ sonyere na Obodo nnwere onwe na Puch-d'Agenais, Lot-et-Garonne, nke "onye na-emebi iwu" [[Victor Coissac]] duziri. N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ ugbu a, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọkachasị na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ.<ref name="12:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Diana|author=Cooper-Richet|year=1985|title=L'exercice du bonheur, ou, Comment Victor Coissac cultiva l'utopie entre les deux guerres, dans sa communauté de l'Intégrale|publisher=Editions Champ Vallon|language=fr|pages=237–|isbn=978-2-903528-51-5|oclc=1284525745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSaRvvX2AOsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Gabrielle Petit nwụrụ na 1952.<ref name="Maitron">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307|publisher=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|date=6 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307 "PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle"] (in French). Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier. 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "La bonne belle-mere", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 4, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904">{{Cite book|title=Belgische bibliografie|date=1904|publisher=H. Manceaux|pages=173, 230|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA173|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|chapter=LITTERATURE.}}</ref> * "Conte de Mai", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 5, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> * "Nwanyị nke ọdịnihu", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 8, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * ''Gabrielle Petit, devant la Cour d'assises de Nancy, 21 novembre 1907'', in Christine Bard, Grégoire Kauffmann, ''Les insoumises, la révolution féministe'', Le Monde, 2013,  . (in French) * Anne Cova, ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'', L'Harmattan, 2011,  , <small>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PP74 online excerpts]</small>. (in French) * Christiane Demeulenaere-Douyère, ''Paul Robin. Un militant de la liberté et du bonheur'', Paris, Publisud, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CabaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22conduit+par+Gabrielle+Petit%22 p.320]. (in French) * Madeleine Laude, ''Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable'', Éditions du Monde libertaire, 2010,  , <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904192701/http://www.editionsmondelibertaire.org/produit.php?ref=978-291551-4407&id_rubrique=17&PHPSESSID=dgh55upekfm00ebkh0gfkj2rn4 editor's note] Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine</small>. (in French) * Florence Rochefort [fr], [[Michelle Zancarini-Fournel]], ''Le pouvoir du genre : laïcités et religions, 1905-2005'', Éditions Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoKMOXMVXB0C&dq=%22Les+Filles+de+noce%22%22Gabrielle+Petit%22&pg=PA114 p.114],  . (in French) * Patrick Schindler, ''Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable : une femme affranchie'', Le Monde libertaire, n°1628, 24 mars 2011, <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904025154/http://www.monde-libertaire.fr/expressions/14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie full text]</small>. (in French) * Georges Ubbiali, ''Une femme affranchie. Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable'', revue électronique Dissidences, Bibliothèque de comptes rendus, septembre 2011, <small>[http://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1372 full text]</small>. (in French) * Daniel Vasseur, ''Les débuts du mouvement ouvrier dans la région Belfort-Montbéliard (1870-1914)'', Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz9ogTq5pWQC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PA137 p.137],  . (in French) * Michelle Zancarini-Fournel, Florence Rochefort, Bibia Pavard [fr], ''Les lois Veil. Les événements fondateurs:Contraception 1974, IVG 1975'', Armand Colin, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wg2XZJxboUgC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PT30 biographical sketch]. (in French) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 51q2mupho0e4xvx9dcdwcmmy0ox2111 670966 670964 2026-07-02T00:55:28Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabrielle Petit (1908) ]] '''Gabrielle Petit''' (née '''Mathieu'''; November 26, 1860 - 1952),Ọ bụ onye France na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-emegide ndị ụkọchukwu, onye na-akwado ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'agbanyeghị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu ọrụ na ndị na-akwado echiche Freethought. Ọ hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ La Femme afranchie (Nwanyị E Nwere Onwe Ya) <ref name="Jablonka2022">{{Cite book|first=Ivan|author=Jablonka|date=3 February 2022|title=A History of Masculinity: From Patriarchy to Gender Justice|publisher=Penguin UK|pages=|isbn=978-0-14-199371-3|oclc=1308424789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CscZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}</ref> ebe ọ katọrọ ịgba akwụna. Na nzukọ, ọ kwuru banyere [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]], [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi ọmụmụ]], ihe ọjọọ nke militarism, na nkwado maka ndị ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gabrielle Mathieu na Cayrols, na Nọvemba 26, 1860, <ref name="Maitron" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, na-enyere ndị mụrụ ya aka ma na-elekọta ewu.<ref name="1:frwp" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Petit zutere iwu mbụ ya maka ịtụ nkume n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agagharị; a tara ya na enyi ya ahụhụ. Ọ garaghị akwụkwọ, dịka o kwuru n'oge ikpe mbụ ya:— "Ruo mgbe m dị afọ iri abụọ, enweghị m onye nkuzi ọzọ karịa okike, ubi, ahịhịa na ọhịa maka ọbá akwụkwọ m, akwụkwọ ndụ, nke kachasị zuru oke na nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ nwere peeji ọhụrụ kwa ụbọchị. "<ref name="1:frwp">{{Cite news|first=Patrick|author=Schindler|title=Expressions - Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable : une femme affranchie|publisher=Le Monde libertaire|date=24 March 2011|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-libertaire.fr%2Fexpressions%2F14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara na US ebe ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke tupu ya na nna ya kewaa. Ọ laghachighị France ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ebe ọ zụlitere nwa ya nwoke naanị ya. N'afọ 1897, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa, ọ malitere itinye aka n'ịgbachitere na inyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka aka. === ''Nwanyị A tọhapụrụ'' === Mgbe ọ zutere Marguerite Durand, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ La ''Fronde'', Petit tinyere aka na ọrụ mgbasa ozi. N'ọnwa Eprel 1904, Petit guzobere La Femme affranchie, <ref name="2:frwp">{{Cite book|first=François-Olivier|author=Touati|title=Maladies, médecines et sociétés|year=1991|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-TAK2s4lMC&pg=PA291}}</ref> "otu akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-eche echiche n'onwe ha".<ref name="3:frwp">{{Cite journal|first=René|author=Bianco|title=100 ans de presse anarchiste|journal=La Femme Affranchie|language=fr|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbianco.ficedl.info%2Farticle979.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1913 na mgbe ahụ n'ime afọ 1930. <ref name="4:frwp">{{Cite book|title=BERTRAND Julia, Marie, Victorine|publisher=Dictionnaire des anarchistes "Le Maitron"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle153818#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dabere na nkwado nke onye bụbu onye isi obodo, Jean Allemane, onye a chụpụrụ na New Caledonia, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu gbasara ego akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke gụnyere ndenye aha, ire ahịa n'okporo ámá, na ire ahịa nye ndị otu na ndị na-akwado ya. Site na 1904 ruo 1907, ọtụtụ ndị edemede kwadoro otu ahụ, gụnyere onye na-akwado udo na onye na-akwado ikike nwanyị bụ Odette Laguerre na Nelly Roussel, ndị si n'ezinụlọ Katọlik bourgeois, mana mgbe ha dị afọ 20, ha kwụsịrị ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ iji tụgharịa gaa na mgba nke ikike nwanyị.<ref name="5:frwp" /> N'etiti ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị e mepụtara, La Femme affranchie wepụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu iji katọọ ịgba akwụna.   Na mgbakwunye na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Gabrielle nwere nzukọ na France niile gbasara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị na onye Neomalthusianist Paul Robin.<ref name="5:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Anne|author=Cova|year=2011|title=Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-54569-4|oclc=721829187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCova2011">Cova, Anne (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74 ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'']. Harmattan. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-2-296-54569-4|<bdi>978-2-296-54569-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721829187 721829187].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'otu n'ime nzukọ ndị ahụ ka Petit zutere Julia Bertrand, onye mere ka ọ mata echiche nnwere onwe.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Site na 1904 ruo 1910, Petit nyere nkuzi 2,000 na ngalaba 58. O kwetara na ya nwere mmasị n'ezie na Louise Michel, na-eto ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1905. <ref name="5:frwp" /> === Ikpe nke mmegide agha === [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_2.jpg|thumb|''Ndụmọdụ Nne'' (1904) ]] N'August 1, 1907, e jidere Petit na Granges, Vosges, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. N'oge ikpe ya, na Nọvemba 20, 1907, <ref name="7:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Jean|author=Rabaut|date=1 January 1996|title=Marguerite Durand (1864-1936): "La Fronde" féministe ou "Le Temps" en jupons|language=fr|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-32051-2|oclc=988951155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XARNwxgN7H4C&pg=PA106}}</ref> e boro ya ebubo na o kwuru Ugwu na-emegide agha n'oge nkuzi na nke, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, kpaliri ndị agha ka ha ghara inupụ isi ma zuo ngwá agha. Ọ nọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo na Febụwarị 1, 1908. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ ghọrọ onye "dị ize ndụ", onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye uwe ojii so ya na njem ya niile. Mana nke ahụ egbochighị Petit ịga n'ihu na-agagharị na France iji nye nkuzi, mgbe ụfọdụ atọ n'ụbọchị. N'August 2, 1908, e jidere Petit ọzọ mgbe ọ na-akwado ndị ọrụ silk na-eme ngagharị iwe na Besançon, n'ihi na ọ na-eme mgbasa ozi na-emegide agha. Ikpe ahụ mere n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref name="8:frwp">{{Cite web|title=Cartoliste. Procès de Gabrielle Petit - Besançon, 29 Août 1908|url=https://cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1097.html?lang=fr|work=cartoliste.ficedl.info|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ, ma tọhapụ ya na Nọvemba 13, 1908.<ref name="9:frwp">{{Cite book|editor=Mayeur|author=Institut Marc Sangnier|year=2006|title=Le Sillon de Marc Sangnier et la démocratie sociale: actes du colloque des 18 et 19 mars 2004, Besançon|language=fr|publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|isbn=978-2-84867-159-8|oclc=1049140942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIsPGcK9ChYC&pg=PA80}}</ref> Na mbido 1913, Petit na Bertrand, na-eche egwu agha na-arịwanye elu, dere mbipụta pụrụ iche nke La Femme affranchie, ebe olu ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya na-aghọwanye ike na ime ihe ike megide ndị na-eme udo.<ref name="Ronsin1990">{{Cite book|editor=Ronsin|year=1990|title=Les Vosgiens célèbres: dictionnaire biographique illustré|language=fr|publisher=Editions G. Louis|isbn=978-2-907016-09-4|oclc=243717630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ZmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === Oge agha === N'afọ 1927, mgbe ọ bi na mpaghara Vosges, Lot, na Charente, onye uwe ojii na-ejikọta ya mgbe niile, e debara aha ya na Carnet B, site n'August 23, 1913. <ref name="10:frwp">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle [née MATHIEU Gabrielle] - Maitron|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle84307#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=archive.wikiwix.com|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ maliteghachiri nkuzi ya banyere pacifism na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu, ọbụlagodi na, dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe, o weere na ọgụ a nwere njedebe ya.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Na mbido afọ 1930, ọ sonyere na Obodo nnwere onwe na Puch-d'Agenais, Lot-et-Garonne, nke "onye na-emebi iwu" [[Victor Coissac]] duziri. N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ ugbu a, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọkachasị na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ.<ref name="12:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Diana|author=Cooper-Richet|year=1985|title=L'exercice du bonheur, ou, Comment Victor Coissac cultiva l'utopie entre les deux guerres, dans sa communauté de l'Intégrale|publisher=Editions Champ Vallon|language=fr|pages=237–|isbn=978-2-903528-51-5|oclc=1284525745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSaRvvX2AOsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Gabrielle Petit nwụrụ na 1952.<ref name="Maitron">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307|publisher=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|date=6 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307 "PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle"] (in French). Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier. 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "La bonne belle-mere", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 4, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904">{{Cite book|title=Belgische bibliografie|date=1904|publisher=H. Manceaux|pages=173, 230|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA173|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|chapter=LITTERATURE.}}</ref> * "Conte de Mai", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 5, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> * "Nwanyị nke ọdịnihu", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 8, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * ''Gabrielle Petit, devant la Cour d'assises de Nancy, 21 novembre 1907'', in Christine Bard, Grégoire Kauffmann, ''Les insoumises, la révolution féministe'', Le Monde, 2013,  . (in French) * Anne Cova, ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'', L'Harmattan, 2011,  , <small>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PP74 online excerpts]</small>. (in French) * Christiane Demeulenaere-Douyère, ''Paul Robin. Un militant de la liberté et du bonheur'', Paris, Publisud, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CabaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22conduit+par+Gabrielle+Petit%22 p.320]. (in French) * Madeleine Laude, ''Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable'', Éditions du Monde libertaire, 2010,  , <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904192701/http://www.editionsmondelibertaire.org/produit.php?ref=978-291551-4407&id_rubrique=17&PHPSESSID=dgh55upekfm00ebkh0gfkj2rn4 editor's note] Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine</small>. (in French) * Florence Rochefort [fr], [[Michelle Zancarini-Fournel]], ''Le pouvoir du genre : laïcités et religions, 1905-2005'', Éditions Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoKMOXMVXB0C&dq=%22Les+Filles+de+noce%22%22Gabrielle+Petit%22&pg=PA114 p.114],  . (in French) * Patrick Schindler, ''Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable : une femme affranchie'', Le Monde libertaire, n°1628, 24 mars 2011, <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904025154/http://www.monde-libertaire.fr/expressions/14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie full text]</small>. (in French) * Georges Ubbiali, ''Une femme affranchie. Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable'', revue électronique Dissidences, Bibliothèque de comptes rendus, septembre 2011, <small>[http://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1372 full text]</small>. (in French) * Daniel Vasseur, ''Les débuts du mouvement ouvrier dans la région Belfort-Montbéliard (1870-1914)'', Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz9ogTq5pWQC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PA137 p.137],  . (in French) * Michelle Zancarini-Fournel, Florence Rochefort, Bibia Pavard [fr], ''Les lois Veil. Les événements fondateurs:Contraception 1974, IVG 1975'', Armand Colin, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wg2XZJxboUgC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PT30 biographical sketch]. (in French) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ongkzyuh69r83qbm3xk15aclt259pfu Françoise Parturier 0 75520 670943 632810 2026-07-01T23:55:07Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Françoise Parturier''' (1919<ref name="uglow" /> - 12 August 1995) bụ onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ French. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ "ihe nnọchianya" maka Académie Française na 1970. Nwa nwanne nke njikere, akwụkwọ ya na Paris ma akwụkwọ na Mahadum Paris. N'afọ 1947, ọ ngosi Jean Gatichon.<ref name="uglow">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|publisher=UPNE|author=Uglow|first=Jennifer S|year=1999|isbn=155553421X}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUglowHinton,_FrancesHendry,_Maggy1999">Uglow, Jennifer S; Hinton, Frances; Hendry, Maggy (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:northeasterndict0000uglo|''The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography'']]</span>. UPNE. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:northeasterndict0000uglo/page/421|421]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/155553421X|<bdi>155553421X</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-ahụ ọrụ ode mgbe Agha nsogbu nke amaghị. Site na 1950 ruo 1951, Parturier akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke oge a na United States. Ọ bụ onye na-enye egwu mgbe niile na Le Figaro site na 1956 ruo 1975. Parturier dere akwụkwọ atọ ya na Josette Raoul-Duval n'okpuru aha "Nicole".<ref name="lanneau">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chuGtBjreDUC&pg=PA473|title=L'inconnue française: la France et les Belges francophones, 1944-1945|author=Lanneau|first=Catherine|year=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-9052013978|language=fr}}</ref> N'afọ 1959, ọ malitere ide ihe n'aha nke ya.<ref name="uglow" /> Parturier nwụrụ na Neuilly mgbe ọ dị afọ 75.<ref name="humanite"/>{{Cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/node/110801|title=Décès de l'écrivain Françoise Parturier|work=L'humanité|date=August 15, 1995}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Les Lions sont lâchés (1955) na Josette Raoul-Duval dị ka "Nicole"; 1961 film * L'Amant de cinq jours (1959); 1971 film<ref name="humanite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/node/110801|title=Décès de l'écrivain Françoise Parturier|work=L'humanité|date=August 15, 1995}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.humanite.fr/node/110801 "Décès de l'écrivain Françoise Parturier"]. ''L'humanité''. August 15, 1995.</cite></ref> * ''Marianne gwara m'' (1963) * ''Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara ụmụ nwoke'' (1968) * ''Ịhụnanya? Obi ụtọ? '' (1968) * ''Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara ụmụ nwanyị'' (1974) * ''Akwụkwọ Ozi si Ireland'' (1979) * ''Ugwu Ramatuelle'' (1983) <ref name="uglow">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|publisher=UPNE|author=Uglow|first=Jennifer S|year=1999|isbn=155553421X}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUglowHinton,_FrancesHendry,_Maggy1999">Uglow, Jennifer S; Hinton, Frances; Hendry, Maggy (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:northeasterndict0000uglo|''The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography'']]</span>. UPNE. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:northeasterndict0000uglo/page/421|421]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/155553421X|<bdi>155553421X</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} n4ep9qvk1k6vli0e8axk42n963nknq9 Equity feminism 0 75710 671263 637633 2026-07-02T11:32:27Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkọta */ 671263 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwado mmeso nhata nke steeti na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'enweghị ịma aka na enweghị nhata nke ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na okpukpe, na ihe ndị ọzọ nke ọha mmadụ.<ref name="Stanford">{{Cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-liberal/#EquFem|title=Liberal Feminism|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=18 October 2007|accessdate=24 February 2016}} (revised 30 September 2013)</ref><ref name="Black1989">{{Cite book|author=Black|first=Naomi|title=Social feminism|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYqAAAAYAAJ|year=1989|isbn=9780801422614}}</ref> A tụlere echiche a kemgbe afọ 1980.<ref name="Black1989" /><ref name="Halfmann">{{Cite book|author=Halfmann|first=Jost|chapter=Social change and political mobilization in West Germany|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q83kxhOsgxYC&pg=PA79|editor=Katzenstein|title=Industry and politics in West Germany: toward the Third Republic|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, N.Y|year=1989|isbn=9780801495953|quote=Quote: ''Equity-feminism differs from equality-feminism in the depth and scope of its strategic goals. A feminist revolution would pursue three goals, according to Herrad Schenk:''}} </ref> A kọwapụtara ma kewaa ọdịdị ụmụ nwanyị dịka ụdị ọdịdị ụmụ nwoke nwere nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe, <ref name="Stanford" /> n'adịghị ka ọdịdị ụmụ nwaanyị nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, <ref name="Halfmann" /> [[Difference feminism|ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị]], <ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond|date=1 September 1990|first=Steven M.|author=Buechler|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9lFXY0kkEwC&pg=PA118|publisher=Rutgers University Press|chapter=3: Ideologies and Visions|quote=Equity feminism, whether liberal, Marxist or socialist, relies on male classifications…Social feminism, whether maternal, cultural or radical, appeals to female values|isbn=9780813515595|url=https://archive.org/details/womensmovementsi0000buec/page/118}}</ref> ụmụ nwanyị, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwestern France|date=16 April 1999|first=Naomi|author=Black|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pdp0if06rRAC&pg=PA200|quote=we found two strands, both of which we wanted to include as political: an equity feminism seeking equal rights…and women's collective action that looked more like a social feminism|chapter=7: Towards a New Analysis|isbn=9780773518285}}</ref> na nha nhata. [3]<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT672|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|date=16 April 2004|editor=Kramarae|publisher=[[Routledge]]|quote=There are two dominant strains within the equality debate: "equity feminism" and "difference feminism".|chapter=Equality|isbn=9781135963156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuhle|first=Barry X.|title=Evolutionary psychology is compatible with equity feminism, but not with gender feminism: A reply to Eagly and Wood|journal=[[Evolutionary Psychology (journal)|Evolutionary Psychology]]|volume=10|issue=1|pages=39&ndash;43|doi=10.1177/147470491201000104|pmid=22833845|date=January 2012}}<br /><br />See also {{Cite journal|author=Eagly|first=Alice H.|title=Feminism and the evolution of sex differences and similarities|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|volume=64|issue=9&ndash;10|pages=758&ndash;767|doi=10.1007/s11199-011-9949-9|date=May 2011}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == The ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' na-ezo aka na Wendy McElroy, Joan Kennedy Taylor, Cathy Young, Rita Simon, Katie Roiphe, Diana Furchtgott-Roth, Christine Stolba, na Christina Hoff Sommers dị ka ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Stanford" /> Camille Paglia kọwakwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Paglia|first=Camille|authorlink=Camille Paglia|chapter=The modern battle of the sexes|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT132|title=Free women, free men: sex, gender, feminism|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd|location=Edinburgh|year=2018|isbn=9781786892171|quote=Quote: ''I am an equity feminist - that is, I believe in equality of the sexes before the law and the removal of all obstacles to women's advance in society. However, I oppose special protections for women, which had been sought from the start by some leading feminists... I represent the pro-sex wing of feminism that has turned the tide and that is close to winning the culture wars of the past fifteen years.... And I think that a younger generation of women are no longer in sympathy with the censorious, anti-pleasure wing of feminism.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Rich|title=Who's worse: Camille Paglia, sanctimonious liberals, or my sniveling self? (blog)|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/03/22/25032043/whos-worse-camille-paglia-sanctimonious-liberals-or-my-sniveling-self|work=thestranger.com/slog|publisher=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|SLOG]]|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> Christina Sommers, karịsịa, nyochara isiokwu nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Who Stole Feminism? N'ihe odide a, Sommers chịkọtara otu ebumnuche nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị si nweta ohere akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="LoC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aei.org/events/who-stole-feminism/|date=18 October 2007|accessdate=25 January 2019|title=Who Stole Feminism?}}</ref> Sommers na-azọrọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kewara n'etiti ụdị abụọ: ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ziri ezi na ndị na'akwado ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dabere na okike, ebe ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi na-elekkwu anya n'inweta ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the Difference Between Gender Feminism and Equity Feminism?|url=http://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-the-difference-between-gender-feminism-and-equity-feminism.htm|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=Language Humanities|language=en-US}}</ref> Steven Pinker, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka evolushọn na ọgụgụ isi, ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na onye edemede sayensị a ma ama, na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye na-ahụ n'anya, nke ọ na-akọwara dị ka "ozizi omume ọma banyere mmeso nhata nke na-adịghị eme nkwa ọ bụla gbasara nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ anya na nkà mmụta uche ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pinker|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Pinker|chapter=Gender|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3_UAeo8Dh0C&pg=PA510|title=The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=9780142003343}}</ref> E meela ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-eme ihe ike nke ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBtwpA46uqQC&pg=PA183|title=Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology: An Examination of Gender in Science|first=Robert F.|author=Almeder|editor=Pinnick|chapter=Equity Feminism and Academic Feminism|quote=I defend the stronger or more conservative form of equity feminism…I identify these latter more radical forms of equity feminism with academic feminism|date=13 August 2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813532271}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-agbaso omenala anabatala ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|title=Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook|date=18 August 2010|editor=O'Connor|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC&pg=PA76|chapter=8: Women's Leadership and Third-Wave Feminism (in Part II: History of Women's Public Leadership, in Volume One)|first=Kathleen|author=Iannello|quote=The concept of equity feminism has taken hold among many younger conservative women|isbn=9781412960830}}</ref> == Ikpe ziri ezi n'ebe ọrụ == "4 Ezi Ways to Equity for Women in Work" na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịmakụ ndị ọrụ ha site n'inye ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka onye ọrụ ọ bụla iji mepụta gburugburu ebe ohere nhata. Nkwanye ike ụmụ nwanyị bụ maka imeso nwoke na nwanyị n'otu aka ahụ n'ebe ọrụ n'ihi na e kere ha nhata ma kwesịkwa ka e mesoo ha otú ahụ. Multiverse na-edepụta ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ nwere ike isi gbanwee omume nnye ha n'ọrụ nke na-adịkarị njọ. Ha na-ekwu na mbinye ego kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na nkà nke onye na-achọ ọrụ karịa aha ma ọ bụ ndabere nke onye na-achọ ọrụ, tinye asụsụ dị iche iche na nkọwa ọrụ ha, na-akwụkwa ụmụ nwanyị otu ụgwọ ọrụ ha na-enweta. Ụmụ nwanyị nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa ụmụ nwoke na nke ọzọ. Ọdịiche dị n'otú e si emeso ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche na ụmụ nwoke jikọtara ya na ihe kpatara na ụlọ ọrụ agaghị atụle ụmụ nwanyị maka ọkwá dị elu. Ịha nhatanha n'ebe ọrụ nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ọkwá dị elu, ma ọ bụrụhaala na eleghara ikike ha anya ma na-akpachapụ anya, ụzọ ndụ a na-ezighị ezi ga-aga n'ihu maka ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ikpe ziri ezi na-akwadokwa maka ọrụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji belata ibu ụmụ nwanyị ma na-agba mbọ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị. == Ndị na-ekwu okwu == Anne-Marie Kinahan na-azọrọ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị America na-ele ụdị nkwado ụmụ nwanyị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women's Studies Reader|date=3 August 2004|editor=Prince|quote=Most American women subscribe philosophically to that older "First Wave" kind of feminism whose main goal is equity… A First Wave, "mainstream," or "equity" feminist wants for women what she wants for everyone…equity feminism has turned out to be a great American success story.|chapter=One: Foundations: Women Who Run from the Wolves: Feminist Critique As Post-Feminism|first=Anne-Marie|author=Kinahan|publisher=Canadian Scholars’ Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjMehSlY9_IC&pg=PA120|isbn=9780889614116}}</ref> Louis Schubert et al. na-azọrọ na "ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị ka dị n'ọhụụ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na United States".<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=to9vCgAAQBAJ&q=equity|quote=The principles of equity feminism remain in the vision of the vast majority of women in the United States.|chapter=13: Civil Rights: Diversifying the Elite: Women's Rights in the United States|title=The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics|edition=17th|date=2014|first=Louis|author=Schubert|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781305537491}}</ref> == United States == [[File:The_Equal_Rights_Amendment.png|thumb|Otu bọtịnụ nke ihe ERA nọchitere anya ka ọ na-anwa ịgafe House of Representatives na 1972.]] Na United States, [[Alice Paul]] na Crystal Eastman, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nọ na National Woman's Party, sonyere n'ịdepụta Ndezigharị Ikike Ịha nhata, na ebumnuche nke inweta "nchebe iwu site na ịkpa ókè" maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2019|title=The Equal Rights Amendment Explained|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/equal-rights-amendment-explained|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=www.brennancenter.org|publisher=Brennan Center for Justice|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alice Paul|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/alice-paul|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ National Woman's Party tụpụtara Ndezigharị Ikike Ọha na 1923. E bu ụzọ chepụta mgbanwe ahụ na Seneca Falls na onye bụbu onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Agnes Morey duziri ihe omume a n'akụkụ Alice Paul.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 22, 1923|title=Women Adopt Equal Rights Resolution|work=The Buffalo Times}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, e webatara ya na ndị omeiwu tupu ụlọ omebe iwu US anabata ya na Machị 1972 nke ga-enye ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ụmụ nwoke ikike iwu iji mee ihe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=The Equal Rights Amendment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43958572|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=43|issue=3/4|pages=271|issn=0732-1562}}</ref> Ikpe ziri ezi nke nwanyị bụ ngalaba echiche nwanyị nke na-emepụta usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ma ọ bụ n'okpuru iwu. Ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na-abụ ebubo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ a na-eche na a na-emegbu emegbu na-agọnarị otu ohere ahụ dị ka ndị ọcha. Ebe ọ bụ na e wepụrụ ERA na 1972, ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi anọgidewo na-eto eto na America ma kwadoro iwu ọhụrụ nke ga-echebe ụmụ nwanyị dịka ha nwere ike. Ikpe ziri ezi nke nwanyị dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị otu ikike ahụ. Enweghị nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọha mmadụ nke na-amata ụmụ nwanyị, ọ ga-emepụta echiche na ụmụ nwanyị dị ala karịa ụmụ nwoke na ha ekwesịghịkwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọha. Ndezigharị Ikike Ịha nhata na-ekwe nkwa ikike nhata maka ụmụ amaala America niile. Nke a ga-eme ka o doo anya na a ga-arụrịta ụka banyere ọdịiche ọ bụla dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. == Europe == N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, Europe nwere ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu karịa United States ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara ike ụmụ nwanyị na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị.[1] Ezubere otu dị na Europe iji kwalite ọ bụghị naanị nha anya na ikpe ziri ezi, kamakwa iji dozie ọdịiche ahụ site n'ime ka ndị mmekọ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ofe kọntinent ahụ. E jiri ya tụnyere European Union, enweghị otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị ọha na United States na-enye ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka mmegharị ahụ. Ịmekọrịta atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ bụ otu ụzọ mba Europe si nwee ike ịkwalite ọdịmma nke ikpe ziri ezi na ụmụ nwanyị. * [[Ugboro mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị]] * Nnwere Onwe Ụmụ nwanyị * Nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị * Ịha nhata ụmụ nwanyị * [[Ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnwere onwe (Germany)]] == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e1hjrj7cqjj7so3pp3g7yzqq7etoe37 Elsa Cayat 0 75906 671088 638342 2026-07-02T10:08:37Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe gbara ya gburugburu */ 671088 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""> http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""> http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p5ca2p37kbn2keg4is8pq44ovl224gk 671090 671088 2026-07-02T10:09:11Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye ọ bụla */ 671090 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""> http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cefe5kb4wy7x4d5vte0ll4ql1tcfj0n 671091 671090 2026-07-02T10:09:42Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye ọ bụla */ 671091 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cb0mijeg624tkjb05s1dxpblmqyfstg 671094 671091 2026-07-02T10:10:31Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671094 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678 "French terror attacks: Victim obituaries"]. ''BBC News''. 8 January 2015.</cite></ref> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tly4i6gy79d8po0qn0r7poc974uia00 671096 671094 2026-07-02T10:11:03Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye ọ bụla */ 671096 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bou8quyhcbmdurk74q4hy93zvuymdy2 671098 671096 2026-07-02T10:11:40Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnwụ */ 671098 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2eienvv98127pzib6vicgzt3si0casd 671099 671098 2026-07-02T10:12:10Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671099 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChris_Salewicz2015">Chris Salewicz (12 January 2015). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html "Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jzezixnk7cu2kljp8vyct5mh6f0qt8d 671103 671099 2026-07-02T10:13:14Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye ọ bụla */ 671103 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/# "Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'"]. ''USA TODAY''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rtj16gowuc4mibg8djmuv6qqysjq07t 671105 671103 2026-07-02T10:13:46Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnwụ */ 671105 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sgdqo0669rwj704awgts6hlmm4trwxt 671106 671105 2026-07-02T10:14:24Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe gbara ya gburugburu */ 671106 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNewman2015">Newman, Marissa (13 January 2015). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/ "Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ka99geob2trqosm9vro9tuuaimawudl 671110 671106 2026-07-02T10:15:37Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Onye ọ bụla */ 671110 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] si5ob7cflgr5ap75n5qosnw2ofira32 671111 671110 2026-07-02T10:16:07Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe gbara ya gburugburu */ 671111 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5dcqp47n9qbvf9e1vjyiml86l1drykt 671112 671111 2026-07-02T10:17:22Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnwụ */ 671112 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenjamin_Ivry2015">Benjamin Ivry (13 January 2015). [http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/ "Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre"]. ''The Forward''.</cite></ref> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pgvnmyth2j3xo61bgeaoi6amh5n038o 671114 671112 2026-07-02T10:17:44Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrụ */ 671114 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html "Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 13 January 2015.</cite></ref> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9im9wn911hc13mt43d928ox0kg556a6 671115 671114 2026-07-02T10:18:12Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mmeghachi omume */ 671115 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html "Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie"]. ''The Huffington Post''. 7 January 2015.</cite></ref> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2" /> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] humjmptm6m74d2ak083w6tt3lwmfwko 671116 671115 2026-07-02T10:18:37Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Mmeghachi omume */ 671116 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!"<ref name="telegraph" /> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1" /> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2" /> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ooo09zwwtppshhpvp64g8nzz1sn204x 671118 671116 2026-07-02T10:18:57Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọnwụ */ 671118 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ɛlza kaja|lang}}; 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!" == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1" /> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2" /> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ex16qziucklx8a00hjpqym7a5orcf42 671119 671118 2026-07-02T10:19:21Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671119 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' 9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!" == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1" /> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2" /> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9h44mi8c5b8djg6pgsr5hvgep9cpbj0 671121 671119 2026-07-02T10:19:49Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 671121 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elsa Jeanne Cayat''' (9 March 1960 &#x2013; 7 January 2015)<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20150123/282501477028784/TextView|title=}}</ref> was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a columnist for the satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' in Paris, France. She was one of 12 victims of the <nowiki><i id="mwGA">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> shooting and was killed along with the seven journalists, maintenance worker, one visitor and two police officers. She was the only woman working for ''Charlie Hebdo'' to die in the attack.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30724678|title=French terror attacks: Victim obituaries|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/doctor-elsa-cayat-psychoanalyst-who-wrote-for-charlie-hebdo-and-was-murdered-in-the-terrorist-attack-9973719.html|title=Doctor Elsa Cayat: Psychoanalyst who wrote for 'Charlie Hebdo' and was|author=Chris Salewicz|date=12 January 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/07/france-charlie-hebdo-deaths/21385057/#|title=Victim unafraid of retaliation: 'I prefer to die standing'|date=7 January 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> She was one of two Jews killed in the attack, along with Georges Wolinski.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Marissa|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-victim-in-charlie-hebdo-attack-received-death-threats/|title=Jewish victim in Charlie Hebdo attack received death threats|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Elsa Cayat na 9 Machị 1960 na Sfax, Tunisia . <ref name="pressreader" /> Nna Cayat, Georges Khayat, bụ onye Juu Tunisian na onye na-ahụ maka eriri afọ, ebe nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="timesofisrael" /> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Vincennes (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Paris) mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="independent" /> Cayat dị afọ 54 mgbe e gburu ya na Paris, France, na 7 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref name="pressreader" /><ref name="bbc" /> E liri ya na mpaghara ndị Juu nke ili ozu Montparnasse . <ref name="forward">{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/212636/remembering-elsa-cayat-slain-in-the-charlie-hebdo/|title=Remembering Elsa Cayat, Slain in the Charlie Hebdo Massacre|author=Benjamin Ivry|date=13 January 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/world/europe/terror-attacks-in-paris-the-victims.html|title=Victims of the Terror Attacks in Paris|date=12 January 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref>Elsa Cayat bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na onye na-egosi uche, yana onye na-ede akwụkwọ . Ọ ruru eru dị ka ị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ma nchọpụta onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka na onye na-ịdụ isi mgbaka <ref name="independent" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị metụtara nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1998, A Man + A Woman = What? N'afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ bụ Desire and the Whore: The Hidden Stakes of Male Sexuality . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senscritique.com/livre/Le_Desir_et_la_Putain/220390|title=Le Désir et la Putain Elsa Cayat et Antonio Fischetti}}</ref> Cayat nyekwara aka dee isiakwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ Mastering Life and Dangerous Childhood, Childhood in Danger? <ref name="forward" /> Cayat dere kọlụm ''Charlie Divan'' (Charlie on the Couch) kwa izu na magazin satirical ''Charlie Hebdo'' . <ref name="bbc" /> Cayat kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ihe ọ pụtara na ndụ onwe ha na nsogbu mmetụta uche site na kọlụm ya na ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="yahoohealth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/what-everyone-can-learn-from-elsa-cayats-last-108207746187.html|title=What Everyone Can Learn From Elsa Cayat's Final Column In Charlie Hebdo|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Elsa Cayat natara egwu n'ihe metụtara okpukpe ya na ọrụ ya na ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ekwentị ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya mgbe iyi egwu ahụ gasịrị, na-achụpụ ha dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="independent" /> <ref name="usatoday" /> Otu onye ọrịa nke Cayat kwuru "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ tụrụ egwu".<ref name="forward" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Charlie Hebdo satirical nọ na-akpa ihe osise Onye Amụma Mohammed, ọ ghọwo ihe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islam lekwasịrị anya. Na 7 Jenụwarị 2015, Ime Saïd Kouachi, 34, na Chérif Kouachi, 32, fim ịgba égbè n'ime fim Charlie Hebdo. E nne na ndị agha ahụ bụ nke iche jihadist nke Iraq. Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a gburu mmadụ iri na abụọ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;mbụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gordon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Rayner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Daily Telegraph (UK)<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;7 Jenụwarị 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;ụbọchị nnweta<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;29 Febụwarị 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAbs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFrayner2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Rayner, Gordon (7 Jenụwarị 2015). <a class=\"ederede mpụga\" href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11331902/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Frances-worst-terrorist-attack-in-a-generation-leaves-12-dead.html\" id=\"mwAbw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mwakpo Charlie Hebdo: Mwakpo ndị omekome kacha njọ na France n'ọgbọ a hapụrụ mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAb0\">Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph (UK)</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAb4\">. E weghachitere <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAb8\">29 Febụwarị</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-telegraph_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ ji égbè bata na nkọwa nchịkọta, gbuo Elsa Cayat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/cartoonists-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: the 12 victims of the terror attack|author=Anne Penketh|work=The Guardian (UK)|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Ndị mwakpo ahụ jiri égbè na-akpaghị aka gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ.<ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/13/charlie-hebdo-victims-fund_n_6458502.html|title=Charlie Hebdo, Jewish Market Victims Funds Support Grieving Families, Colleagues|date=13 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbusịrị ndị nọ na ndepụta ha, ha tiri mkpu "Anyị egbuola Charlie Hebdo! Anyị abọwara onye amụma Mohammed!" == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == <ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|title=The Attack on Charlie Hebdo|first=Amy|author=Davidson|work=New Yorker|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/attack-charlie-hebdo}}</ref> <ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/connie-lawn/je-suis-charlie-i-am-char_b_6430330.html|title=Je Suis Charlie -- I am Charlie|date=7 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The French government tried to make ''Charlie Hebdo'' hold back on publishing some of its cartoons, but they continued to publish the cGọọmentị Frans gbalịrị ime ka Charlie Hebdo kwụsị ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha nọgidere na-ebipụta katọn ndị ahụ n'ihi nkwado ha maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwura Charlie Hebdo ochie ibipụta ụfọdụ katọn ya, mana ha string na-- በቀላሉ katọn ndị n'ihi Nkwado ha maka akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwuropheị nọ n'ọrụ a gbagburu.<ref name="lequotidiendumedecin">{{Cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo: Dr. Elsa Cayat among the victims|work=lequotidiendumedecin.fr|date=8 January 2015|accessdate=29 February 2016|url=http://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/actualite/questions-de-societe/charlie-hebdo-le-dr-elsa-cayat-parmi-les-victimes}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Cayat kwenyere na e gburu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu, dabere na egwu ekwentị mbụ. Izu ole na ole tupu ịgba égbè ahụ, Cayat natara ọtụtụ oku na-amaghị aha ya na-agwa ya ka ọ kwụsị, ma na-ekwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Juu.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mw2q="">Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Algemeiner.com<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAfQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAfU\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/11/sole-woman-killed-in-charlie-hebdo-targeted-because-she-was-jewish-cousin-says/#\" id=\"mwAfY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Sole Woman Killed in Charlie Hebdo Targeted Because 'She Was Jewish,' Cousin Says – Jewish &</nowiki>amp; Israel News Algemeiner.com\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAfc\">Algemeiner.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-algemeiner_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Elsa_Cayat#cite_note-algemeiner-21 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ọkpụkpọ ekwentị kwuru "Ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ maka Charlie Hebdo, ma ọ bụghị ya anyị ga-egbu gị. " Ezinụlọ ya kwuru na ọ jụrụ iyi egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu okwu". <ref name="timesofisrael" /><ref name="pressreader" /> Ndị na-agba égbè nwere ohere igbu onye ọrụ nwanyị ọzọ, Sigolène Vinson, mana ha chebere ndụ ya, na-asị, "Anyị anaghị egbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="forward" /> == Mmeghachi omume == "Je Suis Charlie" ("Abụ m Charlie") ghọrọ ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ndị kwenyere na mgbasa ozi n'efu ma kwado ndị e gburu n'ọfịs ''Charlie Hebdo''. <ref name="huffingtonpost1" /> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere ọtụtụ ego iji nyere ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara ''Charlie Hebdo'' aka. E guzobekwara ndị na-anakọta ego iji nyere ezinụlọ ndị ahụ aka, na ego olili ozu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ndị Juu e gburu. N'ime awa 24 nke ịgba égbè ahụ, ndị nta akụkọ French enwetala ihe dịka $ 590,000 (ọkara nde euro) ka magazin ahụ wee nwee ike ibipụta ihe karịrị 1,000,000 nke mbipụta na-esote kama ibipụta 60,000.<ref name="huffingtonpost2" /> Ememe olili ozu Cayat bụ isi mmalite maka ntụgharị uche dị ogologo banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na ọnwụ, iru uju na nkasi obi site n'aka enyi ya, onye rabaị nwanyị Delphine Horvilleur. == Ihe odide == * 1998: ''Otu Nwoke + Otu Nwanyị = Gịnị?'' (A Man + A Woman = What?), Paris, Jacques Grancher   * 2007: Le Désir et La Putain (''Ọchịchọ na Nwoke ahụ'' Anụ Anụrụ Anụ), mkparịta ụka ya na onye nta akụkọ ''Charlie Hebdo'' Antonio Fischetti, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Charlie-Hebdo-qui-etait-Elsa-Cayat-la-seule-femme-victime-des-terroristes-2875040|title=Charlie Hebdo : qui était Elsa Cayat, la seule femme victime des terroristes|author=Isabelle Duriez|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Paris, Albin Michel   * 2015: La Capacité de s'aimer (The Capacity to Love Each Other), Paris, Payot   == Onyinye == N'afọ 2015, Elsa Cayat natara onyinye Legion of Honour. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Legion-d-honneur-les-victimes-et-les-heros-des-attentats-distingues-766597|title=Légion d'honneur : victimes et "héros" des attentats distingués|author=Anne-Charlotte Dusseaulx (avec AFP)|date=1 January 2016|work=LeJDD.fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgba égbè <nowiki><i id="mwARs">Charlie Hebdo</i></nowiki> * Obodo Maghrebian nke Paris * Ndepụta nke ndị nta akụkọ e gburu na Europe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gbu22oqz0p6qxy66q87mggsf0t28y8i Lydia Davis 0 75984 670922 655897 2026-07-01T22:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670922 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Lydia Davis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 15, afọ 1947) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye ntụgharị site na French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, onye na'edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/flash-fiction_n_5481868.html|title=Read 15 Amazing Works Of Fiction In Less Than 30 Minutes|first=Maddie|author=Crum|date=Jun 13, 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's "Can't and Won't"|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> Davis emeela ọtụtụ nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede French, gụnyere Swann's Way nke Marcel Proust na Madame Bovary nke Gustave Flaubert. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Davis na Northampton, Massachusetts, n'ọnwa Julia 15, afọ 1947. <ref name="ILFB"/> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Robert Gorham Davis, onye nkatọ na prọfesọ nke Bekee, na Hope Hale Davis, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ede akụkọ.<ref name="CL-Int">{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}</ref> Davis malitere ịmụ egwu, nke mbụ piano, mgbe ahụ violin, nke bụ ịhụnanya mbụ ya.<ref name="Miller, Michael">{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye edemede, Davis kwuru, sị, "Ọ ga-abụ na m na-agakarị ịbụ onye edemede, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ abụghị ịhụnanya mbụ m. Echere m na ọ ga-abụrịrị na m na-achọkarị ide ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ na agaghị m eme ya." Site na nke ise ruo nke asatọ, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis//|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> Site na klas nke ise ruo asatọ, ọ gara The Brearley School na New York City. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na The Putney School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1965. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Barnard College, n'oge ahụ ọ na-edekarị abụ uri.<ref name="Miller, Michael" /> N'afọ 1974, Davis lụrụ Paul Auster, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Daniel (1977-2022).<ref name="CL-Int"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=2022-07-27|title=The Life and Death of Daniel Auster, a Son of Literary Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/style/daniel-auster-life-death.html|accessdate=2023-01-11}}</ref> Auster na Davis mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm; Davis lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Alan Cote ugbu a, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke ọzọ, Theo Cote.<ref name="Ind-Man">{{Cite news|author=Sherwin, Adam|date=2013-05-23|title=World's most concise short story writer Lydia Davis wins Booker International Prize 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/worlds-most-concise-short-story-writer-lydia-davis-wins-booker-international-prize-2013-8627388.html|accessdate=2013-05-23|publisher=Independent}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum dị na Albany, SUNY, ma bụrụkwa onye edemede pụrụ iche nke Lillian Vernon na Mahadum New York n'afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Davis|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/people/lydia-davis|accessdate=2024-11-29|work=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="NYU">{{Cite web|url=http://cwp.as.nyu.edu/object/cwp.announcements.Davis|title=Lydia Davis is Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence|publisher=New York University|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Davis ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ isii, gụnyere The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) na Break It Down (1986), onye ikpeazụ maka PEN / Hemingway Award. Nchịkọta ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Varieties of Disturbance, onye ikpeazụ maka National Book Award nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara na 2007, na Can't and Won't (2013). The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis (2009) nwere akụkọ ifo ya niile ruo 2008. Davis atụgharịwokwa Proust, Flaubert, Blanchot, Foucault, Michel Butor, Michel Leiris, Pierre Jean Jouve na ndị edemede French ndị ọzọ, <ref name="ILFB"/> yana onye edemede Belgian Conrad Detrez na onye edemede Dutch A. L. Snijders. O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, The End of the Story, nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara n'afọ 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/max-issue.html?issue=526|title=Thursday, July 13, 2023: Maximum Shelf: Our Strangers|work=www.shelf-awareness.com}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmetụta == A kọwara Davis dị ka "onye ukwu nke ụdị edemede nke ya onwe ya mepụtara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Teicher|first=Craig Morgan|title=Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|url=http://www.cleveland.com/bookreviews/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-1/1255163642224190.xml&coll=2|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=March 20, 2020}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime "akụkọ" ya bụ naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ahịrịokwu. Davis jiri ọrụ ndị a tụnyere ụlọ elu n'echiche na nnukwu oghere gbara ha gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://032c.com/2013/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis/|title=LYDIA DAVIS: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=032c.com|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> N'ide na Los Angeles Review of Books, Michael LaPointe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu mgbe "Lydia Davis chepụtara akụkọ ifo, ... ọ bụ onye na-eme ya n'oge a".<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org"/> "Olu ya pụrụ iche adịtụbeghị mfe ịbanye n'ụdị omenala," ka Kasia Boddy dere na ''Columbia Companion to the 21st Century Short Story''. Boddy dere, sị: "Ihe atụ Davis na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na-enyocha nsogbu nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na-eji akọwa okwu na omume nke onye nke ọzọ. " N'ime ndị edemede nke oge a, ọ bụ naanị Davis, Stuart Dybek, na Alice Fulton na-ekerịta ọdịiche nke ịpụta na The Best American Short Stories na The Best America Poetry series.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story|author=Boddy|first=Kasia|editor=Gelfant|chapter=Lydia Davis (1947– )|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=219–223|doi=10.7312/gelf11098|isbn=9780231504959}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, Davis natara MacArthur Fellowship.<ref name="Believer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2005. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Davis bụ ọkà okwu pụrụ iche na 2004 &NOW Festival na Mahadum Notre Dame . <ref name="&Now">{{Cite web|title=&Now Program Schedule|url=http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|work=&Now 2004|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015191925/http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref> A mara ọkwa Davis dị ka onye mmeri nke 2013 Man Booker International Prize na 22 Mee 2013 . <ref name="2013win">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}</ref> Nkwuputa ọkwa nke onyinye Davis na weebụsaịtị Man Booker Prize kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe "nkenke na nkenke nke uri." Onye isi oche ikpe ikpe Christopher Ricks kwuru, sị, "Enwere ịmụrụ anya na akụkọ ya, na nnukwu nlebara anya na-eche echiche. Nlebara anya ka esi aghọta ihe ruo n'okwu ma ọ bụ syllable; ịmụrụ anya maka ebumnobi adịghị ọcha na echiche efu nke onye ọ bụla." Davis ritere £ 60,000 dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye ahụ.<ref name="Prize2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|publisher=Man Brooker Prize|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archivedate=2014-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22625777|title=Man Booker International prize goes to Lydia Davis|date=22 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dịka "otu n'ime ndị isi na akụkọ ifo America taa". Davis jụrụ ire akwụkwọ ya bụ Our Strangers on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Lily|date=2023-09-28|title=Why You Can't Buy Lydia Davis's New Book on Amazon|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&p=463178|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Alex|date=2023-09-30|title='I'm not worried about fame or glory': Lydia Davis, the author who has refused to sell her book on Amazon|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/30/im-not-worried-about-fame-or-glory-lydia-davis-the-author-who-has-refused-to-sell-her-book-on-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref> Edepụtara mkpokọta ya Akụkọ Anakọtara nke Lydia Davis dị ka otu n'ime "akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke narị afọ nke 21st" nke New York Times dere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The New York Times Book Staff|title=100 Best Books of the 21st Century|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2024}}</ref> === Ihe nrite === * 1986 PEN/Hemingway Award finalist, maka Break It Down<ref name="ILFB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> * 1988 Whiting Award maka akụkọ ifo <ref name="CL-Int"/> * "St. Martin," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na Grand Street, gụnyere na The Best American Short Stories 1997. * 1997 Guggenheim Fellowship * 1998 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction<ref name="ILFB" /> * 1999 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres maka akụkọ ifo na ntụgharị.<ref name="Believer"/> * "Agbalị," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na mbụ na ''Hambone'', gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 1999 * "A Mown Lawn," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na ''McSweeney''<nowiki/>'s, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2001 * 2003 MacArthur Fellows Program<ref name="Believer" /> * 2007 National Book Award Fiction finalist, maka Varieties of Disturbance: Stories <ref name="NBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html|title=2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis|publisher=National Book Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-23|author=Johnston, Bret Anthony|archivedate=2013-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html}}</ref> * "Ndị ikom," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na 32 Poems, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2008 * 2013 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Announces 2013 Literature Award Winners and Inaugural E. B. White Award|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters|date=2013-03-13|accessdate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042256/http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|archivedate=2015-03-13}}</ref> * 2013 Philolexian Society Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement * 2013 Man Booker International Prize <ref name="2013win"/> * 2020 PEN/Malamud Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Winner|publisher=The PEN/Faulkner Foundation|url=https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/|accessdate=2020-08-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195428/https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/}}</ref> == Ntụgharị asụsụ ahọpụtara == * The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories, Living Hand, 1976<ref name="ILFB"/> * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Sketches for a Life of Wassilly|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-930794-45-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Story and Other Stories|publisher=The Figures|year=1983|isbn=978-0-935724-17-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Break It Down|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1986|isbn=0-374-11653-9|url=https://archive.org/details/breakitdownstori00davi}} * (akwụkwọ akụkọ) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[The End of the Story]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1995|isbn=978-0-374-14831-7|id={{OL|ia:endofstory00davi}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Almost No Memory|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1997|isbn=978-0-374-10281-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Samuel Johnson Is Indignant|publisher=McSweeney's|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9703355-9-3|url=https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonisi00davi}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[Varieties of Disturbance]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|date=May 15, 2007|isbn=978-0-374-28173-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Proust, Blanchot, and a Woman in Red|publisher=Center for Writers and Translators|year=2007|isbn=9780955296352}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2009|isbn=978-0-374-27060-5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis By Lydia Davis|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=Bookmarks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084326/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com:80/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|archivedate=5 Sep 2015}}</ref> * (nke e bipụtara na Can't and Won't) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Cows|publisher=Sarabande Books|year=2011|isbn=9781932511932}} * ''Lydia Davis: Documenta Series 078''. Hatje Cantz 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783775729277|<bdi>9783775729277</bdi>]] &nbsp; * (nke ya na [[Eliot Weinberger]] dere) {{Cite book|title=Two American Scenes|publisher=New Directions|isbn=9780811220415}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Can't and Won't: Stories|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2014|isbn=9780374118587}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays One|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2019|isbn=9780374148850}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays Two|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2021|isbn=9780374148867}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Our Strangers: Stories|publisher=Bookshop Editions|year=2023|isbn=9798987717103}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Leu|first=Chelsea|date=2023-10-04|title=Life Is Boring. Lydia Davis's New Book Makes That Fascinating.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/books/review/our-strangers-lydia-davis.html|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Athitakis|first=Mark|date=2023-10-04|title=How to skewer life's absurdities while thumbing your nose at Amazon|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2023-10-04/how-to-nail-lifes-verbal-absurdities-while-thumbing-your-nose-at-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=October 3, 2023|title=In 'Our Strangers,' life's less exciting aspects are deemed fascinating|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/03/1200166716/book-review-our-strangers-lydia-davis|work=NPR}}</ref> * ''N'ime ahịhịa.'' Yale University Press, 2025. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780300279740|<bdi>9780300279740</bdi>]] &nbsp; === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Pushcart prize: best of the small presses|editor=Bill Henderson|publisher=Pushcart Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-916366-58-2|url=https://archive.org/details/pushcartprizexiv0000unse}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapter=St. Martin|title=The Best American Short Stories 1997|editor=E. Annie Proulx, Katrina Kenison|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1997|isbn=978-0-395-79866-9|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0f5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/bestamericanpoet0000unse_l6n5|quote=Lydia Davis.|chapter=A Mown Lawn|title=The Best American Poetry 2001|editor=Robert Hass|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7432-0384-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIQtFKnRcpcC&q=Lydia%20Davis&pg=PT48|chapter=Men|title=The Best American Poetry 2008|editor=Charles Wright|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9975-6}} === Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafrom1911rev0000ches/|author=Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1977}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Aboard the Aquitaine (Simenon African Trio)|author=Georges Simenon|authorlink=Georges Simenon|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1979|isbn=0-15-103955-0|url=https://archive.org/details/africantriotalat00sime}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=French Photography, from Its Origins to the Present|author=Claude Nori|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Press|year=1979}} * Attilio Colombo (1979). ''Foto ndị magburu onwe ha.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Akwụkwọ Pantheon. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Gaze of Orpheus, and Other Literary Essays|author=Maurice Blanchot|editor=P. Adams Sitney|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0930794378}} * (Davis sụgharịrị okwu iri na itoolu nke Maurice Blanchot, "Joubert et l'espace.") {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert|author=Joseph Joubert|editor=Paul Auster|others=Translator Paul Auster|publisher=North Point Press|year=1983|isbn=0865471088}} * Conrad Detrez (1984). Ahịhịa maka ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * Michel Butor (1986). ''Mmụọ nke Ebe Mediterenian''. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Conrad Detrez (1986). Mpaghara Ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Marie Curie: A Life|author=Françoise Giroud|authorlink=Françoise Giroud|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Holmes & Meier|year=1986|isbn=0841909776|url=https://archive.org/details/mariecurielife00giro}} * Maurice Blanchot (1987). ''Nwoke Ikpeazụ.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Columbia University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Tocqueville: A Biography|author=André Jardin|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1988|isbn=0374521905}} * Michel Leiris (1989). ''Mgbukpọ: Mgbukọta Mgbukwu'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ebe obibi akwụkwọ North Point. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Desert World|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0810160187|url=https://archive.org/details/desertworld00jouv_0}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0810160385}} * Michel Leiris (1991) The Rules of the Game: Scratches. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ụlọ Paragon * Pierre Jean Jouve (1993). ''Helen'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Michel Leiris (1997) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Ihe mkpofu.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Michel Leiris (2017) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Fibrils.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Yale University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Swann's Way|author=Marcel Proust|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-243796-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=No Tomorrow|author=Vivant Denon|authorlink=Vivant Denon|editor=Peter Brooks|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59017-326-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Madame Bovary|author=Gustave Flaubert|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Viking Adult|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-02207-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=Alfred|author=Ollivant|date=2014|title=Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir|series=New York Review Children's Collection|isbn=9781590177297}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=A.L.|author=Snijders|date=2016|title=Grasses and Trees|publisher=AFDH|isbn=9789072603586}} * Snijders, A.L. (2021). ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị.'' Ọ bụ Lydia Davis sụgharịrị ya. Ụzọ Ọhụrụ. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Evans, Jonathan, ''The Many Voices of Lydia Davis: Translation, Rewriting, and Intertextuality'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13607308 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Lydia Davis na Mahadum Columbia. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] *   * "Tụma" na akụkọ anọ ndị ọzọ, Conjunctions, Five Stories, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing[https://web.archive.org/web/20241209005733/https://www.conjunctions.com/print/article/lydia-davis-c24 Akụkọ ise, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing] *   *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402194717/http://thecoffinfactory.com/fiction-negative-emotions-by-lydia-davis/ "Negative Emotions". Coffin Factory (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi)] * [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Believer na Sarah Manguso] * [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_lydia_davis_samuel_johnson_is_indignant.htm Samuel Johnson Na-ewe iwe - TMO Na-ezute Lydia Davis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209115019/http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2086 Ajụjụ ọnụ ''BOMB'' na Francine Prose] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&id=159 ''Nnukwu'' ajụjụ ọnụ na James Yeh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021737/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/qa_with_lydia_davis/ "Q&A na Lydia Davis", The Boston Globe, Kate Bolick, Eprel 29, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html "2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis", ''National Book Foundation''] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/journal/article.html?id=181391 "Ọdịdị bụ Ọdịdị", Poetry Foundation''Ntọala nke uri''] * [http://www.webdelsol.com/Literary_Dialogues/interview-wds-davis.htm "Nkwurịta okwu na Lydia Davis", Web Del Sol''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Del Sol''] * Audio-files @ PENNsound gee Lydia Davis ntị na-agụ site na ọrụ ya * [http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_516.html Onye edemede Page na ''''Internationales Literatufestival Berlin''''] Davis bụ onye ọbịa nke ILB (Internationales Literadufestival Berlin / Germany) na 2001 * [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Davis.php "Lydia Davis", Penn Sound''Ụda Penn''] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/lydia-davis-reading-goodbye-louise Lydia Davis: Ịgụ 'Goodbye Louise'] Vidio site na Louisiana ChannelỌwa Mmiri Louisiana * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/lydia-davis#/ Profaịlụ na The Whiting Foundation] * [https://www.macfound.org/fellows/705/ Ntọala MacArthur] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200222203435/https://www.albany.edu/english/davis_l.php SUNY Albany] * [https://lannan.org/literary/detail/lydia-davis/fiction-award Ntọala Lannan] * [http://writing.upenn.edu/wh/people/fellows/davis.html Ndị edemede Kelly House] * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/long-story-short New Yorker - Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi] * [https://us.macmillan.com/author/lydiadavis/ Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ MacMillan] * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/127387/lydia-davis Ụlọ Penguin Random] * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lydia-Davis Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lydia-davis Ntọala nke uri] {{International Booker Prize}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1rk3ixf2xykjt26e9sdvd0k1v5ns0cf Fred de Gresac 0 75999 670944 638986 2026-07-01T23:57:17Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Edensibia */ 670944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Btv1b8596902k-p009-1352.jpg|thumb|Fred de Gresac nke Jean Reutlinger]] '''Fred de Gresac''' (nwụrụ na Febụwarị 20, 1943), A mụrụ ya Frédérique Rosine de Grésac, ọ bụkwa onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, na-ede egwuregwu, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwunye onye na-abụ abụ opera bụ́ Victor Maurel. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Frédérique Rosine de Grésac na Lamalou-les-Bains, na ndịda France. (Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya na isi mmalite, site na 1866 ruo 1879.) O jiri aha ahụ bụ "Fred de Gresac" mee ihe n'ụzọ ọkachamara n'ihi na, dịka ọ kọwara onye nta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, "Echere m na ọha na eze na-enwe mmasị n'egwuregwu ya nke ụmụ nwoke dere."" <ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16306675/fred_de_gresac_1912/ "Woman Playwright Says Public Prefers Men's Work"] ''Indianapolis Star'' (January 21, 1912): 36. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Hell_Harbor_poster_2.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri maka Hell Harbor (1930), na-ekwu na Fred de Gresac bụ onye edemede nke ihe nkiri a gbanwere]] N'afọ 1917, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Alan Dale dere na "Onye edemede egwuregwu nwanyị kachasị mma m hụtụrụla bụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na 'Fred de Gresac'.<ref>Alan Dale, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVJAQAAMAAJ&dq=Gresac&pg=PA7 "Women Playwrights: Their Contribution has Enriched the Stage"] ''The Delineator'' (February 1917): 7.</ref> O dere ihe karịrị egwuregwu na ihe nkiri 100, gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1903-1904), La Passerelle (Orange Blossoms) (1904, a kpọlitere ya n'afọ 1922 dịka egwu na 1947; ya na Victor Herbert), The Enchantress (1911-1912, ya na Harry B. Smith, The Wedding (1911-1914, Harry B.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwpw="">Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont\"<nowiki></a></nowiki> <nowiki><i id=\"mwjw\">Boston Daily Globe</i></nowiki> (April 22, 1919): 5."}}" id="cite_ref-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Fred_de_Gresac#cite_note-6 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Banyere egwu egwu ''''Flo-Flo'''', ọ kọwara na 1919, "E nwere ọdachi zuru ezu n'èzí ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ya mere, emeela m Flo-Fro - ana m akpọ ya cocktail ime mmụọ m - maka America. "<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U2AQAAMAAJ&q=Fred+de+Gresac ''Orange Blossoms: A Comedy with Music in Three Acts''] (HARMS Inc. 1922).</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MCw5AQAAIAAJ&q=Fred+de+Gresac ''The Wedding Trip: An Opera Bouffe in Three Acts''] (Remick 1911).</ref><ref>[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/97172420/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/7 "'The Wedding Trip' Has Pretty Music"] ''New York Times'' (December 26, 1911): 7.</ref><ref>[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/503708472/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/1 "'Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont"] ''Boston Daily Globe'' (April 22, 1919): 5.</ref>."<ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16307577/fred_de_gresac_1919/ "Flo Flo Opens at Grand Tomorrow"] ''San Antonio Evening News'' (November 22, 1919): 8. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ndị de Gresac dere gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1915, ugbu a furu efu), The Kiss of Hate (1916, ugbu a furu furu efu),The Great Secret (1917, ugbu a furu ohi), The Eternal Temptress (1917), La Bohème (1926), The Son of the Sheik (1926), Afraid to Love (1927), ''Camille'' (1926), Breakfast at Sunrise (1927), She Goes to War (1929), na Hell Harbor (1930). N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nka nke Little Theatre na New York, na-enye "Elaborate and Costly Amusement in a Luxurious Setting for the Elect".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f_JNAQAAMAAJ&q=Gresac&pg=PA3 "The 'Little Theatre'"] ''New York Dramatic Mirror'' (July 10, 1909): 3.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fred de Gresac lụrụ onye na-agụ egwu opera Victor Maurel. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923. Fred de Gresac nwụrụ na Los Angeles na 1943, ma eleghị anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ. A na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stanford . <ref>[https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6972214 Mme. Fred de Gresac papers, ca. 1900-1945], Stanford University Libraries.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} aknst9zelx0lop6ilu511hahikj4ukv 670947 670944 2026-07-02T00:02:26Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ 670947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Btv1b8596902k-p009-1352.jpg|thumb|Fred de Gresac nke Jean Reutlinger]] '''Fred de Gresac''' (nwụrụ na Febụwarị 20, 1943), A mụrụ ya Frédérique Rosine de Grésac, ọ bụkwa onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, na-ede egwuregwu, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwunye onye na-abụ abụ opera bụ́ Victor Maurel. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Frédérique Rosine de Grésac na Lamalou-les-Bains, na ndịda France. (Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya na isi mmalite, site na 1866 ruo 1879.) O jiri aha ahụ bụ "Fred de Gresac" mee ihe n'ụzọ ọkachamara n'ihi na, dịka ọ kọwara onye nta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, "Echere m na ọha na eze na-enwe mmasị n'egwuregwu ya nke ụmụ nwoke dere."" <ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16306675/fred_de_gresac_1912/ "Woman Playwright Says Public Prefers Men's Work"] ''Indianapolis Star'' (January 21, 1912): 36. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Hell_Harbor_poster_2.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri maka Hell Harbor (1930), na-ekwu na Fred de Gresac bụ onye edemede nke ihe nkiri a gbanwere]] N'afọ 1917, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Alan Dale dere na "Onye edemede egwuregwu nwanyị kachasị mma m hụtụrụla bụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na 'Fred de Gresac'.<ref>Alan Dale, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVJAQAAMAAJ&dq=Gresac&pg=PA7 "Women Playwrights: Their Contribution has Enriched the Stage"] ''The Delineator'' (February 1917): 7.</ref> O dere ihe karịrị egwuregwu na ihe nkiri 100, gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1903-1904), La Passerelle (Orange Blossoms) (1904, a kpọlitere ya n'afọ 1922 dịka egwu na 1947; ya na Victor Herbert), The Enchantress (1911-1912, ya na Harry B. Smith, The Wedding (1911-1914, Harry B.Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont\" Banyere egwu egwu ''''Flo-Flo'''', ọ kọwara na 1919, "E nwere ọdachi zuru ezu n'èzí ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ya mere, emeela m Flo-Fro - ana m akpọ ya cocktail ime mmụọ m - maka America. "<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U2AQAAMAAJ&q=Fred+de+Gresac ''Orange Blossoms: A Comedy with Music in Three Acts''] (HARMS Inc. 1922).</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MCw5AQAAIAAJ&q=Fred+de+Gresac ''The Wedding Trip: An Opera Bouffe in Three Acts''] (Remick 1911).</ref><ref>[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/97172420/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/7 "'The Wedding Trip' Has Pretty Music"] ''New York Times'' (December 26, 1911): 7.</ref><ref>[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/503708472/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/1 "'Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont"] ''Boston Daily Globe'' (April 22, 1919): 5.</ref>."<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16307577/fred_de_gresac_1919/ "Flo Flo Opens at Grand Tomorrow"] ''San Antonio Evening News'' (November 22, 1919): 8. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ndị de Gresac dere gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1915, ugbu a furu efu), The Kiss of Hate (1916, ugbu a furu furu efu),The Great Secret (1917, ugbu a furu ohi), The Eternal Temptress (1917), La Bohème (1926), The Son of the Sheik (1926), Afraid to Love (1927), ''Camille'' (1926), Breakfast at Sunrise (1927), She Goes to War (1929), na Hell Harbor (1930). N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nka nke Little Theatre na New York, na-enye "Elaborate and Costly Amusement in a Luxurious Setting for the Elect".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f_JNAQAAMAAJ&q=Gresac&pg=PA3 "The 'Little Theatre'"] ''New York Dramatic Mirror'' (July 10, 1909): 3.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fred de Gresac lụrụ onye na-agụ egwu opera Victor Maurel. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923. Fred de Gresac nwụrụ na Los Angeles na 1943, ma eleghị anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ. A na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stanford . <ref>[https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6972214 Mme. Fred de Gresac papers, ca. 1900-1945], Stanford University Libraries.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} dlqr0o5ig2qy8sui1844kaeiwc82jm4 Gender sensitivity 0 76085 670973 642058 2026-07-02T01:17:08Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 670973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị''' bụ usoro nke a na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mara etu nwoke na nwanyị si arụ ọrụ na ndụ site na mmeso ha na-emeso ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200812033754/https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators/service-delivery/gender-equity-sensitivity/gender-sensitivity-in-the-service-delivery Gender sensitivity in the service delivery environment]. Retrieved from MEASURE Evaluation (USAID).</ref> Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị n'ụlọ ọrụ niile dị n'ụwa niile, mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na-apụtakarị ìhè n'ịghọta ihe ùgwù na ịkpa ókè gbasara okike; a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'obodo. E meela nnukwu ọganihu na mmata mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa niile n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke na-enyere aka imeziwanye ọnọdụ obibi na ọrụ maka ndị otu nwoke na nwanyị niile., yana nlekọta ahụike dị irè karị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Sally|date=2020-11-25|title=The training needs for gender-sensitive care in a pediatric rehabilitation hospital: a qualitative study|journal=BMC Medical Education|volume=20|issue=1|pages=468|doi=10.1186/s12909-020-02384-y|issn=1472-6920|pmid=33238977}}</ref> A na-eji ọzụzụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị akụziri ndị mmadụ, na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ, ka ha mara ma nwee mmetụta maka nwoke na nwanyị na ndụ ha ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ụdị ọzụzụ a na-ewu ewu na United States, ọkachasị na mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ, dị ka nlekọta ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Braverman|first=Beth|accessdate=2023-07-30|title=8 in 10 tech companies offer this fix to reduce gender bias at work|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/10/8-in-10-tech-companies-offer-this-fix-to-reduce-gender-bias-at-work.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=10 April 2019}}</ref> HiMmetụta nwoke na nwanyị n'ahụike ọmụmụ dabere na imeso ndị ahịa niile n'ụzọ nhata, n'agbanyeghị okike, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye, mmasị mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ afọ. Ihe ngosi nke ọrụ na-echebara okike echiche gụnyere: izere ịkpa ókè megide ma ọ bụ iche echiche megide ndị ahịa dabere na mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ okike, imeso ndị ahịa niile n'ụzọ nhata, inye ọzụzụ mmetụta okike nye ndị ọrụ niile, na inye nnọchite anya zuru oke nke ndị na-enye nlekọta ụmụ nwanyị. Nlekọta na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị na-adabere na nkwenye maka ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ahịa niile. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-enye ọrụ na-enye nlekọta na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị, ndị ahịa ha nwere ike ịchọ ọrụ ọzọ site na onye na-enye ya.<ref name=":0" /> Omume ndị ọzọ dị irè nke na-emetụta okike gụnyere inye nhọrọ nke njikọta dọkịta na onye ọrịa na mmata nke mkpa kpọmkwem maka okike gbasara nchekwa onwe onye na nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Sally|date=2020-11-25|title=The training needs for gender-sensitive care in a pediatric rehabilitation hospital: a qualitative study|journal=BMC Medical Education|volume=20|issue=1|pages=468|doi=10.1186/s12909-020-02384-y|issn=1472-6920|pmid=33238977}}</ref>Ilebara mkpa pụrụ iche nke ndị na-abụghị ndị abụọ na ndị na-anaghị ekwekọrịta na okike anya bụ ihe ọzọ dị mkpa nke mmetụta uche nwoke na nwanyị na nlekọta ahụike, yana imebi echiche okike dị iche iche dị n'ime ngalaba nlekọta ahụike. == Mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na ụmụaka == A na-eme ka Mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị site na usoro a maara dị ka mmetụta nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na-akwalite ịha nhata maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị site n'ikwe ka ụmụ nwoke na ndị inyom hụ ihe dị mma na ihe ezi uche dị na ya maka okike ha. Ya mere, ndị nkuzi nọ n'ọnọdụ ịkụziri ụmụaka banyere mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị site n'otú ha si eduzi klas ha ma soro ụmụ akwụkwọ ha na-emekọrịta ihe. Ndị nkuzi na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ha mara nwoke na nwanyị n'oge ha dị obere nwere ike imetụta mgbanwe n'usoro echiche ụmụaka, nke na-eme ka ha mebie ihere ọha na eze n'oge ọ bụ nwata na ndụ ha niile. Ịkụziri ụmụaka ka ha nwee mmetụta maka okike na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị nne na nna ma ọ bụ ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka. Ụmụaka na-amalite ịzụlite njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe dị ka afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. N'afọ a, a na-eme ka njirimara nwoke na nwanyị sie ike site na ozi sitere n'aka ndị nne na nna, ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị na-emetụta ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. . " Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke nkwalite nwoke na nwanyị na-adịghị eche banyere nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkụziri ụmụaka na pink bụ ụcha nwanyị na-ca anụnụ anụnụ bụ ụcha nwoke, yana imetụta ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha na ụmụ bebi na ụmụ nwoke na-egwuri egwu na gwongworo. Ịkụziri ụmụaka banyere njirimara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-ekwekọghị na njirimara nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-enyere aka imebi ihere metụtara njirimara ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Starr|first=Christine|date=May 2017|title=Sandra Bem's Gender Schema Theory After 34 Years: A Review of its Reach and Impact|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299503228|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|volume=76|issue=9–10|pages=566–578|doi=10.1007/s11199-016-0591-4|accessdate=8 July 2023}}</ref> == Ọzụzụ maka ịmatakwu gbasara nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị == Ịkwalite mmata banyere nsogbu mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na inyere aka ịlụso echiche na ozi na-ezighi ezi banyere nsogbu ndị a nwere ike ime site na ọzụzụ nke mmetụta nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Sally|date=December 2019|title=Outcomes of gender-sensitivity educational interventions for healthcare providers: A systematic review|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0017896919859908|journal=Health Education Journal|language=en|volume=78|issue=8|pages=958–976|doi=10.1177/0017896919859908|issn=0017-8969}}</ref> Mmemme ọzụzụ ndị dị otu a na-enyekarị ozi gbasara isiokwu dịka enweghị aha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, echiche na ihere, yana nkà nkwurịta okwu kpọmkwem maka okike. Okwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okwu okike bụkwa isiokwu ọmụmụ na mmemme ndị a. Mmekọ mba ụwa maka ịmepụta ụkpụrụ maka modulu ọzụzụ ndị a enyerela aka ịkwalite ọganihu na mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na nha anya, na-eme ka ndụ na uto akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu n'ụwa niile.. Ụfọdụ usoro ọzụzụ maka mmemme ndị a gụnyere modulu n'ịntanetị na mgbasa ozi edere edere, nkuzi n'onwe ya na ntọala klas, yana ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe omume ndị a nwere ike ịbụ otu nnọkọ ma ọ bụ nwee ọtụtụ ngalaba gbasaa n'ime ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Sally|date=December 2019|title=Outcomes of gender-sensitivity educational interventions for healthcare providers: A systematic review|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0017896919859908|journal=Health Education Journal|language=en|volume=78|issue=8|pages=958–976|doi=10.1177/0017896919859908|issn=0017-8969}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta nke ọzụzụ na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị na-abụkarị ihe dị mma mgbe a na-enyocha ya na nkezi, egosila na ụmụ nwoke nwere ọkwa dị ala nke ịnabata mmemm ọzụzụ ndị a karịa ụmụ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. == Ọganihu nke mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa niile site na mpaghara == === Afrịka === Ọ bụ ezie na mba ndị dị na kọntinent Afrịka na-alụkarị ọgụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, enwere ọganihu dị ukwuu n'imeziwanye mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmalite azụmaahịa ha na-aga nke ọma na mba ndị dị ka South Africa, n'agbanyeghị ụkpụrụ ọdịnala nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enweghị ụmụ nwanyị maka ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ. A ka nwere ọganihu a ga-eme, ọtụtụ n'ime nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ site na itinye aka gọọmentị na mbọ iji gbanwee iwu ndị na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ha. === India === Mmekọahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na usoro echiche ndị India. Nkewa nke ihe ngosi nwata nwoke na nwa nwanyị na India na-eme ka anya dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ihe na-egosi nwoke n'ime ụmụ nwoke gụnyere ụgbọala, ụcha anụnụ anụnụ, na ndị dike; ihe na-egosi nwanyị n'ime nwa agbọghọ gụnyere ụmụ bebi, ụcha pinki, na ụmụ eze nwanyị. === Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa === Mba ndị dị ka Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates bụ ndị a maara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ịnabata nwoke na nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ha dị elu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejedebe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ógbè a n'ọrụ nne ụlọ ọdịnala dị ka ime ụlọ na ilekọta ụmụaka. A na-ekwu na ụfọdụ n'ime ọdịbendị a siri ike bụ na mmanụ na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke mba ndị dị na Middle East. === Scandinavia === Sweden na-eme mgbalị siri ike iji bụrụ onye na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị. Sweden gbakwunyere okwu "hen" n'oge na-adịbeghị anya - nnọchiaha na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị - n'asụsụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Nathalie|author=Rothschild|accessdate=2019-12-09|title=Sweden Goes Gender-Neutral|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/04/hen-swedens-new-gender-neutral-pronoun-causes-controversy.html|date=11 April 2012|work=Slate Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=AFP|accessdate=2019-12-09|title=Sweden adds gender-neutral pronoun to dictionary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/24/sweden-adds-gender-neutral-pronoun-to-dictionary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2019-12-09|title=The Swedes are adding a gender-neutral pronoun to their dictionary|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/the-swedes-are-adding-a-gender-neutral-pronoun-to-their-dictionary-10137216.html|date=26 March 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref> Nke a na-akwalite ụzọ iche echiche na-anọpụ iche maka ụmụaka. === United Kingdom === Òtù ụmụ nwanyị na United Kingdom emeela ka mmụba nke nnabata nwoke na nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. Ịgbasawanye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị niile na ime ka mkparịta ụka ndị a bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị emeela ka ọganihu dị mma na mpaghara ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị * Mmetụta nwoke na nwanyị * Echiche nwoke na nwanyị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 0z8pugqnz3jr5gmmj76joi3rhkrswp6 Lisa E. Bloom 0 76139 670883 644751 2026-07-01T19:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lisa E. Bloom''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1958) bụ onye Amerịka na-akatọ omenala, onye nkuzi na onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe nkà ụmụ nwanyị mere eme ,onye bụ ọkachamara na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa, nkà nke oge a, nkà gburugburu ebe obibi, akụkọ ihe mere e ji ese foto, omenala a na-ahụ anya na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri, a makwara ya maka akwụkwọ ya na edemede ya na mpaghara ndị a. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Lisa E. Bloom nwetara nzere B.A. site na Trinity College (Connecticut) na akụkọ nkà mere eme, MFA na Akụkọ ihe FOTO mere eme na Rochester Institute of Technology nakwa site na Visual Studies Workshop ma nwete Ph.D. site na History of Consciousness Program, Mahadum California, Santa Cruz ebe o mere edemede ya n'okpuru nduzi nke James Clifford, Donna Haraway, na Hayden White. Ọ nwetakwara Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship na Mahadum Stanford (1993-1995) na postdoctoral fellowship na Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women na Mahadum Brown. === Nkụzi === Bloom akụziela akụkọ nkà mere eme na ọmụmụ omenala na Mahadum California, San Diego, Mahadum Josai International, Mahadum California, Irvine; Mahadum San Francisco State, San Francisco Art Institute na Mahadum California, Santa Cruz. Ọ bụkwa ọkà mmụta nleta na UCLA Center for the Study of Women . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csw.ucla.edu/people/research-scholars/lisa-bloom|title=Lisa Bloom - Center for Study of Women|work=UCLA|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910145609/http://www.csw.ucla.edu/people/research-scholars/lisa-bloom|archivedate=2015-09-10}}</ref> Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta bi na Beatrice Bain Center na ngalaba nke ọmụmụ okike na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na [https://www.berkeley.edu/ Mahadum California, Berkeley.] Ọrụ Bloom na-aga n'ihu na okike, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa gụnyere mbipụta pụrụ iche gbasara nkà mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Scholar and Feminist Online nke ya na Laura Kay na Elena Glasberg deziri (2008), <ref name=":4" /> edemede nke afọ 2012 gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, nkà , na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa nke ya na Elena Glasberg dere nke akpọrọ "Disappearing Ice and Missing Data: Visual Culture of the Polar Regions and Global Warming", na edemede nke afọ 2015 gbasara mmanụ na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa akpọrọ "Witnessing Climate Change: Oil, Geopolitics and Landscapes of Invisibility". Akwụkwọ ndị sochirinụ na 2020 gụnyere "Planetary Precarity and feminist environmental art practices in Antarctica," na edemede ya nke 2021 "At Memory's Edge: Climate Trauma in the Arctic Through Film". == Akwụkwọ na ntinye aka n'edemede == Bloom bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Gender on Ice: American Ideologies of Polar Expeditions (1993), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/gender-on-ice|title=Gender on Ice|work=University of Minnesota Press|language=en|accessdate=2016-03-09}}</ref> nke bụ akwụkwọ nkatọ mbụ na Akitiki na Antarktiki nke e dere site n'echiche nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ a bụ nke ọmụmụ mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa na akwụkwọ nyocha mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa ka ndị Women's Review of Books kọwara dị ka, "...akụkụ nke mgbalị ogologo oge iji degharịa akụkọ ihe ochie mere eme nke ndị na-egosi mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nchọpụta". Publishers Weekly kọwara ya dị ka "ihe akaebe maka edemede ya dị mkpa na-adọrọ mmasị". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8166-2091-3|title=Nonfiction Book Review: Gender on Ice by Lisa Bloom|work=PublishersWeekly.com|accessdate=2016-03-09}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede ya nke akpọrọ With Other Eyes: Looking at Race and Gender in Visual Culture (1999), na-egosi otu esi etinye nchegbu gbasara nha ụmụ nwanyị, ọchịchị mgbe ọchịchị akaike gasịrị na mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime akụkọ ihe nkà mere eme. ma gụnye edemede nke Irit Rogoff, Jennifer Gonzalez, Caren Kaplan, Inderpal Grewal, Griselda Pollock, Zoe Leonard, Francette Pacteau, na ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya n'isiokwu a na-aga n'ihu na edemede ya gbasara ndị na-ese ihe dịka [[Isaac Julien]], Eleanor Antin, Connie Samaras, Natalie Talec, na Katja Aglert [4] nakwa n'edemede gbasara nkà ndị na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na China na Japan na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Feminism na Visual Culture, nke Amelia Jones dezigharịrị na Visual Culture Reader, nke Nicholas Mirzoeff dezigharị. Ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ Jewish Identities in U.S. Feminist Art: Ghosts of Ethnicity (2006), nke na-enyocha ebe ndị Juu nọ na nkà ụmụ nwanyị na United States. A kọwara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Art History dị ka nke na-ekwu maka isiokwu a na-akọwaghị nke ọma ma sie ike ikwu maka ya. Ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu n'ógbè a gụnyere edemede "Ghosts of Ethnicity: Jewish Identities in American Feminist Art" (2007), na "Barbies's Jewish Roots: Jewish Women's Bodies and Feminist Art " (2008). Ọrụ Bloom na-aga n'ihu na okike, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa gụnyere mbipụta pụrụ iche na nkà polar na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Scholar and Feminist Online nke ya na Laura Kay na Elena Glasberg deziri (2008), <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/ice/|title=Gender on Ice|date=2008-09-01|work=S&F Online|publisher=Barnard University, Barnard Center for Research on Women|accessdate=2016-03-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sfonline.barnard.edu/ice/ "Gender on Ice"]. ''S&F Online''. Barnard University, Barnard Center for Research on Women. 2008-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> edemede nke afọ 2012 gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, nkà, na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa nke ya na Elena Glasberg dere nke akpọrọ "Disappearing Ice and Missing Data: Visual Culture of the Polar Regions and Global Warming", nakwa edemede nke afọ 2015 gbasara mmanụ na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa akpọrọ "Witnessing Climate Change: Oil, Geopolitics and Landscapes of Invisibility". N'akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Climate Change and the New Polar Aesthetics: Artists Reimagine the Arctic and Antarctic, nke Duke University Press bipụtara na 2022, Bloom tụlere otu ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Akitiki na Antarktiki si egosipụta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi anyị ugbu a ma na-eweghachite nghọta ọha na eze banyere ha. Ọ na-etinye aka n'ụzọ ndị na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị, ndị isi ojii, na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ iji leba anya n'ihe gbasara ahụmịhe nke Anthropocene na ọdịda gburugburu ebe obibi ya, mmụba nke oke osimiri, na mbugharị nke ihu igwe. N'adịghị ka ngosipụta mgbasa ozi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke apọkalips nke ice na-agbaze n'ebe dị anya na anụ ọhịa bea, ndị na-ese ihe dịka [http://www.katjaaglert.com/ Katja Aglert], [[Subhankar Banerjee (onye na-ese foto)|Subhankar Banerjee]], Ursula Biemann, [https://ocula.com/artists/joyce-campbell/ Joyce Campbell], [http://www.judithersko.com/ Judit Hersko], Roni Horn, [[Isaac Julien]], Zacharias Kunuk, Brenda Longfellow, Connie Samaras, na ndị otu na-akwado ikike ndị na-eme nkà (Liberate Tate, Not an Alternative, na ndị Yes Men), na-eji usoro uri na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mgbagwoju anya. N'ihe nkiri ha na nkà anya na nkà echiche ha, ndị omenkà a na-ejikọta mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọchịchị nchịgbu, ọchịchị ego, ebe ha na-agbagha iwepụ ozi gbasara mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ nkà ọdịda anyanwụ maka isonye ha. Nnyocha na nkọwa Bloom banyere mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ụwa n'ụwa ọhụrụ na-eme ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo mfe nghọta ma na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anyị bụ isi na n'ichepụta na iwulite ụwa ka mma. Edensibịa maka mgbasa ozi nke akwụkwọ Duke UP: https://www.dukeupress.edu/climate-change-and-the-new-polar-aesthetics == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309095045/https://csw.ucla.edu/cswresearch/research-affiliates/lisa-bloom/ Lisa Bloom Bio] si UCLA {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloom, Lisa E.}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ktrkz2yvez21zh4prc760kwy08t9a8k Martha Voß-Zietz 0 76407 670993 653738 2026-07-02T04:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670993 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Martha''' '''Pauline Catharina Voß-Zietz''' (23 Julaị 1871 - 8 Disemba 1961) bụ onye Germany na-agbaso omenala, onye na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, onye na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na onye edemede. O guzobere German Union for Women's Suffrage, ya na ya guzobere ma bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Association of German Housewives' Associations ma sonye na German Fatherland Party. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Voß-Zietz na 1871 na Hamburg, Alaeze Ukwu Germany, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Wer_ist_s/1jXTAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA1-PA1692&printsec=frontcover|title=Wer ist's?|date=1912|publisher=Verlag Herrmann Degener.|pages=1692|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Martha Voss-Zietz|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/person/11770542X|accessdate=2026-03-07|work=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek|language=de}}</ref> ma nwee agbụrụ ezinụlọ na Eutin. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boller|first=Manuela|date=2019-01-19|title=Zentrale Figur Fräulein Zietz|url=https://www.shz.de/lokales/eutin-ostholstein/artikel/zentrale-figur-fraeulein-zietz-41730678|accessdate=2026-03-07|work=shz.de|language=de}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gara ileta ndị ikwu ya na Eutin, ọ zutere Friedrich Voß, ha wee lụọ di na nwunye.<ref name=":0" /> [[Faịlụ:Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_März_1912_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|The Board of Directors of the German Women's Congress 1912 (German: Deutscher Frauenkongreß), including (back row from the left): [[Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner]], Voß-Zietz, Alice Bensheimer, Anna Pappritz, (front row from the left) Helene von Forster, Gertrud Bäumer and Alice Salomon]] In 1899, Voß-Zietz founded the [[Liberalism|liberal]] Women's Welfare Association (German: Verein Frauenwohl).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Passmore|first=Kevin|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_Gender_and_Fascism_in_Europe_1919/luwQ2I6K6xEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=female+fascist&pg=PA217&printsec=frontcover|title=Women, Gender, and Fascism in Europe, 1919-45|date=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6617-7|pages=44|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bigot|first=Annick|date=1988|title=Les fédérations de femmes ménagères sous la République de Weimar|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3778601|journal=Le Mouvement social|language=fr|issue=142|pages=103–106|doi=10.2307/3778601|issn=0027-2671|accessdate=2026-03-07}}</ref> In 1902, she founded the [[Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht|German Union for Women's Suffrage]] (German: Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Omran|first=Susanne|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Frauenbewegung_und_Judenfrage/LVCEQWEbftcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&pg=PA284&printsec=frontcover|title=Frauenbewegung und "Judenfrage": Diskurse um Rasse und Geschlecht nach 1900|date=2000|publisher=Campus Verlag|isbn=978-3-593-36564-0|pages=284|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Heinsohn|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Politik_und_Geschlecht/em7aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Politik und Geschlecht: zur politischen Kultur bürgerlicher Frauenvereine in Hamburg|date=1997|publisher=Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte|isbn=978-3-923356-82-9|pages=393|language=de}}</ref> She gave lectures on [[Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị|women's suffrage]] in Eutin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-01-26|title=100 Jahre Frauenwahlrecht: Auf den Spuren von Martha Voss-Zietz, Regine Jepp beleuchtete Eutins Geschichte hinsichtlich der Frauenbewegung vor dem 19. Januar 1919|url=https://www.archiv.der-reporter.de/eutin/2019/eutin04WE.pdf|work=Der Reporter|pages=3|language=de}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241225122557/https://www.archiv.der-reporter.de/eutin/2019/eutin04WE.pdf "100 Jahre Frauenwahlrecht: Auf den Spuren von Martha Voss-Zietz, Regine Jepp beleuchtete Eutins Geschichte hinsichtlich der Frauenbewegung vor dem 19. Januar 1919"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Der Reporter'' (in German). 26 January 2019. p.&nbsp;3.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> N’afọ 1912, Voß-Zietz bụ onye otu bọọdụ nduzi nke Nzukọ Ndị Nwanyị Germany (German: Deutscher Frauenkongreß) in Berlin.<ref name=":0"/> IN’afọ 1915, Voß-Zietz bụ otu n’ime ndị guzobere ma bụrụkwa nwanyị onye isi nke Njikọ Ndị Otu Ndị Nwunye Ụlọ Germany.(German: Reichsverband deutscher Hausfrauenvereine) [<nowiki/>[[:de:Reichsverband deutscher Hausfrauenvereine|de]]],<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lange|first=Helene|authorlink=Helene Lange|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Die_Frau/AlLG3jZUm_QC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&pg=PA636&printsec=frontcover|title=Die Frau: Monatsschrift für das gesamte Frauenleben unserer Zeit|date=1915|publisher=F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung|pages=636|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Streubel|first=Christiane|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Radikale_Nationalistinnen/xN3jbkjrYq8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover|title=Radikale Nationalistinnen: Agitation und Programmatik rechter Frauen in der Weimarer Republik|date=2006|publisher=Campus Verlag|isbn=978-3-593-38210-4|pages=94|language=de}}</ref> known as the Reich Association of German Housewives' Associations (RDH) from 1924.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bussenius|first=Astrid|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/100_Bad_Oldesloe/rcu2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&printsec=frontcover|title=100% Bad Oldesloe: Frauen nehmen Einfluss, 1945 bis 2003|date=2003|publisher=Dräger|isbn=978-3-925402-46-3|pages=36|language=de}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:HL_Damals_–_Reichsvereinigung_Deutscher_Hausfrauen_–_Lübeck_–_1928.png|thumb|Board na ndị otu Reich Association of German Housewives, gụnyere Voß-Zietz]] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Voß-Zietz rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka War Food Office, n'okpuru nkwado nke Prussian War Ministry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Weber|first=Heike|date=2013|title=Towards ‘Total’ Recycling: Women, Waste and Food Waste Recovery in Germany, 1914–1939|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/abs/towards-total-recycling-women-waste-and-food-waste-recovery-in-germany-19141939/B39AE3ECA0325FBE27A54AEB1E85A73A|journal=Contemporary European History|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=371–397|doi=10.1017/S0960777313000209|issn=0960-7773|accessdate=2026-03-07}}</ref> Ọ bipụtara edemede ndị nwere ndụmọdụ maka ndị nwunye ụlọ ka ha nwee ike ịnagide mgbanwe akụ na ụba nke oge agha..<ref name=":3" /> O kwuru okwu banyere nri na-edozi ahụ n'oge agha na mmefu ego.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-09|title=Die Stadt Solingen organisiert Vorträge mit Martha Voß-Zietz (Hamburg) zum Thema "Ernährung im Krieg", besonders für Hausfrauen...|url=https://archivewk1.hypotheses.org/tag/martha-voss-zietz-hamburg|accessdate=2026-03-07|work=1914-1918: Ein rheinisches Tagebuch, Quellen aus Archiven des Rheinlands|language=de}}</ref> Voß-Zietz joined the German Fatherland Party (German: Deutsche Vaterlandspartei, DVLP), founded in 1917.<ref name=":2" /> She was critical of the women's committee of the German National People's Party (German: ''Deutschnationale Volkspartei'', DNVP).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Heinsohn|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Konservative_Parteien_in_Deutschland_191/TPcwAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&printsec=frontcover|title=Konservative Parteien in Deutschland 1912 bis 1933: Demokratisierung und Partizipation in geschlechterhistorischer Perspektive|date=2010|publisher=Droste|isbn=978-3-7700-5295-0|pages=100|language=de}}</ref> Mgbe mmeri Germany na Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Voß-Zietz dere edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Der Tag na ''Deutsche Zeitung'', na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka iguzosi ike n'ihe nye ala nna ya, na-echekwa echiche nke "nkwanye ùgwù Germany" ma na-achọ nloghachi maka ókèala Danzig (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Gdańsk) na Upper Silesia na Germany.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ịgụ banyere otu Ndị Teuton oge ochie si mee ka ndị ikom ike gwụrụ laghachi n'ebe ndị iro ha nọ.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ọ na-erule 1922, Voß-Zietz enyewo m aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ịbụ onye na-emegide ndị Juu. Ọ sonyeere ndị German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation (German: Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund, DVSTB) nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Sharp|first=Ingrid|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Aftermaths_of_War/_ElYvzVbxCsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover|title=Aftermaths of War: Women's Movements and Female Activists, 1918-1923|date=2011-02-14|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19172-3|pages=72, 77|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharpStibbe2011">Sharp, Ingrid; Stibbe, Matthew (14 February 2011). [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Aftermaths_of_War/_ElYvzVbxCsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover ''Aftermaths of War: Women's Movements and Female Activists, 1918-1923'']. BRILL. pp.&nbsp;72, 77. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19172-3|<bdi>978-90-04-19172-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harvey|first=Elizabeth|date=2004-08-24|title=Visions of the Volk : German Women and the Far Right from Kaiserreich to Third Reich|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/172169|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=16|issue=3|pages=152–167|issn=1527-2036|accessdate=2026-03-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, Voß-Zietz toro Benito Mussolini, onye Ọchịchị aka ike nke Fascist Italy Site n’afọ 1922, ọ kwadoro ọrụ ya nke igbochi mbubata nri si mba ọzọ, na-ede sị: “Kedu ka nwa amaala nwere ọrụ n’ebe obodo ya nọ agaghị achọ nwoke dịka Mussolini, onye ji naanị mkpịsị odeakwụkwọ kwụsị mbubata unere ma kuziere ndị Germany iri apụl ndị Germany?" <ref>{{Cite book|author=Scheck|first=Raffael|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mothers_of_the_Nation/8Xq0AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&dq=Martha+Vo%C3%9F-Zietz&printsec=frontcover|title=Mothers of the Nation: Right-Wing Women in Weimar Germany|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-707-1|pages=75–76|language=en}}</ref> Voß-Zietz nwụrụ na 8 Disemba 1961 na Bad Schwartau, Germany, ma lie ya na Eutin.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3hka6a9gbfx2tsb02ro7qxj56112kqo Event:Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary 1728 76592 671160 656561 2026-07-02T10:40:22Z Geraldine Kene 23189 671160 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Improving spelling accuracy on Igbo Wiktionary '''== === Project Overview=== This project focuses on improving existing entries on Igbo Wiktionary by correcting spelling and orthographic errors. Many Igbo words online need small but important corrections to make them clearer and more accurate for users. By fixing these issues, the project will help make Igbo Wiktionary a more reliable and useful resource. The work will involve going through selected entries and correcting spelling mistakes based on standard Igbo writing rules. Each edited entry will be carefully checked to ensure it is clear, correct, and consistent with others. All changes made during the project will be recorded for proper tracking and reporting. Overall, the project aims to strengthen the quality of Igbo language content on Wiktionary. It will make it easier for learners, translators, and native speakers to trust and use the platform. It also supports the wider goal of improving the visibility and standardization of the Igbo language online. === Project Goals === 1. To improve the spelling accuracy of selected entries on Igbo Wiktionary. 2. To enhance the quality and consistency of existing Igbo Wiktionary content. 3. To make Igbo language resources on Wiktionary more reliable and accessible to users. ===Project Timeline=== 13 June - 3rd July === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words with error !Link !Edited Igbo Words !Link !{{Doing}} |- |1. |Chukwunedum |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |pụtara |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chukwunedum |Done |- |2. |Okwu mbite |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite |Mejuo |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okwu_Mbite#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |3. |Okili | |Ọṅụṅụ |https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Okili#Nk%E1%BB%8Dwa |Done |- |4.https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Iba oeip8ekza3r268c835fsh0cgmzgr4w2 Mauro Cabral Grinspan 0 76806 671001 656100 2026-07-02T06:39:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 671001 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mauro Cabral Grinspan''',<ref>{{Cite web|work=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/HRC33.aspx|title=APPOINTMENTS TO BE MADE AT THE 33RD SESSION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (13 – 30 September 2016)|date=2016|accessdate=27 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902032256/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/HRC33.aspx|archivedate=2 September 2016}}</ref> Mauro Cabral, onye Argentina bụ onye na-akwado mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na trans, bụkwa onye nyocha. Ọ na-ahazi ọrụ gbasara iwepụ ọrịa intersex na InterAction for Health and Human Rights.<ref name="Int">{{Cite web|url=http://www.interaction.org.au/staff/|quote=|title=Our staff – InterAction|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> Previously, he served as the Senior Officer for Gender Justice and Equity at the Global Philanthropy Project. Before that, he was the Executive Director of GATE, organization that he co-founded in 2009. Mauro Cabral Grinspan is a signatory of the Yogyakarta Principles<ref name="yog" /> and a signatory of the Yogyakarta Principles Plus 10. In July 2015, Cabral received the inaugural [[Bob Hepple]] Equality Award.<ref name="lsg" /> == Ndụ mbụ na echiche == E kenyere Mauro Cabral Grinspan nwanyị mgbe a mụrụ ya, mana ugbu a ọ dị ndụ dị ka nwoke. Ọ kọwala etu esi chọpụta na ahụ ya dị iche ma ọ bụ "ezughị ezu" n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma; mgbe a wachara ya ahụ ugboro abụọ, ọ ga-eme ọtụtụ usoro ịwa ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59RwM0koP-M|title=Situación de Derechos Humanos de Personas Intersex: clips de audiencias|author=Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos|date=2015|work=YouTube|publisher=Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos|accessdate=2015-06-25|quote=}}</ref> O kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ịwa ahụ na-eme ka o chee na ọ dị ya mkpa ịwa ahụ tupu a hụ ya n'anya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-14|title="Si me hubieran operado al nacer habría tenido más calidad de vida" -|url=https://www.pikaramagazine.com/2010/11/%e2%80%9csi-me-hubieran-operado-al-nacer-hubiera-tenido-mas-calidad-de-vida%e2%80%9d/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=[[Pikara Magazine]]|language=es-ES}}</ref> Cabral Grinspan na-ekwu na homophobia bụ ihe na-akpali mkpali a na-ahụkarị iji "me ka" ụmụaka intersex bụrụ ndị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọdịnala, ma na-atụ aro ịwa ahụ maka ndị intersex na-eziga ụmụaka ozi na a ga-agbanwe ahụ ha ka ha bụrụ ndị a na-anabata. Tụkwasị na nke a, Cabral Grinspan na-atụ aro mkpa ọ dị ịnabata ọdịbendị zuru oke nke intersex n'emeghị ka ndị a bụrụ na ha na-arịa ọrịa.<ref name="interdic">{{Cite book|publisher=Mulabi|isbn=978-987-05-5898-9|editor=Cabral|title=Interdicciones: Escrituras de la intersexualidad en castellano|location=Córdoba, Argentina|date=February 2009}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Mauro Cabral Grinspan etinyela aka na mmegide na nsogbu trans na intersex kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 2005. Site na 2005 ruo 2007 ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịhazi Trans na Intersex Area na IGLHRC Latin American Office.<ref name="sobre" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ atọ na MULABI, Latin American Space for Sexualities and Rights, wee bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa na 2009. Cabral ghọrọ onye nduzi nke GATE na Jenụwarị 2010 <ref name="sobre">{{Cite web|url=http://transactivists.org/about/|title=About GATE|work=[[GATE (organization)|GATE]]|accessdate=31 December 2013|archivedate=1 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001103530/http://transactivists.org/about/}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke International Trans* Reference Group na Global Forum on MSM and HIV / AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iglhrc.org/content/latin-america-iglhrc%C2%B4s-latin-america-and-caribbean-2005-work|title=Latin America: IGLHRC´s Latin America and the Caribbean 2005 work|work=[[International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission|IGLHRC]]|date=January 4, 2006|accessdate=December 31, 2013|archivedate=December 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231200925/http://iglhrc.org/content/latin-america-iglhrc%C2%B4s-latin-america-and-caribbean-2005-work}}</ref> Cabral bụ onye otu Latin American Consortium on Intersex Issues, na nke International Advisory Board na Human Rights Watch LGBT Program. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Cabral Grinspan sonyere n'ihe ndị mere ka Sineti Argentina kwado iwu ọhụrụ gbasara njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na Eprel 2012. Iwu ahụ na-eme ka o kwe omume ịgbanwe aha nwoke na nwanyị n'enweghị ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ahụike, ma ọ bụ nkwenye ikpe..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://100porciento.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/100-diversidad-y-derechos-primer-paso-en-el-senado-de-la-nacion-hacia-la-ley-de-identidad-de-genero/|title=Primer paso en el Senado de la Nación hacia la Ley de Identidad de Género|work=100% Diversidad y Derechos|date=April 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/soy/1-2103-2011-08-26.html|title=Un día para recordar|work=[[Página/12]]|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Cabral Grinspan haziri ọrụ na mgbanwe nke World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, ọkachasị nkatọ na aro ndị ọzọ gbasara "Gender Incongruence of Childhood".<ref name="icd">{{Cite web|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|url=http://globaltransaction.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/critique-and-alternative-proposal-to-the-_gender-incongruence-of-childhood_-category-in-icd-11.pdf|publisher=[[GATE (organization)|GATE]]|title=Critique and Alternative Proposal to the "Gender Incongruence of Childhood" Category in ICD-11|accessdate=2014-12-26|archivedate=2020-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614105851/https://globaltransaction.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/critique-and-alternative-proposal-to-the-_gender-incongruence-of-childhood_-category-in-icd-11.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na akụkọ World Health Organization "Sexual health, human rights and the law".<ref name="who2015" />{{Cite book|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241564984|author=World Health Organization|title=Sexual health, human rights and the law|location=Geneva|date=June 2015|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/175556/1/9789241564984_eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Cabral Grinspan nyere aka hazie nzukọ nke atọ nke International Intersex Forum na Malta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/3rd_intersex_forum_2013|title=3rd International Intersex Forum in Malta|work=[[ILGA-Europe]]|date=22 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226222209/http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/3rd_intersex_forum_2013|archivedate=26 December 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Cabral ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ ukwu maka ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka Intersex Human Rights Fund nke mbụ nke Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice guzobere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astraeafoundation.org/news/344/60/Introducing-the-Intersex-Fund-team-at-Astraea|title=Introducing the Intersex Fund team at Astraea!|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=June 16, 2015|work=[[Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice]]|publisher=Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice|accessdate=2015-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703205803/http://www.astraeafoundation.org/news/344/60/Introducing-the-Intersex-Fund-team-at-Astraea|archivedate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, Cabral sonyere na mmepụta nke Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of Human Rights Legislation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infojusnoticias.gov.ar/nacionales/yogyakarta-la-identidad-de-genero-desde-la-perspectiva-de-los-derechos-humanos-5397.html|title=Yogyakarta: la identidad de género desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos|author=Infojus Noticias|date=August 26, 2014|work=|publisher=Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Argentina|accessdate=2015-06-25|quote=}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị mbụ 29 bịanyere aka. <ref name="yog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en_principles.htm|title=The Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|work=[[Yogyakarta Principles]]|accessdate=2015-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628071304/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en_principles.htm|archivedate=2015-06-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''[[Yogyakarta Principles]]''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150628071304/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en_principles.htm the original] on 2015-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu kọmitii na-edepụta ma bịanye aka na Yogyakarta Principles gbakwunyere 10, na itinye n'ọrụ [[International human rights law|Iwu ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa]] n'ihe gbasara mmasị mmekọahụ, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị na njirimara mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/|title=Yogyakarta Principles plus 10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043532/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/|archivedate=2017-12-01}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2024, Intersex Human Rights Australia kwupụtara na a họpụtara Cabral dị ka Onyeisi Ndụmọdụ na Onye Nhazi Ọrụ na ọrụ mba ụwa kachasị ọhụrụ ha..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcoming Mauro Cabral Grinspan – Intersex Human Rights Australia|work=Intersex Human Rights Australia – For the health and human rights of people with innate variations of sex characteristics|date=15 January 2024|url=https://ihra.org.au/40714/welcoming-mauro-cabral-grinspan/|accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Cabral Grinspan nwere nzere na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Mba nke Córdoba . <ref name="akahata">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akahataorg.org/organizaci%C3%B3n/integrantes/|title=Integrantes|author=AKAHATÁ|date=2015|work=|publisher=AKAHATÁ|accessdate=2015-06-25|quote=|archivedate=2014-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226192536/http://www.akahataorg.org/organizaci%C3%B3n/integrantes}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|publisher=Mulabi|isbn=978-987-05-5898-9|editor=Cabral|title=Interdicciones: Escrituras de la intersexualidad en castellano|location=Córdoba, Argentina|date=February 2009}} === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30043-8|pmid=27155514|issn=2215-0366|volume=3|issue=5|pages=405–406|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|title=Removal of gender incongruence of childhood diagnostic category: a human rights perspective|journal=The Lancet Psychiatry|date=May 2016}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.rhm.2015.11.014|pmid=26719011|issn=0968-8080|volume=23|issue=46|pages=196|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|title=Statement from GATE - Global Action for Trans* Equality|journal=[[Reproductive Health Matters]]|date=November 1, 2015}} * {{Cite journal|volume=3|issue=8|pages=199–212|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|title=Tercera posición en materia de género|journal=Derechos Humanos|date=December 2014|url=http://www.infojus.gob.ar/docs-f/ediciones/revistas/DERECHOS_HUMANOS_A3_N8.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1215/23289252-2685669|issn=2328-9252|volume=1|issue=3|pages=419–439|author=Boellstorff|first=T.|title=Decolonizing Transgender: A Roundtable Discussion|journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=January 2014|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1539790v}} === Editorial === * {{Cite web|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|url=https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/|title=IAD2016: A Message from Mauro Cabral|work=[[GATE (organization)|GATE]]|date=October 26, 2016|accessdate=2016-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103133403/https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/|archivedate=November 3, 2016}} * {{Cite web|publisher=[[Intersex Awareness Day|Intersex Day]]|author=Cabral Grinspan|first=Mauro|title=The marks on our bodies|date=October 25, 2015|url=http://intersexday.org/en/mauro-cabral-marks-bodies/|accessdate=2016-05-16}} * {{Cite web|editor=Cabral|title=Intersex Issues in the International Classification of Diseases: a revision|date=2014|url=http://intersexday.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/intersex_issues_in_the_international_classification_of_diseases-cabral-carpenter-2014.pdf|accessdate=2016-05-20}} * {{Cite web|publisher=GATE|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|title=Critique and Alternative Proposal to the "Gender Incongruence of Childhood" Category in ICD-11|date=April 2013|url=http://globaltransaction.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/critique-and-alternative-proposal-to-the-_gender-incongruence-of-childhood_-category-in-icd-11.pdf|accessdate=2014-12-29|archivedate=2020-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614105851/https://globaltransaction.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/critique-and-alternative-proposal-to-the-_gender-incongruence-of-childhood_-category-in-icd-11.pdf}} * {{Cite web|author=Maffia|first=Diana|title=Los sexos ¿son o se hacen?|date=2013|url=https://programaddssrr.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/los-sexos-son-o-se-hacen.pdf|accessdate=2016-05-21|archivedate=2020-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215192934/https://programaddssrr.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/los-sexos-son-o-se-hacen.pdf}} === Okwu === * Na Septemba 2016, Cabral nyere ihe ngosi dị mkpa na 2016 Trans*studies conference na Mahadum Arizona. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgbt.arizona.edu/2016-Trans-studies|title=2016 Trans*studies|work=Institute for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies, [[University of Arizona]]|date=2016|accessdate=2016-09-17|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010134/https://lgbt.arizona.edu/2016-Trans-studies}}</ref> * "Ihe omume mbụ nke United Nations Human Rights Council na nsogbu intersex" na Machị 2014, n'akụkụ ndị nnọchi anya Intersex UK, Organisation Intersex International Australia, na Zwischengeschlecht, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cabral|first=Mauro|url=http://oii.org.au/25644/intersex-side-event-un-human-rights-council/|title=Intersex side event at the UN Human Rights Council|date=28 May 2014|publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]|accessdate=2014-12-29}}</ref> * Na Machị 2013, Mauro Cabral, ya na Natasha Jiménez nke [http://mulabi.org MULABI], Paula Sandrine Marchado na Pidgeon Pagonis gbara akaebe na Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on Situation of Human Rights of Intersex Persons in the Americas. Ikpe mbụ banyere ikike mmadụ intersex n'ihu Commission, onye ọ bụla kesara ahụmahụ nke onwe ya ma gosipụta okwu sara mbara, dị ka ịwa ahụ "ịdị mma" na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị nke ụmụ ọhụrụ intersex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hrbrief.org/2013/03/situation-of-human-rights-of-intersex-persons-in-the-americas/|title=Situation of Human Rights of Intersex Persons in the Americas|work=Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|date=March 21, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/Calendar147eng.pdf|title=Schedule of Hearings 147o Session Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)|work=[[Organization of American States]]|date=2013}}</ref> * Na 30 June 2011, Mauro Cabral, kwuru okwu na European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights on trans and intersex rights. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/26002162|title=Mauro Cabral: Trans and intersex rights|publisher=[[European Parliament]] LGBT Intergroup at [[Vimeo.com]]|date=5 July 2011|accessdate=25 April 2012}}</ref> Cabral enyewo aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Yogyakarta Principles, akụkọ World Health Organization "Sexual health, human rights and the law", <ref name="who2015">{{Cite book|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241564984|author=World Health Organization|title=Sexual health, human rights and the law|location=Geneva|date=June 2015|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/175556/1/9789241564984_eng.pdf?ua=1}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2015">World Health Organization (June 2015). [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/175556/1/9789241564984_eng.pdf?ua=1 ''Sexual health, human rights and the law''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva: World Health Organization. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789241564984|<bdi>9789241564984</bdi>]].</cite></ref> na akụkọ Open Society Foundations "Licence to Be Yourself". <ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Open Society Foundations|isbn=9781940983103|author=Byrne|first=Jack|title=License to Be Yourself Laws and Advocacy for Legal Gender Recognition of Trans People|location=New York|accessdate=2014-10-23|date=2014|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/license-be-yourself}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, Cabral bụ onye natara onyinye [[Bob Hepple]] Equality Award, n'akụkụ Pragna Patel nke Southall Black Sisters.<ref name="ohrh">{{Cite web|url=http://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-inaugural-bob-hepple-equality-award-celebrates-equal-rights-activists-and-advances-support-to-their-cause/|title=The Inaugural Bob Hepple Equality Award Celebrates Equal Rights Activists and Advances Support to their Cause|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=July 21, 2015|work=|publisher=[[Oxford Human Rights Hub]]|accessdate=2015-08-01|quote=}}</ref> A na-akpọ aha onyinye ahụ Bob Hepple, onye bụbu onye ọka iwu [[Nelson Mandela]]. <ref name="lsg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/mandela-lawyer-award-winner-announced/5050164.article|title=Mandela lawyer award winner announced|author=Law Society Gazette|authorlink=Law Society Gazette|date=July 2015|work=|publisher=[[Law Society Gazette]]|accessdate=2015-08-01|quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLaw_Society_Gazette2015">[[Law Society Gazette]] (July 2015). [http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/mandela-lawyer-award-winner-announced/5050164.article "Mandela lawyer award winner announced"]. [[Law Society Gazette]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> The Oxford Human Rights Hub na-ekwu, "Cabral dị oke mkpa na usoro na-eduga n'ịmepụta Iwu Nkọwapụta Mmekọahụ nke Argentina na 2012, iwu nke e depụtara nke ọma na mkpebi ụlọ ikpe gbasara ikpe gbasara njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, gụnyere Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India, nke kpaliri mgbanwe iwu na mba gụnyere Malta, Netherlands na Sweden. "<ref name="ohrh" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://transactivists.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ GATE] * [http://www.mulabilatino.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ MULABI] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kjpmv1elvuk5pekeihne0uh9tuvee7s Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe 4 76815 671108 670681 2026-07-02T10:15:27Z PieWriter 56464 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]): - (TwinkleGlobal) 671108 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]=== '''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]''' '''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 15:21, [[25 Jụn]] [[2026]] (UTC)''' {{user|SafariScribe}} - Aha m bụ SafariScribe. A chọrọ m ịbụ admin n'ihi na odi nnukwu mkpa tụmadi oge ugbua ufọdụ ihe kwesịrị ka edozie; Ihe ndị ahụ kwesịrị ka-edozie dika iwepu ịhụ akwukwo (deletion), na ndị ọzọ abụghị ihe onye na enweghị ya bu akara ga emenwu. Ana m ede ma na edezikwa otutu ibe (pages) na Wikipedia a. Ọrụ admin a ga enyere m aka idozi templeeti ma Ihe ndị ọzọ kwesịrị na aga edozi. Daalụ! [[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 15:21, 18 Jụn 2026 (UTC) ====Questions for candidate==== Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following <u>optional</u> questions to provide guidance for participants: :'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in? ::'''A:''' Ọrụ admin karịrị akari mànà nke mu na-arunye aka karịa bu nwepu otutu ibe na-enweghi isi okachasi ndị gbara abụọ. Ọzọkwa bụ idozi ihu Wikipedia Anyị a (main page), ịdezikwa ibe dika mụ si emebu. :'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why? ::'''A:''' Ndezi ịhụ akwukwo na ntụgharị otutu ibe site na Wikipedia asụsụ bekee. :'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? ::'''A:''' Oburu maka Wikipedia a, mba. ====Comments and Discussions==== * Links for {{usercheck-short|SafariScribe}} ---- '''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:''' esfmyq7x9z42h2f3vlg15y0hjk0wy7n Eze Kenneth Emeka 0 76879 670914 656453 2026-07-01T22:10:47Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] | name = Eze Kenneth Emeka | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = | termstart1 = | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|Nigerian National Assembly]]<br>from [[Ebonyi State]] | termstart2 = | termend2 = 18 March 2023 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|3|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ebonyi State]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Engineer}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Eze Kenneth Emeka''' {{Audio|Ig-Eze Kenneth Emeka.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 22 Machị 1971) bụ onye injinia Naijiria na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Ebonyi State. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Senator na-anọchite anya Ebonyi Mpaghara Etiti na 10th Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjirịa. A họpụtara ya n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressives Congress n'oge ntuli aka [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na 2023 . <ref name="LEG-17Apr-10NA">{{Cite news|author=Adeyemi|first=Segun|date=17 April 2023|title=From Kalu, Ndume to Lawan, see complete list of Senators-elect for 10th NA|url=https://www.legit.ng/politics/1530590-10th-national-assembly-full-list-senators-elect-kalu-lawan-akpabio-return-red-chamber/|accessdate=30 December 2024|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="NT-5Jan-EKE">{{Cite news|date=5 January 2024|title=Ken Eze: Raising the Bar of Effective Representation|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ken-eze-raising-the-bar-of-effective-representation/|accessdate=30 December 2024|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ebonyi state Senatorial district election results and data 2023 - Stears Elections|url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/senate/EB/?constituency=SD/032/EB|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=www.stears.co}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Emeka na 22 Machị 1971 na Ebonyi Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na injinia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eze Kenneth Emeka|url=https://currentaffairs.ng/senator/eze-kenneth-emeka/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=Current Affairs Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ShineYourEye|url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/eze-kenneth-emeka|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=www.shineyoureye.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/eze-kenneth-emeka "ShineYourEye"]. ''www.shineyoureye.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Emeka nwere nzụlite na injinia na [[Pọlitiks|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]]. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Senator na-anọchite anya Ebonyi Mpaghara Etiti na Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjirịa. O nwetara tiketi pati ya iji sọọ mpi na ntuli aka nke Naijiria na 2023 ma mesịa bụrụ onye a họpụtara. Emeka bụzi onye otu 10th Mgbakọ na Sineti nke Naijiria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Eze-Kenneth-Emeka-303|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=orderpaper.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Eze-Kenneth-Emeka-303 "10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation"]. ''orderpaper.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 92id21epj7ujbufhwoqu1a4e1v4yngm Abdulmalik Sarkin Daji 0 76890 670910 656587 2026-07-01T21:55:54Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GAbdulmalik Mohammed Sarkin Daji''' bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye ọrụ ọha na eze, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke 10th Niger State House of Assembly . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bode|date=2023-06-27|title=Sarkin-Daji emerges Niger 10th assembly Speaker — National Accord Newspaper %|url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/sarkin-daji-emerges-niger-10th-assembly-speaker/|accessdate=2025-06-09|language=en-US|work=National Accord}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu All-Progressives Congress (APC) ma na-anọchite anya Mariga Local Government Constituency na Niger State . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dennis|first=Priscilla|date=2023-06-13|title=Former Commissioner, Local Government Affairs, Sarkin Daji emerges Speaker Niger Assembly|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/06/13/former-commissioner-local-government-affairs-sarkin-daji-emerges-speaker-niger-assembly/|accessdate=2025-06-09|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ Sarkin Daji ná Kontagora, Niger State, Naịjirịa. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mustapha Comprehensive School wee nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Sekọndrị ya na 2001. O nwetara asambodo iwu na Federal Polytechnic., [[Birnin Kebbi]] (2004), ma gaa kwa Usmanu Danfodio University, [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na LLB in 2010. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa Nigerian Bar na 2011 mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na mahadum ahụ [[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Nigeria|Nigerian Law School]], [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 2020, o nwetara nzere masta na ọmụmụ mba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba na mba na Mahadum Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Lapai. == Ọrụ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == After his call to the bar, Sarkin Daji completed his [[National Youth Service Corps|National Youth Service]] (NYSC) at a law firm where he worked as an assistant solicitor. He also worked as a financial legal adviser and estate consultant. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2016 ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche nke Mariga Local Government Area. N'afọ 2019, Gọvanọ [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ kọmishọna maka gọọmentị ime obodo na ihe gbasara ndị isi, ma mesịa bụrụ kọmishịn maka ndị ntorobịa na egwuregwu n'afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2023-06-13|title=Niger: Governor inaugurates 10th Assembly; former commissioner Daji emerges Speaker|url=https://thesun.ng/niger-governor-inaugurates-10th-assembly-former-commissioner-daji-emerges-speaker/|accessdate=2025-06-30|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ahmad|first=Romoke|date=2021-09-21|title=Kontagora emir's stool: Niger gov redeploys commissioner over contenders' complaints|url=https://punchng.com/kotangora-emirs-stool-niger-gov-redeploys-commissioner-over-contenders-complaints/|accessdate=2025-06-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, a họpụtara Sarkin Daji ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu steeti Niger. Na June 13, 2023, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Nzukọ nke iri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Otuchikere|first=Chika|date=2024-10-15|title=Niger Speaker to sponsor inter-tribal agency establishment bill|url=https://punchng.com/niger-speaker-to-sponsor-inter-tribal-agency-establishment-bill/|accessdate=2025-05-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>https://tribuneonlineng.com/ex-commissioner-sarkin-daji-emerges-10th-niger-assembly-speaker/</ref><ref>Abdulmalik Sarkin-Daji, The Guardian Nigeria News, https://guardian.ng/tag/abdulmalik-sarkin-daji/</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == He enjoys reading, mentoring, traveling, mediation, and playing table tennis. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kxpx7eemdai42ss30rhfvxk6ahs3a95 Lisa Power 0 76895 670886 656611 2026-07-01T19:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 670886 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Lisa_Power_at_Cardiff_trans_rights_protest_2026-05-25_140518.jpg|thumb|Lisa Power na Cardiff March for Trans Liberation, 25 Mee 2026]] '''Lisa Power''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka ahụike mmekọahụ na Ikike LGBT. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo maka Lesbian &amp;amp; Gay Switchboard <ref name="Switchboard-BBC">{{Cite news|title=Switchboard: Homophobia, HIV and hoax calls|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-46932894|accessdate=2020-10-27}}</ref> na Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke International Lesbian and Gay Association . <ref name="Cumberland-profile">{{Cite web|title=Lisa Power MBE|url=https://www.cumberlandlodge.ac.uk/about-us/people/lisa-power-mbe|work=Cumberland Lodge|accessdate=2020-10-27|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806191752/https://www.cumberlandlodge.ac.uk/about-us/people/lisa-power-mbe}}</ref> O guzobere Pink Paper na Stonewall, mgbe e mesịrị ọ ghọrọ Onye Nlekọta Iwu na Terrence Higgins Trust. <ref name="Cumberland-profile" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Terrence Higgins Trust's Lisa Power awarded MBE|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/09/terrence-higgins-trusts-lisa-power-awarded-mbe/|work=Pink News|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=2020-07-18|archivedate=2019-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803143940/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/09/terrence-higgins-trusts-lisa-power-awarded-mbe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mbụ na-ekwu okwu LGBT n'ihu ọha na-ekwu na United Nations ma na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ewepụta onwe ya dị ka onye LGBT + na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike mmekọahụ na Wales na otu ndị dị ka Fast Track Cymru na Pride Cymru .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pink List 2008|date=21 June 2008|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-ios-pink-list-2008-852032.html|publisher=Independent|accessdate=2020-10-27|archivedate=2020-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213181805/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-ios-pink-list-2008-852032.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Team|url=https://fasttrackcardiff.wales/about/the-team/|work=Fast Track Cardiff|date=11 October 2020|accessdate=2020-10-27|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027170926/https://fasttrackcardiff.wales/about/the-team/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Power n'afọ 1954.<ref name="DoB">{{Cite web|title=The Discovery Service|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F75663|work=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=18 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616132050/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F75663|archivedate=16 June 2020}}</ref> Ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'afọ ndị 1970. <ref name="Attitudes" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo na Lesbian &amp;amp; Gay Switchboard na London.<ref name="MBE" /> Na switchboard, ọ malitere ịnata oku banyere ọrịa dị omimi nke a maara dị ka GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) na mgbe e mesịrị HIV / AIDS. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ mbụ na National AIDS Helpline ma rụọ ọrụ na Hackney Local Authority dị ka onye ọrụ iwu HIV.<ref name="SSG">{{Cite news|author=Warriner|first=Colin|title=Being honest about HIV: Lisa Power, policy head at Terrence Higgins Trust|url=http://sosogay.co.uk/2011/being-honest-about-hiv-terrence-higgins-trust-lisa-power/|work=So So Gay|date=29 June 2011}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Power ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke International Lesbian and Gay Association (nke bụzi International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association) na 1988 mgbe o nyesịrị aka guzobe Pink Paper. O guzobere Stonewall na 1989 na nzaghachi kpọmkwem na Nkebi nke 28 ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi iwu nke Terrence Higgins Trust . <ref name="MBE">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/09/terrence-higgins-trusts-lisa-power-awarded-mbe/|title=Terrence Higgins Trust's Lisa Power awarded MBE|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=18 October 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/09/terrence-higgins-trusts-lisa-power-awarded-mbe/ "Terrence Higgins Trust's Lisa Power awarded MBE"]. ''[[PinkNews]]''. 9 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190803143940/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/02/09/terrence-higgins-trusts-lisa-power-awarded-mbe/ Archived] from the original on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1991, Power bụ onye mbụ na-ekwu okwu LGBT n'ihu ọha na-ekwu maka ikike nwoke idina nwoke na United Nations na New York.<ref name="Attitudes">{{Cite news|author=Pollock|first=India|date=2019-03-15|title='Huge distance' travelled on LGBT attitudes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47569273|accessdate=2020-06-10}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPollock2019">Pollock, India (15 March 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47569273 "'Huge distance' travelled on LGBT attitudes"]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221011/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47569273 Archived] from the original on 9 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ILGA">{{Cite web|title=Speakers|url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/conference/warsaw-2017/speakers|work=www.ilga-europe.org|publisher=ILGA-Europe|accessdate=18 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513060422/https://www.ilga-europe.org/conference/warsaw-2017/speakers|archivedate=13 May 2019}}</ref> E mechara mee ka ọ bụrụ onye nsọ site na Order of Perpetual Indulgence dị ka St Lisa Potestatis maka ọrụ ya na ndụ ndị na-akpa agwa, ụbọchị onye nsọ ya bụkwa Abali Afọ Ọhụrụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nke Order of the British Empire (MBE) na emume Afọ Ọhụrụ nke afọ 2011, "maka ọrụ maka ahụike mmekọahụ na obodo ndị na-akpa agwa nwoke na nwanyị, ndị nwoke na nwanyị, ndị nwoke na nwanyị na ndị na-agbanwe mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/gallery/pinc-list-2022-wales-most-24666819|title=Pinc List 2022: Wales' most influential LGBT+ people|date=20 August 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ya na National Museum Cardiff na onye nlekọta Dan Vo rụkọtara ọrụ na mmemme a na-akpọ "Queer Tours", nke ebumnuche ya bụ ikpughe akụkọ LGBTQ zoro ezo na Cardiff.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-05|title=Wales' first Queer Tours – "Re-interpreting" art like a gay man|url=https://www.jomec.co.uk/intercardiff/art/wales-first-queer-tours-re-interpreting-art-like-a-gay-man|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=InterCardiff|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-15|title=Tours to reveal museum's LGBT stories|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-51839437|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> E mechara mee ka ọ bụrụ onye nsọ site na Order of Perpetual Indulgence dị ka St Lisa Potestatis maka ọrụ ya na ndụ ndị na-akpa agwa, ụbọchị onye nsọ ya bụkwa Abali Afọ Ọhụrụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nke Order of the British Empire (MBE) na emume Afọ Ọhụrụ nke afọ 2011, "maka ọrụ maka ahụike mmekọahụ na obodo ndị na-akpa agwa nwoke na nwanyị, ndị nwoke na nwanyị, ndị nwoke na nwanyị na ndị na-agbanwe mmekọahụ. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="inews">{{Cite news|author=Power|first=Lisa|title=In 1989, I could legally be fired for being a lesbian. Now, 30 years after I co-founded Stonewall, we're more visible than ever|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/30-years-after-i-co-founded-stonewall-lesbians-are-more-visible-than-ever-284218|accessdate=18 July 2020|work=inews.co.uk|date=26 April 2019|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPower2019">Power, Lisa (26 April 2019). [https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/30-years-after-i-co-founded-stonewall-lesbians-are-more-visible-than-ever-284218 "In 1989, I could legally be fired for being a lesbian. Now, 30 years after I co-founded Stonewall, we're more visible than ever"]. ''inews.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200708024600/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/30-years-after-i-co-founded-stonewall-lesbians-are-more-visible-than-ever-284218 Archived] from the original on 8 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ụwa 2020, Power kwuru, "A na-azụlite ụmụ nwanyị na olu obi abụọ; gwa gị ka ị mechie ọnụ ma hapụ gị ka ị gaa".<ref name="IWD">{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Lydia|title=International Women's Day- 'what I wish I knew when I was younger'|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/international-womens-day-advice-career-17869994|accessdate=18 July 2020|work=Wales Online|date=8 March 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|author=Power|first=Lisa|title=No bath but plenty of bubbles: An oral history of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970–1973|year=1995|publisher=Cassell|isbn=978-0-304-33205-2|pages=288}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Lisa PowernaX * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192554/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=8600&inst_id=1 Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ Lisa Power na AIM25] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] blhdusxvlumk44xeytp39bh0tnika48 Tunde Eso 0 76985 670916 657715 2026-07-01T22:13:08Z Aluta editor 62822 670916 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Tunde Eso {{Audio|Yo-Tunde Eso.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Findout. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|date=2017-10-09|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-achọ ịbụ Gọvanọ nke Osun Steeti n'afọ 2018. <ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Admin|title=Addressing security challenges in Africa|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/addressing-security-challenges-in-africa/|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dike|first=Ada|title=Eso explains why he wrote the book 'African Security Solution'|url=http://adadike.blogspot.com/2015/06/eso-explains-why-he-wrote-book-african.html|accessdate=12 January 2017|date=29 June 2015|publisher=Adadke Blog}}</ref> Eso bụ onye guzobere Youthocracy, usoro ọchịchị a tụrụ aro ya. Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye guzobere otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze a na-akpọ Fix Nigeria Group, nke o guzobere na ebumnuche nke iweghachi Naijiria n'ebube mbụ ya. N'oge ndụ ya, Tunde dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere African Security Solution na Vision for Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=African Security Solution|first=Tunde|author=Eso|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Strategic Insight Publishing|id={{ASIN|190806417X|country=in}}}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Eso ma zụlite ya na Ilesha, Osun Steeti, n'ezinụlọ Pa Obafemi na Iyabode Eso (née Fanibe) na 16 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1977. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba akaụntụ maka asambodo mba ya na kọleji teknụzụ nke steeti Osun, Esa-Oke, n'afọ 2005. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị na Mahadum Agụmakwụkwọ dị na Winneba, Ghana.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=Adebisi|first=Yemi|title=Why I Want To Become Osun's Next Governor|url=http://independentnig.com/why-i-want-to-become-osuns-next-governor-eso/#|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Independent|publisher=Independent News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdebisi">Adebisi, Yemi. [http://independentnig.com/why-i-want-to-become-osuns-next-governor-eso/# "Why I Want To Become Osun's Next Governor"]. ''Independent''. Nigeria: Independent News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|title=About Tunde eso|url=http://www.tundeeso.com/about-us/|work=Tunde Eso|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="achievers">{{Cite web|url=http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|title=Tunde Eso|publisher=The Achievers|accessdate=7 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005457/http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|archivedate=21 June 2010}}</ref> == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria bụ ''Guardian'', Eso kwuru na ọgbọ ochie nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Naijiria ghara ịdị ruo mgbe ndị ntorobịa ahụ ghọtara na ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị na-atụ vootu. O kwuru na ike ọnụọgụ nke ụmụaka ahụ zuru ezu iji họrọ ma họrọ otu n'ime ndị Naijiria na-eto eto nwere mmemme bara uru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/policy-a-politics/eso-its-time-for-generational-shift-in-osun-politics/|title=Eso: It's time for generational shift in Osun politics|date=26 February 2017|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'echiche Eso, ndị ntorobịa Naijiria leghaara anya site n'aka ndị ọchịchị gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/12/recession-politics-nigerian-youths-option-tunde-eso/|title=Recession, Politics and Nigerian Youths: What Option? – Tunde Eso|date=12 December 2016|work=Naija per Minute.com.ng|accessdate=5 April 2017}}</ref> O kwekwaara na oge eruola iwulite ndị isi nwere echiche na omume ziri ezi, ndị isi na-agaghị alụ ọgụ maka naanị akpa ha, ndị isi ga-eche banyere ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị naanị onwe ha. N'echiche ya, njikọta nke ndị na-eto eto na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa iji dozie nsogbu enweghị nchebe nke Naịjirịa. == Ọchịchị Youthocracy == N'afọ 2013, Eso mepụtara usoro ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na-akpọ "youthocracy," nke ọ kọwara dị ka 'Government of the people, by the young, and for the people' n'akwụkwọ ya akpọrọ Vision for Africa ''. [14][15]. Ọ na-akọwa'' na ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha wee nwee ike ịdị ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|Mba.]]'' na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịmara na Youthocracy, nke a na-eme iji weghara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Nation si kwuo. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Olusegun|first=Okerinmodun|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=9 October 2017|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youths and 2019 elections|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|publisher=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=31 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707093842/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|archivedate=July 7, 2019|language=en|date=2018-09-20}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] n65m0g42g4t0f2lzpzlswsflkgquzfp Frank Ekpenyong 0 76987 670912 657719 2026-07-01T22:05:41Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with error 670912 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Frank Udo Ekpenyong | office = Commissioner for Science and Digital Economy, Akwa Ibom State | term_start = 2025 | profession = Politician, Academic, public administrator | website = [https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ Akwa Ibom State Official Profile] | appointer = Governor [[Umo Eno]] }} '''Frank Udo Ekpenyong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze nke na-eje ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]], Naijiria. Gọvanọ Umo Eno họpụtara ya na Kansụl Nchịkwa Steeti <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Akwa Ibom Creates Four Ministries|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|date=2025-02-25|url=https://thewhistler.ng/akwa-ibom-creates-four-ministries/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na mmalite == A mụrụ Frank n'ụbọchị nke asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1980. Ọ si Ikot Oku Usung, na Ukanafun Local Government, Akwa Ibom Steeti, Naijiria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ekpenyong nwetara nzere bachelọ na Information Systems na Mahadum Portsmouth, wee nweta nzere masta na Information Technology, na Mahadim Wageningen. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate of philosophy (PhD) na Data Science and Information Systems Management na Mahadum East London. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu a họpụta ya dị ka onye kọmishọna, Ekpenyong rụrụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa ọha na eze, gụnyere ọkwa nkuzi na ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ngalaba metụtara teknụzụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Ekpenyong ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na akụ na ụba dijitalụ, na 25 ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Akwa Ibom Creates Four Ministries – The Whistler Newspaper|url=https://thewhistler.ng/akwa-ibom-creates-four-ministries/|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|accessdate=2025-11-27|language=en-GB|first=The|author=Whistler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New commissioner vows to make Akwa Ibom Nigeria’s e-governance hub|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/new-commissioner-vows-to-make-akwa-ibom-nigerias-e-governance-hub/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=2025-02-25|accessdate=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=Dennis|author=Erezi}}</ref> Dịka Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na Akụnụba Dijitalụ, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka imepụta amụma ndị ga-eme ka mgbanwe dijitalụ nke Steeti Akwa Ibom ka mma. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ilekọta mgbasa akụrụngwa ICT, ịkwalite nkà dijitalụ na ihe ọhụrụ, ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ sayensị, na ịkwalite atụmatụ ọchịchị eletrọniki.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Governor Eno Inaugurates Cabinet|work=CrystalExpress|date=2025-02-24|url=https://crystalexpressng.org/governor-eno-inaugurates-cabinet-charges-on-collaborative-approach-to-deliver-on-arise-agenda/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}</ref> == Onyinye na Nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2003, Frank natara onyinye pụrụ iche nke mba ọzọ site na TOTALFINAELF, (ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ mba dị iche iche guzobere site na njikọta nke Total, Fina, na Elf), iji kwado arụmọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Kansụl Ukwu nke Akwa Ibom Steeti == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ȯra Akwa Ibom]] 25wpd2qxdkaw4sv8bcvd9hq0d27xz8k Musa Babayo 0 77050 670907 660107 2026-07-01T21:42:29Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670907 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Dr | name = Musa Babayo | image = | width = | caption = Babayo in 2018 | order1 = | office1 = Chairman Board of Trustees [[Tertiary Education Trust Fund|TETFund]]<ref name="The Eagle Online" />{{cite news |last1=Adebowale |first1=Segun |title=TETFund spends N300b on tertiary schools in four years – Chairman – |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tetfund-spends-n300b-on-tertiary-schools-in-four-years-chairman/ |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Eagle Online |date=2 November 2013}}</ref> | termstart1 = 13 September 2013 | termend1 = 16 July 2015 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = National Secretary of the <br>[[PDP National Working Committee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A Former National Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party and the Immediate Past Chairman, Board Of Trustees of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Dr. Musa Babayo's Interview With Newsmen |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/187965/a-former-national-secretary-of-the-peoples-democratic-party.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> | termstart2 = March 2012 | termend2 = 2015 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_name = Musa Babayo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|3|21}} | birth_place = [[Azare]], [[Bauchi State]] | death_date = | death_place = | profession = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | spouse = | footnotes = | website = }} '''Musa Babayo''' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Badejo|first=Abiodun|title=PDP National Congress: Tukur Vs Babayo, who wears the crown|url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/03/24/pdp-national-congress-tukur-vs-babayo-who-wears-the-crown/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=24 March 2012|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> (amụrụ na 21 Machị 1957) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi ala bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mba nke PDP National Working Committee <ref>{{Cite news|title=Stalemate: PDP fails to produce BoT Chairman, OBJ absent [DETAILS] » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/stalemate-pdp-fails-to-produce-bot-chairman-obj-absent-details/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=YNaija|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Trustees (BoT) – Peoples Democratic Party Nigeria|url=https://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/?page_id=755|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> site na 2012 ruo 2015 tupu ọ banye na All Progressives Congress (APC) na 15 Ọktoba 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Fateema|title=Former Governor Yuguda begs President Buhari for forgiveness as APC flags off campaign in Bauchi|url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-yuguda-begs-president-buhari-forgiveness-apc-flags-campaign-bauchi-186451|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=TODAY|date=12 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote odeakwụkwọ mba nke pati ahụ site na 2008 ruo 2011 tupu o mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mba.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Buhari's anti-corruption war in order, says ex-PDP's national secretary|url=https://scannewsnigeria.com/politics/buharis-anti-corruption-war-in-order-says-ex-pdps-national-secretary/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=ScanNews Nigeria}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Musa ma zụlite ya na [[Azare]], [[Katagum]] ime obodo, Bauchi steeti. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Nasarawa West, Azare, 1965-1972 wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katagum Government, Azare site na 1972 ruo 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Reporter 1|first=K. S. A.|date=2021-03-21|title=Talban Katagum Clocks 64|url=https://ksanational.com/talban-katagum-clocks-64/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Katagum Students’ Association - KSA|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria]] ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nchịkwa, ụlọ akụ na ego. Ọ gara Manchester Business School, UK maka ọmụmụ Senior Bankers, June 1993, na University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST), UK maka nzere masta na njikwa na teknụzụ, 1984.<ref name="Flash Point News">{{Cite news|title=THE MEN WHO WHO WANT TO HEAD PDP AND WADATA PLAZA|url=https://flashpointnews.com/2012/03/23/the-men-who-who-want-to-pdp-and-wadata-plaza/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Flash Point News|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ nwetara PhD na Mahadum Abuja, FCT, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Failing Forward II – Dr. Musa Babayo (PhD)|url=https://www.thestreethawker.com/bestsellers/2016/12/16/failing-forward-ii-dr-musa-babayo-phd|work=The Street Hawker|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'etiti ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Babayo ejidela ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọha na nke onwe. Dịka onye ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Education Trust Fund na onyeisi oche nke Board of Trustees TETFund, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-22|title='Babayo Laid A Legacy Of Performance At TETFUND'|url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/babayo-laid-legacy-performance-tetfund/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=The Dream Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> nhọpụta nke e mere ka ọ dịruo afọ anọ, mana e tisasịrị ndị isi ahụ afọ abụọ tupu oge ọrụ ya agwụ na 16 Julaị 2015. === TETFund === Dị ka onye isi oche nke Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), <ref>{{Cite news|author=Trust|first=Daily|title=page 40|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/page-40-17.html|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=17 September 2015|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Babayo jisiri ike mee mgbanwe ahụ nke dugara na mwepụ nke Iwu Ụtụ Isi nke 1998 ma jiri Iwu Establishment nke TetFund nke Julaị 2011 dochie ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Fear Of Ahmad Mu'azu And Dr. Musa Babayo Is The Sum Of All Fears - By Bello Mukhtar * 247ureports.com|url=https://247ureports.com/2019/07/the-fear-of-ahmad-muazu-and-dr-musa-babayo-is-the-the-sum-of-all-fears-by-bello-mukhtar/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=247ureports.com|date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TETFUND calls on Universities to access funds for research|url=http://www.aitonline.tv/post-tetfund_calls_on_universities_to_access_funds_for_research|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=aitonline.tv}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nabatara [[National Open University of Nigeria]] (NOUN), dịka onye ga-erite uru na ego ahụ, na ịkwaga mahadum ahụ site na Lagos gaa na ebe obibi ya na-adịgide adịgide na Abuja site na inye akụrụngwa agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa. Na 2015, o webatara mmemme ịkwalite ikike nke a maara dị ka Ọzụzụ na Mmepe Ndị Ọrụ Academic (ASTD) ebe e tinyere ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta 26,000 n'ọrụ ahụ nke na-agbaso MSc na PhD. Dịka ọ dị n'oge ahụ, a maara ASTD dị ka mmemme ịkwalite ikike kachasị ukwuu nke ụlọ akụ ọha na eze na-akwado n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Use TETFund Intervention Properly – Wike|url=http://unaab.edu.ng/funaab-ocw/index.php/latest-news/285-news-published-in-march-2014/16768-utilise-tetfund-intervention-properly-wike|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=unaab.edu.ng}}</ref> N'oge ọ bụ onyeisi oche, Babayo webatara ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum dị na Tertiary Institutions, e dekọrọkwa na ihe karịrị ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ 30,000 eritela uru na mmemme ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=StackPath|url=https://leadership.ng/2020/02/20/tetfund-and-library-intervention-in-nigerian-tertiary-institutions/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọ malitere iwebata ụlọ akwụkwọ nlereanya Almajiri (Boarding na Day) n'oge onye bụbu onye isi ala Naijiria, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] na steeti 19 nke Northern na Edo. E wuru 100 n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na ndebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ zuru oke. E kenyere N2B maka ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-apụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|title=Babayo Laid A Legacy Of Performance at TETFUND|url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/babayo-laid-legacy-performance-tetfund/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=The Dream Daily|date=22 June 2016}}</ref> A rụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke TETFund tupu njedebe nke ọrụ ya. <ref name="The Eagle Online">{{Cite news|author=Adebowale|first=Segun|title=TETFund spends N300b on tertiary schools in four years – Chairman –|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tetfund-spends-n300b-on-tertiary-schools-in-four-years-chairman/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=The Eagle Online|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Stakeholders urge peace, unity ahead Christmas|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/stakeholders-urge-peace-unity-ahead-christmas/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=15 December 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TETFund's board approves 5-year vision for improved education quality|url=https://archive.businessday.ng/breaking-news/article/tetfunds-board-approves-5-year-vision-for-improved-education-quality/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=29 September 2014|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> === Allied Bank of Nigeria Plc (1982- 1996) === Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ, ọ bụ onye njikwa mpaghara nke Allied Bank na 1982 ruo 1996. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Reporter 1|first=K. S. A.|date=2021-03-21|title=Talban Katagum Clocks 64|url=https://ksanational.com/talban-katagum-clocks-64/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Katagum Students’ Association - KSA|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmepe azụmaahịa nke alaka ndị dị na ngalaba ahụ, na-elekwasị anya nke ọma n'imeziwanye uru na ibelata ọnụ ahịa; ịtọ ntọala maka alaka ndị ahụ iji mee ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo mma, maka inye ndị ahịa ọrụ ka mma sokwa n'iwu zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP Chair: Options Before The Ruling Party|url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2011/07/07/pdp-chair-options-before-the-ruling-party/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Nigeria A-Z Online|date=7 July 2011}}</ref> === Inland Bank Nigeria. Ltd (April-July), 1990 === Babayo kwagara na Inland Bank dị ka GM na onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ na 1990 ma bụrụkwa onye ọrụ ya bụ ịtọ ntọala maka uto ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'akụkụ niile nke ụlọ akụ ahụ, nke gụnyere Njikwa Akụrụngwa Ego na Ihe Ize Ndụ, Njikwa Akụrụngwa Mmadụ, Nchịkwa, Atụmatụ ọnọdụ Alaka, mmezi uru, na atụmatụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ izugbe na ndị ọzọ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Babayo so na ndị guzobere People's Democratic Party <ref name="Flash Point News">{{Cite news|title=THE MEN WHO WHO WANT TO HEAD PDP AND WADATA PLAZA|url=https://flashpointnews.com/2012/03/23/the-men-who-who-want-to-pdp-and-wadata-plaza/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Flash Point News|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> tupu ọ banye na All Progressives Congress na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Katagum, steeti Bauchi na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2015. N'oge ọchịchị ya na PDP, Babayo bụ onye otu ndị nlekọta PDP ruo ọtụtụ afọ, tupu a họpụta ya dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ mba nke kọmitii ọrụ PDP <ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP in 2011: A party embroiled in controversies|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/pdp-in-2011-a-party-embroiled-in-controversies/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=5 January 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=There must be reform in PDP – Musa Babayo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/there-must-be-reform-in-pdp-musa-babayo/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=3 March 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=A Former National Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party and the Immediate Past Chairman, Board Of Trustees of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Dr. Musa Babayo's Interview With Newsmen|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/187965/a-former-national-secretary-of-the-peoples-democratic-party.html|work=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP CONVENTION: Coercive consensus as culture|url=http://www.myfinancialintelligence.com/content/pdp-convention-coercive-consensus-culture|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=FinIntell}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ akpọrọ The Economic Diplomacy and Nigeria's Foreign Policy nke e bipụtara na 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musa Babayo and Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy – Daily Times Nigeria|url=https://dailytimes.ng/2016/03/10/musa-babayo-nigerias-economic-diplomacy/amp/|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepening Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy - By Abdul Mahmud * 247ureports.com|url=https://247ureports.com/2015/07/deepening-nigerias-economic-diplomacy-by-abdul-mahmud/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=247ureports.com|date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fighting corruption, duty of all Nigerians – Falana|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/fighting-corruption-duty-of-all-nigerians-falana.html|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Buhari change revolution|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-buhari-change-revolution/amp/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=15 August 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Health Minister Joins Bauchi Governorship Race|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/15294/former-health-minister-joins-bauchi-governorship-race/|publisher=SilverbirdTV|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=18 September 2014}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == E nyere Babayo utu aha Talban Katagum site n'aka [[Eze nke Bauchi]] Emirate, [[Suleiman Adamu]], na 13 Jenụwarị 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Online|title=The Other Alternative Retrieves Statement on Talban Katagum|url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/71413-the-other-alternative-retrieves-statement-on-talban-katagum.html|work=OnlineNigeria.com|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adelaja|first=Tayo|title=Talban Katagum Ya 'Yantar Da Fursunoni 152 Masu Laifukan Bashi A Jihar Bauchi|url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/2017/11/16/talban-katagum-ya-yantar-da-fursunoni-152-masu-laifukan-bashi-jihar-bauchi/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=16 November 2017|language=ha|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye natara onyinye onye ọrụ ọha na eze kachasị mma site na Independent Service Delivery Monitoring Group (ISDMG) na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ISDMG rewards performing public institutions|url=http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/news/isdmg-rewards-performing-public-institutions/|work=Pointblank News|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria * [[Peoples Democratic Party|Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị mmadụ]] * [[All Progressives Congress|Nzukọ Ndị Ọganihu Nile]] * Bamanga Tukur == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tetfund.gov.ng/download/News%20Panorama%20Feb%202015.pdf TETFund] * [https://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/?page_id=755 Kọmitii Ọrụ Mba PDP] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3d8x0p4ybznm4h9n6qaizz1ldui0jx6 Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson 0 77141 671193 670494 2026-07-02T10:51:48Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671193 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson''' nke a na-akpọkwa '''Yomi-FAJ''', bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria, onye na-eje ozi dị ka onye kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti nke na-anọchite anya Ogun Steeti na Naijiria National Population Commission. <ref name=":0" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson na Ododeyo, Ijebu North-East, Ogun Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara St. Michael Primary School, Ododeyo maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya, wee gaa Deyo Tuwo Comprehensive High School maka agụmakọta sekọndrị ya. Johnson gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na [[Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo|Mahadum Ogun State (nke bụzi Mahadum Onabanjo, Ago Iwoye)]] , ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na Geography na Regional Planning n'afọ 1998. N'afọ 2004, o nwetara nzere Master of Science na Geography na Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ma n'afọ 2012 nweta [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]] na Mahadum Ladoke Akintola, ọkachamara na ahịa. N'afọ 2020, Johnson malitere PhD ya na Geography na Environmental Management na Tai Solarin University of Education, na-elekwasị anya na Climate Change na River Basin Management.<ref>{{Cite web|author=hamzat|date=2018-08-30|title="I'm In Politics To Spread Joy" ...Ogun Assembly Hopeful, FAJ|url=https://globalexcellenceonline.com/im-in-politics-to-spread-joy-ogun-assembly-hopeful-faj/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=Global Excellence Online|language=en-US}}</ref> nke o mechiri n'afọ 2024. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ === Johnson malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-arụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ, ngwa ngwa ndị ahịa (FMCG), na ngwá eletrọniki.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Akintola Williams Deloitte n'afọ 2003, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, tupu ọ gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ Nigerian Bottling Company, ebe o tinyere aka n'ahịa na ire ngwaahịa Coca-Cola. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ sonyeere FrieslandCampina, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka Onye njikwa ahịa dị elu maka ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi Peak nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka Onye njikwa ahịa mba maka Royal Philips Netherlands, ọkwa o ji site na afọ 2013 ruo afọ 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2018-08-29|title=WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson|url=https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=SocietyReporters {{!}} Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2018">admin (2018-08-29). [https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/ "WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson"]. ''SocietyReporters | Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Johnson malitere n'afọ 2014, ógbè ọ gbara ọsọ maka Ogun Steeti House of Assembly mana o meriri. O sonyere ọzọ n'afọ 2019, a họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu steeti Ogun na-anọchite anya mpaghara steeti Ijebu North East.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Amarachi|date=2024-03-06|title=Senate Confirms Tinubu's Nominees, Raheem, Abayomi As NPC Commissioner|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/263759/senate-confirms-tinubus-nominees-raheem-abayomi-as.html|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Tori.ng|language=English}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, o lekwasịrị anya na mmepe akụrụngwa na itinye aka na obodo, ndị omeiwu na ọchịchị ime obodo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=OgunToday|date=2022-04-21|title=2023: Ijebu North-East APC stakeholders endorse Ogun lawmaker, Fasuwa for second term|url=https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=Oguntoday Newspaper|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015225404/https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2024-02-19|title=Otunba Faj: President Tinubu Paves Way for Effective Governance - News Reporters|url=https://newsreporters.com.ng/2024/02/19/otunba-faj-president-tinubu-paves-way-for-effective-governance/|accessdate=2024-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara Johnson dị ka Kọmishọna [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal]] na National Population Commission na-anọchite anya Ogun State n'okpuru nchịkwa nke [[Bola Tinubu|Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu]]. Ọrụ ya n'ọrụ a gụnyere ilekọta Ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mba na atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji melite nchịkọta data maka iwu ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Editorial 01|first=Premier|date=2024-03-06|title=JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS.|url=https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=The Premier News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEditorial_012024">Editorial 01, Premier (2024-03-06). [https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/ "JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS"]. ''The Premier News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> === Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ mba === N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara Johnson na National Population Commission (NPC) dị ka [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal]] Commissioner, na-anọchite anya Ogun State. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ilekọta ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na njikwa data ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ maka mba ahụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke NPC, ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji hụ na a na-anakọta data ndị bi na Naịjirịa n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nyochaa, ma jiri ya mee ihe maka Iwu mmepe mba, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị dị ka [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]], [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]], na atụmatụ akụrụngwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Editorial 01|first=Premier|date=2024-03-06|title=JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS.|url=https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=The Premier News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEditorial_012024">Editorial 01, Premier (2024-03-06). [https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/ "JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS"]. ''The Premier News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fasuwa Johnson lụrụ di, ọmụrụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2018-08-29|title=WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson|url=https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=SocietyReporters {{!}} Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2018">admin (2018-08-29). [https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/ "WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson"]. ''SocietyReporters | Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!!''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Utu aha na nsọpụrụ == Iji gosi ekele maka onyinye ya n'ọrụ ọha na eze na obodo ya, Johnson nwere aha Otunba Apesin nke Ilugun-South Ijebu na Apesin nke Alaeze Ukwu. Aha Otunba bụ nsọpụrụ ọdịnala na Naịjirịa, nke a na-enyekarị ndị mmadụ tinyere aka dị ukwuu n'obodo ha, ọtụtụ mgbe n'ịchịisi, ọrụ ebere, ma ọ bụ ọrụ ya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Reporter|date=2017-07-03|title=Meet AWUJALE's 50 Otunbas & High Chiefs+ Why Oba SIKIRU ADETONA Likes Them|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-awujales-50-otunbas-high-chiefs-oba-sikiru-adetona-likes/|accessdate=2024-10-18|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 30knqmgn717w1ueyl9zt9gskru9sc5u Idris Garba Kareka 0 77151 671132 670511 2026-07-02T10:25:30Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671132 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = <small>Rt. Hon.</small><br> Idris Garba Kareka | image = | office = Speaker of the [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]] | term_start = May 2019 | term_end = | predecessor = Isah Idris Gwaram | successor = | termstart1 = June 2015 | termend1 = January 2017 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Malam Isah Idris | office2 = Member [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]]<br>for [[Jahun|Jahun Constituency]] | termstart2 = 2015 | termend2 = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC) | alma_mater = | occupation = Legislature | profession = Politician | website = {{URL|https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/state-asembly_1.php}} }} '''Idris Garba Kareka''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria amụrụ na Jahun, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] . Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jahun na Jigawa State House of Assembly n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressive Congress (APC), ma na-eje ozi dị ka ọkà okwu nke 7th Jigawa Assembly.<ref name="Nation" /> == Ịchụpụ ya == Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2015 na mmalite nke Mgbakọ Jigawa nke isii na June, ndị otu ahụ ji otu olu họpụta Garba dịka ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa Assembly Speaker emerges|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=11 June 2015|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-assembly-speaker-emerges/|accessdate=17 June 2021|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2017, ihe na-erughị ọnwa asaa ka e ṅụchara ya iyi, mmadụ iri abụọ na ise n'ime mmadụ iri atọ ahụ kpọrọ oku ka e mee mkpebi ịchụpụ ya n'ọchịchị mgbe gọvanọ ahụ nọ n'obodo ọzọ. Ihe kpatara e ji mee mkpebi a bụ na Garba anaghị anabata arịrịọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, o kwukwara na ya nwere ike karịrị akarị, nke mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya ghara inwe obi ike n'ebe ọ nọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Real Reasons Why Former Jigawa Speaker, Idris Garba Was Impeached|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=5 January 2017|work=Universal Reporters|url=https://universalreportersng.com/real-reasons-why-former-jigawa-speaker-idris-garba-was-impeached/|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, e hiwere ọgbakọ nke asaa nke Jigawa na Mee, a họpụtakwara Garba ọzọ ịbụ onyeisi okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/jigawa-house-of-assembly-impeaches-speaker/|title=Jigawa house of assembly removes speaker|first=Jerry|author=Lenbang|date=9 May 2019|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/|title=JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker|author=<!--no|location=Lagos, Nigeria byline-->|date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/ "JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker"]. ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]''. 13 June 2019.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php Gọọmentị Jigawa Steeti] E debere ya na Wayback Machine. E nwetara ya na 1 Mee 2021 [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tg1nw0tvjeroi6nhf4v394g2wp12akn Ibrahim Aminu Kurami 0 77157 671162 670520 2026-07-02T10:40:52Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 671162 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim_Aminu_Kurami.jpg|thumb|Dr. Ibrahim Aminu Kurami]] A mụrụ '''Ibrahim Aminu Kurami''' (nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2022) na [[Bakori]], Katsina Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]; ọ bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka onye otu Bakori LGA na State House of Assembly . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tracker|first=Nigerian|date=2020-12-08|title=KURAMI And The Emergence Of Dr. Ibrahim:{{as written|Begi|ning [sic]}} Of Better Days Ahead|url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2020/12/08/kurami-and-the-emergency-of-dr-ibrahimbegining-of-better-days-ahead/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=Nigerian Tracker|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Bakori LGA na State House of Assembly na 31 Ọktoba 2020, na-ejupụta oche nke onye bu ya ụzọ [[Abdulrazaraq Isma'il Tsiga]], onye nwụrụ na Mee 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-10|title=Aminu Kurami, Katsina APC lawmaker, dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.thecable.ng/aminu-kurami-katsina-apc-lawmaker-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Katsina State Lawmaker Dies In Saudi Arabia {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/10/10/katsina-state-lawmaker-dies-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Kurami nwụrụ n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022 mgbe ọ rịasịrị obere ọrịa na Madinah ebe ọ gara ịrụ ọrụ okpukpe nke Umrah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2022|title=Katsi lawmaker dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/312813/katsina-lawmaker-dr-ibrahim-aminu-kurami-dies-in-saudi-arab.html|work=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> E liri ya n'ime Medina.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Mahmoud|date=2022-10-10|title=Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIdris2022">Idris, Mahmoud (2022-10-10). [https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia "Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=www.channelstv.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/ "Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected | Channels Television"]. ''www.channelstv.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Enna|first=Godwin|date=2022-10-10|title=JUST-IN: Katsina Lawmaker Dies In Saudi Arabia|url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-katsina-lawmaker-dies-in-saudi-arabia/|accessdate=2022-10-12|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Kurami lụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, ụmụ iri na otu na ụmụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=www.channelstv.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/10/katsina-lawmaker-ibrahim-kurami-dies-two-years-after-being-elected/amp/ "Katsina Lawmaker Ibrahim Kurami Dies Two Years After Being Elected | Channels Television"]. ''www.channelstv.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Mahmoud|date=2022-10-10|title=Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia|url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIdris2022">Idris, Mahmoud (2022-10-10). [https://dailytrust.com/breaking-katsina-legislator-dies-in-saudi-arabia "Katsina Lawmaker Dies in Saudi Arabia"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurami, Ibrahim Aminu}} r12tyyvs1o01y1ebtdvliby38zm8m3z Sule Audu Katagum 0 77182 671144 670563 2026-07-02T10:33:23Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 671144 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Audu Sule Katagum | image = File:Audu Sule Katagum.jpg | caption = Katagum in 2018 | office = Deputy Governor of Bauchi State | term_start = 2 July 2018 | term_end = 29 May 2019 | governor = [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar]] | predecessor = [[Nuhu Gidado]] | successor = [[Baba Tela]] | office2 = Chief of Staff to the Governor of Bauchi State | termend2 = 2018 | governor2 = [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar]] | birth_date = 1956 or 1957 | birth_place = [[Bauchi State]], Nigeria | death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2026|6|20|69}} | death_place = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | relations = [[Sule Katagum]] (father) | occupation = {{hlist|Architect|politician}} }} '''Audu Sule [[Katagum]]''' (1956 ma ọ bụ 1957 - 20 June 2026) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Wazirin Katagum nke Katagum . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ nke steeti Bauchi site na 2018 ruo 2019 n'okpuru Gọvanọ Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Owolabi|first=Timi|date=2024-10-10|title=Youths may revolt amid neglect, hardship – Bauchi ex-dep gov, Sule Katagum|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/10/youths-may-revolt-amid-neglect-hardship-bauchi-ex-dep-gov-sule-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-07-03|title=Abubakar swears in Katagum as new deputy governor|url=https://dailytrust.com/abubakar-swears-in-katagum-as-new-deputy-governor-259147/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2" /> Tupu e bulie ya n'ọkwa osote gọvanọ, ọ bụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ gọọmentị steeti Bauchi.<ref name="punch-confirm" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Audu Sule Katagum na steeti Bauchi, Naijiria ma zụọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọrụ ọ rụrụ tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2024-02-10|title=Bauchi Gov felicitates with ex-deputy on appointment as Wazirin Katagum|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-gov-felicitates-with-ex-deputy-on-appointment-as-wazirin-katagum/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2" />{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ nwa Alhaji Sule Katagum (1927 - 2017), onye isi oche mbụ nke Federal Public Service Commission nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na onwe ya bụ onye nwere utu aha Wazirin Katagum.<ref name="pt-olaopa2">{{Cite news|author=Olaopa|first=Tunji|date=26 December 2017|title=Sule Katagum, the Civil Service Commission and Future of Public Administration|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2017/12/26/sule-katagum-civil-service-commission-and-future-of-public-administration-by-tunji-olaopa/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="vanguard-olaopa">{{Cite news|author=Olaopa|first=Tunji|date=26 December 2017|title=Sule Katagum, Civil Service Commission and Future of Public Administration|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/sule-katagum-civil-service-commision-future-public-administration/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Onye isi ndị ọrụ === Katagum rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ gọọmentị steeti Bauchi n'oge ọchịchị mbụ nke Gọvanọ Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar nkeAll Progressives Congress (APC). Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, mgbe gọvanọ họpụtara ya ka ọ mejupụta oghere n'ọfịs osote gọvanọ.<ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Bauchi State (2018-2019) === Ụzọ etu Katagum si abanye n'ọchịchị meghere na 24 Mee 2018, mgbe Nuhu Gido gbara arụkwaghịm, na-ekwu maka "mmụọ na-adịghị mma" maka ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="premiumtimes-gidado">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2018|title=BREAKING: Bauchi deputy governor resigns|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/269539-breaking-bauchi-deputy-governor-resigns.html|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Na mbido June, Gọvanọ Abubakar họpụtara Katagum mgbe ihe a kọwara dị ka mkparịta ụka sara mbara na ndị metụtara APC na steeti ahụ.<ref name="dailypost-confirm2" />{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ Nzukọ nke steeti Bauchi nyochara ma kwado nhọpụta ahụ na 29 June 2018 na nnọkọ zuru ezu nke were ihe na-erughị nkeji ise. Onye na-ekwu okwu, Kawuwa Shehu Damina, bụ onye isi oche, Abdullahi Abdulkadir nke mpaghara Bura kwadoro ya ma Ibrahim Katagum, onye na-anọchite anya mpaghara Katagum kwadoro ya.<ref name="punch-confirm">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2018|title=Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor|url=https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[The Punch]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/assembly-confirms-katagum-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/ "Assembly confirms Katagum as Bauchi deputy governor"]. ''[[The Punch]]''. 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dailypost-confirm2">{{Cite news|author=Adam|first=Adams|date=29 June 2018|title=Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdam2018">Adam, Adams (29 June 2018). [https://dailypost.ng/2018/06/29/bauchi-assembly-confirms-audu-sule-katagum-deputy-governor/ "Bauchi Assembly confirms Audu Sule Katagum as Deputy Governor"]. ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Katagum ṅụrụ iyi nke ọfịs na iguzosi ike n'ihe na 2 Julaị 2018 na ụlọ egwuregwu dị n'ime ụlọ nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na steeti [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]]. Site na onye isi ikpe steeti ahụ na Abuja, ọ bụ Grand Khadi nke Bauchi State, Dahiru Abubakar Ningi na-aṅụ iyi ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2018-07-02|title=Bauchi's new Deputy Gov, Katagum, sworn-in|url=https://punchng.com/bauchis-new-deputy-gov-katagum-sworn-in/|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReport2018">Report, Agency (2018-07-02). [https://punchng.com/bauchis-new-deputy-gov-katagum-sworn-in/ "Bauchi's new Deputy Gov, Katagum, sworn-in"]. ''[[The Punch]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'okwu nnabata dị mkpirikpi, o kwere nkwa ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Bauchi maka oge fọdụrụnụ nke nchịkwa. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo na njedebe nke ọchịchị Abubakar na 29 Mee 2019 ma [[Baba Tela]] nọchiri ya n'okpuru gọvanọ PDP na-abata, [[Bala Muhammed|Bala Mohammed]]. === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ === Na 2023, tupu Gọvanọ Mohammed a ṅụọ iyi maka oge nke abụọ, Katagum bụ onyeisi kọmitii mgbanwe ọchịchị steeti nke lere anya na arụmọrụ nke ministri, ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Bauchi.<ref name="tribune-mda">{{Cite news|date=30 April 2023|title=Apprehension as Bauchi Gov sets to dissolve State Executive Council|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apprehension-as-bauchi-gov-sets-to-dissolve-state-executive-council/|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Nigerian Tribune|Tribune Online]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ mbụ nke ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke emere na Bauchi na Ọktoba 2024, ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na ihe isi ike akụ na ụba na nleghara anya nke ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa nwere ike ime ka mba ahụ gaa n'ọgbaghara nke ndị ntorobịa na-edu, ma boo ihe ọ kpọrọ echiche mba na-efu efu na enweghị ibu ọrụ n'etiti ndị isi obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> == Wazirin Katagum == N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2024, Emir nke [[Katagum]], Umar Farooq nke Abụọ, kpuchiri Katagum dị ka Wazirin Katagum ọhụrụ n'obí eze, na-enye ya utu aha ikpeazụ nke nna ya nwụrụ anwụ. Gọvanọ Bala Mohammed, onye osote ya bụ Auwal Jatau nọchitere anya, gara emume ahụ ma kọwaa nhọpụta ahụ dị ka nke kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ekwu maka ndekọ Katagum dị ka osote gọvanọ.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="blueprint-turban">{{Cite news|author=Shuaibu|first=Mohammed Nasir|title=Bauchi: Katagum emir turbans new Waziri|url=https://blueprint.ng/bauchi-katagum-emir-turbans-new-waziri/|date=11 February 2024|accessdate=22 May 2026|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Katagum nwụrụ na 20 June 2026, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Bauchi Deputy Governor Is Dead|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/06/20/bauchi-deputy-governor-dead/|accessdate=20 June 2026|date=20 June 2026|work=[[Naija News]]}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Continuity: Audu Katagum takes Oath of Office as Bauchi Deputy Governor|url=http://www.bauchistate.gov.ng/news/continuity-audu-katagum-takes-oath-of-office-as-bauchi-deputy-governor/|publisher=Bauchi State Government}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Nuhu Gidado]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Deputy Governor of Bauchi State|years=2018 - 2019}} {{s-aft|after=[[Baba Tela]]}} {{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Katagum, Audu Sule}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 783oekrfoaqoo576f5ccq3hfz0gtj09 Ibrahim Jibril 0 77226 671180 670661 2026-07-02T10:47:59Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671180 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | image = Ibrahim Jibril - 2018 (cropped).jpg | caption = Ibrahim Jibril in 2018 | office = Nigeria Minister of State for Environment | successor = [[Sharon Ikeazor]] | office1 = Emir of [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] Emirate | predecessor1 = Alhaji [[Hassan Ahmad II]] | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | term_start = November 11, 2015 | term_end = December 2018 | termstart1 = December 7, 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|1|27}} | birth_place = [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] | occupation = {{hlist|Teacher|administrator}} }} '''Ibrahim Usman Jibril''' CON (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 27, 1958) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala na onye nchịkwa Naijiria. Ọ bụ eze nke iri na abụọ nke Nasarawa Emirate <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-congratulates-new-emir-nasarawa-jibrin/|title=Buhari congratulates new Emir of Nasarawa, Jibrin|date=2018-12-07|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> ma bụrụ minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2018 na ọchịchị onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref name=":0" /> A mụrụ Ibrahim Jibril na Jenụwarị 27, 1958, na obodo Nasarawa site na Alhaji Usman Maikwato Jibril na Hajiya Fatima Ibrahim.  Nna nna ya, Malan Jibril, bụ ọkpara nke Emir 8th nke Nasarawa, Umaru Maje Haji.  Ọ bụ nwa nwa Sarki Umaru Maje Haji wee si otú a bụrụ nwa Umaru Makama Dogo bụ onye tọrọ ntọala Nasarawa Emirate.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html|title=Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa|author=Muhammad|first=Ibraheem Hamza|date=2018-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=2024-02-04}}</ref> == Mmụta == Agụmakwụkwọ ya gbasoro usoro ọmụmụ Koran nke ndị Alakụba nke ọ malitere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Koran dị n'obí eze n'okpuru nlekọta nke Mallam Baba na onye mechara bụrụ Mallam Jibril Jatau nke Bakin Kogi. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị etiti Nasarawa tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị na Nasarawa. Site na 1976 ruo 1978, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na Yola na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Steeti Adamawa]]. N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1983, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Science na agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịdị ala. Ọkaibe ya na ọchịchọ na-enweghị afọ ojuju maka agụmakwụkwọ kpaliri ya inweta nzere masta na ala na nchịkwa na Mahadum Bayero Kano na 1990. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>  == Ọrụ == Mgbe o nwetachara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ kụzie ihe na Nasarawa Central Primary School, mgbe o mechara akara ugo mmụta BSc ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ntorobịa ya na Nigerian Army School of Artillery dị na Kachia, Kaduna State, dịka onye nkuzi na ịgụ map. Na 1984, ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na Nasarawa Central Primary School. Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa ma mesịa sonye na Plateau State Ministry of Education ebe e zigara ya na New Karshi dị ka onye nkuzi. N'afọ 1985, ọ wegara ọrụ ya na Federal Capital Territory (FCT), [[Abuja]], ebe ọ gara n'ihu na ọrụ nkuzi ya na Government Secondary School, Kuje, ruo afọ abụọ. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere masta ya na 1990, Jibril hapụrụ ọrụ nkuzi wee sonye na Ngalaba Ala, Atụmatụ na Nnyocha nke FCT dị ka onye ọrụ ala. Amamihe ya, ike na ọgụgụ isi ya <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title=Ibrahim Usman Jibril: A profile of selfless administrator|url=https://universalreportersng.com/ibrahim-usman-jibril-a-profile-of-selfless-administrator/|accessdate=2024-04-20}}</ref> mere ka ọ bụrụ nwoke dị mkpa ka e mere ya odeakwụkwọ na Kọmitii na Abuja Plan, kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịhazi data na ozi niile gbasara ala ma kenye ya na FCT, Abuja. N'ozuzu, ọ nọrọ afọ 25 dị ka onye ọrụ ala na FCT. Dị ka ọkachamara na mgbanwe ala, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi nke Abuja Development Control na onye nduzi ngalaba nchịkwa ala nke FCT. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara Nasarawa State Geographic Information System (NAGIS) ebe o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/12/06/environment-minister-becomes-new-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Environment Minister becomes new Emir of Nasarawa|date=2018-12-06|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, ọ nọ na ndepụta nke ndị minista a họpụtara ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ọchịchị Buhari na, mgbe National Assembly nyochachara ya, a họpụtara ya dị ka minista steeti maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Nọvemba 11, 2015, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'ọnwa Disemba 2018. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Emir Hassan Ahmad nke Abụọ gasịrị, Wambai (Prince) Ibrahim Jibril bụ onye kansụl ọdịnala nke Nasarawa State Traditional Council of Chiefs họpụtara dị ka eze ọhụrụ nke Nasarawa ma, na Disemba 7, 2018, gọvanọ steeti, Alhaji Umaru Tanko Al-Makura họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ eze Nasarawa na mpaghara gọọmentị Nasarawa nke Nasarawa . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/12/13/buharis-minister-resigns-becomes-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Buhari's Minister Resigns, Becomes Emir of Nasarawa|author=Oyeyipo|first=Shola|date=2018-12-13|accessdate=2024-08-08|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2022, Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya ọkwa dịka Onyeisiala. Onye isi nke Order of the Niger (CON). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-11|title=List of Nigerian national honours award recipients 2022 plus dia categories|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c10mn70vd64o|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jibril lụrụ nwunye abụọ, Hajiya Hauwa Kulu na Hajiya Mairo, nwere ụmụ asaa aha ya bụ Mohammad, Abdullahi, Mashkoor, Jabir, Mubarak, Salman na Fatima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html|title=Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa|author=Muhammad|first=Ibraheem Hamza|date=2018-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=2024-02-04}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMuhammad2018">Muhammad, Ibraheem Hamza (December 30, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050529/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html "Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. Archived from [https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html the original] on January 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jibril, Ibrahim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l9ol7czsu3nkwz85cb09fnmrj4m0238 671184 671180 2026-07-02T10:48:55Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 671184 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | image = Ibrahim Jibril - 2018 (cropped).jpg | caption = Ibrahim Jibril in 2018 | office = Nigeria Minister of State for Environment | successor = [[Sharon Ikeazor]] | office1 = Emir of [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] Emirate | predecessor1 = Alhaji [[Hassan Ahmad II]] | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | term_start = November 11, 2015 | term_end = December 2018 | termstart1 = December 7, 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|1|27}} | birth_place = [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] | occupation = {{hlist|Teacher|administrator}} }} '''Ibrahim Usman Jibril''' CON (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 27, 1958) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala na onye nchịkwa Naijiria. Ọ bụ eze nke iri na abụọ nke Nasarawa Emirate <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-congratulates-new-emir-nasarawa-jibrin/|title=Buhari congratulates new Emir of Nasarawa, Jibrin|date=2018-12-07|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> ma bụrụ minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2018 na ọchịchị onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref name=":0" /> A mụrụ Ibrahim Jibril na Jenụwarị 27, 1958, na obodo Nasarawa site na Alhaji Usman Maikwato Jibril na Hajiya Fatima Ibrahim.  Nna nna ya, Malan Jibril, bụ ọkpara nke Emir 8th nke Nasarawa, Umaru Maje Haji.  Ọ bụ nwa nwa Sarki Umaru Maje Haji wee si otú a bụrụ nwa Umaru Makama Dogo bụ onye tọrọ ntọala Nasarawa Emirate.<ref name=":1" /> == Mmụta == Agụmakwụkwọ ya gbasoro usoro ọmụmụ Koran nke ndị Alakụba nke ọ malitere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Koran dị n'obí eze n'okpuru nlekọta nke Mallam Baba na onye mechara bụrụ Mallam Jibril Jatau nke Bakin Kogi. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị etiti Nasarawa tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị na Nasarawa. Site na 1976 ruo 1978, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na Yola na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Steeti Adamawa]]. N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1983, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Science na agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịdị ala. Ọkaibe ya na ọchịchọ na-enweghị afọ ojuju maka agụmakwụkwọ kpaliri ya inweta nzere masta na ala na nchịkwa na Mahadum Bayero Kano na 1990. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>  == Ọrụ == Mgbe o nwetachara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ kụzie ihe na Nasarawa Central Primary School, mgbe o mechara akara ugo mmụta BSc ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ntorobịa ya na Nigerian Army School of Artillery dị na Kachia, Kaduna State, dịka onye nkuzi na ịgụ map. Na 1984, ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na Nasarawa Central Primary School. Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa ma mesịa sonye na Plateau State Ministry of Education ebe e zigara ya na New Karshi dị ka onye nkuzi. N'afọ 1985, ọ wegara ọrụ ya na Federal Capital Territory (FCT), [[Abuja]], ebe ọ gara n'ihu na ọrụ nkuzi ya na Government Secondary School, Kuje, ruo afọ abụọ. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere masta ya na 1990, Jibril hapụrụ ọrụ nkuzi wee sonye na Ngalaba Ala, Atụmatụ na Nnyocha nke FCT dị ka onye ọrụ ala. Amamihe ya, ike na ọgụgụ isi ya <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-13|title=Ibrahim Usman Jibril: A profile of selfless administrator|url=https://universalreportersng.com/ibrahim-usman-jibril-a-profile-of-selfless-administrator/|accessdate=2024-04-20}}</ref> mere ka ọ bụrụ nwoke dị mkpa ka e mere ya odeakwụkwọ na Kọmitii na Abuja Plan, kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịhazi data na ozi niile gbasara ala ma kenye ya na FCT, Abuja. N'ozuzu, ọ nọrọ afọ 25 dị ka onye ọrụ ala na FCT. Dị ka ọkachamara na mgbanwe ala, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi nke Abuja Development Control na onye nduzi ngalaba nchịkwa ala nke FCT. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara Nasarawa State Geographic Information System (NAGIS) ebe o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/12/06/environment-minister-becomes-new-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Environment Minister becomes new Emir of Nasarawa|date=2018-12-06|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, ọ nọ na ndepụta nke ndị minista a họpụtara ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ọchịchị Buhari na, mgbe National Assembly nyochachara ya, a họpụtara ya dị ka minista steeti maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Nọvemba 11, 2015, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'ọnwa Disemba 2018. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Emir Hassan Ahmad nke Abụọ gasịrị, Wambai (Prince) Ibrahim Jibril bụ onye kansụl ọdịnala nke Nasarawa State Traditional Council of Chiefs họpụtara dị ka eze ọhụrụ nke Nasarawa ma, na Disemba 7, 2018, gọvanọ steeti, Alhaji Umaru Tanko Al-Makura họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ eze Nasarawa na mpaghara gọọmentị Nasarawa nke Nasarawa . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/12/13/buharis-minister-resigns-becomes-emir-of-nasarawa/|title=Buhari's Minister Resigns, Becomes Emir of Nasarawa|author=Oyeyipo|first=Shola|date=2018-12-13|accessdate=2024-08-08|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2022, Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya ọkwa dịka Onyeisiala. Onye isi nke Order of the Niger (CON). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-11|title=List of Nigerian national honours award recipients 2022 plus dia categories|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c10mn70vd64o|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jibril lụrụ nwunye abụọ, Hajiya Hauwa Kulu na Hajiya Mairo, nwere ụmụ asaa aha ya bụ Mohammad, Abdullahi, Mashkoor, Jabir, Mubarak, Salman na Fatima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/|title=Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2019-04-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/ministerial-nominee-ibrahim-usman-jibril/ "Ministerial nominee, Ibrahim Usman Jibril's CV"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. October 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html|title=Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa|author=Muhammad|first=Ibraheem Hamza|date=2018-12-30|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=2024-02-04}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMuhammad2018">Muhammad, Ibraheem Hamza (December 30, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050529/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html "Behold, Jibril, the new Emir of Nasarawa"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. Archived from [https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/behold-jibril-the-new-emir-of-nasarawa.html the original] on January 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jibril, Ibrahim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] igp0bki55i8wroobegt1x20e8xzx3ld Obere hydro 0 77230 670897 670676 2026-07-01T20:27:18Z Bigcee007 24507 Created by translating the section "Description" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 670897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri gụnyere obere ọnụ ahịa iwuli na ikike ịnọgide na-enweghị njikọ na grid ike etiti. Isi ihe esemokwu dị n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta iwu, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. == Nkọwasi == N'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa, obere mmiri na-enye ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbasaghị ekewa. Ọrụ obere mmiri anaghị achọ enyemaka gọọmentị mgbe niile, oghere dị na ọchịchị na-enyekwa ohere ka e wuo ha ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere oghere ndị a gbasara amụma, obere ike mmiri dị ka ihe a ga-emegharị emegharị, atụmatụ igbochi ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta ndụ obodo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị amụma obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kelly-Richards|first=Sarah|date=2017-02-01|title=Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421516306401|journal=Energy Policy|volume=101|pages=251–264|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> A kabeghị amụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ ike mmiri. N'ime ọrụ nhazi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ihe kacha njọ na sistemụ mmiri bụ mgbanwe usoro mmiri, mfu nke njikọta osimiri na njikọ, na mmebi ebe obibi na-emetụta azụ na macroinvertebrates.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|author=Kuriqi|first=Alban|date=2021-05-01|title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=142|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Small_hydro_power_plant_"Sveta_Petka".IMG_0013.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, Sveta Petka.]] aa742ue1ekzlsgcnuuebqje5gw4f4xa 671077 670897 2026-07-02T10:02:04Z Bigcee007 24507 Created by translating the section "Growth" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 671077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri gụnyere obere ọnụ ahịa iwuli na ikike ịnọgide na-enweghị njikọ na grid ike etiti. Isi ihe esemokwu dị n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta iwu, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. == Nkọwasi == N'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa, obere mmiri na-enye ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbasaghị ekewa. Ọrụ obere mmiri anaghị achọ enyemaka gọọmentị mgbe niile, oghere dị na ọchịchị na-enyekwa ohere ka e wuo ha ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere oghere ndị a gbasara amụma, obere ike mmiri dị ka ihe a ga-emegharị emegharị, atụmatụ igbochi ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta ndụ obodo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị amụma obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kelly-Richards|first=Sarah|date=2017-02-01|title=Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421516306401|journal=Energy Policy|volume=101|pages=251–264|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> A kabeghị amụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ ike mmiri. N'ime ọrụ nhazi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ihe kacha njọ na sistemụ mmiri bụ mgbanwe usoro mmiri, mfu nke njikọta osimiri na njikọ, na mmebi ebe obibi na-emetụta azụ na macroinvertebrates.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|author=Kuriqi|first=Alban|date=2021-05-01|title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=142|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Small_hydro_power_plant_"Sveta_Petka".IMG_0013.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, Sveta Petka.]] == Growth == N'agbata afọ 2005 na 2010, China mere atụmatụ ịgbanye obodo 10,000 ọzọ n'okpuru Mmemme Electrification China Village, gụnyere itinyekwu ego na obere mmiri na photovoltaics. Site n'afọ 2010, China nwere obere nrụnye mmiri 45,000, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo, na-emepụta Twh 160 kwa afọ. Ahụrụ ihe karịrị 50% nke obere ike mmiri dị n'ụwa n'Eshia; Otú ọ dị, otu akụkọ kwuru na "Ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ọdịnihu na enwere ike ịmatakwu ikike ike mmiri na mpaghara Afrịka na America". <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Small Hydro Power Development Report 2016|url=http://www.inshp.org/article.asp?id=471|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=ICSHP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNIDO, ICSHP Launch Small Hydropower Knowledge Sharing Portal|url=http://energy-l.iisd.org/news/unido-icshp-launch-small-hydropower-knowledge-sharing-portal|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=Sustainable Energy Policy and Practice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small Hydropower, a promising technology for rural electrification|date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.energias-renovables.com/articulo/small-hydropower-a-promising-technology-for-rural-20130514|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=www.energias-renovables.com}}</ref> N'ime ugwu na oke ohia nke British Columbia, Canada enwere otutu saịtị dabara adaba maka mmepe mmiri. Agbanyeghị nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri mgbe 1980s kwụsịrị ịrụ ụlọ mgbochi ọhụrụ. Ihe ngwọta maka ịnagide ihe ndị na-achọsi ike bụ inye ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nọọrọ onwe ha nkwekọrịta, bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ 100 nke osimiri n'okpuru 50MW. Nrụpụta ike na-enweghị ọdọ mmiri na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị egwu, mana mmiri mgbochi ochie na-ejigide ma ọ bụ hapụ mmiri ka ọ pụta ìhè n'agbanyeghị afọ. Na 2014 ndị a na-emepụta onwe ha nwetara 18,000 GWh site na 4,500 MW nke ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|title=About Independent Power Projects|accessdate=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206095445/https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|archivedate=6 February 2016}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2022, ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (maka oru ≤10 MW) bụ ihe dị ka 79.0 GW, na China na-ejide ihe karịrị 53% nke ụwa SHP arụnyere ike. N'okpuru nkọwa a (≤10 MW), ikike SHP arụnyere na-abawanye site na 11% na America site na 2019 ruo 2022. N'ihi ọdịiche mpaghara na nkọwa SHP, ọ ga-abụ na ike arụnyere SHP n'ofe ụwa dị elu karịa mkpokọta ndị a. Mba ndị dị ka China, India na Brazil, na-agbasawanye obere ikike mmiri ha na narị afọ nke 21st.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Kọntinent ndị dị n'Eshia, Africa na Amerịka nwere ike kachasị maka obere uto mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022 :: global overview /: United Nations Industrial Development Organization|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:AmesHydro,CO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke e wuru n'afọ 1895 dị nso na Telluride, Colorado .]] sidsdmd28o1364ymd86jazty7jrx5f1 671318 671077 2026-07-02T11:57:45Z Bigcee007 24507 Created by translating the section "History" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360737445|Small hydro]]" 671318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri gụnyere obere ọnụ ahịa iwuli na ikike ịnọgide na-enweghị njikọ na grid ike etiti. Isi ihe esemokwu dị n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta iwu, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. == Nkọwasi == N'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa, obere mmiri na-enye ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbasaghị ekewa. Ọrụ obere mmiri anaghị achọ enyemaka gọọmentị mgbe niile, oghere dị na ọchịchị na-enyekwa ohere ka e wuo ha ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere oghere ndị a gbasara amụma, obere ike mmiri dị ka ihe a ga-emegharị emegharị, atụmatụ igbochi ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta ndụ obodo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị amụma obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kelly-Richards|first=Sarah|date=2017-02-01|title=Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421516306401|journal=Energy Policy|volume=101|pages=251–264|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> A kabeghị amụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ ike mmiri. N'ime ọrụ nhazi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ihe kacha njọ na sistemụ mmiri bụ mgbanwe usoro mmiri, mfu nke njikọta osimiri na njikọ, na mmebi ebe obibi na-emetụta azụ na macroinvertebrates.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|author=Kuriqi|first=Alban|date=2021-05-01|title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=142|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Small_hydro_power_plant_"Sveta_Petka".IMG_0013.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, Sveta Petka.]] == Growth == N'agbata afọ 2005 na 2010, China mere atụmatụ ịgbanye obodo 10,000 ọzọ n'okpuru Mmemme Electrification China Village, gụnyere itinyekwu ego na obere mmiri na photovoltaics. Site n'afọ 2010, China nwere obere nrụnye mmiri 45,000, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo, na-emepụta Twh 160 kwa afọ. Ahụrụ ihe karịrị 50% nke obere ike mmiri dị n'ụwa n'Eshia; Otú ọ dị, otu akụkọ kwuru na "Ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ọdịnihu na enwere ike ịmatakwu ikike ike mmiri na mpaghara Afrịka na America". <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Small Hydro Power Development Report 2016|url=http://www.inshp.org/article.asp?id=471|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=ICSHP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNIDO, ICSHP Launch Small Hydropower Knowledge Sharing Portal|url=http://energy-l.iisd.org/news/unido-icshp-launch-small-hydropower-knowledge-sharing-portal|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=Sustainable Energy Policy and Practice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small Hydropower, a promising technology for rural electrification|date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.energias-renovables.com/articulo/small-hydropower-a-promising-technology-for-rural-20130514|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=www.energias-renovables.com}}</ref> N'ime ugwu na oke ohia nke British Columbia, Canada enwere otutu saịtị dabara adaba maka mmepe mmiri. Agbanyeghị nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri mgbe 1980s kwụsịrị ịrụ ụlọ mgbochi ọhụrụ. Ihe ngwọta maka ịnagide ihe ndị na-achọsi ike bụ inye ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nọọrọ onwe ha nkwekọrịta, bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ 100 nke osimiri n'okpuru 50MW. Nrụpụta ike na-enweghị ọdọ mmiri na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị egwu, mana mmiri mgbochi ochie na-ejigide ma ọ bụ hapụ mmiri ka ọ pụta ìhè n'agbanyeghị afọ. Na 2014 ndị a na-emepụta onwe ha nwetara 18,000 GWh site na 4,500 MW nke ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|title=About Independent Power Projects|accessdate=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206095445/https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|archivedate=6 February 2016}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2022, ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (maka oru ≤10 MW) bụ ihe dị ka 79.0 GW, na China na-ejide ihe karịrị 53% nke ụwa SHP arụnyere ike. N'okpuru nkọwa a (≤10 MW), ikike SHP arụnyere na-abawanye site na 11% na America site na 2019 ruo 2022. N'ihi ọdịiche mpaghara na nkọwa SHP, ọ ga-abụ na ike arụnyere SHP n'ofe ụwa dị elu karịa mkpokọta ndị a. Mba ndị dị ka China, India na Brazil, na-agbasawanye obere ikike mmiri ha na narị afọ nke 21st.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Kọntinent ndị dị n'Eshia, Africa na Amerịka nwere ike kachasị maka obere uto mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022 :: global overview /: United Nations Industrial Development Organization|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:AmesHydro,CO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke e wuru n'afọ 1895 dị nso na Telluride, Colorado .]] == Akụkọ == Enwere ike ịtụle wiil mmiri osisi n'akụkụ osimiri dị ka ihe atụ mbụ nke "obere hydro.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jahren|first=Per|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7teSDQAAQBAJ&dq=water+wheel+china+history&pg=PA139|title=How Water Influences Our Lives|date=2016-11-22|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-1938-8|language=en}}</ref> Ruo na narị afọ nke 17 arụmọrụ nke wiil mmiri ruru 70%. Agbanyeghị, ka mkpa maka imepụta ọkụ na-abawanye obere ọrụ ike mmiri, ewepụrụ maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri ndị ahụ site na iji turbines emebere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ozizi gburugburu ebe obibi nke narị afọ nke 20 na-apụ site na nnukwu nrụpụta ike mmiri n'ihi ụbara mmata nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara na mgbochi mmiri. Ọmụmaatụ nke ọrụ nbibi mmiri mmiri gara aga gụnyere mweghachi nke osimiri Elwha na Un-Dam na ngagharị osimiri Klamath na United States. Ọrụ abụọ a rụrụ arụrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ike ọgbọ na-erughị 30 MW. hasc4enyg28idivlx4pqgpz3flv5h4y Ńkàtá ojiarụ:PieWriter 3 77234 670682 2026-07-01T12:00:51Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 670682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=PieWriter|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 1 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} duwk3w9zbk9g1g8y2az5opadj5jipii Ọwara Okavango 0 77235 670694 2026-07-01T13:59:27Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361696759|Okavango Delta]]" 670694 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite (SeaWiFS) nke Okavango Delta, na ókèala mba agbakwunyere]] [[Faịlụ:Vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_32.jpg|thumb|Ógbè a na-ahụkarị na Okavango Delta, nke nwere ọwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, ala mmiri na agwaetiti n'efu]] '''Okavango Delta''' ma ọ bụ '''Okavango Grassland''' bụ nnukwu delta dị n'ime ala na Botswana ebe Osimiri Okavango ruru tectonic trough n'elu 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf|date=1996|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf}}</ref> n'etiti akụkụ nke endorheic basin nke Kalahari Desert. Ọ bụ ebe UNESCO dị n'ime ụwa dịka otu n'ime sistemụ delta ole na ole dị n'ime ya nke na-anaghị abanye n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ya na usoro ala mmiri nke na-adịghị emebi emebi.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri ahụ gbasaa n'elu ájá na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime ala, nnukwu òkè na-abanyekwa n'ime obere alluvial aquifer dị n'okpuru, tupu osisi eburu ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ruru delta na-apụ n'anya ma pụta ìhè. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka kilomita 11 (cu mi 2.6) nke mmiri na-agbasa n'elu mpaghara 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Ụfọdụ mmiri idei mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Ngami. Ebe ahụ bụbu akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Makgadikgadi, ọdọ mmiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ Holocene. Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Moremi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke delta. A kpọrọ delta ahụ otu n'ime ihe ebube asaa nke Afrịka, nke a kpọsara n'ihu ọha na 11 Febụwarị 2013 na Arusha, [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa|title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders|work=sevennaturalwonders.org|accessdate=22 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/|archivedate=21 December 2015}}</ref> Na 22 Juun 2014, Okavango Delta ghọrọ ebe 1000 nke e debanyere aha na UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159|title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159}}</ref><ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCentre">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. </cite></ref> == Aha ya == Aha Okavango sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke aha ya si na Kavango, nke na-ezo aka na ndị Kavango nke ugwu Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Water|first=John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of|date=2021-09-02|title=Okavango River|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/okavango-river.html|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Mkpọpụta Bekee ochie gụnyere Okovango, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Namibia na-ahọrọ Kavango mgbe ha na-ekwu maka osimiri na mpaghara Namibia. Ọkà ihe mere eme bụ́ Andreas Eckl kwuru na akụkọ ndị German chịrị mba ahụ jiri Okavango mee ihe, mana okwu mbụ O- abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kavango dị n'ógbè ahụ, kama nke ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta nke Herero.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{Cite journal|author=Eckl|first=Andreas|year=2007|title=Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911|url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf|journal=Journal of Namibian Studies|volume=1|pages=7–37|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == === Idei Mmiri === Idei mmiri na-eme ka mmiri Okavango ghọọ mmiri idei nke oge. Osimiri Okavango na-ebu mmiri sitere n'oge ọkọchị (Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị) mmiri ozuzo sitere n'ugwu Angola, ebili mmiri ahụ na-asọkwa kilomita 1,200 (maịlụ 750) n'ime ihe dị ka otu ọnwa. Mmiri ahụ gbasaara n'elu ala 37,500 km2 (14,500 sq mi) nke delta ahụ n'ime ọnwa anọ sochirinụ (Maachị ruo Juun). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Oke okpomọkụ nke delta na-eme ka mmiri na-apụta ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri, nke na-ebute usoro atọ nke ọkwa mmiri na-arị elu ma na-ada<ref>{{Cite web|author=C. N. Kurugundla|title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management|url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf|publisher=[[University of Botswana]]|pages=8–9|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf}}</ref> nke ahụ ka a na-aghọtachaghị ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Idei mmiri na-arị elu n'etiti ọnwa Juun na Ọgọst, n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke Botswana, mgbe delta ahụ na-eto ruo okpukpu atọ nke nha ya na-adịgide adịgide, na-adọta anụmanụ site na kilomita gburugburu ma na-emepụta otu n'ime ebe kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke anụ ọhịa. Delta ahụ dị larịị nke ukwuu, ogologo ya dị ihe na-erughị mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7) n'obosara ya dị kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq mi), ebe mmiri ahụ na-ada ihe dị ka mita 60 (ụkwụ 200) site na Mohembo ruo Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996">{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf|date=1996|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wehberg|first=J.|title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting|journal=Biodiversity & Ecology|date=31 December 2013|volume=5|pages=11|doi=10.7809/b-e.00236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gumbricht|first=T.|title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications|journal=South African Journal of Geology|date=2001|volume=104|issue=3|pages=243–264|doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> === Mmiri na-asọ === === Ọdọ Mmiri === [[Faịlụ:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, nke a hụrụ site n'ikuku]] Mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, mmiri na-anọgide na nnukwu ọwa mmiri na akwa osimiri, n'olulu mmiri na n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Agwaetiti nnu === Nchikọta nnu gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ osisi na-eduga n'ebe ndị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha n'etiti ọtụtụ puku agwaetiti dị iche iche, ndị a aghọwo nnu nke na-agaghị ekwe ka osisi tolite, ma e wezụga osisi nkwụ nke na-anaghị anabata nnu mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na ahịhịa na-eto n'ájá gburugburu nsọtụ agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-aghọbeghị nnu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasubramaniam|first=T.|date=2023|title=Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress|journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=12|pages=2253|doi=10.3390/plants12122253|pmid=37375879}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaa nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ malitere dị ka ugwu termite (nke a na-akpọkarị Macrotermes spp.), ebe osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'elu ugwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August|url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm|author=Dunford|first=C.|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm}}</ref> === Àgwàetiti Chief === E ji ahịrị dị n'elu ugwu nke dị kilomita iri asaa n'ogologo (mile iri anọ na atọ) na kilomita iri na ise n'obosara (mile iri itoolu na atọ) mepụta agwaetiti Chief's Island (19°12'S 22°48'E), agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu na delta. N'oge gara aga, e debere ya dị ka ebe ịchụ nta pụrụ iche maka onyeisi, mana ugbu a ọ bụ ebe nchekwa maka anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ọ na-enye ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi ebe ahụ mgbe mmiri na-arị elu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ọwa mmiri nke Okavango Delta sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke e ji njikọta nke osimiri Cubango na Cuito dị n'Angola mepụta tupu ọ gafee Namibia wee banye Botswana. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime delta dị nso na Mohembo, osimiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọwa nkesa, ala idei mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke na-akwado otu n'ime nnukwu delta dị n'ime ime obodo n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1165–1172|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T.S.|year=2023|title=Spatial and temporal controls on the solute behavior of rivers in arid watersheds: The Okavango River|journal=Journal of Hydrology|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129370}}</ref> Major distributary channels include the Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, and Jao systems. Ọwa ndị a na-ekesa mmiri idei mmiri oge niile n'ofe delta, imepụta mosaic siri ike nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri jupụtara n'oge nke na-akwado ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị 96–98 nke mmiri na-abanye na delta na-efunahụ site na ikuku mmiri, mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ikuku mmiri, ebe naanị obere akụkụ na-esi na sistemụ ahụ apụta site n'osimiri Thamalakane na Boteti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == [[Faịlụ:Okavango_Delta.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'elu nke delta ka idei mmiri na-agbadata, Ọgọst 2012]] Ọ bụghị na mmiri dị n'ime Delta ka ahịhịa ndụ juru eju; kama ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ oasis n'obodo kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 450 mm (inchi 18) (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara Angola ha na-ejide mmiri) ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ada n'etiti Disemba na Maachị n'ụdị oké ifufe ehihie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Okavango Delta {{!}} Botswana|url=https://www.namibweb.com/okavangodelta.htm|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> Disemba ruo Febụwarị bụ ọnwa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu ruo 40 °C (104 °F), abalị na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkwa iru mmiri na-agbanwe n'etiti 50 na 80%. Site na Machị ruo Mee, okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30°C (86°F) n'ehihie ma dịkwa jụụ n'abalị. Mmiri ozuzo na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ruo n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke ọnwa Juun ruo Ọgọst. Okpomọkụ ehihie n'oge a n'afọ na-adị obere ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mana okpomọkụ na-ada nke ukwuu mgbe anyanwụ dara. Oyi nwere ike ịdị n'abalị na delta, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana|work=Climatestotravel.com|accessdate=2020-05-15|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana}}</ref> A na-ahụ ntu oyi mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta|title=A Year in the Okavango Delta|work=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> The September to November span has the heat and atmospheric pressure build up once more, as the dry season slides into the rainy season. Ọktoba bụ ọnwa kacha sie ike maka ndị ọbịa: okpomọkụ ehihie na-adịkarị karịa 40°C (104°F) na mgbe ụfọdụ, nkụ ahụ na-agbaji site na mberede nke oké ifufe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|date=2017-05-22|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=World Heritage Datasheet|language=en}}</ref> == Anụmanụ nke Delta == [[Faịlụ:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cheetah nke e sere n'ihu ọdịda anyanwụ na Delta]] Okavango Delta bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na nke oge. Anụmanụ niile nke nnukwu anụ ise, [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], African buffalo, African bush elephant, black na white rhinoceros nọ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galpine|first=N. J.|year=2006|title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons|journal=Ecological Journal|volume=7|pages=55−61|url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Obere nchịkọta nke antelopes lechwe, Okavango Delta]] Anụmanụ buru ibu kachasị baa ụba bụ red lechwe, atụmatụ na-egosi na ihe dị ka 88,000. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T. S.|year=1998|title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=44−56|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=R.|year=2007|title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana|journal=Cat News|volume=Special Issue 1|pages=13−21|url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|African wild dog]], spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey na Nile crocodile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wallace|first=K. M.|year=2008|title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=361−368|doi=10.1670/07-1071.1}}</ref> Delta ahụ nwekwara ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, [[Onye na-agba ụta n'Afrịka|African darter]], southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Alonso|year=2003|title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey|series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment|publisher=Conservation International|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-881173-70-4}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird na common ostrich.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2006|title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=12|issue=3|pages=17−41}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hwange.<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses were living in the northern Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> Site na 2020 ruo 2021, ndị na-achụ nta anụ gburu rhino 92 na mpaghara delta, nke mere ka naanị rhino 40 fọdụrụ, nke mere ka gọọmentị chụpụ rhino ndị ahụ na Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> === Azụ === Okavango Delta nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri asaa na otu, gụnyere azụ̀ tigerfish, ụdị azụ̀ tilapia, na ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche nke catfish. Nha azụ̀ dị site na azụ̀ sharptooth nke Afrịka nke dị mita 1.4 (ụkwụ 4.6) ruo na 3.2 cm (1.3 in) nke sickle barb. Ụdị ihe ndị a na-eme n'Osimiri Zambezi, nke na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf|title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta|work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre|year=2007|accessdate=2011-02-02|archivedate=6 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf}}</ref> == Osisi == Okavango Delta nwere osisi 1068 nke ezinụlọ 134 na ụdị 530.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Ramberg|first=L.|date=2006|title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917|journal=Aquatic Sciences|volume=68|issue=3|pages=316|doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y}}</ref> E nwere osisi mpaghara ise dị mkpa n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide: ''Papyrus cyperus'' n'ime mmiri miri emi, Miscanthus n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịghị omimi, na Phragmites australis, Typha capensis na Pycreus n'etiti. Ụdị apịtị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbasakwa ruo n'ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|date=2017-05-22|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=World Heritage Datasheet|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNEP-WCMC2017">UNEP-WCMC (22 May 2017). </cite></ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' ubi ahịhịa na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ nke dị omimi ọkara ma na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri. N'agwaetiti na ala ndị dị n'elu ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri jupụtara, e nwere obodo dị iche iche nke osisi dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ụdị ndị a dịka mmiri ha si chọọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ ''Philenoptera violacea'' a naghị achọ mmiri nke ọma, ọ na-adịkwa n'ebe kachasị elu n'ala mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-adịkarịkwa n'agwaetiti mmiri ndị kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime apịtị na-adịgide adịgide bụ ngwakọta nke osisi nkwụ ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' na acacias.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toerien|first=D. K.|date=1976|title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook|journal=Koedoe|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179|issn=2071-0771}}</ref> Osisi ndị dị na delta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze. Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri nke osimiri na-enwekarị apịtị dị elu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ájá dị n'osimiri ahụ iji na-ewulite akụkụ osimiri ahụ mgbe niile. Ibu osimiri ahụ dị n'ime delta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ájá kpamkpam, n'ihi na mmiri dị ọcha nke Okavango nwere obere apịtị. Osisi ndị ahụ na-ejide ájá ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka gluu ma na-emeju enweghị apịtị, ma na-emepụta agwaetiti ndị ọzọ ebe osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba mkpọrọgwụ na ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nanson|first=G. C.|title=Rivers and alluvial fans|date=1978|pages=925–952|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/3-540-31079-7_173|isbn=978-3-540-31079-2}}</ref> == Ndị mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu na-eduzi osisi ya na mmiri ozuzo]] Ndị Okavango Delta nwere agbụrụ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na asụsụ nke ya:<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.botswana-info.com/country/article/296/okavango-delta|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.botswana-info.com}}</ref> * Ndị Hambukushu (a makwaara dị ka Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * Ndị Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * Ndị Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * Ndị Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * Ndị ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). Ndị Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Wayeyi na-etinye aka n'akụ na ụba dị iche iche dịka ọrụ ugbo millet/sorghum, ịkụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa, na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Okavango Delta - Living Lakes Network|url=https://livinglakes.org/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị Bugakhwe na ǁanikwhe bụ Ndị Bushmen, bụ́ ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, na ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa; Bugakhwe jiri ma ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ma nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri mee ihe, ebe ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu. Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango dị n'Angola nakwa n'akụkụ Caprivi nke Namibia, obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hambukushu na Bugakhwe dịkwa na Zambia. N'ime Okavango Delta, n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 150 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe ebirila na panhandle na Magwegqana dị na delta ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị mmadụ bi na panhandle na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boro site na delta, tinyere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boteti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayeyi|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|language=en-GB|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/}}</ref> ebiela n'ógbè dị gburugburu Seronga yana mpaghara ndịda gbara gburugburu Maun, na ole na ole Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Alexander Colin|date=March 1980|title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|journal=Museum International|volume=32|issue=1–2|pages=61–66|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|issn=1350-0775|accessdate=2 June 2021}}</ref> bi n'ụlọ nna nna ha dị na Caprivi Strip. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke Okavango akwagaala Maun, n'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Hambukushu 4,000 si Angola biri n'ógbè dị gburugburu Etsha na ọdịda anyanwụ Panhandle. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18, Okavango Delta anọwo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Batawana (mba Tswana).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Moanaphuti|author=Segolodi|title=Ditso Tsa Batawana|date=1940|url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767|accessdate=1 May 2015|archivedate=6 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ụlọ Mathiba nke Mbụ, onye ndu otu ndị Bangladesh, Batawana guzobere njikwa zuru oke na delta ahụ n'afọ 1850 ka azụmaahịa ọdụdụ mpaghara ahụ gbawara.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Barry|author=Morton|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|year=1997|pages=220–239|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bi n'akụkụ delta, n'ihi iyi egwu nke ijiji tsetse na-etinye n'ahụ ehi ha. N'ime oge ezumike nke ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ, ijiji tsetse laghachiri azụ, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bikwa n'ime apịtị site na 1896 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1930. Kemgbe ahụ, ọnụ ụzọ delta ahụ ejupụtala nke ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ya. == Njem == Ọzara nke Okavango Delta na anụ ọhịa ya na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem nleta kwa afọ, obodo Maun na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpaghara ahụ. Njem nlegharị anya nke oge a malitere n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe e wuru ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a mbụ na delta. Ngwaahịa njem nlegharị anya kemgbe amụbaala gụnyere safaris ụlọ dị elu, safaris mkpanaka, ịga ụlọikwuu onwe onye, ikiri nnụnụ, draịvụ egwuregwu, ụgbọ elu mara mma, njem a na-eduzi, ịkụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2005|title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf|journal=Tourism Management|volume=26|issue=2|pages=157–172|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana akwalitela usoro njem dị oke ọnụ, nke na-anaghị efu nnukwu ego na mpaghara Okavango, nke e bu n'obi iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ndị ọbịa nwee nnukwu mmefu. Akụkọ UNESCO nke afọ 2014 chọpụtara na e nwere akwa ndị njem nleta 2,129 n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2017, ndị Delta nabatara ndị ọbịa 52,638, nke 43,363 bụ ndị njem nleta mba ofesi ebe 9,275 bụ ndị obodo. Nke a bụ obere akụkụ nke otu nde ndị njem nleta mba ofesi Botswana na-enweta kwa afọ. == ''Molapos'' (iyi mmiri) == [[Faịlụ:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Ihe mgbochi idei mmiri maka ndalata idei mmiri na-akụ na ''molapo'' nke Okavango, Botswana]] Mgbe oge idei mmiri gasịrị, mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke delta ahụ, nso ntọala ya, na-ebelata, na-ahapụ mmiri n'ime ala. A na-eji mmiri a fọdụrụnụ akụ ihe ubi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itolite na ya. A na-akpọ ala a ''molapo''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=kmcgee|date=2023-06-11|title=June 12: The Okavango Delta - Overland Travel With KMcGee|url=https://overlandwithkmcgee.com/june-12-the-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1974 na 1978, idei mmiri ahụ karịrị nke nkịtị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge ịda ogbenye idei mmiri, ya mere e nwere nnukwu ụkọ nri na nri. N'ihi nzaghachi ya, e bidoro ọrụ mmepe Molapo. O ji ihe ndị e ji ekpuchi ebe ndị dị na molapo chebe ha iji chịkwaa idei mmiri ahụ ma gbochie oke idei mmiri. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá mmiri n'ime igbe ndị ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịhapụ mmiri echekwara ma malite ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge idei mmiri. == Ihe iyi egwu ndị nwere ike ime == Otu ihe nwere ike iyi egwu bụ nchọpụta mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ ReconAfrica. Nnyocha mbụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021 gosiri na mmanụ dị n'ime nkume sedimentary.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ltd|first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa|title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Newswire.ca|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe nchegbu na ọrụ a ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmiri nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Yale E360|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Animals|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk}}</ref> ReconAfrica ekwuola, "Ọ dịghị mmebi ọ bụla ga-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe omume ndị a haziri."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project|url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/|work=reconafrica.com|accessdate=30 April 2021|archivedate=29 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson-Spath|first=Andreas|date=2020-12-15|title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/}}</ref> Gọọmentị Namibia ewepụtala atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ike mmiri na mpaghara Zambezi, nke ga-achịkwa usoro mmiri Okavango ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka na mmetụta ya agaghị adị obere, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a nwere ike ibibi ọtụtụ anụmanụ na osisi bara ọgaranya na delta. Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere mwakpo mmadụ na mpaghara na mwepụta mmiri mpaghara na Angola na Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/|title=Threats - Okavango Delta|work=Okavangodelta.com|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/|title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice|work=Macauhub English|date=11 March 2016|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=4 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị dị na mba Saụt Afrịka bụ Rick Lomba dọrọ aka ná ntị n'afọ 1980 gbasara iyi egwu nke mwakpo ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''The End of Eden'' gosiri etu o si na-akwado delta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo nke Okavango ga-ebelata kwa afọ yana mmụba okpomọkụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=ASSAR|year=2019|title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana|publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR)|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> Mmetụta nke okpomọọkụ ụwa nwere ike ibute mbelata na oke idei mmiri na Okavango Delta, nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'inweta mmiri yana ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray-Hudson|first=M.|date=2006|title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=331|issue=1|pages=73–84|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Ọrụ nchekwa nke Conservation International Botswana na mpaghara Okavango Delta gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka na amụma yana nyocha na nlekota dịka nyocha anụ ọhịa dị n'elu ikuku na ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{Cite web|title=About Conservation International Botswana|work=Conservation International Botswana|url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndagwurugwu Kalahari == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=P.|author=Allison|year=2007|title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=9780762745654|url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli}} * {{Cite journal|first=J.|author=Bock|year=2002|title=Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana|journal=Human Nature|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–198|doi=10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|pmid=26192757|url=<!-- http://anthro.fullerton.edu/jbock/Bock%20HN%202002.pdf Unsure copyright status-->}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Conservation International E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Ebe ndị Okavango Delta nwere ikike] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ The Ngami Times bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Ngamiland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Ebe gọọmentị Botswana na Moremi Game Reserve, n'ime Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Ihe ịtụnanya asaa nke Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Iju Mmiri nke Kalahari] * [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Iju Mmiri na-emebi ihe na molapos nke Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Okavango] * [http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Mmiri Okavango dị ugbu a, data ihu igwe na foto satellite] Archived 7 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Ihe omuma The End of Eden nke Rick Lomba] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8m712bhepqcvk67obxomc4ycptkdjaf 670695 670694 2026-07-01T14:05:42Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670695 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite (SeaWiFS) nke Okavango Delta, na ókèala mba agbakwunyere]] [[Faịlụ:Vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_32.jpg|thumb|Ógbè a na-ahụkarị na Okavango Delta, nke nwere ọwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, ala mmiri na agwaetiti n'efu]] '''Okavango Delta''' ma ọ bụ '''Okavango Grassland''' bụ nnukwu delta dị n'ime ala na Botswana ebe Osimiri Okavango ruru tectonic trough n'elu 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf|date=1996|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf}}</ref> n'etiti akụkụ nke endorheic basin nke Kalahari Desert. Ọ bụ ebe UNESCO dị n'ime ụwa dịka otu n'ime sistemụ delta ole na ole dị n'ime ya nke na-anaghị abanye n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ya na usoro ala mmiri nke na-adịghị emebi emebi.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri ahụ gbasaa n'elu ájá na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime ala, nnukwu òkè na-abanyekwa n'ime obere alluvial aquifer dị n'okpuru, tupu osisi eburu ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ruru delta na-apụ n'anya ma pụta ìhè. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka kilomita 11 (cu mi 2.6) nke mmiri na-agbasa n'elu mpaghara 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Ụfọdụ mmiri idei mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Ngami. Ebe ahụ bụbu akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Makgadikgadi, ọdọ mmiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ Holocene. Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Moremi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke delta. A kpọrọ delta ahụ otu n'ime ihe ebube asaa nke Afrịka, nke a kpọsara n'ihu ọha na 11 Febụwarị 2013 na Arusha, [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa|title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders|work=sevennaturalwonders.org|accessdate=22 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/|archivedate=21 December 2015}}</ref> Na 22 Juun 2014, Okavango Delta ghọrọ ebe 1000 nke e debanyere aha na UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159|title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Aha ya == Aha Okavango sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke aha ya si na Kavango, nke na-ezo aka na ndị Kavango nke ugwu Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Water|first=John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of|date=2021-09-02|title=Okavango River|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/okavango-river.html|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Mkpọpụta Bekee ochie gụnyere Okovango, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Namibia na-ahọrọ Kavango mgbe ha na-ekwu maka osimiri na mpaghara Namibia. Ọkà ihe mere eme bụ́ Andreas Eckl kwuru na akụkọ ndị German chịrị mba ahụ jiri Okavango mee ihe, mana okwu mbụ O- abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kavango dị n'ógbè ahụ, kama nke ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta nke Herero.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{Cite journal|author=Eckl|first=Andreas|year=2007|title=Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911|url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf|journal=Journal of Namibian Studies|volume=1|pages=7–37|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == === Idei Mmiri === Idei mmiri na-eme ka mmiri Okavango ghọọ mmiri idei nke oge. Osimiri Okavango na-ebu mmiri sitere n'oge ọkọchị (Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị) mmiri ozuzo sitere n'ugwu Angola, ebili mmiri ahụ na-asọkwa kilomita 1,200 (maịlụ 750) n'ime ihe dị ka otu ọnwa. Mmiri ahụ gbasaara n'elu ala 37,500 km2 (14,500 sq mi) nke delta ahụ n'ime ọnwa anọ sochirinụ (Maachị ruo Juun). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Oke okpomọkụ nke delta na-eme ka mmiri na-apụta ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri, nke na-ebute usoro atọ nke ọkwa mmiri na-arị elu ma na-ada<ref>{{Cite web|author=C. N. Kurugundla|title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management|url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf|publisher=[[University of Botswana]]|pages=8–9|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf}}</ref> nke ahụ ka a na-aghọtachaghị ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Idei mmiri na-arị elu n'etiti ọnwa Juun na Ọgọst, n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke Botswana, mgbe delta ahụ na-eto ruo okpukpu atọ nke nha ya na-adịgide adịgide, na-adọta anụmanụ site na kilomita gburugburu ma na-emepụta otu n'ime ebe kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke anụ ọhịa. Delta ahụ dị larịị nke ukwuu, ogologo ya dị ihe na-erughị mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7) n'obosara ya dị kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq mi), ebe mmiri ahụ na-ada ihe dị ka mita 60 (ụkwụ 200) site na Mohembo ruo Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wehberg|first=J.|title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting|journal=Biodiversity & Ecology|date=31 December 2013|volume=5|pages=11|doi=10.7809/b-e.00236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gumbricht|first=T.|title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications|journal=South African Journal of Geology|date=2001|volume=104|issue=3|pages=243–264|doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> === Mmiri na-asọ === === Ọdọ Mmiri === [[Faịlụ:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, nke a hụrụ site n'ikuku]] Mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, mmiri na-anọgide na nnukwu ọwa mmiri na akwa osimiri, n'olulu mmiri na n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Agwaetiti nnu === Nchikọta nnu gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ osisi na-eduga n'ebe ndị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha n'etiti ọtụtụ puku agwaetiti dị iche iche, ndị a aghọwo nnu nke na-agaghị ekwe ka osisi tolite, ma e wezụga osisi nkwụ nke na-anaghị anabata nnu mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na ahịhịa na-eto n'ájá gburugburu nsọtụ agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-aghọbeghị nnu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasubramaniam|first=T.|date=2023|title=Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress|journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=12|pages=2253|doi=10.3390/plants12122253|pmid=37375879}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaa nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ malitere dị ka ugwu termite (nke a na-akpọkarị Macrotermes spp.), ebe osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'elu ugwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August|url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm|author=Dunford|first=C.|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm}}</ref> === Àgwàetiti Chief === E ji ahịrị dị n'elu ugwu nke dị kilomita iri asaa n'ogologo (mile iri anọ na atọ) na kilomita iri na ise n'obosara (mile iri itoolu na atọ) mepụta agwaetiti Chief's Island (19°12'S 22°48'E), agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu na delta. N'oge gara aga, e debere ya dị ka ebe ịchụ nta pụrụ iche maka onyeisi, mana ugbu a ọ bụ ebe nchekwa maka anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ọ na-enye ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi ebe ahụ mgbe mmiri na-arị elu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ọwa mmiri nke Okavango Delta sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke e ji njikọta nke osimiri Cubango na Cuito dị n'Angola mepụta tupu ọ gafee Namibia wee banye Botswana. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime delta dị nso na Mohembo, osimiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọwa nkesa, ala idei mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke na-akwado otu n'ime nnukwu delta dị n'ime ime obodo n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1165–1172|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T.S.|year=2023|title=Spatial and temporal controls on the solute behavior of rivers in arid watersheds: The Okavango River|journal=Journal of Hydrology|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129370}}</ref> Major distributary channels include the Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, and Jao systems. Ọwa ndị a na-ekesa mmiri idei mmiri oge niile n'ofe delta, imepụta mosaic siri ike nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri jupụtara n'oge nke na-akwado ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị 96–98 nke mmiri na-abanye na delta na-efunahụ site na ikuku mmiri, mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ikuku mmiri, ebe naanị obere akụkụ na-esi na sistemụ ahụ apụta site n'osimiri Thamalakane na Boteti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == [[Faịlụ:Okavango_Delta.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'elu nke delta ka idei mmiri na-agbadata, Ọgọst 2012]] Ọ bụghị na mmiri dị n'ime Delta ka ahịhịa ndụ juru eju; kama ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ oasis n'obodo kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 450 mm (inchi 18) (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara Angola ha na-ejide mmiri) ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ada n'etiti Disemba na Maachị n'ụdị oké ifufe ehihie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Okavango Delta {{!}} Botswana|url=https://www.namibweb.com/okavangodelta.htm|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> Disemba ruo Febụwarị bụ ọnwa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu ruo 40 °C (104 °F), abalị na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkwa iru mmiri na-agbanwe n'etiti 50 na 80%. Site na Machị ruo Mee, okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30°C (86°F) n'ehihie ma dịkwa jụụ n'abalị. Mmiri ozuzo na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ruo n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke ọnwa Juun ruo Ọgọst. Okpomọkụ ehihie n'oge a n'afọ na-adị obere ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mana okpomọkụ na-ada nke ukwuu mgbe anyanwụ dara. Oyi nwere ike ịdị n'abalị na delta, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana|work=Climatestotravel.com|accessdate=2020-05-15|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana}}</ref> A na-ahụ ntu oyi mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta|title=A Year in the Okavango Delta|work=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> The September to November span has the heat and atmospheric pressure build up once more, as the dry season slides into the rainy season. Ọktoba bụ ọnwa kacha sie ike maka ndị ọbịa: okpomọkụ ehihie na-adịkarị karịa 40°C (104°F) na mgbe ụfọdụ, nkụ ahụ na-agbaji site na mberede nke oké ifufe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|date=2017-05-22|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=World Heritage Datasheet|language=en}}</ref> == Anụmanụ nke Delta == [[Faịlụ:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cheetah nke e sere n'ihu ọdịda anyanwụ na Delta]] Okavango Delta bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na nke oge. Anụmanụ niile nke nnukwu anụ ise, [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], African buffalo, African bush elephant, black na white rhinoceros nọ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galpine|first=N. J.|year=2006|title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons|journal=Ecological Journal|volume=7|pages=55−61|url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Obere nchịkọta nke antelopes lechwe, Okavango Delta]] Anụmanụ buru ibu kachasị baa ụba bụ red lechwe, atụmatụ na-egosi na ihe dị ka 88,000. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T. S.|year=1998|title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=44−56|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=R.|year=2007|title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana|journal=Cat News|volume=Special Issue 1|pages=13−21|url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|African wild dog]], spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey na Nile crocodile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wallace|first=K. M.|year=2008|title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=361−368|doi=10.1670/07-1071.1}}</ref> Delta ahụ nwekwara ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, [[Onye na-agba ụta n'Afrịka|African darter]], southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Alonso|year=2003|title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey|series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment|publisher=Conservation International|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-881173-70-4}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird na common ostrich.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2006|title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=12|issue=3|pages=17−41}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hwange.<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses were living in the northern Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> Site na 2020 ruo 2021, ndị na-achụ nta anụ gburu rhino 92 na mpaghara delta, nke mere ka naanị rhino 40 fọdụrụ, nke mere ka gọọmentị chụpụ rhino ndị ahụ na Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> === Azụ === Okavango Delta nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri asaa na otu, gụnyere azụ̀ tigerfish, ụdị azụ̀ tilapia, na ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche nke catfish. Nha azụ̀ dị site na azụ̀ sharptooth nke Afrịka nke dị mita 1.4 (ụkwụ 4.6) ruo na 3.2 cm (1.3 in) nke sickle barb. Ụdị ihe ndị a na-eme n'Osimiri Zambezi, nke na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf|title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta|work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre|year=2007|accessdate=2011-02-02|archivedate=6 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf}}</ref> == Osisi == Okavango Delta nwere osisi 1068 nke ezinụlọ 134 na ụdị 530.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Ramberg|first=L.|date=2006|title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917|journal=Aquatic Sciences|volume=68|issue=3|pages=316|doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y}}</ref> E nwere osisi mpaghara ise dị mkpa n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide: ''Papyrus cyperus'' n'ime mmiri miri emi, Miscanthus n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịghị omimi, na Phragmites australis, Typha capensis na Pycreus n'etiti. Ụdị apịtị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbasakwa ruo n'ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge.<ref name=":0" /> ''Papyrus cyperus'' ubi ahịhịa na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ nke dị omimi ọkara ma na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri. N'agwaetiti na ala ndị dị n'elu ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri jupụtara, e nwere obodo dị iche iche nke osisi dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ụdị ndị a dịka mmiri ha si chọọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ ''Philenoptera violacea'' a naghị achọ mmiri nke ọma, ọ na-adịkwa n'ebe kachasị elu n'ala mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-adịkarịkwa n'agwaetiti mmiri ndị kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime apịtị na-adịgide adịgide bụ ngwakọta nke osisi nkwụ ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' na acacias.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toerien|first=D. K.|date=1976|title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook|journal=Koedoe|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179|issn=2071-0771}}</ref> Osisi ndị dị na delta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze. Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri nke osimiri na-enwekarị apịtị dị elu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ájá dị n'osimiri ahụ iji na-ewulite akụkụ osimiri ahụ mgbe niile. Ibu osimiri ahụ dị n'ime delta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ájá kpamkpam, n'ihi na mmiri dị ọcha nke Okavango nwere obere apịtị. Osisi ndị ahụ na-ejide ájá ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka gluu ma na-emeju enweghị apịtị, ma na-emepụta agwaetiti ndị ọzọ ebe osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba mkpọrọgwụ na ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nanson|first=G. C.|title=Rivers and alluvial fans|date=1978|pages=925–952|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/3-540-31079-7_173|isbn=978-3-540-31079-2}}</ref> == Ndị mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu na-eduzi osisi ya na mmiri ozuzo]] Ndị Okavango Delta nwere agbụrụ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na asụsụ nke ya:<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.botswana-info.com/country/article/296/okavango-delta|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.botswana-info.com}}</ref> * Ndị Hambukushu (a makwaara dị ka Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * Ndị Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * Ndị Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * Ndị Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * Ndị ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). Ndị Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Wayeyi na-etinye aka n'akụ na ụba dị iche iche dịka ọrụ ugbo millet/sorghum, ịkụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa, na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Okavango Delta - Living Lakes Network|url=https://livinglakes.org/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị Bugakhwe na ǁanikwhe bụ Ndị Bushmen, bụ́ ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, na ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa; Bugakhwe jiri ma ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ma nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri mee ihe, ebe ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu. Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango dị n'Angola nakwa n'akụkụ Caprivi nke Namibia, obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hambukushu na Bugakhwe dịkwa na Zambia. N'ime Okavango Delta, n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 150 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe ebirila na panhandle na Magwegqana dị na delta ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị mmadụ bi na panhandle na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boro site na delta, tinyere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boteti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayeyi|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|language=en-GB|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/}}</ref> ebiela n'ógbè dị gburugburu Seronga yana mpaghara ndịda gbara gburugburu Maun, na ole na ole Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Alexander Colin|date=March 1980|title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|journal=Museum International|volume=32|issue=1–2|pages=61–66|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|issn=1350-0775|accessdate=2 June 2021}}</ref> bi n'ụlọ nna nna ha dị na Caprivi Strip. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke Okavango akwagaala Maun, n'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Hambukushu 4,000 si Angola biri n'ógbè dị gburugburu Etsha na ọdịda anyanwụ Panhandle. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18, Okavango Delta anọwo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Batawana (mba Tswana).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Moanaphuti|author=Segolodi|title=Ditso Tsa Batawana|date=1940|url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767|accessdate=1 May 2015|archivedate=6 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ụlọ Mathiba nke Mbụ, onye ndu otu ndị Bangladesh, Batawana guzobere njikwa zuru oke na delta ahụ n'afọ 1850 ka azụmaahịa ọdụdụ mpaghara ahụ gbawara.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Barry|author=Morton|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|year=1997|pages=220–239|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bi n'akụkụ delta, n'ihi iyi egwu nke ijiji tsetse na-etinye n'ahụ ehi ha. N'ime oge ezumike nke ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ, ijiji tsetse laghachiri azụ, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bikwa n'ime apịtị site na 1896 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1930. Kemgbe ahụ, ọnụ ụzọ delta ahụ ejupụtala nke ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ya. == Njem == Ọzara nke Okavango Delta na anụ ọhịa ya na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem nleta kwa afọ, obodo Maun na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpaghara ahụ. Njem nlegharị anya nke oge a malitere n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe e wuru ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a mbụ na delta. Ngwaahịa njem nlegharị anya kemgbe amụbaala gụnyere safaris ụlọ dị elu, safaris mkpanaka, ịga ụlọikwuu onwe onye, ikiri nnụnụ, draịvụ egwuregwu, ụgbọ elu mara mma, njem a na-eduzi, ịkụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2005|title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf|journal=Tourism Management|volume=26|issue=2|pages=157–172|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana akwalitela usoro njem dị oke ọnụ, nke na-anaghị efu nnukwu ego na mpaghara Okavango, nke e bu n'obi iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ndị ọbịa nwee nnukwu mmefu. Akụkọ UNESCO nke afọ 2014 chọpụtara na e nwere akwa ndị njem nleta 2,129 n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2017, ndị Delta nabatara ndị ọbịa 52,638, nke 43,363 bụ ndị njem nleta mba ofesi ebe 9,275 bụ ndị obodo. Nke a bụ obere akụkụ nke otu nde ndị njem nleta mba ofesi Botswana na-enweta kwa afọ. == ''Molapos'' (iyi mmiri) == [[Faịlụ:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Ihe mgbochi idei mmiri maka ndalata idei mmiri na-akụ na ''molapo'' nke Okavango, Botswana]] Mgbe oge idei mmiri gasịrị, mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke delta ahụ, nso ntọala ya, na-ebelata, na-ahapụ mmiri n'ime ala. A na-eji mmiri a fọdụrụnụ akụ ihe ubi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itolite na ya. A na-akpọ ala a ''molapo''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=kmcgee|date=2023-06-11|title=June 12: The Okavango Delta - Overland Travel With KMcGee|url=https://overlandwithkmcgee.com/june-12-the-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1974 na 1978, idei mmiri ahụ karịrị nke nkịtị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge ịda ogbenye idei mmiri, ya mere e nwere nnukwu ụkọ nri na nri. N'ihi nzaghachi ya, e bidoro ọrụ mmepe Molapo. O ji ihe ndị e ji ekpuchi ebe ndị dị na molapo chebe ha iji chịkwaa idei mmiri ahụ ma gbochie oke idei mmiri. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá mmiri n'ime igbe ndị ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịhapụ mmiri echekwara ma malite ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge idei mmiri. == Ihe iyi egwu ndị nwere ike ime == Otu ihe nwere ike iyi egwu bụ nchọpụta mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ ReconAfrica. Nnyocha mbụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021 gosiri na mmanụ dị n'ime nkume sedimentary.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ltd|first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa|title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Newswire.ca|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe nchegbu na ọrụ a ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmiri nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Yale E360|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Animals|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk}}</ref> ReconAfrica ekwuola, "Ọ dịghị mmebi ọ bụla ga-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe omume ndị a haziri."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project|url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/|work=reconafrica.com|accessdate=30 April 2021|archivedate=29 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson-Spath|first=Andreas|date=2020-12-15|title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/}}</ref> Gọọmentị Namibia ewepụtala atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ike mmiri na mpaghara Zambezi, nke ga-achịkwa usoro mmiri Okavango ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka na mmetụta ya agaghị adị obere, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a nwere ike ibibi ọtụtụ anụmanụ na osisi bara ọgaranya na delta. Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere mwakpo mmadụ na mpaghara na mwepụta mmiri mpaghara na Angola na Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/|title=Threats - Okavango Delta|work=Okavangodelta.com|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/|title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice|work=Macauhub English|date=11 March 2016|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=4 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị dị na mba Saụt Afrịka bụ Rick Lomba dọrọ aka ná ntị n'afọ 1980 gbasara iyi egwu nke mwakpo ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''The End of Eden'' gosiri etu o si na-akwado delta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo nke Okavango ga-ebelata kwa afọ yana mmụba okpomọkụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=ASSAR|year=2019|title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana|publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR)|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> Mmetụta nke okpomọọkụ ụwa nwere ike ibute mbelata na oke idei mmiri na Okavango Delta, nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'inweta mmiri yana ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray-Hudson|first=M.|date=2006|title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=331|issue=1|pages=73–84|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Ọrụ nchekwa nke Conservation International Botswana na mpaghara Okavango Delta gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka na amụma yana nyocha na nlekota dịka nyocha anụ ọhịa dị n'elu ikuku na ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{Cite web|title=About Conservation International Botswana|work=Conservation International Botswana|url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndagwurugwu Kalahari == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=P.|author=Allison|year=2007|title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=9780762745654|url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli}} * {{Cite journal|first=J.|author=Bock|year=2002|title=Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana|journal=Human Nature|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–198|doi=10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|pmid=26192757|url=<!-- http://anthro.fullerton.edu/jbock/Bock%20HN%202002.pdf Unsure copyright status-->}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Conservation International E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Ebe ndị Okavango Delta nwere ikike] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ The Ngami Times bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Ngamiland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Ebe gọọmentị Botswana na Moremi Game Reserve, n'ime Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Ihe ịtụnanya asaa nke Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Iju Mmiri nke Kalahari] * [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Iju Mmiri na-emebi ihe na molapos nke Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Okavango] * [http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Mmiri Okavango dị ugbu a, data ihu igwe na foto satellite] Archived 7 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Ihe omuma The End of Eden nke Rick Lomba] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mn2lvrbif192g14q35557zil03i6lq7 Osimiri Utamboni 0 77236 670696 2026-07-01T15:18:56Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290231976|Utamboni River]]" 670696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mbini.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ osimiri ahụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Pịa iji hụ]] '''Utamboni''' bụ osimiri nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ala [[Equatorial Guinea]].Ọ na-asọfe n'ókèala ya na Gabon ma bụrụ akụkụ nke Muni Estuary, na-azụ osimiri ahụ yana Osimiri Mitimele (akụkụ elu nke osimiri ahụ), yana osimiri Mitong, Mandyani, Congue, na Mven..<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=R. H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA501|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref name="Sundiata1990">{{Cite book|author=Sundiata|first=I. K.|title=Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000sund|accessdate=30 March 2012|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-0429-8}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ ghọrọ Osimiri Utamboni n'akụkụ ókèala ya na Gabon. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|1|00|N|9|48|E|region:GQ_source:kolossus-eswiki}} b2t6hyk9jgcs334kmpsmxjja2pyfovu Patricia Beddows 0 77237 670697 2026-07-01T16:59:06Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353473240|Patricia Beddows]]" 670697 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Patricia A. Beddows''' bụ onye Canada hydrogeologist, ogba mmiri na onye nkuzi a maara maka nyocha ya na karst hydrogeology, usoro ọgba n'okpuru mmiri, na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate maka ngalaba nke Ụwa, Environmental, na Planetary Sciences na Mahadum Northwestern. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beddows gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bachelọ nke nka na-ukwu nke nka na Ọdịdị ala na Geology na Mahadum McMaster. O nwetara Ph.D. na sayensị ala na Mahadum Bristol n'afọ 2004. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Beddows bụ onye otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Northwestern, ebe ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-eduzi Sayensị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe Obibi na Ngalaba nke Ụwa, Gburugburu ebe obibi, na Sayensị Planetary.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu karst na usoro ọgba, gụnyere hydrogeology, geochemistry, na geomorphology. Ọ na-amụ ihe ndekọ paleoenvironmental nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe echekwara na ọgba dị ka speleothems na sediments.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa mmiri, njem mmetọ, geoarchaeology, na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu subterranean. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ọhịa na usoro ọgba dị n'okpuru mmiri, ọkachasị na Yucatán Peninsula, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ nyocha dị iche iche gbasara mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CINDAQ">{{Cite web|publisher=El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ)|work=CINDAQ|title=CINDAQ 2022 Annual report|url=https://www.cindaq.org/2022EN|date=January 26, 2023|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports Archives|url=https://www.cindaq.org/en/tag/reports/|accessdate=May 8, 2026|work=Cindaq|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ Pearl nke ọgba === Beddows so na ndị nchopụta Cave Pearl Project, atụmatụ nke na-emepe ihe onwunwe nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọnụ ala, nke na-emeghe maka gburugburu mmiri na ọgba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Cave Pearl Project|url=https://thecavepearlproject.org/about/about-me/|accessdate=6 April 2026|quote=The Cave Pearl Project was co-founded by Edward Mallon and Patricia Beddows}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Beddows|first=Patricia A.|title=Cave Pearl Data Logger: A Flexible Arduino-Based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323074361_Cave_Pearl_Data_Logger_A_Flexible_Arduino-Based_Logging_Platform_for_Long-Term_Monitoring_in_Harsh_Environments|publisher=[[ResearchGate]]|accessdate=April 26, 2026|date=February 2018}}</ref> Ebumnuche ọrụ a bụ ịbawanye ohere maka ngwá ọrụ sayensị na ịkwado sayensị obodo na nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi. === Ịdaba n'ime mmiri na nchọpụta === Beddows bụ onye na-egwu mmiri n'ọgba nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nyocha ya gụnyere nyocha nke usoro ọgba aghara dị n'okpuru mmiri. Ọrụ ya enyerego aka na ọmụmụ nke hydrology, geology, na archaeology, gụnyere nyocha banyere ozu mmadụ mbụ a chọtara n'ọgba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Diving for bones|url=https://news.wttw.com/2014/05/27/diving-bones|publisher=[[WTTW]]|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == A nabatara Beddows n'ime Women Divers Hall of Fame n'afọ 2021 iji kwado onyinye ya na nyocha n'okpuru mmiri, sayensị, na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Beddows, Ph.D.|url=https://www.wdhof.org/members/patricia-beddows-ph-d|publisher=Women Divers Hall of Fame|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na mgbasa ozi == Na Mahadum Northwestern, Beddows na-akụzi ọmụmụ na sayensị ihu igwe, hydrology, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, na usoro ubi. A maara ya maka itinye mmụta dabeere n'ọhịa n'ime nkuzi ya. Ọ natara ihe nrite iwu obodo site na Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Weinberg College faculty recognized for excellence in teaching|url=https://news.weinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/07/01/weinberg-college-arts-sciences-faculty-recognized-for-excellence-in-teaching/|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> O sonyere nke ukwuu na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth episode Dirty Secrets - Buried Trouble, nke gosi pụtara usoro ya nke iji "ihe na-acha odo odo yana usoro ndị ọzọ iji soro ụzọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala" mgbe "na-anwa ịchọpụta otu na ihe mmetọ na nje bacteria na-abanye" mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strange Days on Planet Earth - Buried Secrets, Dirty Trouble|url=https://www.pbs.org/strangedays/episodes/dirtysecrets/experts/buriedtrouble.html|publisher=[[PBS]] & [[National Geographic]]|accessdate=May 8, 2026|date=2006}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịdaba n'ime ọgba * Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [[PBS]].org/strangedays/educators/qa_beddows.html" id="mwwA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Peeji ajụjụ na azịza Beddow na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth nke PBS na-agbasa [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c7byn9s96hloi9qlddylmygvdaw7int 670698 670697 2026-07-01T16:59:49Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia A. Beddows''' bụ onye Canada hydrogeologist, ogba mmiri na onye nkuzi a maara maka nyocha ya na karst hydrogeology, usoro ọgba n'okpuru mmiri, na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate maka ngalaba nke Ụwa, Environmental, na Planetary Sciences na Mahadum Northwestern. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beddows gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bachelọ nke nka na-ukwu nke nka na Ọdịdị ala na Geology na Mahadum McMaster. O nwetara Ph.D. na sayensị ala na Mahadum Bristol n'afọ 2004. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Beddows bụ onye otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Northwestern, ebe ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-eduzi Sayensị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe Obibi na Ngalaba nke Ụwa, Gburugburu ebe obibi, na Sayensị Planetary.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu karst na usoro ọgba, gụnyere hydrogeology, geochemistry, na geomorphology. Ọ na-amụ ihe ndekọ paleoenvironmental nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe echekwara na ọgba dị ka speleothems na sediments.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa mmiri, njem mmetọ, geoarchaeology, na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu subterranean. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ọhịa na usoro ọgba dị n'okpuru mmiri, ọkachasị na Yucatán Peninsula, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ nyocha dị iche iche gbasara mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CINDAQ">{{Cite web|publisher=El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ)|work=CINDAQ|title=CINDAQ 2022 Annual report|url=https://www.cindaq.org/2022EN|date=January 26, 2023|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports Archives|url=https://www.cindaq.org/en/tag/reports/|accessdate=May 8, 2026|work=Cindaq|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ Pearl nke ọgba === Beddows so na ndị nchopụta Cave Pearl Project, atụmatụ nke na-emepe ihe onwunwe nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọnụ ala, nke na-emeghe maka gburugburu mmiri na ọgba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Cave Pearl Project|url=https://thecavepearlproject.org/about/about-me/|accessdate=6 April 2026|quote=The Cave Pearl Project was co-founded by Edward Mallon and Patricia Beddows}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Beddows|first=Patricia A.|title=Cave Pearl Data Logger: A Flexible Arduino-Based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323074361_Cave_Pearl_Data_Logger_A_Flexible_Arduino-Based_Logging_Platform_for_Long-Term_Monitoring_in_Harsh_Environments|publisher=[[ResearchGate]]|accessdate=April 26, 2026|date=February 2018}}</ref> Ebumnuche ọrụ a bụ ịbawanye ohere maka ngwá ọrụ sayensị na ịkwado sayensị obodo na nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi. === Ịdaba n'ime mmiri na nchọpụta === Beddows bụ onye na-egwu mmiri n'ọgba nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nyocha ya gụnyere nyocha nke usoro ọgba aghara dị n'okpuru mmiri. Ọrụ ya enyerego aka na ọmụmụ nke hydrology, geology, na archaeology, gụnyere nyocha banyere ozu mmadụ mbụ a chọtara n'ọgba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Diving for bones|url=https://news.wttw.com/2014/05/27/diving-bones|publisher=[[WTTW]]|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == A nabatara Beddows n'ime Women Divers Hall of Fame n'afọ 2021 iji kwado onyinye ya na nyocha n'okpuru mmiri, sayensị, na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Beddows, Ph.D.|url=https://www.wdhof.org/members/patricia-beddows-ph-d|publisher=Women Divers Hall of Fame|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na mgbasa ozi == Na Mahadum Northwestern, Beddows na-akụzi ọmụmụ na sayensị ihu igwe, hydrology, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, na usoro ubi. A maara ya maka itinye mmụta dabeere n'ọhịa n'ime nkuzi ya. Ọ natara ihe nrite iwu obodo site na Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Weinberg College faculty recognized for excellence in teaching|url=https://news.weinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/07/01/weinberg-college-arts-sciences-faculty-recognized-for-excellence-in-teaching/|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> O sonyere nke ukwuu na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth episode Dirty Secrets - Buried Trouble, nke gosi pụtara usoro ya nke iji "ihe na-acha odo odo yana usoro ndị ọzọ iji soro ụzọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala" mgbe "na-anwa ịchọpụta otu na ihe mmetọ na nje bacteria na-abanye" mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strange Days on Planet Earth - Buried Secrets, Dirty Trouble|url=https://www.pbs.org/strangedays/episodes/dirtysecrets/experts/buriedtrouble.html|publisher=[[PBS]] & [[National Geographic]]|accessdate=May 8, 2026|date=2006}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịdaba n'ime ọgba * Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [[PBS]].org/strangedays/educators/qa_beddows.html" id="mwwA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Peeji ajụjụ na azịza Beddow na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth nke PBS na-agbasa [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9lu6ys4ftgxk27hmojr725aj2i1urfo Osimiri Ruzizi 0 77238 670699 2026-07-01T17:29:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360749598|Ruzizi River]]" 670699 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist|30em}}The '''Ruzizi''' (a na-edekwa mgbe ụfọdụ '''Rusizi''', [[Asụsụ French|French]]; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') bụ osimiri, kilomita 117 (mile 73) n'ogologo,<ref name="Paleolimnological">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa|year=2007|author=Felton, Anna A.|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=252|issue=3–4}}</ref> nke na-asọ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Central Africa, na-agbada site na ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900) ruo ihe dị ka mita 770 (ụkwụ 2,530) n'elu oke osimiri n'ogologo ya.<ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|year=2013|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Oke kachasị elu na-eme n'ime kilomita iri anọ mbụ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise), ebe e wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri eletrik. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ, Rọzizi Plain, ala nke Western Rift Valley, nwere ugwu ndị dị nro, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na delta, otu ma ọ bụ obere ọwa abụọ na-ekewa site na ọwa isi.<ref name="Google maps" /> Ruzizi bụ osimiri dị obere, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa kọntinent kere Ugwu Virunga. Ugwu ndị ahụ gbochiri ụzọ mbụ ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri mmiri nke Naịl ma kama nke ahụ, ọ manyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ jupụta n'ebe ndịda site na Ruzizi na ebe ọpụpụ mmiri nke Congo.{{Commons category|Ruzizi River}} == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Ruzizi na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] N'akụkụ mmiri ya dị n'elu, osimiri ahụ na-etolite akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti [[Rwanda]] n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|year=2013|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=14 January 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778 "Google Maps"]. Google Maps. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịga n'ihu n'ala ala, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Burundi, ebe nsọtụ ya dị n'ime Burundi kpamkpam.<ref name="Google maps" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mokoso|first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu|date=31 March 2022|title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications|url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2024|work=Elewa.org/Journals|publisher=ELEWA}}</ref> N'ọdịda anyanwụ, ugwu ndị dị n'ugwu Fizi dị elu karịa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Doyle|first=Mark|title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2004|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Àkwà mmiri Concord, nke bụ àkwà mmiri kachasị ogologo na Burundi, na-agafe osimiri ahụ nso ọnụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara|editor=Murison, Katharine|publisher=Europa Publications|edition=32nd|isbn=978-1-85743-131-5}}</ref> Tributaries nke Ruzizi River gụnyere Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro na Ruhwa, na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acme Mapper (terrain)|publisher=Acme Labs|url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi, nke na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, bụ akụkụ nke mmiri dị n'elu nke Osimiri Congo. Ndị nchọpụta Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dịka Richard Francis Burton na John Hanning Speke, ndị na-amaghị ebe Ruzizi si aga, chere na ọ nwere ike ịsọda n'ebe ugwu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl Ọcha. Nnyocha ha na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ nke David Livingstone na Henry Morton Stanley mere gosiri na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ruzizi na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika, nke na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Lukuga dị ihe dị ka kilomita 120 (mile 75) n'ebe ndịda nke Ujiji. Lukuga na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Osimiri Lualaba, otu nnukwu mmiri nke Congo.<ref name="Ondaatje">{{Cite book|author=Ondaatje|first=Christoper|title=Journey to the Source of the Nile|publisher=Harper Collins|location=Toronto|year=1998|isbn=978-0-00-200019-2|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytosourceo00onda/page/166}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Rifting, nke na-adọpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ nke efere tectonic, emepụtala usoro Rift nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na ọtụtụ besịn na ọdọ mmiri ya. Sistemụ ahụ, n'ókè dị n'etiti efere Afrịka (Nubian Plate) na efere Somali, nwere alaka abụọ, ha abụọ na-eche ihu n'ebe ugwu-ndịda. Mkpọda n'alaka ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-akpọ Albertine Rift, malitere n'agbata afọ nde iri abụọ na ise na iri gara aga.<ref name="Danley">{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi dị n'akụkụ mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke gụnyere, site n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda, ọdọ mmiri Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Danley">{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDanleyHusemannDingDipietro2012">Danley, Patrick D.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Dipietro, Lyndsay M.; Beverly, Emily J.; Peppe, Daniel J.; et&nbsp;al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1155/2012/574851|10.1155/2012/574851]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 3408716]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22888465 22888465].</cite></ref> Mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa ahụ gbanwere njikọ dị n'etiti mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Danley">{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDanleyHusemannDingDipietro2012">Danley, Patrick D.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Dipietro, Lyndsay M.; Beverly, Emily J.; Peppe, Daniel J.; et&nbsp;al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1155/2012/574851|10.1155/2012/574851]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 3408716]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22888465 22888465].</cite></ref> Ihe dị ka afọ 13,000 ruo 9,000 gara aga, ihe mberede ugwu gbochiri ụzọ mbụ nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri Naịl.<ref name="Danley" /> Ugwu mgbawa ahụ mere ka ugwu ndị ahụ pụta, gụnyere ugwu ndị dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward, n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> E wee manye mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu gaa n'ebe ndịda Ruzizi.<ref name="Danley" /> Nke a, n'aka nke ya, mere ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika dị elu, nke jupụtara n'osimiri Lukga.<ref name="Danley" /> Mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara elu na ihu igwe emeela ka Ruzizi na Lukuga meghee ma mechie ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe ahụ.<ref name="Danley" /> == Mmiri eletrik == E wuru ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi I n'ọnụ ụzọ mmiri Ruzizi si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 1958. E tinyere ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi nke Abụọ n'afọ 1989. Ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke mba (Burundi, Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo) nke Economic Community of the Great Lakes nwere na-arụ ọrụ Ruzizi I na II. Òtù a na-eme atụmatụ maka ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, Ruzizi nke Atọ na Ruzizi nke Anọ.<ref name="water power" /> Ruzizi I nwere ike imepụta ihe dị ka megawatts 30 (MW) yana Ruzizi II ihe dịka 44 MW. A na-atụ anya na Ruzizi III, nke a ga-arụ n'okpuru abụọ ndị ọzọ, ga-enwe ike nke 145 MW mgbe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 2027. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Ruzizi nke Atọ, a ga-arụzigharị Ruzizi nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na e mechaa wuo Ruzizi IV, a ga-etinye ya n'etiti Ruzizi II na Ruzizi III, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa 200 MW. Na Jenụwarị 16, 2020, Ụlọ Akụ Mmepe Afrịka tinyere €8 nde maka enyemaka teknụzụ na ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi IV.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/|title=EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project|date=2020-01-16|work=Afrik 21|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-16}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-enye 287 MW nye Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda na Burundi.<ref name=":0" /> == Anụmanụ na osisi == A na-ahụkarị apịtị ahịhịa n'akụkụ isi ala nke osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya. N'akụkụ ọnụ ya, apịtị ndị dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ya ruru kilomita atọ (1.9 mi) obosara. A na-eme atụmatụ na oke ala apịtị dị na Burundi dị hekta 12,000 (eka 30,000) ebe ogologo ahịhịa dị iche iche site na mita 2 ruo 4 (6.6 ruo 13.1 ft), dabere na oke idei mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-eji ahịhịa ndị ahụ eme ihe maka ịkụ ahịhịa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ụlọ. E wezụga osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa, nke ehi na-ata ahịhịa nke ukwuu. Agụ iyi a na-akpọ Gustave, nke a na-akpọ agụ iyi na-eri mmadụ, na-agagharị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruzizi na n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. A na-ekwu na Gustave, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka mita isii (ụkwụ iri abụọ) n'ogologo, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilogram narị itoolu (2,000 lb), gburu ma rie ọtụtụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McRae|first=Michael|title=Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again|journal=National Geographic|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text|issue=February 2008|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> N'ihe nkiri ahụ nke na-egosi Gustave ("Capturing the Killer Croc"), onye na-akọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na "N'afọ 1950, oke ehi, enyí na anụ ọhịa warthog bi n'ala ahụ; ma mmadụ kpochapụrụ ha nke nta nke nta. Naanị onye lanarịrịnụ n'etiti nnukwu anụmanụ bụ hippopotamus. Ha na agụ iyi nile, nọ n'udo nke na esighi ike , na-ebikọ ọnụ n'osimiri ahụ." == Hụkwa == * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Mbụ * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Abụọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Rivers of Burundi}}{{Commons category|Ruzizi River}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ff2iqhzas0q5ja6b3w20pukuy4zrptp 670700 670699 2026-07-01T17:36:16Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670700 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist|30em}}'''Ruzizi''' (a na-edekwa mgbe ụfọdụ '''Rusizi''', [[Asụsụ French|French]]; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') bụ osimiri, kilomita 117 (mile 73) n'ogologo,<ref name="Paleolimnological">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa|year=2007|author=Felton, Anna A.|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=252|issue=3–4}}</ref> nke na-asọ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Central Africa, na-agbada site na ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900) ruo ihe dị ka mita 770 (ụkwụ 2,530) n'elu oke osimiri n'ogologo ya.<ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|year=2013|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Oke kachasị elu na-eme n'ime kilomita iri anọ mbụ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise), ebe e wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri eletrik. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ, Rọzizi Plain, ala nke Western Rift Valley, nwere ugwu ndị dị nro, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na delta, otu ma ọ bụ obere ọwa abụọ na-ekewa site na ọwa isi.<ref name="Google maps" /> Ruzizi bụ osimiri dị obere, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa kọntinent kere Ugwu Virunga. Ugwu ndị ahụ gbochiri ụzọ mbụ ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri mmiri nke Naịl ma kama nke ahụ, ọ manyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ jupụta n'ebe ndịda site na Ruzizi na ebe ọpụpụ mmiri nke Congo. == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Ruzizi na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] N'akụkụ mmiri ya dị n'elu, osimiri ahụ na-etolite akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti [[Rwanda]] n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Google maps" /> N'ịga n'ihu n'ala ala, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Burundi, ebe nsọtụ ya dị n'ime Burundi kpamkpam.<ref name="Google maps" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mokoso|first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu|date=31 March 2022|title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications|url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2024|work=Elewa.org/Journals|publisher=ELEWA}}</ref> N'ọdịda anyanwụ, ugwu ndị dị n'ugwu Fizi dị elu karịa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Doyle|first=Mark|title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2004|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Àkwà mmiri Concord, nke bụ àkwà mmiri kachasị ogologo na Burundi, na-agafe osimiri ahụ nso ọnụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara|editor=Murison, Katharine|publisher=Europa Publications|edition=32nd|isbn=978-1-85743-131-5}}</ref> Tributaries nke Ruzizi River gụnyere Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro na Ruhwa, na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acme Mapper (terrain)|publisher=Acme Labs|url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi, nke na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, bụ akụkụ nke mmiri dị n'elu nke Osimiri Congo. Ndị nchọpụta Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dịka Richard Francis Burton na John Hanning Speke, ndị na-amaghị ebe Ruzizi si aga, chere na ọ nwere ike ịsọda n'ebe ugwu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl Ọcha. Nnyocha ha na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ nke David Livingstone na Henry Morton Stanley mere gosiri na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ruzizi na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika, nke na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Lukuga dị ihe dị ka kilomita 120 (mile 75) n'ebe ndịda nke Ujiji. Lukuga na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Osimiri Lualaba, otu nnukwu mmiri nke Congo.<ref name="Ondaatje">{{Cite book|author=Ondaatje|first=Christoper|title=Journey to the Source of the Nile|publisher=Harper Collins|location=Toronto|year=1998|isbn=978-0-00-200019-2|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytosourceo00onda/page/166}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Rifting, nke na-adọpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ nke efere tectonic, emepụtala usoro Rift nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na ọtụtụ besịn na ọdọ mmiri ya. Sistemụ ahụ, n'ókè dị n'etiti efere Afrịka (Nubian Plate) na efere Somali, nwere alaka abụọ, ha abụọ na-eche ihu n'ebe ugwu-ndịda. Mkpọda n'alaka ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-akpọ Albertine Rift, malitere n'agbata afọ nde iri abụọ na ise na iri gara aga.<ref name="Danley">{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi dị n'akụkụ mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke gụnyere, site n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda, ọdọ mmiri Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Danley" /> Mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa ahụ gbanwere njikọ dị n'etiti mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Danley" /> Ihe dị ka afọ 13,000 ruo 9,000 gara aga, ihe mberede ugwu gbochiri ụzọ mbụ nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri Naịl.<ref name="Danley" /> Ugwu mgbawa ahụ mere ka ugwu ndị ahụ pụta, gụnyere ugwu ndị dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward, n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> E wee manye mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu gaa n'ebe ndịda Ruzizi.<ref name="Danley" /> Nke a, n'aka nke ya, mere ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika dị elu, nke jupụtara n'osimiri Lukga.<ref name="Danley" /> Mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara elu na ihu igwe emeela ka Ruzizi na Lukuga meghee ma mechie ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe ahụ.<ref name="Danley" /> == Mmiri eletrik == E wuru ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi I n'ọnụ ụzọ mmiri Ruzizi si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 1958. E tinyere ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi nke Abụọ n'afọ 1989. Ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke mba (Burundi, Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo) nke Economic Community of the Great Lakes nwere na-arụ ọrụ Ruzizi I na II. Òtù a na-eme atụmatụ maka ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, Ruzizi nke Atọ na Ruzizi nke Anọ.<ref name="water power">{{cite journal|title=Sizing Up African Hydro|journal=Water Power|url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2060823|date=4 October 2011|access-date=14 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ruzizi nwere ike imepụta ihe dị ka megawatts 30 (MW) yana Ruzizi II ihe dịka 44 MW. A na-atụ anya na Ruzizi III, nke a ga-arụ n'okpuru abụọ ndị ọzọ, ga-enwe ike nke 145 MW mgbe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 2027. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Ruzizi nke Atọ, a ga-arụzigharị Ruzizi nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na e mechaa wuo Ruzizi IV, a ga-etinye ya n'etiti Ruzizi II na Ruzizi III, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa 200 MW. Na Jenụwarị 16, 2020, Ụlọ Akụ Mmepe Afrịka tinyere €8 nde maka enyemaka teknụzụ na ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi IV.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/|title=EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project|date=2020-01-16|work=Afrik 21|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-16}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-enye 287 MW nye Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda na Burundi.<ref name=":0" /> == Anụmanụ na osisi == A na-ahụkarị apịtị ahịhịa n'akụkụ isi ala nke osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya. N'akụkụ ọnụ ya, apịtị ndị dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ya ruru kilomita atọ (1.9 mi) obosara. A na-eme atụmatụ na oke ala apịtị dị na Burundi dị hekta 12,000 (eka 30,000) ebe ogologo ahịhịa dị iche iche site na mita 2 ruo 4 (6.6 ruo 13.1 ft), dabere na oke idei mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-eji ahịhịa ndị ahụ eme ihe maka ịkụ ahịhịa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ụlọ. E wezụga osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa, nke ehi na-ata ahịhịa nke ukwuu. Agụ iyi a na-akpọ Gustave, nke a na-akpọ agụ iyi na-eri mmadụ, na-agagharị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruzizi na n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. A na-ekwu na Gustave, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka mita isii (ụkwụ iri abụọ) n'ogologo, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilogram narị itoolu (2,000 lb), gburu ma rie ọtụtụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McRae|first=Michael|title=Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again|journal=National Geographic|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text|issue=February 2008|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> N'ihe nkiri ahụ nke na-egosi Gustave ("Capturing the Killer Croc"), onye na-akọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na "N'afọ 1950, oke ehi, enyí na anụ ọhịa warthog bi n'ala ahụ; ma mmadụ kpochapụrụ ha nke nta nke nta. Naanị onye lanarịrịnụ n'etiti nnukwu anụmanụ bụ hippopotamus. Ha na agụ iyi nile, nọ n'udo nke na esighi ike , na-ebikọ ọnụ n'osimiri ahụ." == Hụkwa == * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Mbụ * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Abụọ == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Rivers of Burundi}}{{Commons category|Ruzizi River}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7f8gy7nurg5w4m4ddp3vjghq0ujj5bv 670701 670700 2026-07-01T17:37:42Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670701 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist|30em}}'''Ruzizi''' (a na-edekwa mgbe ụfọdụ '''Rusizi''', [[Asụsụ French|French]]; ''Rivière Ruzizi''; Dutch: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') bụ osimiri, kilomita 117 (mile 73) n'ogologo,<ref name="Paleolimnological">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa|year=2007|author=Felton, Anna A.|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=252|issue=3–4}}</ref> nke na-asọ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Central Africa, na-agbada site na ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900) ruo ihe dị ka mita 770 (ụkwụ 2,530) n'elu oke osimiri n'ogologo ya.<ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|year=2013|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Oke kachasị elu na-eme n'ime kilomita iri anọ mbụ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise), ebe e wuru ihe mgbochi mmiri eletrik. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ, Rọzizi Plain, ala nke Western Rift Valley, nwere ugwu ndị dị nro, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na delta, otu ma ọ bụ obere ọwa abụọ na-ekewa site na ọwa isi.<ref name="Google maps" /> Ruzizi bụ osimiri dị obere, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa kọntinent kere Ugwu Virunga. Ugwu ndị ahụ gbochiri ụzọ mbụ ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri mmiri nke Naịl ma kama nke ahụ, ọ manyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ jupụta n'ebe ndịda site na Ruzizi na ebe ọpụpụ mmiri nke Congo. == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Ruzizi na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] N'akụkụ mmiri ya dị n'elu, osimiri ahụ na-etolite akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti [[Rwanda]] n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Google maps" /> N'ịga n'ihu n'ala ala, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Burundi, ebe nsọtụ ya dị n'ime Burundi kpamkpam.<ref name="Google maps" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mokoso|first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu|date=31 March 2022|title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications|url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2024|work=Elewa.org/Journals|publisher=ELEWA}}</ref> N'ọdịda anyanwụ, ugwu ndị dị n'ugwu Fizi dị elu karịa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Doyle|first=Mark|title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2004|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Àkwà mmiri Concord, nke bụ àkwà mmiri kachasị ogologo na Burundi, na-agafe osimiri ahụ nso ọnụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara|editor=Murison, Katharine|publisher=Europa Publications|edition=32nd|isbn=978-1-85743-131-5}}</ref> Tributaries nke Ruzizi River gụnyere Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro na Ruhwa, na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acme Mapper (terrain)|publisher=Acme Labs|url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi, nke na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, bụ akụkụ nke mmiri dị n'elu nke Osimiri Congo. Ndị nchọpụta Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dịka Richard Francis Burton na John Hanning Speke, ndị na-amaghị ebe Ruzizi si aga, chere na ọ nwere ike ịsọda n'ebe ugwu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl Ọcha. Nnyocha ha na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ nke David Livingstone na Henry Morton Stanley mere gosiri na ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ruzizi na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika, nke na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Lukuga dị ihe dị ka kilomita 120 (mile 75) n'ebe ndịda nke Ujiji. Lukuga na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Osimiri Lualaba, otu nnukwu mmiri nke Congo.<ref name="Ondaatje">{{Cite book|author=Ondaatje|first=Christoper|title=Journey to the Source of the Nile|publisher=Harper Collins|location=Toronto|year=1998|isbn=978-0-00-200019-2|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytosourceo00onda/page/166}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Rifting, nke na-adọpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ nke efere tectonic, emepụtala usoro Rift nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na ọtụtụ besịn na ọdọ mmiri ya. Sistemụ ahụ, n'ókè dị n'etiti efere Afrịka (Nubian Plate) na efere Somali, nwere alaka abụọ, ha abụọ na-eche ihu n'ebe ugwu-ndịda. Mkpọda n'alaka ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-akpọ Albertine Rift, malitere n'agbata afọ nde iri abụọ na ise na iri gara aga.<ref name="Danley">{{Cite journal|author=Danley|first=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|year=2012}}</ref> Osimiri Ruzizi dị n'akụkụ mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke gụnyere, site n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda, ọdọ mmiri Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Danley" /> Mgbawa nke jikọtara ya na mgbawa ahụ gbanwere njikọ dị n'etiti mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="Danley" /> Ihe dị ka afọ 13,000 ruo 9,000 gara aga, ihe mberede ugwu gbochiri ụzọ mbụ nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu si abanye na mmiri Naịl.<ref name="Danley" /> Ugwu mgbawa ahụ mere ka ugwu ndị ahụ pụta, gụnyere ugwu ndị dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward, n'ebe ugwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> E wee manye mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu gaa n'ebe ndịda Ruzizi.<ref name="Danley" /> Nke a, n'aka nke ya, mere ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika dị elu, nke jupụtara n'osimiri Lukga.<ref name="Danley" /> Mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara elu na ihu igwe emeela ka Ruzizi na Lukuga meghee ma mechie ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe ahụ.<ref name="Danley" /> == Mmiri eletrik == E wuru ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi I n'ọnụ ụzọ mmiri Ruzizi si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 1958. E tinyere ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi nke Abụọ n'afọ 1989. Ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke mba (Burundi, Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo) nke Economic Community of the Great Lakes nwere na-arụ ọrụ Ruzizi I na II. Òtù a na-eme atụmatụ maka ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, Ruzizi nke Atọ na Ruzizi nke Anọ.<ref name="water power">{{cite journal|title=Sizing Up African Hydro|journal=Water Power|url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2060823|date=4 October 2011|access-date=14 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ruzizi nwere ike imepụta ihe dị ka megawatts 30 (MW) yana Ruzizi II ihe dịka 44 MW. A na-atụ anya na Ruzizi III, nke a ga-arụ n'okpuru abụọ ndị ọzọ, ga-enwe ike nke 145 MW mgbe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 2027. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Ruzizi nke Atọ, a ga-arụzigharị Ruzizi nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na e mechaa wuo Ruzizi IV, a ga-etinye ya n'etiti Ruzizi II na Ruzizi III, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ karịa 200 MW. Na Jenụwarị 16, 2020, Ụlọ Akụ Mmepe Afrịka tinyere €8 nde maka enyemaka teknụzụ na ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ruzizi IV.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/|title=EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project|date=2020-01-16|work=Afrik 21|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-16}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-enye 287 MW nye Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda na Burundi.<ref name=":0" /> == Anụmanụ na osisi == A na-ahụkarị apịtị ahịhịa n'akụkụ isi ala nke osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya. N'akụkụ ọnụ ya, apịtị ndị dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ya ruru kilomita atọ (1.9 mi) obosara. A na-eme atụmatụ na oke ala apịtị dị na Burundi dị hekta 12,000 (eka 30,000) ebe ogologo ahịhịa dị iche iche site na mita 2 ruo 4 (6.6 ruo 13.1 ft), dabere na oke idei mmiri ahụ. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-eji ahịhịa ndị ahụ eme ihe maka ịkụ ahịhịa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ụlọ. E wezụga osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ nwere ahịhịa, nke ehi na-ata ahịhịa nke ukwuu. Agụ iyi a na-akpọ Gustave, nke a na-akpọ agụ iyi na-eri mmadụ, na-agagharị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruzizi na n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. A na-ekwu na Gustave, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka mita isii (ụkwụ iri abụọ) n'ogologo, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilogram narị itoolu (2,000 lb), gburu ma rie ọtụtụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McRae|first=Michael|title=Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again|journal=National Geographic|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text|issue=February 2008|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> N'ihe nkiri ahụ nke na-egosi Gustave ("Capturing the Killer Croc"), onye na-akọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na "N'afọ 1950, oke ehi, enyí na anụ ọhịa warthog bi n'ala ahụ; ma mmadụ kpochapụrụ ha nke nta nke nta. Naanị onye lanarịrịnụ n'etiti nnukwu anụmanụ bụ hippopotamus. Ha na agụ iyi nile, nọ n'udo nke na esighi ike , na-ebikọ ọnụ n'osimiri ahụ." == Hụkwa == * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Mbụ * Àkwà mmiri Ruzizi nke Abụọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Ruzizi River}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fy0zqgwxrbpi933sjh2jg7xz8tctvdf Emuoboh Ken Gbagi 0 77239 670702 2026-07-01T17:55:53Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359324773|Emuoboh Ken Gbagi]]" 670702 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emuoboh Ken Gbagi''' bụ onye azụmahịa nke Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi obodo. Ọ bụ nwa Olorogun Kenneth O. Gbagi, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Igwe|first=Ignatius|date=2024-05-05|title=Former Minister Kenneth Gbagi Dies At 62|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/05/delta-sdp-gov-candidate-kenneth-gbagi-dies-at-62/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref> onye bụbu Minista nke Agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluwafemi|first=Ayodele|date=2024-05-05|title=Kenneth Gbagi, former minister, dies aged 62|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kenneth-gbagi-former-minister-dies-aged-62/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Gbagi gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Greensprings na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Atlantic Hall, ha abụọ dị na Lagos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-26|title=Gbagi Recounts Journey Through Academic Excellence, Charges Youth to Value Education|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/gbagi-recounts-journey-through-academic-excellence-charges-youth-to-value-education/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Munster High School na Indiana, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Mahadum Purdue, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|USA]], tupu ọ gaa Mahadum Novena, Delta Steeti, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nchịkwa azụmaahịa..<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Gbagi malitere njem ọkachamara ya na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United Steeti]], na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-asa ụgbọala na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ na dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ na-ere ahịa na KFC na afọ puku abụọ na anọ . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2024-09-21|title=From KFC Clerk to Business Mogul: Chief Emuoboh's inspiring rise|url=https://guardian.ng/features/focus/from-kfc-clerk-to-business-mogul-chief-emuobohs-inspiring-rise/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Purdue, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-26|title=Gbagi Recounts Journey Through Academic Excellence, Charges Youth to Value Education|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/gbagi-recounts-journey-through-academic-excellence-charges-youth-to-value-education/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na afọ puku abụọ na itoolu , ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa nke GKO Properties Group, na-elekọta ihe onwunwe dị iche iche gụnyere Signatious Hotel na [[Warri]], Delta Steeti .<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-20|title=Chief Emuoboh: A Political Journey Unveiled|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-a-political-journey-unveiled/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> O mechara guzobe Blue Delta Integrated Services Limited, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-ahụ maka ihuenyo dijitalụ na akara ngosi.<ref name=":1" /> Nke a ghọrọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa, gụnyere mbelata mara mma, agbụ ejiji ụmụ nwoke, yana Blue Delta Petroleum Resources Ltd. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke GKO Group of Companies, nke na-arụ ọrụ na ile ọbịa, ihe owuwu, nchekwa, na mmanụ na gas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-09-22|title=Emuoboh Gbagi continues father's legacy with filling station opening|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/emuoboh-gbagi-continues-fathers-legacy-with-filling-station-opening/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Septemba 2024, n'okpuru nduzi Chief Gbagi, Falcon Bay Energy malitere ọrụ ọzọ n'ebe a na-ere mmanụ ụgbọala na Ugbolokposo Junction, Uvwie LGA, nke mere ka azụmaahịa ezinụlọ maliteghachi ikesa mmanụ ụgbọala. A kọwara mwepụta ọzọ ahụ, nke emere n'ụbọchị ọmụmụ Kenneth Gbagi nwụrụ anwụ, dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ihe ndị o mepụtara .<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-09-22|title=Emuoboh Gbagi continues father's legacy with filling station opening|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/emuoboh-gbagi-continues-fathers-legacy-with-filling-station-opening/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Gbagi bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-20|title=Chief Emuoboh: A Political Journey Unveiled|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-a-political-journey-unveiled/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Jeremi Ward 2 na [[Ughelli Saut|Ughelli South]] Local Government Area na afọ 2014 na 2018.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ya maka Ụlọ Nzukọ Delta State na 2018 enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche n'ime Gọọmentị Delta State.<ref name=":1" /> Site n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015 ruo n'ọnw Ọgọstụ 2018, ọ bụ onye isi enyemaka nke Gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Delta|Delta Steeti]] na Delta State Oil Producing Area Development Commission (DESOPADEC). <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2024-09-26|title=My contribution to Niger Delta transformation with DESOPADEC — Gbagi|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-contribution-to-niger-delta-transformation-with-desopadec-gbagi/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ na DESOPADEC site n'October 2018 ruo May 2019 na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ ọnụ na mmepe ndị ntorobịa maka oge abụọ.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ nke College of Special Advisers, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo na Mee 2023.<ref name=":1" /> == Nduzi obodo == N'ikele ya maka ihe o mere ndị obodo nakwa mmepe na onye ndu ndị ntorobịa, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2024-09-28|title=Gbagi calls for investment in youths to secure Nigeria's future|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gbagi-calls-for-investment-in-youths-to-secure-nigerias-future/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> E nyere Gbagi aha ọdịnala nke Ame nke [[Ugheli|Ughelli]] kingdom site n'aka His Royal Majesty, Oharisi the Ovie nke Ughelli Kingdom nà Jenụwarị n'afọ 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-26|title=Chief Emuoboh Gbagi Honoured as Ame of Ughelli Kingdom|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-gbagi-honoured-as-ame-of-ughelli-kingdom/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Disemba 2024, mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, a họpụtara ya dị ka Ame nke Ughievwen Kingdom n'oge emume n'obí eze nke Eze Ukwu Dr. Matthew Ediri Egbi, Okobaro nke Ughyevwen Kingdom duziri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-12-18|title=Emuoboh Gbagi succeeds late father as 'Ame of Ughievwen Kingdom'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/emuoboh-gbagi-succeeds-late-father-as-ame-of-ughievwen-kingdom/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Gbagi na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara enyemaka, gụnyere ịga ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe niile iji nye ndị ọrịa chọrọ nlekọta ahụike enyemaka ego.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2024-09-08|title=World Charity Day: Delta businessman fetes patients at Otu-Jerem|url=https://guardian.ng/news/world-charity-day-delta-businessman-fetes-patients-at-otu-jeremi-general-hospital/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>O jikwa obi ya niile kwado agụmakwụkwọ site n'ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, inyere ndị nkuzi aka, na inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe mmụta.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Alao Abiodun {{!}} Senior|date=2024-10-10|title=Gbagi fetes teachers at World Teachers Day 2024|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gbagi-fetes-teachers-at-world-teachers-day-2024/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ụbọchị ọrụ ebere nke ụwa (Septemba 2024), ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị a na-akwụghị ụgwọ maka ndị ọrịa karịrị iri na Otu-Jeremi General Hospital, napụta ọtụtụ n'ime ha site na ịnọ ogologo oge n'ihi nsogbu ego.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2024-09-08|title=World Charity Day: Delta businessman fetes patients at Otu-Jerem|url=https://guardian.ng/news/world-charity-day-delta-businessman-fetes-patients-at-otu-jeremi-general-hospital/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeshioye2024">Meshioye, David (2024-09-08). [https://guardian.ng/news/world-charity-day-delta-businessman-fetes-patients-at-otu-jeremi-general-hospital/ "World Charity Day: Delta businessman fetes patients at Otu-Jerem"]. ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]''. Lagos, Nigeria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa na mmetụta obodo == N'ime Mee 2025, Gbagi kwadoro ụlọ ahịa ọhụrụ na Ugbolokposo Junction na ebe nchekwa nna ya nwụrụ anwụ, Olorogun Kenneth Gbagi. Mmemme ahụ, nke ndị ndu a ma ama gụnyere HRM Matthew Ediri Egbi na Archbishop God-Dowell Oyibo bịara, gosipụtara ebe ahụ dị ka ma azụmahịa ma ihe nnọchianya nke ọhụụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nna ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2025-05-24|title=New Shopping Plaza dedicated in memory of late Gbagi in Delta|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/new-shopping-plaza-dedicated-in-memory-of-late-gbagi-in-delta/|accessdate=2025-08-19|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Gbagi bụ onye e nyere onyinye "Onye Kachasị Ntorobịa Nwere Ọkwa nke Afọ (2019)" site na Udu Icon/Role Model Awards.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Agberebi|first=James|date=2019-11-23|title=Emuoboh Gbagi Bags Prestigious Award as 2019 Most Distinguished Youngest Office Holder|url=https://guardian.ng/news/emuoboh-gbagi-bags-prestigious-award-as-2019-most-distinguished-youngest-office-holder/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 7n8i7qmj8sw1xd53dczzxkuipt9mp88 670703 670702 2026-07-01T17:58:35Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed reference error 670703 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emuoboh Ken Gbagi''' bụ onye azụmahịa nke Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi obodo. Ọ bụ nwa Olorogun Kenneth O. Gbagi, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Igwe|first=Ignatius|date=2024-05-05|title=Former Minister Kenneth Gbagi Dies At 62|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/05/delta-sdp-gov-candidate-kenneth-gbagi-dies-at-62/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref> onye bụbu Minista nke Agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluwafemi|first=Ayodele|date=2024-05-05|title=Kenneth Gbagi, former minister, dies aged 62|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kenneth-gbagi-former-minister-dies-aged-62/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Gbagi gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Greensprings na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Atlantic Hall, ha abụọ dị na Lagos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-26|title=Gbagi Recounts Journey Through Academic Excellence, Charges Youth to Value Education|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/gbagi-recounts-journey-through-academic-excellence-charges-youth-to-value-education/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Munster High School na Indiana, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Mahadum Purdue, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|USA]], tupu ọ gaa Mahadum Novena, Delta Steeti, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nchịkwa azụmaahịa..<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Gbagi malitere njem ọkachamara ya na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United Steeti]], na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-asa ụgbọala na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ na dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ na-ere ahịa na KFC na afọ puku abụọ na anọ . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2024-09-21|title=From KFC Clerk to Business Mogul: Chief Emuoboh's inspiring rise|url=https://guardian.ng/features/focus/from-kfc-clerk-to-business-mogul-chief-emuobohs-inspiring-rise/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Purdue, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2024-09-26|title=Gbagi Recounts Journey Through Academic Excellence, Charges Youth to Value Education|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/gbagi-recounts-journey-through-academic-excellence-charges-youth-to-value-education/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na afọ puku abụọ na itoolu , ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa nke GKO Properties Group, na-elekọta ihe onwunwe dị iche iche gụnyere Signatious Hotel na [[Warri]], Delta Steeti .<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-20|title=Chief Emuoboh: A Political Journey Unveiled|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-a-political-journey-unveiled/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> O mechara guzobe Blue Delta Integrated Services Limited, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-ahụ maka ihuenyo dijitalụ na akara ngosi.<ref name=":1" /> Nke a ghọrọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa, gụnyere mbelata mara mma, agbụ ejiji ụmụ nwoke, yana Blue Delta Petroleum Resources Ltd. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke GKO Group of Companies, nke na-arụ ọrụ na ile ọbịa, ihe owuwu, nchekwa, na mmanụ na gas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-09-22|title=Emuoboh Gbagi continues father's legacy with filling station opening|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/emuoboh-gbagi-continues-fathers-legacy-with-filling-station-opening/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Septemba 2024, n'okpuru nduzi Chief Gbagi, Falcon Bay Energy malitere ọrụ ọzọ n'ebe a na-ere mmanụ ụgbọala na Ugbolokposo Junction, Uvwie LGA, nke mere ka azụmaahịa ezinụlọ maliteghachi ikesa mmanụ ụgbọala. A kọwara mwepụta ọzọ ahụ, nke emere n'ụbọchị ọmụmụ Kenneth Gbagi nwụrụ anwụ, dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ihe ndị o mepụtara .<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-09-22|title=Emuoboh Gbagi continues father's legacy with filling station opening|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/emuoboh-gbagi-continues-fathers-legacy-with-filling-station-opening/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Gbagi bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-20|title=Chief Emuoboh: A Political Journey Unveiled|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-a-political-journey-unveiled/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Jeremi Ward 2 na [[Ughelli Saut|Ughelli South]] Local Government Area na afọ 2014 na 2018.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ya maka Ụlọ Nzukọ Delta State na 2018 enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, o nwere ọkwa dị iche iche n'ime Gọọmentị Delta State.<ref name=":1" /> Site n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015 ruo n'ọnw Ọgọstụ 2018, ọ bụ onye isi enyemaka nke Gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Delta|Delta Steeti]] na Delta State Oil Producing Area Development Commission (DESOPADEC). <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|date=2024-09-26|title=My contribution to Niger Delta transformation with DESOPADEC — Gbagi|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-contribution-to-niger-delta-transformation-with-desopadec-gbagi/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ na DESOPADEC site n'October 2018 ruo May 2019 na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ ọnụ na mmepe ndị ntorobịa maka oge abụọ.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ nke College of Special Advisers, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo na Mee 2023.<ref name=":1" /> == Nduzi obodo == N'ikele ya maka ihe o mere ndị obodo nakwa mmepe na onye ndu ndị ntorobịa, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2024-09-28|title=Gbagi calls for investment in youths to secure Nigeria's future|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gbagi-calls-for-investment-in-youths-to-secure-nigerias-future/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> E nyere Gbagi aha ọdịnala nke Ame nke [[Ugheli|Ughelli]] kingdom site n'aka His Royal Majesty, Oharisi the Ovie nke Ughelli Kingdom nà Jenụwarị n'afọ 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-09-26|title=Chief Emuoboh Gbagi Honoured as Ame of Ughelli Kingdom|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/chief-emuoboh-gbagi-honoured-as-ame-of-ughelli-kingdom/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Disemba 2024, mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, a họpụtara ya dị ka Ame nke Ughievwen Kingdom n'oge emume n'obí eze nke Eze Ukwu Dr. Matthew Ediri Egbi, Okobaro nke Ughyevwen Kingdom duziri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2024-12-18|title=Emuoboh Gbagi succeeds late father as 'Ame of Ughievwen Kingdom'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/emuoboh-gbagi-succeeds-late-father-as-ame-of-ughievwen-kingdom/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Gbagi na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara enyemaka, gụnyere ịga ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe niile iji nye ndị ọrịa chọrọ nlekọta ahụike enyemaka ego.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2024-09-08|title=World Charity Day: Delta businessman fetes patients at Otu-Jerem|url=https://guardian.ng/news/world-charity-day-delta-businessman-fetes-patients-at-otu-jeremi-general-hospital/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>O jikwa obi ya niile kwado agụmakwụkwọ site n'ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, inyere ndị nkuzi aka, na inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe mmụta.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Alao Abiodun {{!}} Senior|date=2024-10-10|title=Gbagi fetes teachers at World Teachers Day 2024|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gbagi-fetes-teachers-at-world-teachers-day-2024/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ụbọchị ọrụ ebere nke ụwa (Septemba 2024), ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị a na-akwụghị ụgwọ maka ndị ọrịa karịrị iri na Otu-Jeremi General Hospital, napụta ọtụtụ n'ime ha site na ịnọ ogologo oge n'ihi nsogbu ego.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ azụmahịa na mmetụta obodo == N'ime Mee 2025, Gbagi kwadoro ụlọ ahịa ọhụrụ na Ugbolokposo Junction na ebe nchekwa nna ya nwụrụ anwụ, Olorogun Kenneth Gbagi. Mmemme ahụ, nke ndị ndu a ma ama gụnyere HRM Matthew Ediri Egbi na Archbishop God-Dowell Oyibo bịara, gosipụtara ebe ahụ dị ka ma azụmahịa ma ihe nnọchianya nke ọhụụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nna ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2025-05-24|title=New Shopping Plaza dedicated in memory of late Gbagi in Delta|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/new-shopping-plaza-dedicated-in-memory-of-late-gbagi-in-delta/|accessdate=2025-08-19|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Gbagi bụ onye e nyere onyinye "Onye Kachasị Ntorobịa Nwere Ọkwa nke Afọ (2019)" site na Udu Icon/Role Model Awards.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Agberebi|first=James|date=2019-11-23|title=Emuoboh Gbagi Bags Prestigious Award as 2019 Most Distinguished Youngest Office Holder|url=https://guardian.ng/news/emuoboh-gbagi-bags-prestigious-award-as-2019-most-distinguished-youngest-office-holder/|accessdate=2025-06-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] s7efgfzv2f8flyu34e8dxadzvtmj8yr Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye 0 77240 670705 2026-07-01T18:06:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359253669|Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye]]" 670705 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye''' ({{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye.wav|listen}}) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ozi na Kwara Steeti n'oge ọchịchị onye bụbu Gọvanọ [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-23|title=EFCC re-arraigns ex-Kwara commissioner|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/efcc-re-arraigns-ex-kwara-commissioner/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Arụmụka == [[Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ Akụ na Akụ na Ụgwọ|EFCC]] gbara Moronfoye akwụkwọ n'afọ 2015 maka ebubo nke iji ọrụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, ịdọrọ ego ọha na eze, na ịkpa ego nke ihe dị ka nde naira iri na ise . E boro ya ebubo na ọ na-enye ihe karịrị nde Naịra abụọ na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ ọ nwere mmasị na ya. E boro ya ebubo na ya na Ope Saraki, onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ Abdulfatah Ahmed, onye nwekwara otu ebubo ahụ. E nyere ha abụọ mgbapụta mgbe a kpụchara ha ikpe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2015-05-14|title=N371m contract scam: Moronfoye, Kwara Commissioner, Ope Saraki arraigned|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/n371m-contract-scam-moronfoye-kwara-commissioner-ope-saraki-arraigned/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=N371m Scam: Court Adjourns Ex-Kwara Commissioner's Case|url=https://nta.ng/2016/06/16/n371m-scam-court-adjourns-ex-kwara-commissioners-case/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Nigerian Television Authority|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=NAN|date=2016-02-09|title=EFCC re-arraigns ex-Kwara Commissioner, Saraki's cousin over contract scam|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/efcc-re-arraigns-ex-kwara-commissioner-sarakis-cousin-over-contract-scam/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 99luuwwy4a037sh8cu38m1yvbjwt0lb Murtala Sule Garo 0 77241 670707 2026-07-01T18:17:12Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360671299|Murtala Sule Garo]]" 670707 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Murtala Sule Garo | office = Deputy Governor of Kano State | predecessor = [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo]] | term_start = 27 April 2026 | governor = [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] | governor2 = Abdullahi Umar Ganduje | office1 = Commissioner for Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, Kano State | termstart1 = 2015 | termend1 = 2023 | termstart2 = }} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti kemgbe afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asaa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Kano Assembly clears Garo's nomination as Deputy Governor|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kano-assembly-clears-garos-nomination-as-deputy-governor/|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2026|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna maka Gọọmentị Obodo na Chieftaincy Affairs na Kano Steeti.<ref name="o548">{{Cite web|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|title=Murtala Sule Garo sworn in as Kano Deputy Governor|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=2026-05-05|url=https://dailypost.ng/2026/05/05/murtala-sule-garo-sworn-in-as-kano-deputy-governor/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye osote gọvanọ nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web|title=The State House, Abuja|work=The State House|date=2026-05-05|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Murtala Sule Garo n'afọ 1978 n'obodo Garo nke Kano Obodo Gọọmentị nke Kano Steeti, Naịjirịa <ref name="k703">{{Cite web|author=Maccido|first=Abubakar|title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor|work=BBC News Pidgin|date=2026-04-22|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Garo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nhazi steeti nke pati ya, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke steeti Kano, ma họpụtakwa ya dịka onyeisi oche nke mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Kabo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Kano Assembly clears Garo's nomination as Deputy Governor|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kano-assembly-clears-garos-nomination-as-deputy-governor/|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2026|accessdate=6 May 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/news/kano-assembly-clears-garos-nomination-as-deputy-governor/ "Kano Assembly clears Garo's nomination as Deputy Governor"]. ''The Guardian''. 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Kano State nke Association of Local Governments of Nigeria . <ref name="s171">{{Cite news|author=Adeuyi|first=Seun|title=Kano Assembly sets up c'ttee to screen Garo|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=2026-04-22|url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-kano-assembly-sets-up-cttee-to-screen-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti == N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, mgbe osote Gọvanọ Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo gbara arụkwaghịm, Gọvanor Abba Kabir Yusuf họpụtara Garo dị ka osote Gọọvanọ nke Kano Steeti n'okpuru ngalaba 191 (3) nke Iwu Iwu Nigeria nke 1999.<ref name="p341">{{Cite web|author=Adewale|first=Murtala|title=Garo to appear before assembly committee for screening Monday|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2026-04-22|url=https://guardian.ng/news/garo-to-appear-before-assembly-committee-for-screening-monday/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2026, ụlọ omebe iwu nke steeti Kano nyochara ma kwado nhọpụta ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web|author=Okere|first=Alexander|title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov|work=Channels Television|date=2026-04-27|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Garo, Murtala Sule}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọ̀]] f5kc5u21jcspam0rb3a8s7zsp0a00xh 670708 670707 2026-07-01T18:20:17Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed reference error 670708 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Murtala Sule Garo | office = Deputy Governor of Kano State | predecessor = [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo]] | term_start = 27 April 2026 | governor = [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] | governor2 = Abdullahi Umar Ganduje | office1 = Commissioner for Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, Kano State | termstart1 = 2015 | termend1 = 2023 | termstart2 = }} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti kemgbe afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asaa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Kano Assembly clears Garo's nomination as Deputy Governor|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kano-assembly-clears-garos-nomination-as-deputy-governor/|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2026|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna maka Gọọmentị Obodo na Chieftaincy Affairs na Kano Steeti.<ref name="o548">{{Cite web|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|title=Murtala Sule Garo sworn in as Kano Deputy Governor|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=2026-05-05|url=https://dailypost.ng/2026/05/05/murtala-sule-garo-sworn-in-as-kano-deputy-governor/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye osote gọvanọ nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web|title=The State House, Abuja|work=The State House|date=2026-05-05|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Murtala Sule Garo n'afọ 1978 n'obodo Garo nke Kano Obodo Gọọmentị nke Kano Steeti, Naịjirịa <ref name="k703">{{Cite web|author=Maccido|first=Abubakar|title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor|work=BBC News Pidgin|date=2026-04-22|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Garo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nhazi steeti nke pati ya, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke steeti Kano, ma họpụtakwa ya dịka onyeisi oche nke mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Kabo.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Kano State nke Association of Local Governments of Nigeria . <ref name="s171">{{Cite news|author=Adeuyi|first=Seun|title=Kano Assembly sets up c'ttee to screen Garo|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=2026-04-22|url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-kano-assembly-sets-up-cttee-to-screen-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti == N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, mgbe osote Gọvanọ Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo gbara arụkwaghịm, Gọvanor Abba Kabir Yusuf họpụtara Garo dị ka osote Gọọvanọ nke Kano Steeti n'okpuru ngalaba 191 (3) nke Iwu Iwu Nigeria nke 1999.<ref name="p341">{{Cite web|author=Adewale|first=Murtala|title=Garo to appear before assembly committee for screening Monday|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2026-04-22|url=https://guardian.ng/news/garo-to-appear-before-assembly-committee-for-screening-monday/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2026, ụlọ omebe iwu nke steeti Kano nyochara ma kwado nhọpụta ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web|author=Okere|first=Alexander|title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov|work=Channels Television|date=2026-04-27|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Garo, Murtala Sule}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọ̀]] p0kbae5i4djsat49rv4obg3m4mht3ug 670710 670708 2026-07-01T18:20:59Z Anastesia chi 23720 670710 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Murtala Sule Garo | office = Deputy Governor of Kano State | predecessor = [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo]] | term_start = 27 April 2026 | governor = [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] | governor2 = Abdullahi Umar Ganduje | office1 = Commissioner for Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, Kano State | termstart1 = 2015 | termend1 = 2023 | termstart2 = }} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti kemgbe afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel n'ụbọchi iri abụọ na asaa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Kano Assembly clears Garo's nomination as Deputy Governor|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kano-assembly-clears-garos-nomination-as-deputy-governor/|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2026|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna maka Gọọmentị Obodo na Chieftaincy Affairs na Kano Steeti.<ref name="o548">{{Cite web|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|title=Murtala Sule Garo sworn in as Kano Deputy Governor|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=2026-05-05|url=https://dailypost.ng/2026/05/05/murtala-sule-garo-sworn-in-as-kano-deputy-governor/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye osote gọvanọ nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web|title=The State House, Abuja|work=The State House|date=2026-05-05|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Murtala Sule Garo n'afọ 1978 n'obodo Garo nke Kano Obodo Gọọmentị nke Kano Steeti, Naịjirịa <ref name="k703">{{Cite web|author=Maccido|first=Abubakar|title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor|work=BBC News Pidgin|date=2026-04-22|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Garo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nhazi steeti nke pati ya, onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ nke steeti Kano, ma họpụtakwa ya dịka onyeisi oche nke mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Kabo.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Kano State nke Association of Local Governments of Nigeria . <ref name="s171">{{Cite news|author=Adeuyi|first=Seun|title=Kano Assembly sets up c'ttee to screen Garo|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=2026-04-22|url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-kano-assembly-sets-up-cttee-to-screen-garo/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Kano Steeti == N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, mgbe osote Gọvanọ Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo gbara arụkwaghịm, Gọvanor Abba Kabir Yusuf họpụtara Garo dị ka osote Gọọvanọ nke Kano Steeti n'okpuru ngalaba 191 (3) nke Iwu Iwu Nigeria nke 1999.<ref name="p341">{{Cite web|author=Adewale|first=Murtala|title=Garo to appear before assembly committee for screening Monday|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2026-04-22|url=https://guardian.ng/news/garo-to-appear-before-assembly-committee-for-screening-monday/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2026, ụlọ omebe iwu nke steeti Kano nyochara ma kwado nhọpụta ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web|author=Okere|first=Alexander|title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov|work=Channels Television|date=2026-04-27|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Garo, Murtala Sule}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 6eqj23tc32kuuhuotcif9x3gzeqbtxg Valentine Okike 0 77242 670712 2026-07-01T18:24:10Z Confidence2026 62380 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343671388|Valentine Okike]]" 670712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valentine Okike Listenⓘ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Ebonyi, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Onicha West nke steeti Ebonyi.'''<ref>{{Cite news|author=vanguard|date=2013-05-23|title=Ebonyi House recalls impeached deputy speaker, member|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/ebonyi-house-recalls-impeached-deputy-speaker-member/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2013-03-15|title=Ebonyi Deputy Speaker removed over alleged improper dressing|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/03/15/ebonyi-deputy-speaker-removed-over-alleged-improper-dressing/|accessdate=2025-01-23|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Ebonyi nke afọ 2011 Ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Ebonyi nke afọ 2015 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qyyq4uiju3gk5w980qz0ghjgwgu42if Wale Oladipo 0 77243 670713 2026-07-01T18:26:07Z Confidence2026 62380 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359887639|Wale Oladipo]]" 670713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Professor Wale Oladipo | office = Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of Osun State University | image = Prof-wale-oladipo.jpg | caption = The Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of Osun State University, Abiodun Adewale Oladipo | country = Nigeria | 1blankname = PRO CHANCELLOR | birth_date = January 1st, 1958 | birth_place = ILE-IFE | citizenship = Nigeria | profession = Academic, administrator, and politician }} By{{Reflist}}Prọfesọ '''Abiodun Adewale Oladipo''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1958, Ile-Ife, Naijiria) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-01|title=Governor Adeleke Celebrates Professor Wale Oladipo on his Birthday|url=https://www.arewareportersng.com/governor-adeleke-celebrates-professor-wale-oladipo-on-his-birthday/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Arewa Reporters|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nchịkwa, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Webmaster|first=University|title=The Pro-Chancellor|url=https://uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/management/the-pro-chancellor.html|accessdate=2023-10-13|work=Osun State University, Osogbo|language=en-gb}}</ref> Enyemaka ya gụnyere, ngalaba nke kemịkal nuklia, yana itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Pro-chancellor na [https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/admin-management/the-pro-chancellor.html Onye isi oche] nke Kansụl Na-achị Isi nke Mahadum Osun State . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Osun State University, Osogbo|url=https://copsun.org/index.php/university/osun-state-university-osogbo/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Committee of Pro-Chancellors of State-Owned Universities in Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kamorudeen|first=Adabanija|date=2023-07-20|title=Governor Adeleke Appoints Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of State Boards|url=https://www.adabanijaglobal.com.ng/governor-adeleke-appoints-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen-of-state-boards/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Omo Adabanija Global|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-20|title=Governor Adeleke Appoints Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of State Boards|url=https://www.osunstate.gov.ng/2023/07/governor-adeleke-appoints-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen-of-state-boards/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Osun State Official Website|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fidelinfo.com/2023/09/22/89-students-bag-first-class-in-uniosun/?amp=1|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=fidelinfo.com|title=89 students bag first class in UNIOSUN|date=22 September 2023}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Oladipo gara St. John's Catholic Grammar School, Ile-Ife, site na 1972 ruo 1976. N'oge a, o nwetara Grade 1 na West African Senior Certificate Examination. Ọ gara n'ihu na nzere bachelọ ya na Chemistry (Education) na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] (nke bụbu Mahadum Ife), Ile-Ife, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na klas nke abụọ (Upper Division) na 1981. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gateway.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/itemlist/category/158-content.html?start=84|title=Content}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi na Mahadum Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France, ebe ọ nwetara MPhil na PhD na Analytical Chemistry (Nuclear Techniques) Na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ ise na 1984-1988, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ JP Thomas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1988-05-02|title=Desorption induced by H+n clusters (7 ⩽ n ⩽ 61) at 600 keV|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2888%2990237-6|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=32|issue=1|pages=354–359|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(88)90237-6|issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=J.P.|first=Thomas|date=1988|title=Secondary ion emission induced in insulators by fast (<400 KeV/u) Ions and clusters. Analytical applications|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:20047227|journal=Vide. Couches Minces|language=en|volume=43|issue=244|issn=0042-5281}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-02-01|title=COLLECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE DESORPTION PROCESS INDUCED BY Hn+ CLUSTERS NEAR THE BOHR'S VELOCITY|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|journal=Le Journal de Physique Colloques|language=en|volume=50|issue=C2|pages=C2–203|doi=10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|issn=0449-1947}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == == Ọrụ nchịkwa == == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ihe nrite == O nyela ikike ọtụtụ isiokwu <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A. A.|date=2003|title=Determination of trace metal levels in used lubricating oil in aqueous medium using atomic absorption spectrometry|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gjpas/article/view/15964|journal=Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=249–254|doi=10.4314/gjpas.v9i2.15964|issn=2992-4464}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ mpaghara na nke mba ụwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na kemịkalụ nuklia gụnyere ojiji nke Cryogenically Produced Heavy Cluster ions of Hydrogen na Study of Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry, yana nguzobe nke ụlọ nyocha AAS zuru oke na Graphite Atomization na Cold Vapor Hg Detection Option. == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == Prọfesọ Oladipo na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ọkwa obodo, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Odu’a Investment Company Ltd na 1992, onye otu nwa oge nke Osun State Sports Council site na 1998 ruo 1999, na onye otu nwa oge nke Osun State Local Govt. Service Commission site na Febụwarị 2000 ruo 2002. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye otu Ife Development Board ruo afọ atọ. Na 2008, a họpụtara ya dịka Onyeisi oche nke Osun State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB[1]). Na mgbakwunye, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka Onyeisi oche nke ndị isi nchịkwa nke Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, site na 2009 ruo 2011. Na Julaị 2013, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ mba nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)[1] ma emesịa họpụta ya maka ọchịchị afọ anọ na Disemba 2014 na Mgbakọ Mba Pụrụ Iche nke Party nke emere na Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2013-10-01|title=Oyinlola loses out as PDP swear in Oladipo as National Secretary|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/10/01/oyinlola-loses-out-as-pdp-swear-in-oladipo-as-national-secretary/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2013-07-15|title=South-West PDP nominates Oladipo to replace Oyinlola as National Secretary|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/07/15/south-west-pdp-nominates-oladipo-to-replace-oyinlola-as-national-secretary/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/nigerians-wont-vote-people-with-entitlement-mentality-ex-pdp-scribe/amp/|title=Nigerians won't vote people with entitlement mentality - Ex-PDP scribe|date=15 February 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1988; B32: 354-359.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1988-05-02|title=Desorption induced by H+n clusters (7 ⩽ n ⩽ 61) at 600 keV|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2888%2990237-6|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=32|issue=1|pages=354–359|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(88)90237-6|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1988; "Secondary Ion Emission Induced in Insulators: Analytical Applications"605-611.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=J.P.|first=Thomas|date=1988|title=Secondary ion emission induced in insulators by fast (<400 KeV/u) Ions and clusters. Analytical applications|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:20047227|journal=Vide. Couches Minces|language=en|volume=43|issue=244|issn=0042-5281}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1989; "Mmetụta Nchịkọta na Usoro Desorption nke Hn+ Clusters na-akpata na nso Bohr's Velocity";<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-02-01|title=COLLECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE DESORPTION PROCESS INDUCED BY Hn+ CLUSTERS NEAR THE BOHR'S VELOCITY|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|journal=Le Journal de Physique Colloques|language=en|volume=50|issue=C2|pages=C2–203|doi=10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|issn=0449-1947}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1989; "Nkọwa ihu nke Insulating Layers site na Desorption Induced by Monatomic or Cluster Ions of Beam Diameter in the 5-10 μm Range"; <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref>&nbsp; # A. Oladipo, M. Fallavier na J.P. Thomas; 1991; "Secondary Ion Emission from Cesium Salts under Megaelectronvolt Ion Bombardment: Comparative Study and Beam Secondary Effects"; <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> # B. Nsouli, P. Rumeau, H. Allali, B. Chabert, O. Debre, '''A. A. Oladipo''', J. P. Soulier na J. P, Thomas; 1995; "Plasma Desorption Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometric Elucidation of the Mechanisms of Adhesion Enhancement between Plasma-treated PEEK-Carbon Composite and an Epoxyamine Adhesive"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nsouli|first=B.|date=1995|title=Plasma desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric elucidation of the mechanisms of adhesion enhancement between plasma-treated PEEK-carbon composite and an epoxyamine adhesive|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rcm.1290091520|journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry|language=en|volume=9|issue=15|pages=1566–1571|doi=10.1002/rcm.1290091520|issn=0951-4198}}</ref> # H. Allali, O. Debre, B. Lagrange, B. Nsouli, '''A. A. Oladipo''' na J. P. Thomas; 1995; "Spontaneous Desorption: A Controlled Phenomenon for Surface Analysis Application? Nkebi nke Mbụ: Ihe akaebe ọhụrụ maka usoro sputtering nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allali|first=H.|date=1996-01-01|title="Spontaneous" desorption: A controlled phenomenon for surface analysis application? Part I: New evidence for a sputtering process induced by a well localized field enhanced desorption|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2895%2900818-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=108|issue=1|pages=163–172|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(95)00818-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> # C. A Adesanmi, I. A. Tubosun, F. A. Balogun, na '''A. A. Oladipo'''; 1997; "Ọganihu nke Njikọ IENAA na Ko-factor na Nkọwapụta nke U na Th Concentrations na Nnyocha Rock Samples"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adesanmi|first=C. A.|date=1997-07-01|title=Advantages of combined IENAA and K0-factor technique in the determination of U and Th concentrations in exploration rock samples|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804397003412|journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes|volume=48|issue=7|pages=991–996|doi=10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00341-2|issn=0969-8043}}</ref> # H. Allali, M. Ben Embarek, O. Debre, B. Nsouli, '''A. Oladipo''', A. Roche na J. P. Thomas: 1997; "Nnyocha HSF-SIMS nke onyinye Prephosphatation na usoro phosphate nke Silicon Steel Surface"; Rapid Comm. Mass Spectr. 11 1377–1382.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allali|first=H.|date=1997-08-30|title=An HSF-SIMS Investigation of the Prephosphatation Contribution to the Phosphatation Process of Silicon Steel Surface|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970830)11:133.0.CO;2-A|journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry|language=en|volume=11|issue=13|pages=1377–1382|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970830)11:13<1377::AID-RCM940>3.0.CO;2-A|issn=0951-4198}}</ref> # C. A. Adesanmi, F. A. Balogun, M. K. Fasasi, I. A. Tubosun, '''A. A. Oladipo;''' 2001; Usoro ọkara nke ihe omuma maka njikwa arụmọrụ nke HPGe; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.A.|date=2001-09-01|title=A semi-empirical formula for HPGe detector efficiency calibration|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013254400618|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|language=en|volume=249|issue=3|pages=607–611|doi=10.1023/A:1013254400618|issn=1588-2780}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pum8x7xgmpvre77b3k6ele1s9pn0s6s 670714 670713 2026-07-01T18:27:19Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Professor Wale Oladipo | office = Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of Osun State University | image = Prof-wale-oladipo.jpg | caption = The Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of Osun State University, Abiodun Adewale Oladipo | country = Nigeria | 1blankname = PRO CHANCELLOR | birth_date = January 1st, 1958 | birth_place = ILE-IFE | citizenship = Nigeria | profession = Academic, administrator, and politician }} By{{Reflist}}Prọfesọ '''Abiodun Adewale Oladipo''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1958, Ile-Ife, Naijiria) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-01|title=Governor Adeleke Celebrates Professor Wale Oladipo on his Birthday|url=https://www.arewareportersng.com/governor-adeleke-celebrates-professor-wale-oladipo-on-his-birthday/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Arewa Reporters|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nchịkwa, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Webmaster|first=University|title=The Pro-Chancellor|url=https://uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/management/the-pro-chancellor.html|accessdate=2023-10-13|work=Osun State University, Osogbo|language=en-gb}}</ref> Enyemaka ya gụnyere, ngalaba nke kemịkal nuklia, yana itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Pro-chancellor na [https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/admin-management/the-pro-chancellor.html Onye isi oche] nke Kansụl Na-achị Isi nke Mahadum Osun State . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Osun State University, Osogbo|url=https://copsun.org/index.php/university/osun-state-university-osogbo/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Committee of Pro-Chancellors of State-Owned Universities in Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kamorudeen|first=Adabanija|date=2023-07-20|title=Governor Adeleke Appoints Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of State Boards|url=https://www.adabanijaglobal.com.ng/governor-adeleke-appoints-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen-of-state-boards/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Omo Adabanija Global|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-20|title=Governor Adeleke Appoints Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of State Boards|url=https://www.osunstate.gov.ng/2023/07/governor-adeleke-appoints-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen-of-state-boards/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=Osun State Official Website|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fidelinfo.com/2023/09/22/89-students-bag-first-class-in-uniosun/?amp=1|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=fidelinfo.com|title=89 students bag first class in UNIOSUN|date=22 September 2023}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Oladipo gara St. John's Catholic Grammar School, Ile-Ife, site na 1972 ruo 1976. N'oge a, o nwetara Grade 1 na West African Senior Certificate Examination. Ọ gara n'ihu na nzere bachelọ ya na Chemistry (Education) na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] (nke bụbu Mahadum Ife), Ile-Ife, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na klas nke abụọ (Upper Division) na 1981. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gateway.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/itemlist/category/158-content.html?start=84|title=Content}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi na Mahadum Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France, ebe ọ nwetara MPhil na PhD na Analytical Chemistry (Nuclear Techniques) Na ihe karịrị akwụkwọ ise na 1984-1988, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ JP Thomas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1988-05-02|title=Desorption induced by H+n clusters (7 ⩽ n ⩽ 61) at 600 keV|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2888%2990237-6|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=32|issue=1|pages=354–359|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(88)90237-6|issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=J.P.|first=Thomas|date=1988|title=Secondary ion emission induced in insulators by fast (<400 KeV/u) Ions and clusters. Analytical applications|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:20047227|journal=Vide. Couches Minces|language=en|volume=43|issue=244|issn=0042-5281}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-02-01|title=COLLECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE DESORPTION PROCESS INDUCED BY Hn+ CLUSTERS NEAR THE BOHR'S VELOCITY|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|journal=Le Journal de Physique Colloques|language=en|volume=50|issue=C2|pages=C2–203|doi=10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|issn=0449-1947}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == == Ọrụ nchịkwa == == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ihe nrite == O nyela ikike ọtụtụ isiokwu <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A. A.|date=2003|title=Determination of trace metal levels in used lubricating oil in aqueous medium using atomic absorption spectrometry|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gjpas/article/view/15964|journal=Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=249–254|doi=10.4314/gjpas.v9i2.15964|issn=2992-4464}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ mpaghara na nke mba ụwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na kemịkalụ nuklia gụnyere ojiji nke Cryogenically Produced Heavy Cluster ions of Hydrogen na Study of Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry, yana nguzobe nke ụlọ nyocha AAS zuru oke na Graphite Atomization na Cold Vapor Hg Detection Option. == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == Prọfesọ Oladipo na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ọkwa obodo, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke Odu’a Investment Company Ltd na 1992, onye otu nwa oge nke Osun State Sports Council site na 1998 ruo 1999, na onye otu nwa oge nke Osun State Local Govt. Service Commission site na Febụwarị 2000 ruo 2002. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye otu Ife Development Board ruo afọ atọ. Na 2008, a họpụtara ya dịka Onyeisi oche nke Osun State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB[1]). Na mgbakwunye, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka Onyeisi oche nke ndị isi nchịkwa nke Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, site na 2009 ruo 2011. Na Julaị 2013, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ mba nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)[1] ma emesịa họpụta ya maka ọchịchị afọ anọ na Disemba 2014 na Mgbakọ Mba Pụrụ Iche nke Party nke emere na Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2013-10-01|title=Oyinlola loses out as PDP swear in Oladipo as National Secretary|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/10/01/oyinlola-loses-out-as-pdp-swear-in-oladipo-as-national-secretary/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2013-07-15|title=South-West PDP nominates Oladipo to replace Oyinlola as National Secretary|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/07/15/south-west-pdp-nominates-oladipo-to-replace-oyinlola-as-national-secretary/|accessdate=2023-10-14|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/nigerians-wont-vote-people-with-entitlement-mentality-ex-pdp-scribe/amp/|title=Nigerians won't vote people with entitlement mentality - Ex-PDP scribe|date=15 February 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1988; B32: 354-359.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1988-05-02|title=Desorption induced by H+n clusters (7 ⩽ n ⩽ 61) at 600 keV|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2888%2990237-6|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=32|issue=1|pages=354–359|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(88)90237-6|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1988; "Secondary Ion Emission Induced in Insulators: Analytical Applications"605-611.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=J.P.|first=Thomas|date=1988|title=Secondary ion emission induced in insulators by fast (<400 KeV/u) Ions and clusters. Analytical applications|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:20047227|journal=Vide. Couches Minces|language=en|volume=43|issue=244|issn=0042-5281}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1989; "Mmetụta Nchịkọta na Usoro Desorption nke Hn+ Clusters na-akpata na nso Bohr's Velocity";<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-02-01|title=COLLECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE DESORPTION PROCESS INDUCED BY Hn+ CLUSTERS NEAR THE BOHR'S VELOCITY|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|journal=Le Journal de Physique Colloques|language=en|volume=50|issue=C2|pages=C2–203|doi=10.1051/jphyscol:1989233|issn=0449-1947}}</ref> # J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo na M. Fallavier; 1989; "Nkọwa ihu nke Insulating Layers site na Desorption Induced by Monatomic or Cluster Ions of Beam Diameter in the 5-10 μm Range"; <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=J. P.|date=1989-05-01|title=Surface profiling of insulating layers using desorption induced by monatomic or cluster ions of beam diameter in the 5–10 μm range|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2889%2990017-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=42|issue=1|pages=127–129|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(89)90017-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref>&nbsp; # A. Oladipo, M. Fallavier na J.P. Thomas; 1991; "Secondary Ion Emission from Cesium Salts under Megaelectronvolt Ion Bombardment: Comparative Study and Beam Secondary Effects"; <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.|date=1991-04-01|title=Secondary ion emission from cesium salts under megaelectronvolt ion bombardment: comparative study and beam secondary effects|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176%2891%2980075-X|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes|volume=105|issue=2|pages=119–128|doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)80075-X|issn=0168-1176}}</ref> # B. Nsouli, P. Rumeau, H. Allali, B. Chabert, O. Debre, '''A. A. Oladipo''', J. P. Soulier na J. P, Thomas; 1995; "Plasma Desorption Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometric Elucidation of the Mechanisms of Adhesion Enhancement between Plasma-treated PEEK-Carbon Composite and an Epoxyamine Adhesive"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nsouli|first=B.|date=1995|title=Plasma desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric elucidation of the mechanisms of adhesion enhancement between plasma-treated PEEK-carbon composite and an epoxyamine adhesive|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rcm.1290091520|journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry|language=en|volume=9|issue=15|pages=1566–1571|doi=10.1002/rcm.1290091520|issn=0951-4198}}</ref> # H. Allali, O. Debre, B. Lagrange, B. Nsouli, '''A. A. Oladipo''' na J. P. Thomas; 1995; "Spontaneous Desorption: A Controlled Phenomenon for Surface Analysis Application? Nkebi nke Mbụ: Ihe akaebe ọhụrụ maka usoro sputtering nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allali|first=H.|date=1996-01-01|title="Spontaneous" desorption: A controlled phenomenon for surface analysis application? Part I: New evidence for a sputtering process induced by a well localized field enhanced desorption|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X%2895%2900818-7|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|volume=108|issue=1|pages=163–172|doi=10.1016/0168-583X(95)00818-7|issn=0168-583X}}</ref> # C. A Adesanmi, I. A. Tubosun, F. A. Balogun, na '''A. A. Oladipo'''; 1997; "Ọganihu nke Njikọ IENAA na Ko-factor na Nkọwapụta nke U na Th Concentrations na Nnyocha Rock Samples"; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adesanmi|first=C. A.|date=1997-07-01|title=Advantages of combined IENAA and K0-factor technique in the determination of U and Th concentrations in exploration rock samples|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804397003412|journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes|volume=48|issue=7|pages=991–996|doi=10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00341-2|issn=0969-8043}}</ref> # H. Allali, M. Ben Embarek, O. Debre, B. Nsouli, '''A. Oladipo''', A. Roche na J. P. Thomas: 1997; "Nnyocha HSF-SIMS nke onyinye Prephosphatation na usoro phosphate nke Silicon Steel Surface"; Rapid Comm. Mass Spectr. 11 1377–1382.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allali|first=H.|date=1997-08-30|title=An HSF-SIMS Investigation of the Prephosphatation Contribution to the Phosphatation Process of Silicon Steel Surface|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970830)11:133.0.CO;2-A|journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry|language=en|volume=11|issue=13|pages=1377–1382|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19970830)11:13<1377::AID-RCM940>3.0.CO;2-A|issn=0951-4198}}</ref> # C. A. Adesanmi, F. A. Balogun, M. K. Fasasi, I. A. Tubosun, '''A. A. Oladipo;''' 2001; Usoro ọkara nke ihe omuma maka njikwa arụmọrụ nke HPGe; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oladipo|first=A.A.|date=2001-09-01|title=A semi-empirical formula for HPGe detector efficiency calibration|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013254400618|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|language=en|volume=249|issue=3|pages=607–611|doi=10.1023/A:1013254400618|issn=1588-2780}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9bmwnv7fkogp0n02nkuhww4rq9d25cy Hamisu Musa 0 77244 670716 2026-07-01T18:36:13Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1266285592|Hamisu Musa]]" 670716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamisu Musa''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nchịkwa Naịjirịa nke bụ minista nke ọrụ ozi site na Ọktoba 1983 ruo Disemba 1983. Ọ bụkwa onye sinetọ na-anọchite anya Kano South West n'oge ọchịchị nke abụọ nke Naịjirịa. Mgbe ọ nọ na sinet, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Mmepe Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Feinstein">{{Cite book|author=Feinstein|first=Alan|title=African Revolutionary, the life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano}}</ref> O keere òkè dị mkpa na ntuli aka nke [[Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]] na ntuliaka ntuli aka P.D.P. nke 1998 ya na Musa Gwadabe na [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] bụ ndị isi nke Peoples Democratic Movement (P.D.M.) nke [[Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] si na ya merie [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]]. Musa bụbu onye isi oche nke Bank of the North na Nigeria Express Contracting Services. A mụrụ ya na Kafir Agur, Kano n'afọ 1938, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na New York Institute of Management. Na 1979, o meriri Muhammadu Maude nke NPN wee merie oche sineti nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kano n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke People's Redemption Party.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Afolabi|first=Micheal|title=Nigeria in Transition, 1978-1979: An Annotated Bibliography of Party Politics, Elections, and the Return to Civil Rule|year=1980|publisher=Department of Library Science, Ahmadu Bello University, 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoQsAAAAYAAJ&q=Michael+Afolabi.+Nigeria+in+transition,+1978-1979+:+an+annotated+bibliography+of+party+politics,+elections,+and+the+return+to+civil+rule}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 677ktzejlighdlu2xi2mm549ydfvtpg Chiroma Mashio 0 77245 670717 2026-07-01T18:58:34Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360680319|Chiroma Mashio]]" 670717 wikitext text/x-wiki Chiroma Mashio bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe ugbu a. Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jajere ma họpụta ya n'enweghị onye mmegide dịka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe nke asatọ. <ref name="PT-26J-YOB">{{Cite news|author=Hemba|first=Joe|date=2023-06-26|title=Yobe State House of Assembly inaugurated, new speaker elected|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/606841-yobe-state-house-of-assembly-inaugurated-new-speaker-elected.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="YSHA-8A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.houseofassembly.yb.gov.ng/index.php/blog/current-members|title=8th Assembly Yobe State House Of Assembly 24 Members|publisher=Yobe State House of Assembly|date=2022-04-07|accessdate=2025-01-03|archivedate=2024-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216091405/https://www.houseofassembly.yb.gov.ng/index.php/blog/current-members}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chiroma na Mee 25, 1968, na obodo Mashio, nke dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Fune nke steeti Yobe. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya na Mashio Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị na Damagum. N'ịchọ agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ, ọ gara Ramat Polytechnic na Maiduguri, mechaakwa gaa Mahadum Maiduguri, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị (B.Sc.) na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DT-8J">{{Cite news|author=Gimba|first=Habibu|date=2023-07-08|title=Why no one ever challenged my victory in 24 years – Yobe Speaker|url=https://dailytrust.com/why-no-one-ever-challenged-my-victory-in-24-years-yobe-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-08|title=Why no one ever challenged my victory in 24 years – Yobe Speaker|url=https://dailytrust.com/why-no-one-ever-challenged-my-victory-in-24-years-yobe-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chiroma gara n'ihu mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jajere na 1999.<ref name="CTV-26J">{{Cite web|author=Mingyi|first=Musa|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma-Mashio Emerges Speaker Of Yobe 8th Assembly|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629060458/https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archivedate=2023-06-29|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref>Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, o jere ozi na kọmitii na ọrụ nduzi dị iche iche n'ime ụlọ omeiwu. Nke pụtara ìhè bụ na ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ maka Ego na Nhazi Ego n'oge Mgbakọ nke Asaa. N'ọgbakọ omeiwu nke asatọ, ndị omeiwu ibe ya họpụtara ya n'otu olu dịka onyeisi oche.<ref name="CTV-26J">{{Cite web|author=Mingyi|first=Musa|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma-Mashio Emerges Speaker Of Yobe 8th Assembly|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629060458/https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archivedate=2023-06-29|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LEG-26J">{{Cite news|author=Odili|first=Esther|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma Machiyo elected as speaker of 8th Yobe Assembly|url=https://www.legit.ng/politics/1541300-1999-2023-longest-serving-yobe-assembly-member-elected-speaker-details-emerge/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3fcxxurrl3vy4e1e0vitboyu4rra2mk 670718 670717 2026-07-01T18:59:08Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670718 wikitext text/x-wiki Chiroma Mashio bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe ugbu a. Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jajere ma họpụta ya n'enweghị onye mmegide dịka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe nke asatọ. <ref name="PT-26J-YOB">{{Cite news|author=Hemba|first=Joe|date=2023-06-26|title=Yobe State House of Assembly inaugurated, new speaker elected|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/606841-yobe-state-house-of-assembly-inaugurated-new-speaker-elected.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="YSHA-8A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.houseofassembly.yb.gov.ng/index.php/blog/current-members|title=8th Assembly Yobe State House Of Assembly 24 Members|publisher=Yobe State House of Assembly|date=2022-04-07|accessdate=2025-01-03|archivedate=2024-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216091405/https://www.houseofassembly.yb.gov.ng/index.php/blog/current-members}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chiroma na Mee 25, 1968, na obodo Mashio, nke dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Fune nke steeti Yobe. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya na Mashio Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị na Damagum. N'ịchọ agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ, ọ gara Ramat Polytechnic na Maiduguri, mechaakwa gaa Mahadum Maiduguri, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị (B.Sc.) na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DT-8J">{{Cite news|author=Gimba|first=Habibu|date=2023-07-08|title=Why no one ever challenged my victory in 24 years – Yobe Speaker|url=https://dailytrust.com/why-no-one-ever-challenged-my-victory-in-24-years-yobe-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-08|title=Why no one ever challenged my victory in 24 years – Yobe Speaker|url=https://dailytrust.com/why-no-one-ever-challenged-my-victory-in-24-years-yobe-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chiroma gara n'ihu mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Yobe, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jajere na 1999.<ref name="CTV-26J">{{Cite web|author=Mingyi|first=Musa|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma-Mashio Emerges Speaker Of Yobe 8th Assembly|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629060458/https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archivedate=2023-06-29|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref>Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, o jere ozi na kọmitii na ọrụ nduzi dị iche iche n'ime ụlọ omeiwu. Nke pụtara ìhè bụ na ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ maka Ego na Nhazi Ego n'oge Mgbakọ nke Asaa. N'ọgbakọ omeiwu nke asatọ, ndị omeiwu ibe ya họpụtara ya n'otu olu dịka onyeisi oche.<ref name="CTV-26J">{{Cite web|author=Mingyi|first=Musa|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma-Mashio Emerges Speaker Of Yobe 8th Assembly|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629060458/https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/26/chiroma-mashio-emerges-speaker-of-yobe-8th-assembly/|archivedate=2023-06-29|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LEG-26J">{{Cite news|author=Odili|first=Esther|date=2023-06-26|title=Chiroma Machiyo elected as speaker of 8th Yobe Assembly|url=https://www.legit.ng/politics/1541300-1999-2023-longest-serving-yobe-assembly-member-elected-speaker-details-emerge/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o9dh08m8lg9jqme12crufnfk84gw6jh Ọwara mmiri Wouri 0 77246 670719 2026-07-01T19:02:29Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358084452|Wouri estuary]]" 670719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]] Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi. == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]] Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri. Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. [[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]] Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile. Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ. Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala. Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000). E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ. == Anụmanụ na osisi == [[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]] Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom. E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a. Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga. Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume. Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe. Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ. E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa. [[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]] Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha. Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a. Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri. == Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]] Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ. Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha. [[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]] Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ. [[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]] Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu. Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu. == Mmanụ nwere ike ime == O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro. == Ihe odide == ; Ihe edeturu  ; Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ; Ebe e si nweta ya  == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|3.918032|N|9.563942|E}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] as2w53ivgmbug4igoy3fifx88ldpf4b 670720 670719 2026-07-01T19:03:17Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]] Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi. == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]] Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri. Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. [[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]] Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile. Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ. Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala. Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000). E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ. == Anụmanụ na osisi == [[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]] Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom. E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a. Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga. Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume. Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe. Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ. E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa. [[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]] Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha. Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a. Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri. == Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]] Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ. Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha. [[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]] Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ. [[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]] Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu. Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu. == Mmanụ nwere ike ime == O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro. == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|3.918032|N|9.563942|E}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] occnp15ia36yc1nssrpjeygzow383b3 670721 670720 2026-07-01T19:04:10Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]] Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi. == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]] Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri. Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. [[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]] Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile. Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ. Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala. Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000). E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ. == Anụmanụ na osisi == [[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]] Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom. E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a. Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga. Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume. Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe. Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ. E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa. [[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]] Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha. Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a. Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri. == Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]] Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ. Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha. [[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]] Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ. [[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]] Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu. Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu. == Mmanụ nwere ike ime == O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro. == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|3.918032|N|9.563942|E}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hc2pobmmqog9gj6qcd4pfofkxxtkwy7 Umar namadi 0 77247 670728 2026-07-01T19:18:46Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453479|Umar Namadi]]" 670728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | image = Umar Namadi.png | caption = | office1 = [[List of governors of Jigawa State|Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | deputy1 = [[Aminu Usman]] | predecessor1 = [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart2 = 29 May 2019 | termend2 = 29 May 2023 | governor2 = Badaru Abubakar | predecessor2 = [[Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]] | successor2 = Aminu Usman | birth_name = Umar Namadi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kafin Hausa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], Nigeria (now in [[Jigawa State]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | website = {{URL|https://umarnamadi.org/}} }} '''Umar Namadi''' (amụrụ n'abali 7 n'onwa Eprel 1963) <ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|gọvonọ nke]] [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] kemgbe afọ 2023. Ọ bụ osote gọvonọ nke Jigawa Steeti site n'onwa Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa gets vaccine allocation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-gets-vaccine-allocation/|author=Ahmed Rufa'i Dutse|date=11 March 2021|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwamu|first=Aniebo|url=https://leadership.ng/news/425443/inec-declares-apcs-badaru-abubakar-winner-of-jigawa-guber-poll|title=INEC Declares APC's Badaru Abubakar Winner Of Jigawa Guber Poll|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2021|title=Malaria: Jigawa Government, partners distribute 3.7 million mosquito nets in Jigawa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/495935-malaria-jigawa-government-partners-distribute-3-7-million-mosquito-nets-in-jigawa.html|accessdate=22 February 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Namadi n' abalị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1963 na Kafin Hausa, na mpaghara Northern nke oge ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na 1993 ma nwee nzere Master na Business Administration (MBA) na Mahadum Bayero Kano, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na Accounting na 1987.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Namadi ezubere Namadi, Umar na Co., ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na Kano. Site n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigeria Institute of Management, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, na Chartered Institute of Taxation ruo n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Institute of Chartering Accountants of Niger. Namadi na-etinye aka na nyocha banyere isi mmalite na itinye ego n'ọrụ, na-enyocha usoro ozi kọmputa na ụlọ akụ obodo. Dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Akụkọ Nchịkwa Dangote Group, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mwube na ịtọ ntọala maka mmepụta nke akaụntụ nchịkwa kwa ọnwa maka Dangote Group. Tupu nhọpụta ya, Namadi bụ onye otu kọmitii steeti na-ahụ maka nkwenye na nkwenye nkwekọrịta yana kọmitii na-ahụkarị nkwenye na nyocha ndị ọrụ.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b5e8hvzftc8tncg995k02pgwa7odraj 670729 670728 2026-07-01T19:19:20Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | image = Umar Namadi.png | caption = | office1 = [[List of governors of Jigawa State|Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | deputy1 = [[Aminu Usman]] | predecessor1 = [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart2 = 29 May 2019 | termend2 = 29 May 2023 | governor2 = Badaru Abubakar | predecessor2 = [[Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]] | successor2 = Aminu Usman | birth_name = Umar Namadi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kafin Hausa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], Nigeria (now in [[Jigawa State]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | website = {{URL|https://umarnamadi.org/}} }} '''Umar Namadi''' (amụrụ n'abali 7 n'onwa Eprel 1963) <ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|gọvonọ nke]] [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] kemgbe afọ 2023. Ọ bụ osote gọvonọ nke Jigawa Steeti site n'onwa Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa gets vaccine allocation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-gets-vaccine-allocation/|author=Ahmed Rufa'i Dutse|date=11 March 2021|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwamu|first=Aniebo|url=https://leadership.ng/news/425443/inec-declares-apcs-badaru-abubakar-winner-of-jigawa-guber-poll|title=INEC Declares APC's Badaru Abubakar Winner Of Jigawa Guber Poll|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2021|title=Malaria: Jigawa Government, partners distribute 3.7 million mosquito nets in Jigawa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/495935-malaria-jigawa-government-partners-distribute-3-7-million-mosquito-nets-in-jigawa.html|accessdate=22 February 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Namadi n' abalị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1963 na Kafin Hausa, na mpaghara Northern nke oge ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na 1993 ma nwee nzere Master na Business Administration (MBA) na Mahadum Bayero Kano, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na Accounting na 1987.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Namadi ezubere Namadi, Umar na Co., ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na Kano. Site n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigeria Institute of Management, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, na Chartered Institute of Taxation ruo n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Institute of Chartering Accountants of Niger. Namadi na-etinye aka na nyocha banyere isi mmalite na itinye ego n'ọrụ, na-enyocha usoro ozi kọmputa na ụlọ akụ obodo. Dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Akụkọ Nchịkwa Dangote Group, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mwube na ịtọ ntọala maka mmepụta nke akaụntụ nchịkwa kwa ọnwa maka Dangote Group. Tupu nhọpụta ya, Namadi bụ onye otu kọmitii steeti na-ahụ maka nkwenye na nkwenye nkwekọrịta yana kọmitii na-ahụkarị nkwenye na nyocha ndị ọrụ.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2119eevw2rbgq48448t8gdiovc7camx 670730 670729 2026-07-01T19:19:39Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453479|Umar Namadi]]" 670730 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | image = Umar Namadi.png | caption = | office1 = [[List of governors of Jigawa State|Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | deputy1 = [[Aminu Usman]] | predecessor1 = [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart2 = 29 May 2019 | termend2 = 29 May 2023 | governor2 = Badaru Abubakar | predecessor2 = [[Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]] | successor2 = Aminu Usman | birth_name = Umar Namadi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kafin Hausa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], Nigeria (now in [[Jigawa State]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | website = {{URL|https://umarnamadi.org/}} }} '''Umar Namadi''' (amụrụ n'abali 7 n'onwa Eprel 1963) <ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|gọvonọ nke]] [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] kemgbe afọ 2023. Ọ bụ osote gọvonọ nke Jigawa Steeti site n'onwa Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa gets vaccine allocation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-gets-vaccine-allocation/|author=Ahmed Rufa'i Dutse|date=11 March 2021|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwamu|first=Aniebo|url=https://leadership.ng/news/425443/inec-declares-apcs-badaru-abubakar-winner-of-jigawa-guber-poll|title=INEC Declares APC's Badaru Abubakar Winner Of Jigawa Guber Poll|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2021|title=Malaria: Jigawa Government, partners distribute 3.7 million mosquito nets in Jigawa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/495935-malaria-jigawa-government-partners-distribute-3-7-million-mosquito-nets-in-jigawa.html|accessdate=22 February 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Namadi n' abalị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1963 na Kafin Hausa, na mpaghara Northern nke oge ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na 1993 ma nwee nzere Master na Business Administration (MBA) na Mahadum Bayero Kano, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na Accounting na 1987.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Namadi ezubere Namadi, Umar na Co., ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na Kano. Site n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigeria Institute of Management, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, na Chartered Institute of Taxation ruo n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Institute of Chartering Accountants of Niger. Namadi na-etinye aka na nyocha banyere isi mmalite na itinye ego n'ọrụ, na-enyocha usoro ozi kọmputa na ụlọ akụ obodo. Dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Akụkọ Nchịkwa Dangote Group, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mwube na ịtọ ntọala maka mmepụta nke akaụntụ nchịkwa kwa ọnwa maka Dangote Group. Tupu nhọpụta ya, Namadi bụ onye otu kọmitii steeti na-ahụ maka nkwenye na nkwenye nkwekọrịta yana kọmitii na-ahụkarị nkwenye na nyocha ndị ọrụ.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ib0dkh8h6ygxjdgtcx6q4cgkr3ddlr8 670919 670730 2026-07-01T22:22:24Z Aluta editor 62822 670919 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | image = Umar Namadi.png | caption = | office1 = [[List of governors of Jigawa State|Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | deputy1 = [[Aminu Usman]] | predecessor1 = [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart2 = 29 May 2019 | termend2 = 29 May 2023 | governor2 = Badaru Abubakar | predecessor2 = [[Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]] | successor2 = Aminu Usman | birth_name = Umar Namadi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kafin Hausa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], Nigeria (now in [[Jigawa State]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | website = {{URL|https://umarnamadi.org/}} }} '''Umar Namadi''' (amụrụ n'abali 7 n'onwa Eprel 1963) <ref name="jigawastate" /> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|gọvonọ nke]] [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] kemgbe afọ 2023. Ọ bụ osote gọvonọ nke Jigawa Steeti site n'onwa Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa gets vaccine allocation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-gets-vaccine-allocation/|author=Ahmed Rufa'i Dutse|date=11 March 2021|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwamu|first=Aniebo|url=https://leadership.ng/news/425443/inec-declares-apcs-badaru-abubakar-winner-of-jigawa-guber-poll|title=INEC Declares APC's Badaru Abubakar Winner Of Jigawa Guber Poll|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2021|title=Malaria: Jigawa Government, partners distribute 3.7 million mosquito nets in Jigawa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/495935-malaria-jigawa-government-partners-distribute-3-7-million-mosquito-nets-in-jigawa.html|accessdate=22 February 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Namadi n' abalị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1963 na Kafin Hausa, na mpaghara Northern nke oge ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na 1993 ma nwee nzere Master na Business Administration (MBA) na Mahadum Bayero Kano, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na Accounting na 1987.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Namadi ezubere Namadi, Umar na Co., ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na Kano. Site n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigeria Institute of Management, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, na Chartered Institute of Taxation ruo n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Institute of Chartering Accountants of Niger. Namadi na-etinye aka na nyocha banyere isi mmalite na itinye ego n'ọrụ, na-enyocha usoro ozi kọmputa na ụlọ akụ obodo. Dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Akụkọ Nchịkwa Dangote Group, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mwube na ịtọ ntọala maka mmepụta nke akaụntụ nchịkwa kwa ọnwa maka Dangote Group. Tupu nhọpụta ya, Namadi bụ onye otu kọmitii steeti na-ahụ maka nkwenye na nkwenye nkwekọrịta yana kọmitii na-ahụkarị nkwenye na nyocha ndị ọrụ.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php "Alhaji Umar Namadi"]. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mjjohbccgenoukoe0bib7xc3fbwrg6v Ugwu Karthala 0 77248 670731 2026-07-01T19:22:10Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351121381|Mount Karthala]]" 670731 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mount Karthala''' ma ọ bụ '''Karthola''' (Arabic: القرطالة ''Al Qirṭālah'') bụ ugwu mgbawa nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ebe kachasị elu nke Comoros dị mita 2,361 (ụkwụ 7,746) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Ọ bụ nke kachasị na ndịda ma buru ibu n'ime agwaetiti abụọ nke ugwu mgbawa nke na-etolite Grande Comore, agwaetiti kachasị na mba Comoros. Ugwu Karthala na-agbawa nke ukwuu, ebe ọ gbawara ihe karịrị ugboro iri abụọ kemgbe narị afọ nke 19. Mgbawa ndị na-agbawa ugboro ugboro emeela ka ugwu mgbawa ahụ dị kilomita atọ site na kilomita anọ n'elu ugwu ahụ, mana agwaetiti ahụ agbaala nnukwu mbibi. Mgbawa ọkụ nke mere n'abalị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2005 na Mee afọ 29, afọ 2006 kwụsịrị oge ịnọ jụụ. == Mgbawa ugwu == [[Faịlụ:Karthala_MODIS_20051125.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto Satellite nke ugwu ahụ na-agbọpụta ọkụ mgbe ọ gbawara na Nọvemba 2005, na ntụ na-ekpuchi agwaetiti ahụ]] === Mgbawa nke Eprel 2005 === [[Faịlụ:Karthala_volcano-Comoros.jpg|thumb|Ugwu mgbawa ugwu Karthala na Nọvemba 2006.]] Mgbawa ahụ, nke nwere ihe egwu nke mmiri lava na gas mgbawa ugwu, mere ka ndị bi na ya gbapụ mmadụ 2,000, nke butere ọnwụ nke otu nwa ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karthala volcano (Grand Comore Island) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 23 November-29 November 2005 (New Activity / Unrest)|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/comores/karthala/news/155068/Karthala-volcano-Grand-Comore-Island-Smithsonian-USGS-Weekly-Volcanic-Activity-Report-for-23-Novembe.html|accessdate=28 April 2021|work=Volcano Discovery|date=23 November 2005}}</ref> Mgbawa ahụ gbanwere nke ọma n'ọgba ahụ. Ubi ntụ ntụ gbara olulu ahụ gburugburu, caldera ahụ dịkwa ka ọ buru ibu ma dị omimi. Ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ, nke malitere mgbe Karthala gbawara agbawa ikpeazụ na 1991 ma chịkwaa caldera, apụọla kpamkpam ugbu a. N'ọnọdụ ya, e nwere nkume isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke nwere ike ịdị jụụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu sitere na olulu ahụ dara ada. === Ọrụ May 2006 === Na Mee 29, Reuters kọrọ na ndị bi na Moroni nwere ike ịhụ lava ka ọ na-agbapụta n'elu ugwu mgbawa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Comoros volcano tremors grow stronger, more frequent|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-comoros-volcano-idUSL149840220070114|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Reuters|date=21 January 2007}}</ref> N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu ahụ kwụsịrị. == Osisi na anụmanụ == Ugwu ahụ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa na-adịghị mmiri mmiri nke na-adị site na mita 1200 ruo ihe dị ka mita 1800 n'elu oke osimiri. N'elu osisi ndị dị n'elu osisi ahụ, osisi ndị a kụrụ akpụ na ala heathland ebe nnukwu heather Erica comorensis na-eto.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Issues in Global Environment—Biology and Geoscience: 2013 Edition|date=1 May 2013|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4901-0964-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3SkjevVgkC|accessdate=17 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> Oke ọhịa ugwu ahụ na-eyi egwu site na igbu osisi na mgbasa nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị nnụnụ ndị a hụrụ n'ugwu ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche na Comoros, a na-ahụkwa ụdị nnụnụ anọ dị naanị na mkpọda Ugwu Karthala: Grand Comoro drongo, Humblot's flycatcher, Karthala scops owl, na Karthala white-eye. === Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa === E kenyere ala dị hekta 14,228 (eka 35,160) nke gbara ugwu elu na elu ugwu nye Important Bird Area (IBA) site na [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]], n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ndị Comoros blue pigeons, Comoros fodies, Comoros olive pigeons, Comoros thrushes, Grand Comoro brush warblers, Grand Comoro bulbuls, Grand Comoro drongos, Humblot's flycatchers, Humblot's sunbirds, Karthala scops owls, Karthala white-eyes, na Malagasy harriers.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/karthala-mountains-iba-comoros|title=Karthala Mountains|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2021|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=1 March 2021}}</ref> == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige ntụrụndụ mba Karthala''' na-echebe mpaghara nke 262.14 km2 n'ugwu ahụ. E hiwere ya n'afọ 2010. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke Ultras nke Africa == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == *  E wepụtara ya na 27/02/07.  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Bachèlery|title=Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala|date=2016|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-31394-3}} {{Highest points of Africa}} 8uot0pqzn9ik3s22b5z4xgam725l5gy 670880 670731 2026-07-01T19:40:08Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351121381|Mount Karthala]]" 670880 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mount Karthala''' or '''Karthola''' (Arabic: القرطالة ''Al Qirṭālah'')bụ ugwu mgbawa na-arụ ọrụ na ebe kachasị elu nke Comoros dị mita 2,361 (ụkwụ 7,746) n'elu oke osimiri. Ọ bụ nke kachasị na ndịda na nke kacha ibu n'ime ugwu mgbawa abụọ ahụ na-eme agwaetiti Grande Comore, agwaetiti kachasị na mba Comoros. Ugwu mgbawa Karthala na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu, ebe ọ gbawara ihe karịrị ugboro 20 kemgbe narị afọ nke 19. Mgbawa ugboro ugboro emeela ka ugwu mgbawa ahụ dị kilomita 3 site na ugwu caldera 4 kilomita, mana agwaetiti ahụ agbaala nnukwu mbibi. Mgbawa mgbawa na Eprel 17, 2005 na Mee 29, 2006 kwụsịrị oge udo.. == Mgbawa ugwu == [[Faịlụ:Karthala_MODIS_20051125.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto Satellite nke ugwu ahụ na-agbọpụta ọkụ mgbe ọ gbawara na Nọvemba 2005, na ntụ na-ekpuchi agwaetiti ahụ]] === Mgbawa nke Eprel 2005 === [[Faịlụ:Karthala_volcano-Comoros.jpg|thumb|Ugwu mgbawa ugwu Karthala na Nọvemba 2006.]] Mgbawa ahụ, nke bu ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa ugwu na gas na-egbu egbu, mere ka ndị bi na ya 2,000 pụọ, nke dugara n'ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karthala volcano (Grand Comore Island) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 23 November-29 November 2005 (New Activity / Unrest)|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/comores/karthala/news/155068/Karthala-volcano-Grand-Comore-Island-Smithsonian-USGS-Weekly-Volcanic-Activity-Report-for-23-Novembe.html|accessdate=28 April 2021|work=Volcano Discovery|date=23 November 2005}}</ref> Mgbawa ahụ gbanwere nke ọma na olulu mmiri ahụ. Ala ntụ ntụ gbara olulu mmiri ahụ gburugburu, caldera ahụ dịkwa ka ọ buru ibu ma dị omimi. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke malitere mgbe Karthala gbawara agbawa ikpeazụ na 1991 ma bụrụkwa nke chịrị caldera, apụọla kpamkpam. N'ọnọdụ ya, e nwere nkume isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke nwere ike ịdị jụụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu sitere na olulu mmiri ahụ dara ada. === Ọrụ May 2006 === Na Mee 29, Reuters kọrọ na ndị bi na Moroni nwere ike ịhụ lava na-agbapụta n'elu ugwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Comoros volcano tremors grow stronger, more frequent|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-comoros-volcano-idUSL149840220070114|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Reuters|date=21 January 2007}}</ref> N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu ahụ belatara. == Flora na anụmanụ == Ugwu ahụ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na mita 1200 ruo ihe dị ka mita 1800 n'elu oke osimiri. N'elu, ahịhịa na-agụnye osisi ndị na-adịghị mma na ala ahịhịhịa ebe nnukwu heather ''Erica comorensis'' na-eto.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Issues in Global Environment—Biology and Geoscience: 2013 Edition|date=1 May 2013|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4901-0964-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3SkjevVgkC|accessdate=17 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> Oké ọhịa ugwu ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na igbu osisi na mgbasa nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a hụrụ n'ugwu ahụ bụ ndị pụrụ iche na Comoros na ụdị nnụnụ anọ a na-ahụ naanị na ndagwurugwu nke Ugwu Karthala: Grand Comoro drongo, Humblot's flycatcher, Karthala scops owl, na Karthala white-eye.&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa === A 14,228 ha (35,160-acre) tract encompassing the upper slopes and summit of the mountain has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]], because it supports populations of Comoros blue pigeons, Comoros fodies, Comoros olive pigeons, Comoros thrushes, Grand Comoro brush warblers, Grand Comoro bulbuls, Grand Comoro drongos, Humblot's flycatchers, Humblot's sunbirds, Karthala scops owls, Karthala white-eyes, and Malagasy harriers.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/karthala-mountains-iba-comoros|title=Karthala Mountains|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2021|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=1 March 2021}}</ref> == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala''' na-echebe mpaghara nke <sup>2</sup>.14 km2 n'ugwu ahụ. A họpụtara ya na 2010. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke Ultras nke Africa == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ihe odide == *   * E wepụtara ya na 27/02/07.  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Bachèlery|title=Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala|date=2016|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-31394-3}} {{Highest points of Africa}} gl33bia710xe106uj0mrbns47nle6cq Module:User 828 77249 670733 2014-04-06T14:11:13Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 see if we get a significant speed boost by porting {{user}} directly to Lua 670733 Scribunto text/plain local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = validateArg(origArgs[origArgKey]) if value then args[argKey] = value break end end end local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } local codes = {'t', 'c'} local snippets = userLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = userLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p i8leluqccj1tvdfbh298ve4clci2rji 670734 670733 2014-04-06T14:18:01Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 deal with nil values properly 670734 Scribunto text/plain local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value break end end end local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } local codes = {'t', 'c'} local snippets = userLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = userLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p ftt7l870zrg8qn4zunn6hlh5wv4wsgd 670735 670734 2014-04-06T14:19:17Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 fix UserLinks variable name 670735 Scribunto text/plain local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value break end end end local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } local codes = {'t', 'c'} local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p 5uy9xodvuxbf3uzofbqgmoxjeb4mc4j 670736 670735 2014-04-06T14:26:20Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Mr. Stradivarius moved page [[Module:User:Mr. Stradivarius/user]] to [[Module:User]] without leaving a redirect: use this to implement [[Template:User]] - it should be about twice as fast as the existing template 670735 Scribunto text/plain local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value break end end end local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } local codes = {'t', 'c'} local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p 5uy9xodvuxbf3uzofbqgmoxjeb4mc4j 670737 670736 2014-04-06T14:42:43Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add comments 670737 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = {'t', 'c'} -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p gxgl9qo7ycxyj9h1ux77q9vk59tdbip 670738 670737 2014-04-06T15:41:25Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Protected Module:User: [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modules|High-risk Lua module]] ([Edit=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite)) 670737 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg end end function p.main(frame) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = {'t', 'c'} -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p gxgl9qo7ycxyj9h1ux77q9vk59tdbip 670739 670738 2014-04-06T15:43:28Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 comment the validateArg function 670739 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = {'t', 'c'} -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end return p tj1l9rxbmjibxp392xv31zrrotkybg3 670740 670739 2024-08-27T23:16:13Z Ahecht 14587 Add User2 670740 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.main() return p 5iy9agt7dw6dvksqx2nu59xp99ekq64 670741 670740 2024-08-27T23:18:41Z Ahecht 14587 debug 670741 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.two return p ryyi025bw9lrgbvs4dmiwrcucen57xf 670742 670741 2024-08-28T00:12:06Z Ahecht 14587 add former admin 670742 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Generate mop icon for formeradmin local mop = (origArgs.mop and yesno(origArgs.mop)) and require('Module:Icon')._main({'mop'}) or '' -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return mop .. result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end function p.formeradmin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','fa','bls','pr','del','rl','mr','lr'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.two p['former admin'] = p.formeradmin return p dbp1cohxevu1jmuedarf26ylhawzeiz 670743 670742 2024-08-28T00:16:01Z Ahecht 14587 implement admin and user5 670743 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Generate mop icon for formeradmin local mop = (origArgs.mop and yesno(origArgs.mop)) and require('Module:Icon')._main({'mop'}) or '' -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return mop .. result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.admin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','bls','pr','del','m','rl','rfa'}) end function p.five(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'dc', 'm', 'bu', 'bl'}) end function p.formeradmin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','fa','bls','pr','del','rl','mr','lr'}) end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.two p['5'] = p.five p['former admin'] = p.formeradmin return p 6yx3yrb0ck5xs0bdsav6mjs73j3vihn 670744 670743 2024-08-28T00:20:41Z Ahecht 14587 add 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 670744 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Generate mop icon for formeradmin local mop = (origArgs.mop and yesno(origArgs.mop)) and require('Module:Icon')._main({'mop'}) or '' -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return mop .. result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.admin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','bls','pr','del','m','rl','rfa'}) end function p.eight(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ca', 'ct', 'e'}) end function p.five(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'dc', 'm', 'bu', 'bl'}) end function p.four(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'e'}) end function p.formeradmin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','fa','bls','pr','del','rl','mr','lr'}) end function p.seven(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct', 'l', 'e'}) end function p.six(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct', 'l', 'm', 'bl'}) end function p.three(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'l'}) end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.two p['3'] = p.three p['4'] = p.four p['5'] = p.five p['6'] = p.six p['7'] = p.seven p['8'] = p.eight p['former admin'] = p.formeradmin return p d74zg44zhkays8mxdxyy64akexmxmth 670745 670744 2026-07-01T19:30:24Z King ChristLike 13051 12 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:User]] 670744 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ -- This module implements {{user}}. {{user}} is a high-use template, sometimes -- with thousands of transclusions on a page. This module optimises the -- template's performance by reducing the number of parameters called from -- wikitext, while still allowing all the features provided by -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. It is about twice as fast as the version of {{user}} -- that called the {{user-multi}} template from wikitext. --]=] local mUserLinks = require('Module:UserLinks') local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} local function validateArg(arg) -- Validates one argument. Whitespace is stripped, and blank arguments -- are treated as nil. if not arg then return nil end arg = arg:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if arg ~= '' then return arg else return nil end end function p.main(frame, opts) -- Grab the user, project and lang args from wikitext. local argKeys = { user = { 1, 'User', 'user' }, project = { 2, 'Project', 'project' }, lang = { 3, 'Lang', 'lang' } } local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) local args = {} for argKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do for i, origArgKey in ipairs(t) do local value = origArgs[origArgKey] value = validateArg(value) if value then args[argKey] = value -- If we have found a value, break the loop. For the average -- invocation this saves two argument lookups. break end end end -- Generate options. Some of these need wikitext args also. local options = { span = false, separator = validateArg(origArgs.separator) or 'dot', isDemo = yesno(validateArg(origArgs.demo)) } -- Input the codes directly. This saves two argument lookups for each -- invocation. local codes = type(opts) and opts or {'t', 'c'} -- Generate mop icon for formeradmin local mop = (origArgs.mop and yesno(origArgs.mop)) and require('Module:Icon')._main({'mop'}) or '' -- Plug the data into [[Module:UserLinks]]. local snippets = mUserLinks.getSnippets(args) local links = mUserLinks.getLinks(snippets) local success, result = pcall(mUserLinks.export, codes, links, options) if success then return mop .. result else return mShared.makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.admin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','bls','pr','del','m','rl','rfa'}) end function p.eight(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ca', 'ct', 'e'}) end function p.five(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'dc', 'm', 'bu', 'bl'}) end function p.four(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'e'}) end function p.formeradmin(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t','c','fa','bls','pr','del','rl','mr','lr'}) end function p.seven(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct', 'l', 'e'}) end function p.six(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct', 'l', 'm', 'bl'}) end function p.three(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'l'}) end function p.two(frame) return p.main(frame, {'t', 'c', 'ct'}) end p[''] = p.main p['2'] = p.two p['3'] = p.three p['4'] = p.four p['5'] = p.five p['6'] = p.six p['7'] = p.seven p['8'] = p.eight p['former admin'] = p.formeradmin return p d74zg44zhkays8mxdxyy64akexmxmth Module:UserLinks 828 77250 670746 2013-06-12T10:26:36Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 save initial version - user talk links only for the moment 670746 Scribunto text/plain p = {} local toolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local project, username local function makeTalkLink() local plink = (project and (':' .. project .. ':')) or '' return '[[' .. plink .. 'User talk:' .. username .. '|talk]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' return toolbar.main(targs) end local function getLinks(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else username = args.user or args.User end -- Get the values of the other module-wide variables. project = args.Project small = args.small separator = args.separator return makeToolbar(args) end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p alzsg10vbeedb3s0gfnto8g3sf078ja 670747 670746 2013-06-12T11:27:24Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 output user links 670747 Scribunto text/plain p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local project, username local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. project .. 'User:' .. username .. '|' .. username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. project .. 'User talk:' .. username .. '|talk]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function getLinks(args) -- Get the username value. If it is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else username = args.user or args.User end -- Get the project value. if args.Project then project = ':' .. args.Project .. ':' else project = '' end local result = makeToolbar(args) if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p nrf34xwy9az8siuvrpgapxdhl7nyrql 670748 670747 2013-06-12T12:35:17Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add some different user link functions 670748 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) ------------------------------------------------- -- Username helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- -- Get the username value. If it is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else u.username = args.user or args.User end u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username ------------------------------------------------- -- Project helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- u.project = args.Project -- Get the project value. u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. end local function getLinks(args) generateUserDataStrings(args) local result = makeToolbar(args) if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p rehqfnrc8ck1i384aatnmmzxwrxt56r 670749 670748 2013-06-12T12:55:13Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add block log link 670749 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.usernameHtmlWiki The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with underscores. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtmlWiki) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) ------------------------------------------------- -- Username helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- -- Get the username value. If it is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else u.username = args.user or args.User end u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. u.usernameHtmlWiki = mw.uri.encode(u.username, 'WIKI') -- Html-encodeed username. Spaces are encoded as underscores. ------------------------------------------------- -- Project helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- u.project = args.Project -- Get the project value. u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. end local function getLinks(args) generateUserDataStrings(args) local result = makeToolbar(args) if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p mc3vatc5s244b6qsgmch860mafe5i26 670750 670749 2013-06-12T18:46:05Z Legoktm 287 use a protocol relative link for labs 670750 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.usernameHtmlWiki The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with underscores. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtmlWiki) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) ------------------------------------------------- -- Username helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- -- Get the username value. If it is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else u.username = args.user or args.User end u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. u.usernameHtmlWiki = mw.uri.encode(u.username, 'WIKI') -- Html-encodeed username. Spaces are encoded as underscores. ------------------------------------------------- -- Project helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- u.project = args.Project -- Get the project value. u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. end local function getLinks(args) generateUserDataStrings(args) local result = makeToolbar(args) if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p 7w0mew6rou31dnf1dl3c31fhgvvl4v7 670751 670750 2013-06-13T12:12:32Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add the rest of the link types, remove wiki-encoded username as I ended up not using it at all 670751 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) ------------------------------------------------- -- Username helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- -- Get the username value. If it is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' else u.username = args.user or args.User end u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. ------------------------------------------------- -- Project helper strings -- ------------------------------------------------- u.project = args.Project -- Get the project value. u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function getLinks(args) generateUserDataStrings(args) local result = makeToolbar(args) if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p i6n82fo4h4zxst1nnt7j0z8i9esh7p6 670752 670751 2013-06-13T12:55:15Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 fix bug where the username error wasn't showing up properly, add more comments 670752 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Username helper strings. u.username = args.user or args.User u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. -- Project helper strings. u.project = args.Project u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function getLinks(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an html error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return '<span class="error">Error: No username detected by [[Module:UserLinks]].</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions without usernames]]' end -- Generate the user data strings. generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end function p.main(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return getLinks(args) end return p i0dtasem225dkmrqxvlc5s2aga4uerl 670753 670752 2013-06-13T13:38:30Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add capability to link to a single link, use a custom error function, and generate html errors for invalid link types 670753 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) cat = (cat and ('[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]')) or '' return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Username helper strings. u.username = args.user or args.User u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. -- Project helper strings. u.project = args.Project u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('No link type specified', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return getLink(linktype) end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('No username detected', 'UserLinks transclusions without usernames') end -- Generate the user data strings. generateUserDataStrings(args) return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } lpq9z6xy66yffxe35tf2gnr4bbeb1vv 670754 670753 2013-06-13T13:40:13Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 caps fix 670754 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) cat = (cat and ('[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]')) or '' return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Username helper strings. u.username = args.user or args.User u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. -- Project helper strings. u.project = args.Project u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return getLink(linktype) end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'UserLinks transclusions without usernames') end -- Generate the user data strings. generateUserDataStrings(args) return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } 64v0anpmmcdng1q15okcv7h6h4e4goc 670755 670754 2013-06-13T14:35:41Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add support for a demo parameter 670755 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) if cat and not demo then cat = '[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]' else cat = '' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Username helper strings. u.username = args.user or args.User u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. -- Project helper strings. u.project = args.Project u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. args.Project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return getLink(linktype) end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'UserLinks transclusions without usernames') end -- Generate the user data strings. generateUserDataStrings(args) return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } 55gb81v3nowa43rett0d5i2s8y4ztbd 670756 670755 2013-06-13T15:04:23Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add function for generating tracking categories, enable lower-case project parameter name 670756 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) if cat and not demo then cat = '[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]' else cat = '' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- If the project name has not been specified, all the project strings will be -- -- the blank string, ''. If the username is not specified, the module outputs an error. -- -- Either way, there is no need to worry about escaping nil values when using the -- -- helper strings. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- -- -- u.project The plain project name. -- -- u.projectColon The project name with two colons surrounding it, i.e. ":project:" -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.projectColon .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- Username helper strings. u.username = args.user or args.User u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. -- Project helper strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.projectColon = (u.project and (':' .. u.project .. ':')) or '' -- Project value plus colons, for escaping interwiki links. u.project = u.project or '' -- Control for nil values of args.Project. end local function generateTrackingCategories(args) local ret = '' if (args.Project or args.project) and not demo then ret = ret .. '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' end return ret end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified', 'UserLinks transclusions with invalid link types') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'UserLinks transclusions without usernames') end -- Generate the user data strings. generateUserDataStrings(args) return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } lyz9rmqihb1luxwrd6dmex8o3ohnm1c 670757 670756 2013-06-16T10:07:38Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 automatically detect project and language values from the project argument input 670757 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectKey, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true end end end return false end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then -- If u.project is a known project, we don't need to do anything. If the project isn't known, first -- check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's an interwiki code -- separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". if not isKnownProject(u.project) then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else -- Guess local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '(%w+):(%w+)' ) if pref1 and pref2 then if isKnownProject(pref1) and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 elseif isKnownProject(pref2) and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. end local function generateTrackingCategories(args) local ret = '' if (args.Project or args.project) and not demo then ret = ret .. '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' end return ret end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } rrja04fqxe7gaq01eby0smwosmv0fy3 670758 670757 2013-06-16T10:10:24Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 re-add support for the demo parameter to the error function 670758 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectKey, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true end end end return false end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then -- If u.project is a known project, we don't need to do anything. If the project isn't known, first -- check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's an interwiki code -- separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". if not isKnownProject(u.project) then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else -- Guess local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '(%w+):(%w+)' ) if pref1 and pref2 then if isKnownProject(pref1) and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 elseif isKnownProject(pref2) and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. end local function generateTrackingCategories(args) local ret = '' if (args.Project or args.project) and not demo then ret = ret .. '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' end return ret end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories(args) return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } hc32vsbh04xxolnocl78ueqay2zr7rd 670759 670758 2013-06-16T15:27:26Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 better tracking category handling, add check for the validity of the language prefix in project parameters, add interwiki support for more link types 670759 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, cat) if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we don't need to do anything. If the project isn't known, first -- check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's an interwiki code -- separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". if not isKnownProject(u.project) then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } azlfdbun24ms740v55487ndr3876g2d 670760 670759 2013-06-16T15:30:22Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 bug fix in error function 670760 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we don't need to do anything. If the project isn't known, first -- check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's an interwiki code -- separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". if not isKnownProject(u.project) then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } mtwa65w9t1xrzzwrdr5hjr8tn4xbiap 670761 670760 2013-06-16T16:06:50Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add support for different projects in the edit count link 670761 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() local lang = u.lang or 'en' local project if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix project = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else project = 'wikipedia' end return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. lang .. '&wiki=' .. project .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } muuft1l7vqvcc37k2if0iepllusypz2 670762 670761 2013-06-16T23:41:31Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add support for different projects in the edit summary link, reduce some long lines of code 670762 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } lb2083l40a9niurof6zzceqvn44j9sc 670763 670762 2013-06-16T23:44:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 use nbsp for the edit summaries link 670763 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Below are the helper strings available for writing user link functions. -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function getLink(linktype) local linktypes = { t = makeTalkLink, c = makeContribsLink, ct = makeCountLink, m = makeMovesLink, l = makeLogsLink, bl = makeBlockLogLink, bls = makeBlocksLink, bu = makeBlockUserLink, ca = makeCentralAuthLink, dc = makeDeletedContribsLink, e = makeEmailLink, es = makeEditSummariesLink, del = makeDeletionsLink, lu = makeListUserLink, sul = makeSulLink, tl = makeTargetLogsLink, efl = makeEditFilterLogLink, pr = makeProtectionsLink, rl = makeRightsLink, ren = makeRenamesLink, rfa = makeRfaLink } if not linktypes[linktype] then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end return linktypes[linktype]() end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end local function getSingleLink(args) local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink) } iyrvt5pglof33fp591sj79gww8hiwxb 670764 670763 2013-06-17T01:29:46Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a function to generate all the links as a table, update comments 670764 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err('the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value') end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Override any user or interwiki arguments specified. args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil args.Project = nil args.project = nil args.lang = nil args.Lang = nil -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable) } fav2tp9k3pnjdh7t5mikbk6e686sdi9 670765 670764 2013-06-17T02:03:21Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 don't bother overriding the arguments - it's not necessary, and possibly limiting 670765 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err('the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value') end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable) } by0gu6g8l345u8tr8ng6mspxttsbczs 670766 670765 2013-06-17T02:48:57Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 check for demo == 'yes' rather than just its existence 670766 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg) local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Module:UserLinks]] error: ' .. msg .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err('the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value') end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang and not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code') end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end else return err('"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix') end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable) } hiau1q46yk4uqfyoqf1ywtaoxg0okpc 670767 670766 2013-06-17T04:01:27Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add links to error help sections 670767 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with bad RfA links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable) } 9zf00dtgm8j2revzn38u1bj8w1lcb0s 670768 670767 2013-06-17T04:07:09Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 change category name 670768 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable) } kq2g80xlc2smuno3w3xsiiazszka33a 670769 670768 2013-06-17T04:56:08Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 make an example-creating function 670769 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } 98sohnhw8trqp8qvj68nqoj9aspo8wd 670770 670769 2013-06-17T05:45:10Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Protected Module:UserLinks: [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modules|High-risk Lua module]] ([Edit=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite) [Move=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite)) 670769 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } 98sohnhw8trqp8qvj68nqoj9aspo8wd 670771 670770 2013-06-17T05:51:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 make an api function, as this was generating errors 670771 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function makeApiLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&usprop=editcount&ususers=' .. u.usernameHtml .. ' api]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink}, {'api' , makeApiLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } 6loyll2vq5nzyppak02rr14vnn39mt0 670772 670771 2013-06-21T10:45:47Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a file uploads link per protected edit request, and make the API function compatible with other projects 670772 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://toolserver.org/~tparis/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function makeApiLink() -- Find the full domain, as the API can't be accessed through the interwiki system. local fulldomain local lang = u.lang or 'en' if u.projectCode then local domain = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].takes_lang_prefix if not takesLangPrefix then fulldomain = domain else fulldomain = lang .. '.' .. domain end else fulldomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end -- Return the API link return '[//' .. fulldomain .. '/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&usprop=editcount&ususers=' .. u.usernameHtml .. ' api]' end local function makeUploadsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListFiles/' .. u.username .. '|uploads]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink}, {'api' , makeApiLink}, {'up' , makeUploadsLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } rhhje2rmw37qiubl8alw74hraglvtjr 670773 670772 2013-12-02T02:07:36Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 switch the edit count link from the Toolserver to Labs, per protected edit request by [[User:DHeyward]] 670773 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function makeApiLink() -- Find the full domain, as the API can't be accessed through the interwiki system. local fulldomain local lang = u.lang or 'en' if u.projectCode then local domain = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].takes_lang_prefix if not takesLangPrefix then fulldomain = domain else fulldomain = lang .. '.' .. domain end else fulldomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end -- Return the API link return '[//' .. fulldomain .. '/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&usprop=editcount&ususers=' .. u.usernameHtml .. ' api]' end local function makeUploadsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListFiles/' .. u.username .. '|uploads]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink}, {'api' , makeApiLink}, {'up' , makeUploadsLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } el19enz6n4cn25lr8ove5nseuw921m1 670774 670773 2014-03-27T02:30:59Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 update count link per protected edit request by [[User:Frietjes]] 670774 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/supercount/index.php?user=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&project=' .. u.toolLang .. '.' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function makeApiLink() -- Find the full domain, as the API can't be accessed through the interwiki system. local fulldomain local lang = u.lang or 'en' if u.projectCode then local domain = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].takes_lang_prefix if not takesLangPrefix then fulldomain = domain else fulldomain = lang .. '.' .. domain end else fulldomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end -- Return the API link return '[//' .. fulldomain .. '/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&usprop=editcount&ususers=' .. u.usernameHtml .. ' api]' end local function makeUploadsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListFiles/' .. u.username .. '|uploads]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink}, {'api' , makeApiLink}, {'up' , makeUploadsLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } js43ypmkj74820bhgok5hu7on1trh4u 670775 670774 2014-04-05T08:25:32Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Complete rewrite of the module, updated from sandbox. Now supports adding new link functions on [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], and is configurable at [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. 670775 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, user = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option and return the result. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end return userLink .. '&nbsp;' .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p t3cgq0s55qqaa0rng9bf1fr21pv8dt6 670776 670775 2014-04-05T08:29:37Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Undid revision 602835579 by [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Stradivarius|Mr. Stradivarius]] ([[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|talk]]) revert for now, generated an unexpected script error 670776 Scribunto text/plain local ToolbarBuilder = require('Module:Toolbar') local interwikiTable = mw.loadData("Module:InterwikiTable") local u = {} -- Table for user-data helper strings. local trackingCategories = {} -- Table for storing the tracking categories. local demo -- Define a custom error message for this module. local function err(msg, section) local help if section then help = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else help = '' end local cat if demo == 'yes' then cat = '' else cat = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' end return '<span class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: ' .. msg .. help .. '.</span>' .. cat end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- To add more link types, write a function that produces an individual link, and put -- -- it at the bottom of the list below. Then, add a link code for your function to the -- -- "linktypes" table. Try and make the code three letters or less. There are a number -- -- of helper strings available for writing the functions: -- -- -- -- u.username The plain username. If the username is not present then the -- -- module returns an error. -- -- u.usernameHtml The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded with plus signs. -- -- u.project The project name. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.lang The language code. Nil if not specified. -- -- u.interwiki The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language -- -- values, separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". If no project -- -- or language values are found, this is the blank string, "". -- -- u.projectCode If a valid project is specified, this is the code for that -- -- project in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. Otherwise this is nil. -- -- u.projectLong The long project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". If -- -- not specified the default is "wikipedia". -- -- u.toolLang The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. The -- -- default is "en". -- -- -- -- If you want more helper strings, you can define them in the generateUserDataStrings -- -- function below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS START -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User:' .. u.username .. '|' .. u.username .. ']]' end local function makeTalkLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'User talk:' .. u.username .. '|talk]]' end local function makeContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Contributions/' .. u.username .. '|contribs]]' end local function makeCountLink() return '[//tools.wmflabs.org/supercount/index.php?user=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&project=' .. u.toolLang .. '.' .. u.projectLong .. ' count]' end local function makeMovesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/move/' .. u.username .. '|page&nbsp;moves]]' end local function makeLogsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/' .. u.username .. '|logs]]' end local function makeBlockLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' block&nbsp;log]' end local function makeBlocksLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/block/' .. u.username .. '|blocks]]' end local function makeBlockUserLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Block/' .. u.username .. '|block&nbsp;user]]' end local function makeCentralAuthLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:CentralAuth/' .. u.username .. '|central&nbsp;auth]]' end local function makeDeletedContribsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:DeletedContributions/' .. u.username .. '|deleted&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeEmailLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Emailuser/' .. u.username .. '|email]]' end local function makeEditSummariesLink() return '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/editsummary/index.php?name=' .. u.usernameHtml .. '&lang=' .. u.toolLang .. '&wiki=' .. u.projectLong .. ' edit&nbsp;summaries]' end local function makeDeletionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/delete/' .. u.username .. '|deletions]]' end local function makeListUserLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListUsers', 'limit=1&username=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' list&nbsp;user]' end local function makeSulLink() return '[[sulutil:' .. u.username .. '|global&nbsp;contribs]]' end local function makeTargetLogsLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log', 'page=User:' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' target&nbsp;logs]' end local function makeEditFilterLogLink() local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(u.interwiki .. 'Special:AbuseLog', 'wpSearchUser=' .. u.usernameHtml) return '[' .. tostring(url) .. ' edit&nbsp;filter&nbsp;log]' end local function makeProtectionsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/protect/' .. u.username .. '|protections]]' end local function makeRightsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/rights/' .. u.username .. '|rights]]' end local function makeRenamesLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:Log/renameuser/' .. u.username .. '|renames]]' end local function makeRfaLink() if u.project or u.lang then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with unresolvable interwiki links]]' ) end return '[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/' .. u.username .. '|RfA]]' end local function makeApiLink() -- Find the full domain, as the API can't be accessed through the interwiki system. local fulldomain local lang = u.lang or 'en' if u.projectCode then local domain = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].takes_lang_prefix if not takesLangPrefix then fulldomain = domain else fulldomain = lang .. '.' .. domain end else fulldomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end -- Return the API link return '[//' .. fulldomain .. '/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&usprop=editcount&ususers=' .. u.usernameHtml .. ' api]' end local function makeUploadsLink() return '[[' .. u.interwiki .. 'Special:ListFiles/' .. u.username .. '|uploads]]' end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- LINK FUNCTIONS END -- -- To enable new link functions, add the code to the "linktypes" table directly below. -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local linktypes = { {'t' , makeTalkLink}, {'c' , makeContribsLink}, {'ct' , makeCountLink}, {'m' , makeMovesLink}, {'l' , makeLogsLink}, {'bl' , makeBlockLogLink}, {'bls' , makeBlocksLink}, {'bu' , makeBlockUserLink}, {'ca' , makeCentralAuthLink}, {'dc' , makeDeletedContribsLink}, {'e' , makeEmailLink}, {'es' , makeEditSummariesLink}, {'del' , makeDeletionsLink}, {'lu' , makeListUserLink}, {'sul' , makeSulLink}, {'tl' , makeTargetLogsLink}, {'efl' , makeEditFilterLogLink}, {'pr' , makeProtectionsLink}, {'rl' , makeRightsLink}, {'ren' , makeRenamesLink}, {'rfa' , makeRfaLink}, {'api' , makeApiLink}, {'up' , makeUploadsLink} } local function getLink(linktype) local linkNumber for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do if value[1] == linktype then linkNumber = i break end end if not linkNumber then return err('"' .. linktype .. '" is not a valid link code', 'Not a valid link code') end local result = linktypes[linkNumber][2]() if type(result) ~= 'string' then return err( 'the function for code "' .. linktype .. '" did not return a string value', 'Function did not return a string value' ) end return result end local function makeToolbar(args) local targs = {} local numArgsExist = false for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then numArgsExist = true targs[k] = getLink(v) end end targs.style = args.small and 'font-size: 90%;' targs.separator = args.separator or 'dot' if numArgsExist == false then return nil -- Don't return a toolbar if no numeric arguments exist. else return ToolbarBuilder.main(targs) end end -- This function finds whether a string is a valid interwiki project prefix. -- If the string is valid, the function outputs two values: true, and the site code -- used in [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If the string is valid, the function outputs -- false and nil. local function isKnownProject(prefix) for projectCode, projectVal in pairs(interwikiTable) do for _, iwCode in ipairs(projectVal.iw_prefix) do if iwCode == prefix then return true, projectCode end end end return false, nil end local function generateUserDataStrings(args) -- If the username is absent or blank, return an error and a tracking category. if args.user == '' or (not args.user and (not args.User or args.User == '')) then return err('no username detected', 'No username detected') else u.username = args.user or args.User end -- Get other basic user data strings. u.project = args.Project or args.project u.lang = args.lang or args.Lang if u.lang then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.lang) then table.insert(trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with language parameters]]') else return err('"' .. u.lang .. '" is not a valid language code', 'Not a valid language code') end end -- Process the project value if it is present. if u.project then table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters]]' ) -- If u.project is a known project, we only need to get the project code. If the project -- isn't known, first check whether it is a valid language code, and if not then see if it's -- an interwiki code separated by colons, e.g. "wikt:es". local uprojectIsKnownProject, uprojectProjectCode = isKnownProject(u.project) if uprojectIsKnownProject then u.projectCode = uprojectProjectCode else if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(u.project) then u.lang = u.project u.project = nil else local pref1, pref2 = mw.ustring.match( u.project, '^(%w+):(%w+)$' ) if pref1 and pref2 then local pref1IsKnownProject, pref1ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref1) local pref2IsKnownProject, pref2ProjectCode = isKnownProject(pref2) if pref1IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref2) and interwikiTable[pref1ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref1 u.lang = pref2 u.projectCode = pref1ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) elseif pref2IsKnownProject and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(pref1) and interwikiTable[pref2ProjectCode].takes_lang_prefix then u.project = pref2 u.lang = pref1 u.projectCode = pref2ProjectCode table.insert( trackingCategories, '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with project parameters containing language codes]]' ) else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end else return err( '"' .. u.project .. '" is not a valid interwiki prefix', 'Not a valid interwiki prefix' ) end end end end -- Generate the interwiki prefix. This includes colons. if u.project or u.lang then u.interwiki = '' if u.project then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.project end if u.lang then u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' .. u.lang end u.interwiki = u.interwiki .. ':' else u.interwiki = '' end -- Generate the other helper strings. u.usernameHtml = mw.uri.encode(u.username) -- Html-encoded username. Spaces are encoded as pluses. if u.project then local prefixes = interwikiTable[u.projectCode].iw_prefix u.projectLong = prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] -- A bit of a hack, but should find the long prefix name most of the time. else u.projectLong = 'wikipedia' end u.toolLang = u.lang or 'en' -- set the default language for tools on the toolserver or labs. end local function generateTrackingCategories() if demo == 'yes' then return '' else return table.concat(trackingCategories) end end -- This function generates a table of all available link types, with their previews. -- It is used in the module documentation. local function getLinkTable(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build a table of all of the links. local result = '<table class="wikitable plainlinks sortable">' .. '\n<tr><th>Code</th><th>Preview</th></tr>' for i, value in ipairs(linktypes) do local code = value[1] result = result .. "\n<tr><td>'''" .. code .. "'''</td><td>" .. getLink(code) .. '</td></tr>' end result = result .. '\n</table>' return result end local function getSingleLink(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end local linktype = args[1] if not linktype then return err('no link type specified') end local result = getLink(linktype) result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getLinks(args) demo = args.demo -- Set the demo variable. -- Generate the user data strings and return any errors. local dataStringError = generateUserDataStrings(args) if dataStringError then return dataStringError end -- Build the template output. local result = makeToolbar(args) -- Get the toolbar contents. if result then if args.sup then result = '<sup>' .. result .. '</sup>' end result = '&nbsp;' .. result else result = '' -- If there are no links specified, don't return the toolbar at all. end result = '<span>' .. makeUserLink() .. result .. '</span>' result = result .. generateTrackingCategories() return result end local function getExampleLinks(args) -- This function enables example output without having to specify any -- parameters to #invoke. args.demo = 'yes' args.user = 'Example' args.User = nil return getLinks(args) end local function makeWrapper(func) return function (frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end -- Strip whitespace, and treat blank arguments as nil. -- 'user', 'User', and 'separator' have different behaviour depending on -- whether they are blank or nil, so keep them as they are. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= '' or k == 'user' or k == 'User' or k == 'separator' then args[k] = v end end return func(args) end end return { main = makeWrapper(getLinks), single = makeWrapper(getSingleLink), linktable = makeWrapper(getLinkTable), example = makeWrapper(getExampleLinks) } js43ypmkj74820bhgok5hu7on1trh4u 670777 670776 2014-04-05T08:37:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 reinstate the rewrite - the script error was only occurring on the template page 670777 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, user = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option and return the result. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end return userLink .. '&nbsp;' .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p t3cgq0s55qqaa0rng9bf1fr21pv8dt6 670778 670777 2014-04-05T08:59:51Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 don't use non-breaking spaces when we are substing 670778 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, user = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p 99n8bwsknznds4npqw8kyrxp0gw5hok 670779 670778 2014-04-06T12:46:34Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 make the api query return the user's groups as well 670779 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, user = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p k304eznvduwb2o25d4fy51nwn6yl9ta 670780 670779 2014-04-07T05:21:58Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 fix bug in the "list user" link function 670780 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p bg939a8jizl5tqu0ygbuqt22mqqahhb 670781 670780 2014-06-06T06:26:26Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 use [[Special:Contribs]] instead of [[Special:Contributions]] per protected edit request by [[User:Technical 13]] 670781 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/supercount/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p f7mcppoqan91q4vh0v23sba26m7t4de 670782 670781 2015-04-17T14:13:09Z Graham87 6230 use X!'s edit counter 670782 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools-ec/', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p hzks82pr8q71itlyuc9zojx2f5kmq9n 670783 670782 2015-08-26T02:06:01Z Courcelles 2736 Changed protection level of Module:UserLinks: Allow template editors ([Edit=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite)) 670782 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. -- -- For documentation on how to add new link functions, please see -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools-ec/', query = { user = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/xtools/editsummary/index.php', query = { name = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang, wiki = snippets.projectLong } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p hzks82pr8q71itlyuc9zojx2f5kmq9n 670784 670783 2018-01-31T18:23:39Z MusikAnimal 6774 update links to XTools, add link to autoedits tool; rm misleading comment; convert spaces to tabs 670784 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p 6rrb5y4gsetic4az6b0ztfh7u6vdhet 670785 670784 2019-08-20T17:28:52Z ST47 44655 Allow linking to contribs of a /64 for IPv6 addresses 670785 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username .. '/64', '(/64)' ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p c0rff2decsfzkfabydzwwxv1mbvbazo 670786 670785 2020-05-30T18:03:59Z Nardog 14651 link to the full range 670786 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p kei3qadzenxbzd8tek3bzt9uppmndlj 670787 670786 2020-06-01T10:44:00Z Nardog 14651 fix 670787 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p c1ipa8peavj1ncm554oa0s2trp1adga 670788 670787 2020-07-04T03:29:39Z Nardog 14651 better /64 support 670788 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p rbkonn0szo3m5bqrpiqb1fvtoa34a7c 670789 670788 2020-08-08T00:59:28Z Xaosflux 5236 Changed protection level for "[[Module:UserLinks]]": TP->FPP, used in interface messages [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist-custom-TFA]] ([Edit=Require administrator access] (indefinite) [Move=Require administrator access] (indefinite)) 670788 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p rbkonn0szo3m5bqrpiqb1fvtoa34a7c 670790 670789 2020-08-08T01:02:18Z Xaosflux 5236 Changed protection level for "[[Module:UserLinks]]": no longer in interface ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite)) 670788 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p rbkonn0szo3m5bqrpiqb1fvtoa34a7c 670791 670790 2022-11-11T16:47:25Z Paine Ellsworth 4319 per edit request on talk page - update with noping option 670791 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p 6exxxd1dwjp6vydxj73hv1ibipm72iz 670792 670791 2023-02-14T03:09:47Z Trialpears 14534 Add nuke 670792 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p is7d7hth2h82o6vbnibyvb84zt1erf9 670793 670792 2023-08-12T20:56:23Z SWinxy 27031 Add gender (per edit req) 670793 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.linktable() -- Returns a wikitext table of link codes, with an example link for each -- one. This function doesn't take any arguments, so it can be accessed -- directly from wiki pages without using makeInvokeFunction. local args = {user = 'Example'} local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Assemble the codes and links in order local firstCodes = {'u', 't', 'c'} local firstLinks, firstCodesKeys = {}, {} for i, code in ipairs(firstCodes) do firstCodesKeys[code] = true firstLinks[#firstLinks + 1] = {code, links[code]} end local secondLinks = {} for code, link in pairs(links) do if not firstCodesKeys[code] then secondLinks[#secondLinks + 1] = {code, link} end end table.sort(secondLinks, function(t1, t2) return t1[1] < t2[1] end) local links = {} for i, t in ipairs(firstLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end for i, t in ipairs(secondLinks) do links[#links + 1] = t end -- Output the code table in table format local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = '{| class="wikitable plainlinks sortable"' ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-codeheader') ret[#ret + 1] = '! ' .. message('linktable-previewheader') for i, t in ipairs(links) do local code = t[1] local link = t[2] ret[#ret + 1] = '|-' ret[#ret + 1] = "| '''" .. code .. "'''" ret[#ret + 1] = '| ' .. link end ret[#ret + 1] = '|}' return table.concat(ret, '\n') end return p 6xv6gcp7fwebmt76liwctn9j55kjcd2 670794 670793 2023-08-12T21:55:25Z SWinxy 27031 Remove the link table generator in favor of hand-written documentation 670794 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p 9k6w4btzxq9jns7v336px7ag3crh4ga 670795 670794 2023-08-14T18:23:21Z Nardog 14651 including these imply the lack of a secondary preference, which MW does not support 670795 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he', 'she', 'they' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p hzlfaq6n81qjuj1r07ug5luk07ndsce 670796 670795 2024-05-21T22:50:23Z Sdkb 12658 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1170378668|1170378668]] by [[Special:Contributions/Nardog|Nardog]] ([[User talk:Nardog|talk]]) per comment at [[Template_talk:User-multi#Edit_request_11_August_2023_2]] 670796 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikpedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p 9k6w4btzxq9jns7v336px7ag3crh4ga 670797 670796 2024-07-07T17:16:17Z Paine Ellsworth 4319 per edit request on talk page - fix typo 670797 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/ec/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/autoedits/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeUrlLink( { host = 'xtools.wmflabs.org', path = '/editsummary/', query = { username = snippets.username, project = snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org' } }, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikipedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p d0vpqkqkcbryf2qsnld4q01nhl8464u 670798 670797 2024-08-31T17:20:30Z Sohom Datta 19944 change xtool links per talk page 670798 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'ec/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'autoedits/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'editsummary/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikipedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p 5h8mbrwn868uvowfcb9wudu5kq4bpx5 670799 670798 2026-07-01T19:30:28Z King ChristLike 13051 53 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:UserLinks]] 670798 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks -- -- This module creates a list of links about a given user. It can be used on -- -- its own or from a template. See the /doc page for more documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Require necessary modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules that we might or might not need local mExtra -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] local mArguments -- [[Module:Arguments]] local mToolbar -- [[Module:Toolbar]] local mCategoryHandler -- [[Module:Category handler]] local mTableTools -- [[Module:TableTools]] local interwikiTable -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]], loaded with mw.loadData -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local maybeLoadModule = mShared.maybeLoadModule local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getLinks(snippets) --[=[ -- Get a table of links that can be indexed with link codes. The table -- returned is blank, but links are added to it on demand when it is -- indexed. This is made possible by the metatable and by the various link -- functions, some of which are defined here, and some of which are defined -- at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. --]=] local links, linkFunctions = {}, {} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link functions -- -- The following functions make the links from the link codes and the user -- data snippets. New link functions should be added below the existing -- functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function linkFunctions.u(snippets) -- User page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, snippets.username ) end function linkFunctions.np(snippets) -- User page (no ping) return '<span class="plainlinks">' .. makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username, '', snippets.username ) .. '</span>' end function linkFunctions.t(snippets) -- User talk page return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, message('display-talk') ) end function linkFunctions.c(snippets) -- Contributions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. snippets.username, message('display-contributions') ) end function linkFunctions.c64(snippets) -- Contributions local first64 = snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:%x+:') or snippets.username:match('^%x+:') return first64 and makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Contribs/' .. first64 .. ':/64', '(/64)' ) or '' end function linkFunctions.ct(snippets) -- Edit count return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'ec/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-count') ) end function linkFunctions.m(snippets) -- Page moves return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/move/' .. snippets.username, message('display-moves') ) end function linkFunctions.l(snippets) -- Logs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/' .. snippets.username, message('display-logs') ) end function linkFunctions.ae(snippets) -- Automated edits (and non-automated contributions). return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'autoedits/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-autoedits') ) end function linkFunctions.bl(snippets) -- Block log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-blocklog') ) end function linkFunctions.bls(snippets) -- Blocks return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blocks') ) end function linkFunctions.bu(snippets) -- Block user return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Block/' .. snippets.username, message('display-blockuser') ) end function linkFunctions.ca(snippets) -- Central auth return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'CentralAuth/' .. snippets.username, message('display-centralauth') ) end function linkFunctions.dc(snippets) -- Deleted contribs return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'DeletedContributions/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletedcontributions') ) end function linkFunctions.e(snippets) -- Email return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'EmailUser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-email') ) end function linkFunctions.es(snippets) -- Edit summaries return makeWikilink( 'xtools', 0, 'editsummary/' .. snippets.toolLang .. '.' .. snippets.projectLong .. '.org/' .. snippets.username, message('display-editsummaries') ) end function linkFunctions.del(snippets) -- Deletions return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/delete/' .. snippets.username, message('display-deletions') ) end function linkFunctions.lu(snippets) -- List user return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListUsers', {limit = 1, username = snippets.username}, message('display-listuser') ) end function linkFunctions.sul(snippets) -- SUL return makeWikilink( nil, nil, 'sulutil:' .. snippets.username, message('display-sul') ) end function linkFunctions.tl(snippets) -- Target logs return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username}, message('display-targetlogs') ) end function linkFunctions.efl(snippets) -- Edit filter log return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'AbuseLog', {wpSearchUser = snippets.username}, message('display-abuselog') ) end function linkFunctions.pr(snippets) -- Protections return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/protect/' .. snippets.username, message('display-protections') ) end function linkFunctions.rl(snippets) -- User rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/rights/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rights') ) end function linkFunctions.ren(snippets) -- Renames return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/renameuser/' .. snippets.username, message('display-renames') ) end function linkFunctions.rfa(snippets) -- Requests for adminship return makeWikilink( nil, -1, 'PrefixIndex/' .. message('page-rfa') .. '/' .. snippets.username, message('display-rfa') ) end function linkFunctions.api(snippets) -- API user data return makeUrlLink( { host = snippets.fullDomain, path = '/w/api.php', query = { action = 'query', list = 'users', usprop = 'groups|editcount', ususers = snippets.username } }, message('display-api') ) end function linkFunctions.up(snippets) -- Uploads return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'ListFiles/' .. snippets.username, message('display-uploads') ) end function linkFunctions.nuke(snippets) -- Mass delete/Special:Nuke return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Nuke/' .. snippets.username, message('display-nuke') ) end function linkFunctions.gender(snippets) -- Gender return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction( 'GENDER', snippets.username, 'he/him', 'she/her', 'they/them' ) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of link functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Define the metatable that memoizes the link functions, and fetches link -- functions from [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] if necessary. -- Lazily initialise the extraLinkFunctions table. We only want to load -- [[Module:UserLinks/extra]] as necessary, so it has a low transclusion -- count. local extraLinkFunctions -- Define functions for shared code in the metatable. local function validateCode(code) -- Checks whether code is a valid link code - i.e. checks that it is a -- string and that it is not the blank string. Returns the code if -- the check passes, and nil if not. if type(code) == 'string' and code ~= '' then return code else return nil end end local function getExtraLinkFunctions() -- Loads the table of extra link functions from the /extra module. -- If there is a problem with loading it, return false. We use the -- distinction between false and nil to record whether we have already -- tried to load it. if extraLinkFunctions ~= nil then return extraLinkFunctions end if mExtra == nil then -- If loading the module fails, maybeLoadModule returns false. -- Here we use the distinction between false and nil to record -- whether we have already tried to load the /extra module. mExtra = maybeLoadModule('Module:UserLinks/extra') end if type(mExtra) == 'table' and type(mExtra.linkFunctions) == 'table' then extraLinkFunctions = mExtra.linkFunctions else extraLinkFunctions = false end return extraLinkFunctions end local function memoizeExtraLink(code, func) local success, link = pcall(func, snippets) if success and type(link) == 'string' then links[code] = link return link end return nil end -- Define the metatable. setmetatable(links, { __index = function (t, key) local code = validateCode(key) if not code then raiseError( message('error-malformedlinkcode'), message('error-malformedlinkcode-section') ) end local linkFunction = linkFunctions[code] local link if linkFunction then link = linkFunction(snippets) links[code] = link else extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then local extraLinkFunction = extraLinkFunctions[code] if type(extraLinkFunction) == 'function' then link = memoizeExtraLink(code, extraLinkFunction) end end end if link then return link else raiseError( message('error-invalidlinkcode', code), message('error-invalidlinkcode-section') ) end end, __pairs = function () extraLinkFunctions = getExtraLinkFunctions() if extraLinkFunctions then for code, func in pairs(extraLinkFunctions) do if validateCode(code) and type(func) == 'function' then memoizeExtraLink(code, func) end end end -- Allow built-in functions to overwrite extra functions. for code, func in pairs(linkFunctions) do local link = func(snippets) links[code] = link end return function (t, key) return next(links, key) end end }) return links end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- User data snippets -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getSnippets(args) --[=[ -- This function gets user data snippets from the arguments, and from -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. The data is loaded as necessary and memoized -- in the snippets table for performance. -- -- Snippets default to the blank string, '', so they can be used in -- concatenation operations without coders having to worry about raising -- errors. Because of this, the local functions snippetExists and -- getSnippet have been written to aid people writing new snippets. These -- functions treat the blank string as false. It is not necessary to return -- the blank string from a snippet function, as nil and false values are -- automatically converted into the blank string by the metatable. -- -- If you add a new snippet, please document it at -- [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. --]=] local snippets, snippetFunctions = {}, {} setmetatable(snippets, { __index = function (t, key) local snippetFunction = snippetFunctions[key] if snippetFunction then snippets[key] = snippetFunction() or '' return snippets[key] else raiseError( message('error-nosnippet', key), message('error-nosnippet-section') ) end end }) -- Define helper functions for writting the snippet functions. local function snippetExists(key) -- We have set the metatable up to make snippets default to '', so we -- don't have to test for false or nil. return snippets[key] ~= '' end local function getSnippet(key) local ret = snippets[key] if ret == '' then return nil else return ret end end -- Start snippet functions. function snippetFunctions.username() -- The username. local username = args.user or args.User return username or raiseError( message('error-nousername'), message('error-nousername-section') ) end function snippetFunctions.usernameHtml() -- The username html-encoded. Spaces are encoded as pluses. return mw.uri.encode(snippets.username) end function snippetFunctions.project() -- The project name. -- Also does the work for snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey, and adds -- the project value to snippets.lang if it is a valid language code. local project = args.Project or args.project if not project then return nil end local projectValidated, interwikiTableKey = p.validateProjectCode(project) if not projectValidated then if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project) then if not snippetExists('lang') then snippets.lang = project end else raiseError( message('error-invalidproject', project), message('error-invalidproject-section') ) end end snippets.interwikiTableKey = interwikiTableKey return project end function snippetFunctions.interwikiTableKey() -- The key for the project in Module:InterwikiTable. -- Relies on snippetFunctions.project to do the real work. local temp = snippets.project -- required; puts key in snippets table return rawget(snippets, 'interwikiTableKey') end function snippetFunctions.toolProject() -- The short project code for use with toolserver or labs. It is always -- present, even if the "project" argument is absent. The default value -- is the "snippet-project-default" message. local project = getSnippet('project') if not project then return message('snippet-project-default') else return project end end function snippetFunctions.projectLong() -- The long form of the project name, e.g. "wikipedia" or "wikibooks". local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if not key then return message('snippet-projectlong-default') end interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local prefixes = interwikiTable[key].iw_prefix -- Using prefixes[2] is a bit of a hack, but should find the long name -- most of the time. return prefixes[2] or prefixes[1] end function snippetFunctions.lang() -- The language code. local lang = args.lang or args.Lang if not lang then return nil end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then return lang else raiseError( message('error-invalidlanguage', lang), message('error-invalidlanguage-section') ) end end function snippetFunctions.toolLang() -- The language code for use with toolserver or labs tools. It is always -- present, even if the "lang" argument is absent. The default value is -- the "snippet-lang-default" message. return getSnippet('lang') or message('snippet-lang-default') end function snippetFunctions.interwiki() -- The interwiki prefix, consisting of the project and language values, -- separated by colons, e.g. ":wikt:es:". local project = getSnippet('project') local lang = getSnippet('lang') if not project and not lang then return nil end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = project ret[#ret + 1] = lang return table.concat(ret, ':') end function snippetFunctions.fullDomain() -- The full domain name of the site, e.g. www.mediawiki.org, -- en.wikipedia.org, or ja.wikibooks.org. local fullDomain local lang = getSnippet('toolLang') local key = getSnippet('interwikiTableKey') if key then interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') local domain = interwikiTable[key].domain local takesLangPrefix = interwikiTable[key].takes_lang_prefix if takesLangPrefix then fullDomain = lang .. '.' .. domain else fullDomain = domain end else fullDomain = lang .. '.wikipedia.org' end return fullDomain end -- End snippet functions. If you add a new snippet function, please -- document it at [[Module:UserLinks#Adding new links]]. return snippets end function p.validateProjectCode(s) -- Validates a project code, by seeing whether it is present in -- [[Module:InterwikiTable]]. If it is present, returns the code and the -- InterwikiTable key for the corresponding site. If not present, -- returns nil for both. interwikiTable = interwikiTable or mw.loadData('Module:InterwikiTable') for key, t in pairs(interwikiTable) do for i, prefix in ipairs(t.iw_prefix) do if s == prefix then return s, key end end end return nil, nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunction(funcName) -- Makes a function that can be accessed from #invoke. This is only required -- for functions that need to access arguments. return function (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p[funcName](args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction('_main') function p._main(args) -- The main function. This is the one called from [[Template:User-multi]], -- via p.main. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local codes = p.getCodes(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) -- Overload the built-in Lua error function to generate wikitext errors -- meant for end users to see. This makes things harder to debug when -- real errors occur, but it is the only realistic way to show wikitext -- errors and and still have sane code when using metatables, etc. local success, result = pcall(p.export, codes, links, options) if success then return result else return makeWikitextError(result, options.isDemo) end end function p.getOptions(args) -- Gets the options from the args table, so that we don't have to pass -- around the whole args table all the time. local options = {} options.isDemo = yesno(args.demo) or false options.noPing = yesno(args.noPing) or yesno(args.noping) or yesno(args.np) or false options.toolbarStyle = yesno(args.small) and 'font-size: 90%;' or nil options.sup = yesno(args.sup, true) options.separator = args.separator options.span = args.span return options end function p.getCodes(args) -- Gets the link codes from the arguments. The codes aren't validated -- at this point. mTableTools = maybeLoadModule('Module:TableTools') local codes if mTableTools then codes = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) else codes = {} for i, code in ipairs(args) do codes[i] = code end end return codes end function p.export(codes, links, options) -- Make the user link. local userLink = options.noPing and links.np or links.u -- If we weren't passed any link codes, just return the user link. if #codes < 1 then return userLink end -- Make the toolbar. mToolbar = require('Module:Toolbar') local toolbarArgs = {} for i, code in ipairs(codes) do local link = links[code] toolbarArgs[#toolbarArgs + 1] = link end toolbarArgs.style = options.toolbarStyle toolbarArgs.separator = options.separator or 'dot' toolbarArgs.span = options.span local toolbar = mToolbar.main(toolbarArgs) -- Apply the sup option. if options.sup then toolbar = '<sup>' .. toolbar .. '</sup>' end -- If we are transcluding, add a non-breaking space, but if we are substing -- just use a normal space local space = mw.isSubsting() and ' ' or '&nbsp;' return userLink .. space .. toolbar end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Single link function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.single = makeInvokeFunction('_single') function p._single(args) -- Fetches a single link from the link table. local options = p.getOptions(args) local snippets = p.getSnippets(args) local links = p.getLinks(snippets) local code = args[1] local success, link = pcall(p.exportSingle, links, code) if success then return link else return makeWikitextError(link, options.isDemo) end end function p.exportSingle(links, code) -- If any errors occur, they will probably occur here. This function -- exists purely so that all the errors that will occur in p._single can -- be handled using a single pcall. if not code then raiseError( message('error-nolinkcode'), message('error-nolinkcode-section') ) end return links[code] end return p 5h8mbrwn868uvowfcb9wudu5kq4bpx5 Module:UserLinks/config 828 77251 670800 2014-04-03T14:59:38Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 create config module for [[Module:UserLinks]] 670800 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' return cfg bf02v61f5qdbmzb9gtp0vs11xa2xtut 670801 670800 2014-04-03T18:13:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add error messages 670801 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -- Error messages cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' return cfg 6cxwcx121mo3g7ul0hkk4eziu2opcnh 670802 670801 2014-04-04T09:53:44Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add link table messages 670802 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -- Error messages cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- Link table headers cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg i6d6wy7plop2cvslejpks8alfwu7coo 670803 670802 2014-04-04T16:03:01Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add snippet defaults 670803 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -- Error messages cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- Snippet defaults cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -- Link table headers cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg lv065dpli0o7rpcy5ubroeyikh0o6pm 670804 670803 2014-04-04T16:10:55Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a "snippet-project-default" message 670804 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -- Error messages cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- Snippet defaults cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -- Link table headers cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg 0fhrvw1djuvt2banu95qx5oor1z2eci 670805 670804 2014-04-04T18:28:06Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add error configuration messages 670805 Scribunto text/plain local cfg = {} -- Display values cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' cfg['display-count'] = 'count' cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' cfg['display-email'] = 'email' cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit&nbsp;summaries' cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' cfg['display-api'] = 'api' cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- Page names cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -- Error messages cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- Error configuration cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: $1.' cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -- Snippet defaults cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -- Link table headers cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg 7ke0t0la3pj0gg60k7howq66myip37n 670806 670805 2014-04-05T03:53:22Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 begin adding comments 670806 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: $1.' cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg lp1ziuai2udsovo12j38ce3dftyn5u1 670807 670806 2014-04-05T07:49:28Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add more comments 670807 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: $1.' cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg rvxh8n00fvd35b5ruld0bf26k8q2vc8 670808 670807 2014-04-05T07:50:35Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 see what happens without the section name 670808 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = nil cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: $1.' cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' return cfg 5cigwcdlv50iifbxcenvl77vpplzdrd 670809 670808 2014-04-05T08:17:36Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 reinstate the section message and finish adding comments 670809 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -- The headers used in the table of links used on documentation pages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The link code. cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' -- The link preview. cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 2aj2z9qf90670nr6cx96sbafy4kmjrx 670810 670809 2014-04-05T08:23:19Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Protected Module:UserLinks/config: [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modules|High-risk Lua module]] ([Edit=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite)) 670809 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'edit filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -- The headers used in the table of links used on documentation pages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The link code. cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' -- The link preview. cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 2aj2z9qf90670nr6cx96sbafy4kmjrx 670811 670810 2017-05-04T10:48:53Z Zzuuzz 12978 edit filter log -> filter log 670811 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -- The headers used in the table of links used on documentation pages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The link code. cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' -- The link preview. cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. gjspstwuyx3lb04luck87i0tc3mney7 670812 670811 2018-01-31T18:21:33Z MusikAnimal 6774 add message for (non-)automated edits tool 670812 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- Analysis of the user's (non-)automated contributions. cfg['display-autoedits'] = 'non-automated edits' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -- The headers used in the table of links used on documentation pages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The link code. cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' -- The link preview. cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. mz06jv68fzhjn0ch07dkre9m9xt385t 670813 670812 2023-02-14T03:08:31Z Trialpears 14534 Add nuke 670813 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- Analysis of the user's (non-)automated contributions. cfg['display-autoedits'] = 'non-automated edits' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-nuke'] = 'nuke contribs' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link table headers -- -- The headers used in the table of links used on documentation pages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The link code. cfg['linktable-codeheader'] = 'Code' -- The link preview. cfg['linktable-previewheader'] = 'Preview' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 3j0j1e1kpvyr5w1o0lil6udb6gknsu6 670814 670813 2023-08-12T21:57:14Z SWinxy 27031 No longer used 670814 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- Analysis of the user's (non-)automated contributions. cfg['display-autoedits'] = 'non-automated edits' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-nuke'] = 'nuke contribs' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. is5a9mw0nh9xp99m59kr5badeb5vgjo 670815 670814 2024-08-27T23:59:33Z Ahecht 14587 sync 670815 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- Analysis of the user's (non-)automated contributions. cfg['display-autoedits'] = 'non-automated edits' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Label before links for former administrators cfg['display-formeradmin'] = 'former admin:' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- Log of rights changes performed on the user cfg['display-localrights'] = 'local rights' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- Log of rights changes performed on the user on Meta-Wiki cfg['display-metarights'] = 'meta' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-nuke'] = 'nuke contribs' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 76qhv87sftwvtpwqnnxmeife8gpnkhf 670816 670815 2026-07-01T19:30:29Z King ChristLike 13051 16 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:UserLinks/config]] 670815 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- UserLinks configuration -- -- This module provides configuration and localisation messages for -- -- [[Module:UserLinks]]. See the comments in the code below for explanations -- -- of what each message does. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display values -- -- These messages are the display values for the user links. These are the -- -- most visible messages in the module. They should be short, but -- -- descriptive. Spaces are automatically escaped with &nbsp;, so there is no -- -- need to add any &nsbp; values here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The user talk page. cfg['display-talk'] = 'talk' -- The user's contributions. cfg['display-contributions'] = 'contribs' -- The user's edit count, using the edit count tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-count'] = 'count' -- Log of the user's page moves. cfg['display-moves'] = 'page moves' -- All the user's logged actions. cfg['display-logs'] = 'logs' -- Analysis of the user's (non-)automated contributions. cfg['display-autoedits'] = 'non-automated edits' -- The user's block log. cfg['display-blocklog'] = 'block log' -- Blocks that the user has performed. cfg['display-blocks'] = 'blocks' -- Link to the interface where the user can be blocked. cfg['display-blockuser'] = 'block user' -- CentralAuth, the global account manager for the user. cfg['display-centralauth'] = 'central auth' -- The user's deleted contributions. cfg['display-deletedcontributions'] = 'deleted contribs' -- Likn to email the user. cfg['display-email'] = 'email' -- Analysis of the user's edit summaries, using the tool on WMF Labs. cfg['display-editsummaries'] = 'edit summaries' -- Label before links for former administrators cfg['display-formeradmin'] = 'former admin:' -- Deletions that the user has performed. cfg['display-deletions'] = 'deletions' -- Log of rights changes performed on the user cfg['display-localrights'] = 'local rights' -- The user's entry on [[Special:ListUsers]]. cfg['display-listuser'] = 'list user' -- Log of rights changes performed on the user on Meta-Wiki cfg['display-metarights'] = 'meta' -- A display of the user's global contributions, using the sulutil: interwiki -- prefix. cfg['display-sul'] = 'global contribs' -- All logs of actions performed on the user or their user page. cfg['display-targetlogs'] = 'target logs' -- Log of times the user has triggered the AbuseFilter (also known as the -- edit filter). cfg['display-abuselog'] = 'filter log' -- Page protections that the user has performed. cfg['display-protections'] = 'protections' -- Log of rights changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-rights'] = 'rights' -- Log of username changes that the user has performed. cfg['display-renames'] = 'renames' -- Link to a list of the user's requests for adminship. cfg['display-rfa'] = 'RfA' -- Data about the user from the MediaWiki Web API. cfg['display-api'] = 'api' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-uploads'] = 'uploads' -- List of the user's local file uploads. cfg['display-nuke'] = 'nuke contribs' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Page names -- -- Page names used in formatting some of the user links. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The base page for a request for adminship link. This assumes that the link -- is of the format [[Base page/username]]. If your wiki uses a different -- format, consider adding a new link at [[Module:UserLinks/extra]], or you can -- leave a message at [[w:en:Template talk:User-multi]] to ask the module -- developers how best to deal with it. cfg['page-rfa'] = 'Wikipedia:Requests for adminship' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error messages -- -- The following are error messages that may occur when the module is run. -- -- These are the more common error messages that are localisable; other, -- -- rarer error messages may be raised from other modules or directly from -- -- Lua. The messages ending with "section" are the section names on a help -- -- page that give advice to users who encounter the error. The help page is -- -- defined in the 'error-config-message-help' message. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The module didn't detect a username from the "user" or "User" parameters. -- This could be because no username was specified, or because the user used a -- positional parameter and their username contains an equals sign, -- e.g. {{user|John=Smith}}, rather than {{user|1=John=Smith}}. cfg['error-nousername'] = 'no username detected' cfg['error-nousername-section'] = 'No username detected' -- The input to the "project" or "Project" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidproject'] = '"$1" is not a valid project or language code' cfg['error-invalidproject-section'] = 'Not a valid project or language code' -- The input to the "lang" or "Lang" arguments wasn't a valid interwiki -- prefix or a valid language code. $1 is the code that was input to the module. cfg['error-invalidlanguage'] = '"$1" is not a valid language code' cfg['error-invalidlanguage-section'] = 'Not a valid language code' -- The user didn't specify any link codes. This is only an error when using the -- "single" function to return a single link; the "main" function includes a -- user page link by default. cfg['error-nolinkcode'] = 'no link code specified' cfg['error-nolinkcode-section'] = 'No link code specified' -- The link code passed to the module was malformed. This means it was either -- not a string value or it was the blank string. cfg['error-malformedlinkcode'] = 'malformed link code detected' cfg['error-malformedlinkcode-section'] = 'Malformed link code detected' -- No link function exists for the code specified, so the module cannot make -- the link. $1 is the code that was passed to the module. cfg['error-invalidlinkcode'] = '"$1" is not a valid link code' cfg['error-invalidlinkcode-section'] = 'Not a valid link code' -- The snippets table was accessed, but there was no value for the key it was -- accessed with. This is not usually visible by end users; it is probably a -- mistake in one of the link functions in [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. $1 is the -- key that was passed to the module. cfg['error-nosnippet'] = 'no snippet exists for the key "$1"' cfg['error-nosnippet-section'] = 'No snippet exists' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Error configuration -- -- Configuration for the display of the error messages. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The error message used when a section link is available. $1 is the error -- message, and $2 is the name of the section. cfg['error-config-message-help'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1 ([[Template:User-multi#$2|help]]).' -- The error message used when ano section link is available. $1 is the error -- message. cfg['error-config-message-nohelp'] = '[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error:' .. ' $1.' -- The name of the error category. Pages are put in this category if any errors -- are encountered. cfg['error-config-category'] = 'UserLinks transclusions with errors' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Snippet defaults -- -- Some of the snippets require default values when the user doesn't specify -- -- "project" or "lang" arguments. Those default values are stored here. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The short project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-project-default'] = 'w' -- The long project interwiki prefix. cfg['snippet-projectlong-default'] = 'wikipedia' -- The MediaWiki language code for the wiki. cfg['snippet-lang-default'] = 'en' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 76qhv87sftwvtpwqnnxmeife8gpnkhf Module:UserLinks/shared 828 77252 670817 2014-04-01T06:56:19Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 create module for shared functions between this page and the extras page 670817 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end function p.makeWikilink(page, display) if display then return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', page) end end function p.makeUrlLink(page, query, display) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(page, query) url = tostring(url) if display then return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end return p itlkrgq43lao5dpzfdxgqr8tz7lmd2y 670818 670817 2014-04-01T10:39:33Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 use non-breaking spaces in display values 670818 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end function p.makeWikilink(page, display) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', page) end end function p.makeUrlLink(page, query, display) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(page, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end return p egxjvj5frtxtswdv9mlqcn00mubqqe0 670819 670818 2014-04-03T04:43:23Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a message function 670819 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. local data = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/data') local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end function p.makeWikilink(page, display) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', page) end end function p.makeUrlLink(page, query, display) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(page, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = data[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p k0rmwmfxmw7lg6nvrusx0o4xncjxjpj 670820 670819 2014-04-03T05:55:10Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 make makeWikilink function more flexible 670820 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local data = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/data') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) interwiki = interwiki or '' local colon if interwiki ~= '' then interwiki = interwiki .. ':' colon = ':' elseif colonNamespaces[namespace] then colon = ':' end colon = colon or '' local nsText = namespaces[namespace].name if namespace ~= 0 then nsText = nsText .. ':' end if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format( '[[%s%s%s%s|%s]]', colon, interwiki, nsText, page, display ) else return string.format( '[[%s%s%s%s]]', colon, interwiki, nsText, page ) end end function p.makeUrlLink(page, query, display) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(page, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = data[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p kmx1hzhfvfpn0wla4qptl5j1uuvxns8 670821 670820 2014-04-03T06:34:37Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 alter the makeUrlLink function to allow interwiki and namespace inputs as well 670821 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local data = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/data') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = namespaces[namespace].name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = data[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p e9utq6qh6fxpbqmpc9ele0ltaz8ltil 670822 670821 2014-04-03T16:22:59Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 only use /config - /data is no longer necessary 670822 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = namespaces[namespace].name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p 8b63r7rkmanjqgiq9660yact9z8w4nc 670823 670822 2014-04-03T16:26:20Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 raise error if no namespace defined 670823 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) namespace = namespace or error('no namespace defined', 2) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = namespaces[namespace].name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p iq25jfgpt3mng4vdljg3iv603op1qb5 670824 670823 2014-04-03T16:30:25Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add error for invalid namespace keys 670824 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) namespace = namespace or error('no namespace defined', 2) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p jgj11u4l4vxvsticme1n735lqzr3cq4 670825 670824 2014-04-03T16:31:52Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 try one error level deeper 670825 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) namespace = namespace or error('no namespace defined', 2) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 3) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p qf4scbxr7xnlb9uljvjw3imqd5iq4of 670826 670825 2014-04-03T16:32:29Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Undid revision 602599208 by [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Stradivarius|Mr. Stradivarius]] ([[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|talk]]) didn't help 670826 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) namespace = namespace or error('no namespace defined', 2) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p jgj11u4l4vxvsticme1n735lqzr3cq4 670827 670826 2014-04-03T16:37:54Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 fix the wikilink function for links without namespaces 670827 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p iehjbpx1sj7pgqyxdp34dsd687lzccn 670828 670827 2014-04-03T16:47:31Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add logs for debugging 670828 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) mw.log(interwiki) mw.log(namespace) mw.log(page) mw.logObject(query) mw.log(display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p kivcs3qum194r00bd2ehr1bf1zzv15a 670829 670828 2014-04-03T16:56:50Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Undid revision 602601125 by [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Stradivarius|Mr. Stradivarius]] ([[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|talk]]) problem fixed 670829 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key) local msg = cfg[key] return msg or p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end return p iehjbpx1sj7pgqyxdp34dsd687lzccn 670830 670829 2014-04-03T17:43:37Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 allow messages with parameters 670830 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key, ...) local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p biamk1bk0vl3h6v4aclwotyy7nbmgdw 670831 670830 2014-04-04T15:08:50Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 change name of p.makeUrlLink to p.makeFullUrlLink - will add a new URL function soon 670831 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a wikitext link to the full URL of a page. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) query = query or {} local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) if display then display = display:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.message(key, ...) local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p 5nr99gkietqq8zowj9k5e15g7eaxlan 670832 670831 2014-04-04T15:35:26Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add new makeUrlLink function 670832 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.raiseError(message, section, level) if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local message, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') message = message or encodedMessage if section then section = ' ([[Template:User-multi#' .. section .. '|help]])' else section = '' end local category if not demo then category = '[[Category:UserLinks transclusions with errors]]' mCategoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler') category = mCategoryHandler.main{ all = category -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. } end category = category or '' return string.format( '<strong class="error">[[Template:User-multi|User-multi]] error: %s%s.</strong>%s', message, section, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a wikitext link to the full URL of a page. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p 6qlzcbj2ba00hv91ag7snx1mdzby4gi 670833 670832 2014-04-04T18:27:41Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a p.maybeLoadModule function and improve the comments 670833 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Lazily initialise modules that we may or may not need local mCategoryHandler -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.maybeLoadModule(s) -- Attempts to load the module s. If it succeeds, returns the module; -- otherwise, returns false. local success, mdl = pcall(require, s) if success then return mdl else return false end end function p.raiseError(message, section, level) -- Raises an error using the Lua error function. The error message is -- designed to be caught with pcall and then passed to p.makeWikitextError. -- The section, if specified, is the section name on a help page that gives -- help to users about that particular error. if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local errorMessage, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') errorMessage = errorMessage or encodedMessage -- If not a demo, get the error category link and pass it through -- [[Module:Category handler]]'s blacklist. local category if not demo then category = string.format( '[[%s:%s]]', namespaces[14].name, p.message('error-config-category') ) mCategoryHandler = p.maybeLoadModule('Module:Category handler') if mCategoryHandler then -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. category = mCategoryHandler.main{all = category} end end category = category or '' -- Format the error message and the section link. local formattedError if section then formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-help', errorMessage, section ) else formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-nohelp', errorMessage ) end -- Return the error message and the category inside html error tags. return string.format( '<strong class="error">%s</strong>%s', formattedError, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) -- Formats an interwiki, a namespace and a page into a wikilink-ready -- string. The interwiki and namespace are optional. If a namespace is -- specified, it should be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The page -- parameter is required. local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) -- Creates a wikilink. The interwiki, namespace and display parameters are -- optional. If a namespace parameter is specified it must be a valid key -- to mw.site.namespaces. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) -- Formats a URL link with an optional display parameter. if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) -- Makes a URL link with an optional display parameter. The first input -- may be any valid input to mw.uri.new. local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a link to the full URL of a page. The interwiki, namespace, query -- and display parameters are optional. If a namespace parameter is -- specified it must be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The query -- parameter can be a string or a table as specified in the mw.uri library. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) -- Returns the message with the given key from [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. -- Extra parameters are substituted in the message for keys $1, $2, $3, etc. local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p l0gmblrsss8lccdnscef54jc5lkbjeo 670834 670833 2014-04-05T08:22:57Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Protected Module:UserLinks/shared: [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modules|High-risk Lua module]] ([Edit=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only template editors and admins] (indefinite)) 670833 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Lazily initialise modules that we may or may not need local mCategoryHandler -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.maybeLoadModule(s) -- Attempts to load the module s. If it succeeds, returns the module; -- otherwise, returns false. local success, mdl = pcall(require, s) if success then return mdl else return false end end function p.raiseError(message, section, level) -- Raises an error using the Lua error function. The error message is -- designed to be caught with pcall and then passed to p.makeWikitextError. -- The section, if specified, is the section name on a help page that gives -- help to users about that particular error. if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local errorMessage, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') errorMessage = errorMessage or encodedMessage -- If not a demo, get the error category link and pass it through -- [[Module:Category handler]]'s blacklist. local category if not demo then category = string.format( '[[%s:%s]]', namespaces[14].name, p.message('error-config-category') ) mCategoryHandler = p.maybeLoadModule('Module:Category handler') if mCategoryHandler then -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. category = mCategoryHandler.main{all = category} end end category = category or '' -- Format the error message and the section link. local formattedError if section then formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-help', errorMessage, section ) else formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-nohelp', errorMessage ) end -- Return the error message and the category inside html error tags. return string.format( '<strong class="error">%s</strong>%s', formattedError, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) -- Formats an interwiki, a namespace and a page into a wikilink-ready -- string. The interwiki and namespace are optional. If a namespace is -- specified, it should be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The page -- parameter is required. local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) -- Creates a wikilink. The interwiki, namespace and display parameters are -- optional. If a namespace parameter is specified it must be a valid key -- to mw.site.namespaces. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) -- Formats a URL link with an optional display parameter. if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) -- Makes a URL link with an optional display parameter. The first input -- may be any valid input to mw.uri.new. local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a link to the full URL of a page. The interwiki, namespace, query -- and display parameters are optional. If a namespace parameter is -- specified it must be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The query -- parameter can be a string or a table as specified in the mw.uri library. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) -- Returns the message with the given key from [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. -- Extra parameters are substituted in the message for keys $1, $2, $3, etc. local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p l0gmblrsss8lccdnscef54jc5lkbjeo 670835 670834 2014-04-05T08:56:13Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 don't add non-breaking spaces if we are substing 670835 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Lazily initialise modules that we may or may not need local mCategoryHandler -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.maybeLoadModule(s) -- Attempts to load the module s. If it succeeds, returns the module; -- otherwise, returns false. local success, mdl = pcall(require, s) if success then return mdl else return false end end function p.raiseError(message, section, level) -- Raises an error using the Lua error function. The error message is -- designed to be caught with pcall and then passed to p.makeWikitextError. -- The section, if specified, is the section name on a help page that gives -- help to users about that particular error. if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local errorMessage, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') errorMessage = errorMessage or encodedMessage -- If not a demo, get the error category link and pass it through -- [[Module:Category handler]]'s blacklist. local category if not demo then category = string.format( '[[%s:%s]]', namespaces[14].name, p.message('error-config-category') ) mCategoryHandler = p.maybeLoadModule('Module:Category handler') if mCategoryHandler then -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. category = mCategoryHandler.main{all = category} end end category = category or '' -- Format the error message and the section link. local formattedError if section then formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-help', errorMessage, section ) else formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-nohelp', errorMessage ) end -- Return the error message and the category inside html error tags. return string.format( '<strong class="error">%s</strong>%s', formattedError, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) -- Formats an interwiki, a namespace and a page into a wikilink-ready -- string. The interwiki and namespace are optional. If a namespace is -- specified, it should be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The page -- parameter is required. local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. -- Don't replace anything if we are substing, as we generally don't want -- to use "&nbsp;" in that case. if mw.isSubsting() then return s else return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) -- Creates a wikilink. The interwiki, namespace and display parameters are -- optional. If a namespace parameter is specified it must be a valid key -- to mw.site.namespaces. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) -- Formats a URL link with an optional display parameter. if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) -- Makes a URL link with an optional display parameter. The first input -- may be any valid input to mw.uri.new. local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a link to the full URL of a page. The interwiki, namespace, query -- and display parameters are optional. If a namespace parameter is -- specified it must be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The query -- parameter can be a string or a table as specified in the mw.uri library. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) -- Returns the message with the given key from [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. -- Extra parameters are substituted in the message for keys $1, $2, $3, etc. local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p 4ip0unmi46c2n70fh8uahxfo8uub792 670836 670835 2016-12-30T15:21:53Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 set up a local blacklist system so that we don't categorise sandboxes or test case pages 670836 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Lazily initialise modules that we may or may not need local mCategoryHandler -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.maybeLoadModule(s) -- Attempts to load the module s. If it succeeds, returns the module; -- otherwise, returns false. local success, mdl = pcall(require, s) if success then return mdl else return false end end function p.raiseError(message, section, level) -- Raises an error using the Lua error function. The error message is -- designed to be caught with pcall and then passed to p.makeWikitextError. -- The section, if specified, is the section name on a help page that gives -- help to users about that particular error. if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end local localBlacklist = { '/[sS]andbox$', -- Don't categorise sandboxes '/[tT]est ?cases$', -- Don't categorise test case pages } local function currentTitleMatchesLocalBlacklist() -- Return true if the current title matches any of the patterns in the -- local blacklist table. Otherwise return false. local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText for i, pattern in ipairs(localBlacklist) do if title:find(pattern) then return true end end return false end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local errorMessage, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') errorMessage = errorMessage or encodedMessage -- If not a demo, get the error category link and pass it through -- [[Module:Category handler]]'s blacklist. local category if not demo then category = string.format( '[[%s:%s]]', namespaces[14].name, p.message('error-config-category') ) mCategoryHandler = p.maybeLoadModule('Module:Category handler') if mCategoryHandler then -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. category = mCategoryHandler.main{all = category} end if category and currentTitleMatchesLocalBlacklist() then category = nil end end category = category or '' -- Format the error message and the section link. local formattedError if section then formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-help', errorMessage, section ) else formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-nohelp', errorMessage ) end -- Return the error message and the category inside html error tags. return string.format( '<strong class="error">%s</strong>%s', formattedError, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) -- Formats an interwiki, a namespace and a page into a wikilink-ready -- string. The interwiki and namespace are optional. If a namespace is -- specified, it should be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The page -- parameter is required. local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. -- Don't replace anything if we are substing, as we generally don't want -- to use "&nbsp;" in that case. if mw.isSubsting() then return s else return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) -- Creates a wikilink. The interwiki, namespace and display parameters are -- optional. If a namespace parameter is specified it must be a valid key -- to mw.site.namespaces. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) -- Formats a URL link with an optional display parameter. if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) -- Makes a URL link with an optional display parameter. The first input -- may be any valid input to mw.uri.new. local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a link to the full URL of a page. The interwiki, namespace, query -- and display parameters are optional. If a namespace parameter is -- specified it must be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The query -- parameter can be a string or a table as specified in the mw.uri library. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) -- Returns the message with the given key from [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. -- Extra parameters are substituted in the message for keys $1, $2, $3, etc. local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p p8dn9pg27a69jmef1uchzuh09gbaidm 670837 670836 2026-07-01T19:30:29Z King ChristLike 13051 20 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:UserLinks/shared]] 670836 Scribunto text/plain -- This module stores functions that are shared between [[Module:UserLinks]] -- and [[Module:UserLinks/extra]]. -- Load data and define often-used variables local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:UserLinks/config') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces -- Lazily initialise modules that we may or may not need local mCategoryHandler -- Define namespaces for which links need to be escaped with the colon trick. -- See [[w:en:Help:Colon trick]]. local colonNamespaces = { [6] = true, -- File [14] = true, -- Category } local p = {} function p.maybeLoadModule(s) -- Attempts to load the module s. If it succeeds, returns the module; -- otherwise, returns false. local success, mdl = pcall(require, s) if success then return mdl else return false end end function p.raiseError(message, section, level) -- Raises an error using the Lua error function. The error message is -- designed to be caught with pcall and then passed to p.makeWikitextError. -- The section, if specified, is the section name on a help page that gives -- help to users about that particular error. if section then message = message .. '|' .. section end if not level or level == 0 then level = 0 else level = level + 1 end error(message, level) end local localBlacklist = { '/[sS]andbox$', -- Don't categorise sandboxes '/[tT]est ?cases$', -- Don't categorise test case pages } local function currentTitleMatchesLocalBlacklist() -- Return true if the current title matches any of the patterns in the -- local blacklist table. Otherwise return false. local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText for i, pattern in ipairs(localBlacklist) do if title:find(pattern) then return true end end return false end function p.makeWikitextError(encodedMessage, demo) local errorMessage, section = mw.ustring.match(encodedMessage, '^(.-)|(.*)$') errorMessage = errorMessage or encodedMessage -- If not a demo, get the error category link and pass it through -- [[Module:Category handler]]'s blacklist. local category if not demo then category = string.format( '[[%s:%s]]', namespaces[14].name, p.message('error-config-category') ) mCategoryHandler = p.maybeLoadModule('Module:Category handler') if mCategoryHandler then -- Categorise all namespaces, but not blacklisted pages. category = mCategoryHandler.main{all = category} end if category and currentTitleMatchesLocalBlacklist() then category = nil end end category = category or '' -- Format the error message and the section link. local formattedError if section then formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-help', errorMessage, section ) else formattedError = p.message( 'error-config-message-nohelp', errorMessage ) end -- Return the error message and the category inside html error tags. return string.format( '<strong class="error">%s</strong>%s', formattedError, category ) end local function formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) -- Formats an interwiki, a namespace and a page into a wikilink-ready -- string. The interwiki and namespace are optional. If a namespace is -- specified, it should be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The page -- parameter is required. local ret = {} interwiki = interwiki or '' if interwiki ~= '' or colonNamespaces[namespace] then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end ret[#ret + 1] = interwiki if interwiki ~= '' then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end if namespace then local nsTable = namespaces[namespace] if not nsTable then error('"' .. tostring(namespace) .. '" is not a valid namespace key', 2) end ret[#ret + 1] = nsTable.name if namespace ~= 0 then ret[#ret + 1] = ':' end end ret[#ret + 1] = page return table.concat(ret) end local function formatDisplay(s) -- Replaces spaces in a string with "&nbsp;" to make sure they don't wrap. -- Don't replace anything if we are substing, as we generally don't want -- to use "&nbsp;" in that case. if mw.isSubsting() then return s else return s:gsub(' ', '&nbsp;') end end function p.makeWikilink(interwiki, namespace, page, display) -- Creates a wikilink. The interwiki, namespace and display parameters are -- optional. If a namespace parameter is specified it must be a valid key -- to mw.site.namespaces. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[[%s|%s]]', formattedPage, display) else return string.format('[[%s]]', formattedPage) end end local function formatUrlLink(url, display) -- Formats a URL link with an optional display parameter. if display then display = formatDisplay(display) return string.format('[%s %s]', url, display) else return string.format('[%s]', url) end end function p.makeUrlLink(s, display) -- Makes a URL link with an optional display parameter. The first input -- may be any valid input to mw.uri.new. local url = mw.uri.new(s) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.makeFullUrlLink(interwiki, namespace, page, query, display) -- Makes a link to the full URL of a page. The interwiki, namespace, query -- and display parameters are optional. If a namespace parameter is -- specified it must be a valid key to mw.site.namespaces. The query -- parameter can be a string or a table as specified in the mw.uri library. local formattedPage = formatPage(interwiki, namespace, page) local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(formattedPage, query) url = tostring(url) return formatUrlLink(url, display) end function p.message(key, ...) -- Returns the message with the given key from [[Module:UserLinks/config]]. -- Extra parameters are substituted in the message for keys $1, $2, $3, etc. local msg = cfg[key] if not msg then p.raiseError( 'No message found with key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"', 'No message found', 2 ) end local noArgs = select('#', ...) if noArgs < 1 then return msg else local msg = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...) return msg:plain() end end return p p8dn9pg27a69jmef1uchzuh09gbaidm Module:UserLinks/extra 828 77253 670838 2014-04-02T11:29:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 create extra link functions module with example function 670838 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink(snippets.interwiki .. 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox') end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} lupl4ihwuzwfzl03rcda8loco8ufbl3 670839 670838 2014-04-02T11:32:04Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 test hax0ring capabilities 670839 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink(snippets.interwiki .. 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox') end function linkFunctions.u(snippets) return 'Hax0red' end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 0tko7ugnywa9rqqu573g6ecjlu8rwxp 670840 670839 2014-04-02T18:01:58Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 test returning non-string values 670840 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return 98 end function linkFunctions.u(snippets) return 'Hax0red' end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 9p2sfph0yike8e0vpp3epskma0ue0a3 670841 670840 2014-04-02T18:13:02Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 finish testing 670841 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink(snippets.interwiki .. 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox') end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} lupl4ihwuzwfzl03rcda8loco8ufbl3 670842 670841 2014-04-03T04:44:32Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a message function 670842 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink(snippets.interwiki .. 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox') end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} ks3zpnf3nd50p1dj240vtafjwxphdkt 670843 670842 2014-04-03T06:39:50Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 convert to the new makeWikilink function scheme 670843 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink(snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox') end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} qwl17v1xuhyw7vcf4nv7ybf3er17f9h 670844 670843 2014-04-04T15:50:15Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add makeFullUrlLink function and beautify 670844 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} t55f3n0q9hdxzxr2g4b80ry3bmotk31 670845 670844 2014-04-06T11:53:19Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add a new message function 670845 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} dzuqt09b1fw5l420gojl0byr94oy8pi 670846 670845 2014-04-06T13:12:22Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add user creation function 670846 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} hgl9n36k009kc5irqb6sp7kefcfecbo 670847 670846 2014-04-07T05:11:29Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add Google link function 670847 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} ndf3ipnupb28o99sbrf2lvlhlohwbqo 670848 670847 2014-04-09T15:41:54Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 Protected Module:UserLinks/extra: [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modules|High-risk Lua module]]: 6000 transclusions ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite)) 670847 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} ndf3ipnupb28o99sbrf2lvlhlohwbqo 670849 670848 2014-04-09T16:05:54Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add four new link functions 670849 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 3lk304627in1wm6yxqwwlv52fhns3ke 670850 670849 2014-04-09T16:29:24Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 fix sul2 lang 670850 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 5lrejjdnyw5mjzxs114ezctqg7kwxi8 670851 670850 2014-07-11T12:30:21Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add whois link 670851 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { --https://www.robtex.com/ip/{{{1}}}.html#whois protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', fragment = 'whois' }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} kelz4o1174d02q8q0mn9oienrlfxluh 670852 670851 2014-07-11T14:02:14Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add rbl link (realtime blacklists) 670852 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username. return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', fragment = 'whois' }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 1v041mxdzq22mcxeb1xo0mfpn65u131 670853 670852 2014-07-17T10:02:42Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add two more 670853 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = snippets.username }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', fragment = 'whois' }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 69qqb2n2cpa7xomc9n488q83gb939i7 670854 670853 2015-10-25T21:57:06Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 add change rights link 670854 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = snippets.username }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', fragment = 'whois' }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} ryuyn1s3dwx3py23xmnnzwd7qvu23za 670855 670854 2016-12-22T19:11:08Z Hut 8.5 28238 Changed protection level for "[[Module:UserLinks/extra]]": [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]], 20000+ transclusions ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite)) 670854 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = snippets.username }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', fragment = 'whois' }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} ryuyn1s3dwx3py23xmnnzwd7qvu23za 670856 670855 2017-06-30T13:25:18Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 change the whois link to https://tools.wmflabs.org/whois/gateway.py per [[Special:Diff/788256730|request]] by [[User:DoRD]] 670856 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = snippets.username }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} h71733dkgnodksnlfype6o5phgpyqfw 670857 670856 2019-05-14T13:02:05Z Anomie 14483 Have linkFunctions.http produce valid links for IPv6 670857 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not string.match( host, '^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$' ) then -- It's not IPv4, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 1e75ct9py53scor1r46uwm9bcx5s0km 670858 670857 2019-05-14T13:02:49Z Anomie 14483 fix indentation 670858 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not string.match( host, '^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$' ) then -- It's not IPv4, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} s2qftb6ifdhhglujjfn7wlris8zw61y 670859 670858 2019-07-15T18:11:42Z Nardog 14651 prevent http from showing when a non-IP is given - see [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 175#IPvandal links with ranges]] 670859 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not host:match('^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$') then if host:match('^[%x:]+$') then -- It's IPv6, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' else -- It's neither IPv4 nor IPv6, return nothing return '' end end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/rbls/' .. snippets.username .. '.html', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} sxfl8yzw8lc4agnzo3nscdarxoqgjy8 670860 670859 2023-02-20T13:51:48Z Trialpears 14534 robtex.com has undergone significant changes. Updated rbl link to reflect that. 670860 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not host:match('^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$') then if host:match('^[%x:]+$') then -- It's IPv6, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' else -- It's neither IPv4 nor IPv6, return nothing return '' end end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip-lookup/' .. snippets.username .. '#dnsbl', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} hac9fwglx5jdb59846a5uzriaxf7yk6 670861 670860 2023-08-11T01:56:35Z Trialpears 14534 Change dnswatch.info and stopforumspam.com to https per edit request 670861 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not host:match('^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$') then if host:match('^[%x:]+$') then -- It's IPv6, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' else -- It's neither IPv4 nor IPv6, return nothing return '' end end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip-lookup/' .. snippets.username .. '#dnsbl', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} qlsruatu1y9qar5y5kxg84k77o121d5 670862 670861 2024-08-27T23:55:47Z Ahecht 14587 add fa lr and mr 670862 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.fa(snippets) -- Former admin label return message('display-formeradmin') end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not host:match('^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$') then if host:match('^[%x:]+$') then -- It's IPv6, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' else -- It's neither IPv4 nor IPv6, return nothing return '' end end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.lr(snippets) -- Local rights return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-localrights') ) end function linkFunctions.mr(snippets) -- Meta user rights return makeFullUrlLink( 'meta', -1, 'Log', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '@enwiki'}, message('display-metarights') ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip-lookup/' .. snippets.username .. '#dnsbl', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 1fhulqy62xwpq8vfi4oj7xconl4s8mw 670863 670862 2026-07-01T19:30:31Z King ChristLike 13051 25 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:UserLinks/extra]] 670862 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This module holds extra link functions for use with [[Module:UserLinks]]. -- -- It is intended for experimenting with new link functions that will eventually -- be added to the main module code. -- -- Since this module is transcluded in only a small number of pages, changes -- should cause little server overhead and should propagate quickly. -- -- Link functions using the same link code as a function in the main module will -- be ignored; please give your function a unique code. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load shared helper functions local mShared = require('Module:UserLinks/shared') local raiseError = mShared.raiseError local makeWikitextError = mShared.makeWikitextError local makeWikilink = mShared.makeWikilink local makeUrlLink = mShared.makeUrlLink local makeFullUrlLink = mShared.makeFullUrlLink local message = mShared.message local linkFunctions = {} function linkFunctions.coibot(snippets) -- COIBot report return makeWikilink( nil, 4, 'WikiProject Spam/UserReports/' .. snippets.username, 'COIBot' ) end function linkFunctions.fa(snippets) -- Former admin label return message('display-formeradmin') end function linkFunctions.ggl(snippets) -- Google search for the username return makeUrlLink( { host = 'www.google.com', path = '/search', query = {q = snippets.username}, }, 'Google' ) end function linkFunctions.http(snippets) -- To see if an IP is serving a web page local host = snippets.username if not host:match('^%d+%.%d+%.%d+%.%d+$') then if host:match('^[%x:]+$') then -- It's IPv6, use RFC 3986 IP-Literal syntax host = '[' .. host .. ']' else -- It's neither IPv4 nor IPv6, return nothing return '' end end return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'http', host = host }, 'http' ) end function linkFunctions.lr(snippets) -- Local rights return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username}, message('display-localrights') ) end function linkFunctions.mr(snippets) -- Meta user rights return makeFullUrlLink( 'meta', -1, 'Log', {page = 'User:' .. snippets.username .. '@enwiki'}, message('display-metarights') ) end function linkFunctions.msg(snippets) -- New message on user talk page return makeFullUrlLink( snippets.interwiki, 3, snippets.username, { action = 'edit', section = 'new', }, 'message' ) end function linkFunctions.rbl(snippets) -- Realtime blacklists return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.robtex.com', path = '/ip-lookup/' .. snippets.username .. '#dnsbl', }, 'RBLs' ) end function linkFunctions.rdns(snippets) -- Reverse DNS lookup return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.dnswatch.info', path = '/dns/dnslookup', query = { la = 'en', host = snippets.username, submit = 'Resolve' } }, 'RDNS' ) end function linkFunctions.sbx(snippets) -- User sandbox return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, 2, snippets.username .. '/sandbox', 'sandbox' ) end function linkFunctions.sfs(snippets) -- StopForumSpam return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'www.stopforumspam.com', path = '/search/' .. snippets.username, }, 'StopForumSpam' ) end function linkFunctions.sul2(snippets) -- Global contribs, Luxo's tool return makeUrlLink( { host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/guc/index.php', query = { user = snippets.username, lang = snippets.toolLang } }, 'global contribs' ) end function linkFunctions.uc(snippets) -- User creation return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'Log/newusers/' .. snippets.username, 'user creation' ) end function linkFunctions.whois(snippets) -- WHOIS information for IPs return makeUrlLink( { protocol = 'https', host = 'tools.wmflabs.org', path = '/whois/gateway.py', query = { lookup = 'true', ip = snippets.username, }, }, 'WHOIS' ) end function linkFunctions.wlh(snippets) -- Links to user page (what links here) return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'WhatLinksHere/' .. mw.site.namespaces[2].name .. ':' .. snippets.username, 'links to user page' ) end function linkFunctions.cr(snippets) -- Change rights return makeWikilink( snippets.interwiki, -1, 'UserRights/' .. snippets.username, 'change rights' ) end return {linkFunctions = linkFunctions} 1fhulqy62xwpq8vfi4oj7xconl4s8mw Module:User/doc 828 77254 670864 2014-04-06T15:19:48Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 create 670864 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. This module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". This process is much faster when done directly from Lua. This means that, on average, nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this can add up to a lot of argument lookups saved. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> sem6myn3b1b8s3y8k7stj7flbhyv4gy 670865 670864 2014-04-06T15:20:41Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 ce 670865 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". This process is much faster when done directly from Lua. This means that, on average, nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this can add up to a lot of argument lookups saved. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> 89j8nl57ertrbq49d79cn73034hj447 670866 670865 2014-04-06T15:23:11Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 /* Technical details */ another ce 670866 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". This process is much faster when done directly from Lua. This means that between six and nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this can add up to a lot of argument lookups saved. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> 55ozaqtb8u2kau1wpschpkx7hv27ytu 670867 670866 2014-04-06T15:40:40Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 yet another copy edit 670867 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice, both for both the #invoke text and the calling template, and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> rojv74bjoqiw8sriaraa3gqyn74be80 670868 670867 2014-04-07T13:20:29Z Mr. Stradivarius 14479 another copy edit 670868 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> mf2xjccruwcrxcxuazoh278347j0wtg 670869 670868 2024-08-27T23:15:17Z Ahecht 14587 add example 670869 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === {{mlx|User|main|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|main|Example}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> s29s29en18xfnf61b32zp60hvsruj9f 670870 670869 2024-08-27T23:18:06Z Ahecht 14587 /* Examples */ add 670870 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{mlx|User|main|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|main|Example}} * {{mlx|User|two|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|two|Example}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote|fr}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote|fr}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> jclbq1rb6ue9i0vep85py0zcvy43voc 670871 670870 2024-08-27T23:19:04Z Ahecht 14587 /* Examples */ 2 670871 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{mlx|User|main|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|main|Example}} * {{mlx|User|2|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|2|Example}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote|fr}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote|fr}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> tubkfrmcv61h543x6y7vssim63qq32z 670872 670871 2024-08-27T23:19:26Z Ahecht 14587 user2 670872 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}} and {{tl|user2}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{mlx|User|main|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|main|Example}} * {{mlx|User|2|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|2|Example}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote|fr}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote|fr}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> 688vjlii6gzo7j9g9r4jhkw2rs6ffqm 670873 670872 2024-08-28T00:17:40Z Ahecht 14587 add examples 670873 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}, {{tl|user2}}, {{tl|user5}}, {{tl|admin}}, and {{tl|former admin}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{mlx|User|main|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|main|Example}} * {{mlx|User|2|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|2|Example}} * {{mlx|User|5|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|5|Example}} * {{mlx|User|admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|admin|Example}} * {{mlx|User|former admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|former admin|Example}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote}} * {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example|wikiquote|fr}} → {{#invoke:User||Example|wikiquote|fr}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> oglcoyyu7j5v0v8jp5rlhqjg8rcxle2 670874 670873 2024-08-28T00:23:18Z Ahecht 14587 add 670874 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}, {{tl|user2}}, {{tl|user3}}, {{tl|user4}}, {{tl|user5}}, {{tl|user6}}, {{tl|user7}}, {{tl|user8}}, {{tl|admin}}, and {{tl|former admin}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{tl|user}}: {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example}} → {{#invoke:User||Example}} * {{tl|user2}}: {{mlx|User|2|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|2|Example}} * {{tl|user3}}: {{mlx|User|3|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|3|Example}} * {{tl|user4}}: {{mlx|User|4|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|4|Example}} * {{tl|user5}}: {{mlx|User|5|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|5|Example}} * {{tl|user6}}: {{mlx|User|6|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|6|Example}} * {{tl|user7}}: {{mlx|User|7|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|7|Example}} * {{tl|user8}}: {{mlx|User|8|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|8|Example}} * {{tl|admin}}: {{mlx|User|admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|admin|Example}} * {{tl|former admin}}: {{mlx|User|former admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|former admin|Example}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> bkl999okdp2voi4whs3d3d3fumn9zkj 670875 670874 2026-07-01T19:30:31Z King ChristLike 13051 11 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:User/doc]] 670874 wikitext text/x-wiki This module implements {{tl|user}}, {{tl|user2}}, {{tl|user3}}, {{tl|user4}}, {{tl|user5}}, {{tl|user6}}, {{tl|user7}}, {{tl|user8}}, {{tl|admin}}, and {{tl|former admin}}. For documentation, please see the [[Template:User|template page]]. === Technical details === While the {{tl|user}} template is only a wrapper for [[Module:UserLinks]], by implementing it as a Lua module we make significant gains in performance. It is roughly twice as fast as accessing Module:UserLinks from wikitext. For example, this module rendered a test page containing nothing but 1000 {{tl|user}} transclusions in 3.9 seconds, whereas the version that called Module:UserLinks from wikitext rendered it in 7.7 seconds. The performance gains are achieved by reducing the number of parameters that are looked up from wikitext. In particular, the link codes, "t" and "c", along with the "span=no" option, are passed directly to UserLinks. Also, UserLinks looks up the arguments "user", "User", "project", "Project", "lang", and "Lang". From wikitext, each parameter is checked twice – once for the #invoke text and once for the calling template – and each check is relatively resource-heavy. From Lua, each parameter is only checked once, and the individual checks take much less time. This means that on average, maybe nine argument lookups are saved in each invocation by using this module. On pages with hundreds or thousands of invocations, this adds up to a lot of argument lookups saved. === Examples === * {{tl|user}}: {{mlx|User|&zwj;|Example}} → {{#invoke:User||Example}} * {{tl|user2}}: {{mlx|User|2|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|2|Example}} * {{tl|user3}}: {{mlx|User|3|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|3|Example}} * {{tl|user4}}: {{mlx|User|4|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|4|Example}} * {{tl|user5}}: {{mlx|User|5|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|5|Example}} * {{tl|user6}}: {{mlx|User|6|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|6|Example}} * {{tl|user7}}: {{mlx|User|7|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|7|Example}} * {{tl|user8}}: {{mlx|User|8|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|8|Example}} * {{tl|admin}}: {{mlx|User|admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|admin|Example}} * {{tl|former admin}}: {{mlx|User|former admin|Example}} → {{#invoke:User|former admin|Example}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> }}</includeonly> bkl999okdp2voi4whs3d3d3fumn9zkj Simon Nkoro 0 77255 670876 2026-07-01T19:31:18Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348394059|Simon Nkoro]]" 670876 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Simon Nkoro | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Ikom]] II | succeeded = [[Stella Nkoro]] | death_place = [[University of Calabar Teaching Hospital]] | spouse = [[Stella Nkoro]] | profession = Politician | death_date = 2018 }} '''Simon Nkoro Egbong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke nọchitere anya Ikom II mpaghara steeti Cross River State Nke ụlọ nzukọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Edem|first=Edem|date=2018-08-26|title=Cross River lawmaker, Simon Egbong is dead|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/08/26/cross-river-lawmaker-simon-egbong-dead/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ rịachara ọrịa ogologo oge, na Mahadum nke Calabar Teaching Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2018-08-26|title=Another State Assembly member dies in C' River|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/another-state-assembly-member-dies-in-c-river/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-27|title=Another Cross River lawmaker dies|url=https://punchng.com/another-criver-lawmaker-dies/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, nwunye ya bụ [[Stella Nkoro]], nọchiri ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya Ikom II State Constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wife replaces late husband in Cross River Assembly|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/298917-wife-replaces-late-husband-in-cross-river-assembly.html|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == t6fdehnu6nq8z9x1bicx6fov7yb677i 670877 670876 2026-07-01T19:34:48Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 670877 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Simon Nkoro | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Ikom]] II | succeeded = [[Stella Nkoro]] | death_place = [[University of Calabar Teaching Hospital]] | spouse = [[Stella Nkoro]] | profession = Politician | death_date = 2018 }} '''Simon Nkoro Egbong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke nọchitere anya Ikom II mpaghara steeti Cross River State Nke ụlọ nzukọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Edem|first=Edem|date=2018-08-26|title=Cross River lawmaker, Simon Egbong is dead|url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/08/26/cross-river-lawmaker-simon-egbong-dead/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ rịachara ọrịa ogologo oge, na Mahadum nke Calabar Teaching Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2018-08-26|title=Another State Assembly member dies in C' River|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/another-state-assembly-member-dies-in-c-river/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-27|title=Another Cross River lawmaker dies|url=https://punchng.com/another-criver-lawmaker-dies/|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, nwunye ya bụ [[Stella Nkoro]], nọchiri ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya Ikom II State Constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wife replaces late husband in Cross River Assembly|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/298917-wife-replaces-late-husband-in-cross-river-assembly.html|accessdate=2025-03-01|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == d196kucly7eubihfx4vcw2dfkeuqbaq Ummarun Kwabo 0 77256 670882 2026-07-01T19:41:29Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353958958|Ummarun Kwabo]]" 670882 wikitext text/x-wiki Ummarun Kwabo (amụrụ na Machị 10, 1954) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa, onye na-eme ebere, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies na onye guzobere UK Jarma Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sokoto nke e guzobere maka ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị nna na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram. Ọ nwere aha ọdịnala nke Jarman Sokoto na Sokoto Sultanate ma a maara ya nke ọma dịka Uban Marayu ("Nna nke ụmụ mgbei") maka ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref><ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kwabo n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 1954 na Sokoto Steeti, Naịjirịa. E bipụtabeghị nkọwa gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ya nke ọma.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Kwabo bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị iche iche nke na-arụ ọrụ na owuwu, azụmaahịa ngwa ahịa, na ọrụ<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Na 2018, Kwabo hiwere UK Jarma Academy na Sokoto, nke na-enye agụmakwụkwọ maka ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 176, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka ndị nne na nna ha nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram.[1] Na Jenụwarị 2025, ọkụ gbawara akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Kwabo kwekwara nkwa iwughachi ya site na iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị ka mma..<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O tinyela ego maka enyemaka nri na ọgwụ na Sokoto, nye onyinye ihe onwunwe na Abuja maka mmemme enyemaka mmadụ, ma hazie agbamakwụkwọ buru ibu maka ụmụ mgbei na ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ego isi na emume.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ebere ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Uban Marayu" n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kwabo anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ kwadoro Attahiru Bafarawa na Democratic People’s Party (DPP) na ntuli aka nke afọ 2007, nke a katọrọ nke ukwuu maka mmejọ.<ref name="ThisDay2007">{{Cite news|title=2007 Elections and the DPP in Sokoto|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2007/04/16/dpp-in-sokoto/|date=April 2007|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> O mechara banye na All Progressives Congress (APC), tupu ya na ndị na-akwado ya agbahapụ gaa na People’s Democratic Party (PDP) na 2023, na-ekwu na enweghị afọ ojuju na APC.<ref name="Vanguard2023">{{Cite news|title=Top Sokoto APC stalwart defects to PDP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/top-sokoto-apc-stalwart-defects-to-pdp/|date=February 2023|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Onye bụbu gọvanọ steeti Sokoto bụ Aliyu Wamakko nabatara nlọghachi ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Kwabo anọgidewo na-enwe mmetụta n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sokoto. O kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ furu efu na ntuli aka, nke na-egosi njikọ ya na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị meriri na steeti ahụ.<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Na 2025, a họpụtara ya dịka Amirul Hajj (onye ndu ndị nnọchi anya Hajj) maka steeti Sokoto.<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * Onyinye Mba Nile Maka Ọrụ Enyemaka Ndị Na-enweta udo Achievers (2020)<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Onyinye Ndinye Aka nke Ugwu Naịjirịa (2021)<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Nkwanye ugwu ọrụ pụrụ iche nke steeti Sokoto (2023)<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/ "Sokoto politician reflects on elections"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Aha ọdịnala == Kwabo nwere aha Jarman Sokoto, otu n'ime echichi ndị isi ọdịnala dị mkpa na Sokoto Sultanate, nke na-ejikọ ya na usoro ndu ọdịnala na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DailyTrust2019">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto philanthropist builds school for orphans|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-philanthropist-builds-school-for-orphans/|date=2019|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Atụmatụ Kwabo, ọkachasị UK Jarma Academy na nkwado agbamakwụkwọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, enyerela aka n'iwughachi ndụ ụmụ mgbei na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị ike na Sokoto Steeti, na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe nsogbu Boko Haram gasịrị. Mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, karịsịa ndị otu ya na-agba ọsọ na ndị otu ya jikọrọ aka, emetụtala ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto. Dịka Jarman Sokoto, ihe omume ya na-ejikọta ikike ọdịnala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kwabo lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ. Ọrụ ebere ya na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h8lgq1dkq3cnvaergchl1kem5cc1awk 671050 670882 2026-07-02T09:29:01Z Aluta editor 62822 671050 wikitext text/x-wiki Ummarun Kwabo (amụrụ na Machị 10, 1954) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa, onye na-eme ebere, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies na onye guzobere UK Jarma Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sokoto nke e guzobere maka ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị nna na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram. Ọ nwere aha ọdịnala nke Jarman Sokoto na Sokoto Sultanate ma a maara ya nke ọma dịka Uban Marayu ("Nna nke ụmụ mgbei") maka ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name="BluePrint2020" /><ref name="NewsDiary2025" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kwabo n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 1954 na Sokoto Steeti, Naịjirịa. E bipụtabeghị nkọwa gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ya nke ọma.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Kwabo bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị iche iche nke na-arụ ọrụ na owuwu, azụmaahịa ngwa ahịa, na ọrụ<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Na 2018, Kwabo hiwere UK Jarma Academy na Sokoto, nke na-enye agụmakwụkwọ maka ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 176, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka ndị nne na nna ha nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram.[1] Na Jenụwarị 2025, ọkụ gbawara akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Kwabo kwekwara nkwa iwughachi ya site na iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị ka mma..<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O tinyela ego maka enyemaka nri na ọgwụ na Sokoto, nye onyinye ihe onwunwe na Abuja maka mmemme enyemaka mmadụ, ma hazie agbamakwụkwọ buru ibu maka ụmụ mgbei na ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ego isi na emume.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ebere ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Uban Marayu" n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kwabo anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ kwadoro Attahiru Bafarawa na Democratic People’s Party (DPP) na ntuli aka nke afọ 2007, nke a katọrọ nke ukwuu maka mmejọ.<ref name="ThisDay2007">{{Cite news|title=2007 Elections and the DPP in Sokoto|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2007/04/16/dpp-in-sokoto/|date=April 2007|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> O mechara banye na All Progressives Congress (APC), tupu ya na ndị na-akwado ya agbahapụ gaa na People’s Democratic Party (PDP) na 2023, na-ekwu na enweghị afọ ojuju na APC.<ref name="Vanguard2023">{{Cite news|title=Top Sokoto APC stalwart defects to PDP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/top-sokoto-apc-stalwart-defects-to-pdp/|date=February 2023|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Onye bụbu gọvanọ steeti Sokoto bụ Aliyu Wamakko nabatara nlọghachi ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Kwabo anọgidewo na-enwe mmetụta n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sokoto. O kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ furu efu na ntuli aka, nke na-egosi njikọ ya na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị meriri na steeti ahụ.<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Na 2025, a họpụtara ya dịka Amirul Hajj (onye ndu ndị nnọchi anya Hajj) maka steeti Sokoto.<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * Onyinye Mba Nile Maka Ọrụ Enyemaka Ndị Na-enweta udo Achievers (2020)<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Onyinye Ndinye Aka nke Ugwu Naịjirịa (2021)<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Nkwanye ugwu ọrụ pụrụ iche nke steeti Sokoto (2023)<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/ "Sokoto politician reflects on elections"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Aha ọdịnala == Kwabo nwere aha Jarman Sokoto, otu n'ime echichi ndị isi ọdịnala dị mkpa na Sokoto Sultanate, nke na-ejikọ ya na usoro ndu ọdịnala na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DailyTrust2019">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto philanthropist builds school for orphans|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-philanthropist-builds-school-for-orphans/|date=2019|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Atụmatụ Kwabo, ọkachasị UK Jarma Academy na nkwado agbamakwụkwọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, enyerela aka n'iwughachi ndụ ụmụ mgbei na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị ike na Sokoto Steeti, na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe nsogbu Boko Haram gasịrị. Mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, karịsịa ndị otu ya na-agba ọsọ na ndị otu ya jikọrọ aka, emetụtala ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto. Dịka Jarman Sokoto, ihe omume ya na-ejikọta ikike ọdịnala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kwabo lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ. Ọrụ ebere ya na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5hiz040wgdi1odmlqsy4uld9nwyzlxg 671052 671050 2026-07-02T09:30:13Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 671052 wikitext text/x-wiki Ummarun Kwabo (amụrụ na Machị 10, 1954) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa, onye na-eme ebere, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies na onye guzobere UK Jarma Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sokoto nke e guzobere maka ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị nna na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram. Ọ nwere aha ọdịnala nke Jarman Sokoto na Sokoto Sultanate ma a maara ya nke ọma dịka Uban Marayu ("Nna nke ụmụ mgbei") maka ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name="BluePrint2020" /><ref name="NewsDiary2025" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kwabo n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 1954 na Sokoto Steeti, Naịjirịa. E bipụtabeghị nkọwa gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ya nke ọma.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Kwabo bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị iche iche nke na-arụ ọrụ na owuwu, azụmaahịa ngwa ahịa, na ọrụ<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Na 2018, Kwabo hiwere UK Jarma Academy na Sokoto, nke na-enye agụmakwụkwọ maka ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 176, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka ndị nne na nna ha nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram.[1] Na Jenụwarị 2025, ọkụ gbawara akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Kwabo kwekwara nkwa iwughachi ya site na iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị ka mma..<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O tinyela ego maka enyemaka nri na ọgwụ na Sokoto, nye onyinye ihe onwunwe na Abuja maka mmemme enyemaka mmadụ, ma hazie agbamakwụkwọ buru ibu maka ụmụ mgbei na ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ego isi na emume.<ref name="Leadership2021" /> Ọrụ ebere ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Uban Marayu" n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kwabo anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ kwadoro Attahiru Bafarawa na Democratic People’s Party (DPP) na ntuli aka nke afọ 2007, nke a katọrọ nke ukwuu maka mmejọ.<ref name="ThisDay2007">{{Cite news|title=2007 Elections and the DPP in Sokoto|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2007/04/16/dpp-in-sokoto/|date=April 2007|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> O mechara banye na All Progressives Congress (APC), tupu ya na ndị na-akwado ya agbahapụ gaa na People’s Democratic Party (PDP) na 2023, na-ekwu na enweghị afọ ojuju na APC.<ref name="Vanguard2023">{{Cite news|title=Top Sokoto APC stalwart defects to PDP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/top-sokoto-apc-stalwart-defects-to-pdp/|date=February 2023|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Onye bụbu gọvanọ steeti Sokoto bụ Aliyu Wamakko nabatara nlọghachi ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Kwabo anọgidewo na-enwe mmetụta n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sokoto. O kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ furu efu na ntuli aka, nke na-egosi njikọ ya na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị meriri na steeti ahụ.<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Na 2025, a họpụtara ya dịka Amirul Hajj (onye ndu ndị nnọchi anya Hajj) maka steeti Sokoto.<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * Onyinye Mba Nile Maka Ọrụ Enyemaka Ndị Na-enweta udo Achievers (2020)<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Onyinye Ndinye Aka nke Ugwu Naịjirịa (2021)<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Nkwanye ugwu ọrụ pụrụ iche nke steeti Sokoto (2023)<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/ "Sokoto politician reflects on elections"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Aha ọdịnala == Kwabo nwere aha Jarman Sokoto, otu n'ime echichi ndị isi ọdịnala dị mkpa na Sokoto Sultanate, nke na-ejikọ ya na usoro ndu ọdịnala na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DailyTrust2019">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto philanthropist builds school for orphans|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-philanthropist-builds-school-for-orphans/|date=2019|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Atụmatụ Kwabo, ọkachasị UK Jarma Academy na nkwado agbamakwụkwọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, enyerela aka n'iwughachi ndụ ụmụ mgbei na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị ike na Sokoto Steeti, na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe nsogbu Boko Haram gasịrị. Mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, karịsịa ndị otu ya na-agba ọsọ na ndị otu ya jikọrọ aka, emetụtala ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto. Dịka Jarman Sokoto, ihe omume ya na-ejikọta ikike ọdịnala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kwabo lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ. Ọrụ ebere ya na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lnj3fvkvrubxw7kbe7y1nuw69f4ffqx 671053 671052 2026-07-02T09:31:20Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671053 wikitext text/x-wiki Ummarun Kwabo (amụrụ na Machị 10, 1954) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa, onye na-eme ebere, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies na onye guzobere UK Jarma Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sokoto nke e guzobere maka ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị nna na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram. Ọ nwere aha ọdịnala nke Jarman Sokoto na Sokoto Sultanate ma a maara ya nke ọma dịka Uban Marayu ("Nna nke ụmụ mgbei") maka ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name="BluePrint2020" /><ref name="NewsDiary2025" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kwabo n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 1954 na Sokoto Steeti, Naịjirịa. E bipụtabeghị nkọwa gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ya nke ọma.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Kwabo bụ onyeisi oche nke STCC Group of Companies, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị iche iche nke na-arụ ọrụ na owuwu, azụmaahịa ngwa ahịa, na ọrụ<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Na 2018, Kwabo hiwere UK Jarma Academy na Sokoto, nke na-enye agụmakwụkwọ maka ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 176, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka ndị nne na nna ha nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mwakpo Boko Haram.[1] Na Jenụwarị 2025, ọkụ gbawara akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Kwabo kwekwara nkwa iwughachi ya site na iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị ka mma..<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O tinyela ego maka enyemaka nri na ọgwụ na Sokoto, nye onyinye ihe onwunwe na Abuja maka mmemme enyemaka mmadụ, ma hazie agbamakwụkwọ buru ibu maka ụmụ mgbei na ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ego isi na emume.<ref name="Leadership2021" /> Ọrụ ebere ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Uban Marayu" n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kwabo anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ kwadoro Attahiru Bafarawa na Democratic People’s Party (DPP) na ntuli aka nke afọ 2007, nke a katọrọ nke ukwuu maka mmejọ.<ref name="ThisDay2007">{{Cite news|title=2007 Elections and the DPP in Sokoto|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2007/04/16/dpp-in-sokoto/|date=April 2007|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> O mechara banye na All Progressives Congress (APC), tupu ya na ndị na-akwado ya agbahapụ gaa na People’s Democratic Party (PDP) na 2023, na-ekwu na enweghị afọ ojuju na APC.<ref name="Vanguard2023">{{Cite news|title=Top Sokoto APC stalwart defects to PDP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/top-sokoto-apc-stalwart-defects-to-pdp/|date=February 2023|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Onye bụbu gọvanọ steeti Sokoto bụ Aliyu Wamakko nabatara nlọghachi ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Kwabo anọgidewo na-enwe mmetụta n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sokoto. O kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ furu efu na ntuli aka, nke na-egosi njikọ ya na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị meriri na steeti ahụ.<ref name="DailyTrust2024" /> Na 2025, a họpụtara ya dịka Amirul Hajj (onye ndu ndị nnọchi anya Hajj) maka steeti Sokoto.<ref name="NewsDiary2025">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/|date=January 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[News Diary]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-names-amirul-hajj-for-2025/ "Sokoto State names Amirul Hajj for 2025"]. ''[[NewsDiary Nigeria|News Diary]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * Onyinye Mba Nile Maka Ọrụ Enyemaka Ndị Na-enweta udo Achievers (2020)<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Onyinye Ndinye Aka nke Ugwu Naịjirịa (2021)<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Nkwanye ugwu ọrụ pụrụ iche nke steeti Sokoto (2023)<ref name="DailyTrust2024">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto politician reflects on elections|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/|date=2024|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-politician-reflects-on-elections/ "Sokoto politician reflects on elections"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Aha ọdịnala == Kwabo nwere aha Jarman Sokoto, otu n'ime echichi ndị isi ọdịnala dị mkpa na Sokoto Sultanate, nke na-ejikọ ya na usoro ndu ọdịnala na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="DailyTrust2019">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto philanthropist builds school for orphans|url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-philanthropist-builds-school-for-orphans/|date=2019|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Atụmatụ Kwabo, ọkachasị UK Jarma Academy na nkwado agbamakwụkwọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, enyerela aka n'iwughachi ndụ ụmụ mgbei na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị ike na Sokoto Steeti, na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe nsogbu Boko Haram gasịrị. Mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, karịsịa ndị otu ya na-agba ọsọ na ndị otu ya jikọrọ aka, emetụtala ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sokoto. Dịka Jarman Sokoto, ihe omume ya na-ejikọta ikike ọdịnala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Leadership2021">{{Cite news|title=Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans|url=https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/|date=2021|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leadership.ng/sokoto-philanthropist-sponsors-mass-weddings-for-orphans/ "Sokoto Philanthropist Sponsors Mass Weddings for Orphans"]. ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kwabo lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ. Ọrụ ebere ya na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="BluePrint2020">{{Cite news|title=Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/|date=2020|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.blueprint.ng/peace-achievers-award-nigerian-philanthropists-honoured/ "Peace Achievers Award: Nigerian philanthropists honoured"]. ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]''. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h1ovmgeeuka86pm5bkpc4pv7kntrbxs Salisu Abubakar Maikasuwa 0 77257 670884 2026-07-01T19:44:43Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348314622|Salisu Abubakar Maikasuwa]]" 670884 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Salisu Abubakar Maikasuwa | honorific_suffix = | image = Maikasuwa.jpg | alt = | order = [[Clerk]] of | office = National Assembly | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|03|04}} | birth_place = [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa State]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | children = 3 | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|maikasuwa.net}} --> | signature = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Salisu Abubakar Maikasuwa''' bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke National Assembly of Nigeria . == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Salisu Abubakar Maikasuwa na 4 Machị 1958 n'aka Abubakar na Fatima Maikasuw nke ndị eze [[Keffi]]. == Mmụta == Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Abdu Zanga, Keffi ebe o si nweta asambodo mbụ ya nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ (FSLC) na 1970. O nwetara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ West African na 1975, mgbe ọ banyere na Kuru nke gọọmentị sekọndrị na steeti Plateau ugbu a na 1971. O debanyere aha na School of Basic Studies, [[Zaria]], nwetara asambodo ọmụmụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma banye na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello Zaria]], nweta akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1980. O nwetara nzere masta na nchịkwa ọha na nyocha amụma na Mahadum Jos n'afọ 1983. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Maikasuwa, Salisu Abubakar}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3qu2kqx6kjm0ga9xrkcfk69ii6f5nii Nsikan Nkan 0 77258 670885 2026-07-01T19:47:22Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361792973|Nsikan Nkan]]" 670885 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Nsikan Linus Nkan''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye na-ahụ maka ego si steeti Akwa ibom. Ọ bụ Kọmishọna ugbu a maka mmefu ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]]. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom Assembly clears 20 commissioner, special adviser nominees|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-clears-20-commissioner-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/|accessdate=2025-08-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Chioma|first=Unini|date=2025-02-11|title='Gov Eno Names 27 Commissioner Nominees' - Akwa Ibom Assembly To Screen Cabinet List|url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/gov-eno-names-27-commisisioner-nominees-akwa-ibom-assembly-to-screen-cabinet-list/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=TheNigeriaLawyer|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ == Nkan si n' obodo [[Ibesikpo Asutan]] dị na Akwa Ibom Steeti . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/|accessdate=2025-08-30|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/ "Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government"]. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Mmụta == Nsikan nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Accounting na Mahadum Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. O mechara nweta Master of Business Administration na mahadum dị na steeti Ekiti. O nwere Doctor of Philosophy na Accounting na Mahadum Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Ọ gakwara London Business School na Harvard Business School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/|accessdate=2025-08-30|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/ "Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government"]. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara Nkan ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-ahụ maka mgbako na nwepu , ebe ọ jere ozi ruo n'afọ 2016. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ego na Akwa Ibom Steeti site n'afo 2016 ruo 2025. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka Kọmishọna maka mmefu ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba na Akwa Ibom Steeti. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom assembly confirms 20 of 27 Gov Eno's political nominees|url=https://gazettengr.com/akwa-ibom-assembly-confirms-20-of-27-gov-enos-political-nominees/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ukpong|first=Cletus|date=2025-02-25|title=New Cabinet: Eno assigns portfolios, moves ex-finance commissioner to new ministry|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/776702-new-cabinet-eno-assigns-portfolios-moves-ex-finance-commissioner-to-new-ministry.html|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyong|first=Tony|date=2025-02-21|title=Akwa Ibom: Kinsmen applaud ex-finance commissioner on reappointment {{!}}|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-kinsmen-applaud-ex-finance-commissioner-on-reappointment/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ce0j5m4myydw7hq7ygkzcxcvhya7ka 670921 670885 2026-07-01T22:24:54Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670921 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Nsikan Linus Nkan''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye na-ahụ maka ego si steeti Akwa ibom. Ọ bụ Kọmishọna ugbu a maka mmefu ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]]. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom Assembly clears 20 commissioner, special adviser nominees|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-clears-20-commissioner-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Chioma|first=Unini|date=2025-02-11|title='Gov Eno Names 27 Commissioner Nominees' - Akwa Ibom Assembly To Screen Cabinet List|url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/gov-eno-names-27-commisisioner-nominees-akwa-ibom-assembly-to-screen-cabinet-list/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=TheNigeriaLawyer|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ == Nkan si n' obodo [[Ibesikpo Asutan]] dị na Akwa Ibom Steeti . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/|accessdate=2025-08-30|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/ "Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government"]. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Mmụta == Nsikan nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Accounting na Mahadum Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. O mechara nweta Master of Business Administration na mahadum dị na steeti Ekiti. O nwere Doctor of Philosophy na Accounting na Mahadum Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Ọ gakwara London Business School na Harvard Business School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/|accessdate=2025-08-30|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-nsikan-nkan/ "Dr. Nsikan Nkan - Akwa Ibom State Government"]. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara Nkan ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-ahụ maka mgbako na nwepu , ebe ọ jere ozi ruo n'afọ 2016. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ego na Akwa Ibom Steeti site n'afo 2016 ruo 2025. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka Kọmishọna maka mmefu ego na atụmatụ akụ na ụba na Akwa Ibom Steeti. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom assembly confirms 20 of 27 Gov Eno's political nominees|url=https://gazettengr.com/akwa-ibom-assembly-confirms-20-of-27-gov-enos-political-nominees/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ukpong|first=Cletus|date=2025-02-25|title=New Cabinet: Eno assigns portfolios, moves ex-finance commissioner to new ministry|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/776702-new-cabinet-eno-assigns-portfolios-moves-ex-finance-commissioner-to-new-ministry.html|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyong|first=Tony|date=2025-02-21|title=Akwa Ibom: Kinsmen applaud ex-finance commissioner on reappointment {{!}}|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-kinsmen-applaud-ex-finance-commissioner-on-reappointment/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nnegh81a80ajn6txr8ti9vn4dzdxaih Ili-Ngiri-Maindombe 0 77259 670887 2026-07-01T19:50:35Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340332933|Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]]" 670887 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe bụ Ala Mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke Mkpa Mba Nile n'ụwa dịka Nkwekọrịta Ramsar si kwado.[fn 1] Ebe a na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 65,696 square kilomita (25,365 sq mi) na mpaghara gbara Lake Tumba gburugburu na ọdịda anyanwụ Congo Basin na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nke a karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Belgium ma ọ bụ Maryland. Oke ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri na ala apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ nke oge nwere nnukwu uru gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto ngwa ngwa yana ọchịchị na-adịghị ike na nke rụrụ arụ nwere ike itinye aka na mbibi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. == Ebe == Ókèala mmiri Ramsar nke Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na osimiri Ubangi na Congo, nke mejupụtara ókèala ya na Republic of Congo. Osimiri Kasai na akụkụ ya bụ Osimiri Fimi, nke na-asọpụta Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe, na-akọwa ókèala ndịda. N'ime ebe ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Mai Ngombe dị anya na ndịda, yana Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba n'ebe ugwu. Ọzọkwa n'ebe ugwu bụ obodo Mbandaka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo. Mpaghara a gụnyere na ala mmiri Ramsar na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu na mpaghara dị n'etiti Ubangi na Congo, ruo na obodo Makanza na Congo..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf|title=Logging concession different periods|publisher=Institute for Environmental Security|accessdate=2012-01-28|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Osimiri [[Lake Tumba|Ili]]" title="Ubangi River">Ubangi na Congo na-agbakọta na mpaghara Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe iji mepụta nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa jupụtara na mmiri na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 38,000 square kilomita (15,000 sq mi) -adịgasị iche na nha n'oge. Mgbe a gụnyere ala mmiri dị gburugburu Lake Télé na Republic of the Congo, mpaghara ahụ nwere nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa. Ebe abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke mmiri mepere emepe bụ ọdọ mmiri Tumba na Mai Ndombe. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 765 (295 sq mi) dabere na oge, nke jikọtara site na ọwa Irebu na osimiri Congo. Mmiri nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ma ọ bụ si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta site na ọwa a dabere na idei mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba nwere ụdị azụ 114. Ọdọ mmiri Mai Ndombe na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 2,300 (890 sq mi) ma ọhịa na apịtị mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na-akwado ebe a na-akụ azụ dị mkpa. Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe bụ akụkụ nke oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke Congo Basin, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 10,000. Anụmanụ dị iche iche gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke Enyí mmiri na ụdị agụ iyi atọ. Enyí ọhịa, atụ ọhịa buffalo na [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]] nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ndị na-echekwa ihe. A na-eme atụmatụ na ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ 150. Mmiri na-acha nchara nchara nke oké ọhịa ndị idei mmiri rikpuru, nke nwere iberibe osisi ndị a kwụsịtụrụ n'ọnọdụ anaerobic, bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị azụ ndị dị iche iche na-anabata gburugburu ebe obibi a. Ndị a gụnyere ndị otu Protopteridae, Polypteridae, Notopteridae, Clariidae, Anabantidae, na Channidae. == Ihe Ndị E Mere == [[Faịlụ:Maindombe3.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Maï Ndombe]] Dị ka otu na Nkwekọrịta Ramsar, a manyere DRC ịchọpụta ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile na iji hụ na a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&no_cache=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234717/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&no_cache=1|archivedate=March 3, 2016|date=August 1, 2009|title=World’s largest wetland is under threat|author=Absalom Shigwedha|accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> A na-ewere Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi na ahịhịa nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-amị mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma wepụ ya mgbe e mesịrị, na-achịkwa idei mmiri. Ọ na-enyere aka nyochaa ihe na-adịghị ọcha site na mmiri nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-eji, ọ na-enyekwa ebe a na-azụ azụ nke na-enye ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị ka Brazzaville na [[Kinshasa]] nri. Ala mmiri na oké ọhịa na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nnukwu carbon sink, na-amị ma na-ejigide carbon dioxide site na ikuku. Mgbalị iji nweta nkwanye ùgwù nke ala mmiri malitere na 2004, site na nkwado nke USAID Central African Regional Program for the Environment, Ramsar Convention na World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). WWF keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịmepụta atụmatụ teknụzụ. A mara ọkwa nkwado gọọmentị na [[Kinshasa]] na Julaị 2008. WWF ekwuola na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche site na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ala. Ebe nchekwa Lac Tumba-Ledira na Ngiri dị n'ime saịtị ahụ, na-akwado nyocha ma na-enyere aka ịkwalite mmata. == Ndị mmadụ na akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb|Mbandaka, n'etiti saịtị ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:Maindombe4.JPG|thumb|Ụmụaka n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Maï Ndombe]] Obodo Mbandaka, isi obodo nke ógbè Équateur nke nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 750,000, dị nso n'etiti ebe Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe. Ebe a nwekwara ọtụtụ obere obodo, nke ndị Mongo bi na ya. Obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ na-akọ aki, poteto dị ụtọ, okpete na unere maka oriri n'ógbè ahụ. Ha na-emepụta mmanụ nkwụ, aki na osikapa dị ka ihe ubi ego, ma na-ejide azụ maka ibuga ya n'obodo ukwu dị na mpaghara ahụ. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ dara ogbenye nke ukwuu ma na-ata ahụhụ site na esemokwu mpaghara yana enweghị nri. Ndị uwe ojii iri abụọ na isii na ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị ndị nkịtị nwụrụ, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị gbapụrụ, na Esemokwu Dongo nke afọ 2009 maka ikike ịkụ azụ na ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Équateur. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eto n'ihe dị ka 3% kwa afọ, otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'ụwa, na-etinye nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụ okike. Otú ọ dị, mpaghara ahụ ka nwere mmadụ ole na ole na 6-24 bi na square kilomita ọ bụla. Ihe dị ka 90% nke ndị mmadụ na-anọghị n'obodo ukwu na-ebi n'okpuru $ 1 kwa ụbọchị, ole na ole nwekwara mmiri dị ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-anwụ dị elu na ọrịa ndị dị ka ụkwara nta, ịba na HIV / AIDS jupụtara. Ọchịchị na mpaghara ahụ adịghị ike na nrụrụ aka zuru ebe niile. Gọọmentị etiti anaghị enye mpaghara ego. A kọwaghị ma tinye iwu ala n'ọrụ nke ọma. Iwu ndị na-achịkwa igwu ala, ọrụ ugbo na ojiji nke oké ọhịa anaghị agbakọta ma na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè, na-akpata esemokwu maka ikike iji ihe onwunwe mee ihe. Ikike ndị a na-egbutu osisi anaghị anabata ikike ala ọdịnala ma na-akpata mmebi na-enweghị isi nke ọhịa. Ihe egwu ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na mgbasawanye nke osisi nkwụ mmanụ, ugbo azụmahịa na mmepe obodo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ agụghị akwụkwọ. Ha na-eji oke nkụ na kol a na-apụghị ịnọgide na-enweta ike dị ka isi iyi ike ha, ma na-eme ka oke ọhịa na-emebi site na ịkọ ihe ubi na-egbutu ma na-ere ọkụ. Azụ̀ na-ebelata n'ihi ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè site na iji ụgbụ ígwè dị nro, gụnyere ụgbụ anwụnta. Ịchụ anụ ọhịa na ọnyà iwu na-akwadoghị iji gboo mkpa obodo na obodo ukwu na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na-ebelata. José Endundo Bononge, Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na RRC, kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Onye iro nke oké ọhịa ahụ bụ nhụsianya na ịda ogbenye ya... Anyị enweghị ike ilekọta ma chebe oké ọhịa a na ndị nhụsi obi, ndị ogbenye, ndị na-enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ, enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike, enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ na enweghị ọkụ eletrik".</blockquote>N'etiti 75% na 95% nke mmiri ozuzo na Congo Basin ka a na-eche na a na-emegharị ya ka anwụrụ mmiri na-esi n'oké ọhịa na marshes na-arị elu ma na-ada ọzọ dị ka mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo ebelatawo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. O kwere omume na usoro ọjọọ na-amalite ebe mmebi nke marshes na oké ọhịa na-akpata mbelata mmiri ozuzo, nke n'aka nke ya na-akpatakwa mmebi ọzọ. == Hụkwa == Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Democratic Republic of the Congo == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em|refs=<ref name=ENS20080724>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2008/2008-07-24-02.asp |title=DR Congo Announces World's Largest Protected Wetland |work=Environment News Service |date=July 24, 2008 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> <ref name=FAO2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |date=January 2001 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> <ref name=IESundated>{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/congobasin/publications/IES_lake_en.pdf |title=Environmental Security for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA): Democratic Republic of Congo – Case Study |publisher=INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> <ref name=Kantu>{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/ESA_DRC_light.pdf |title=congo basin – drc – case study on the ngiri – tumba – maindombe wetland landscape |author=Patrice Yamba T. Kantu |date=December 2009 |pages=12–14 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security |accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> <ref name=RamsarDB>{{cite web |url = http://www.wetlands.org/reports/dbdirectory.cfm?site_id=1857 |work = Ramsar Sites Database |title = CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 1ZR003 Site: Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe |accessdate = 2012-01-29 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130416084416/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/dbdirectory.cfm?site_id=1857 |archivedate = 2013-04-16 }}</ref> <ref name=Suzuki2010>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJr7Ks_d5AC&pg=PA207 |page=207 |title=More Good News: Real Solutions to the Global Eco-Crisis |author=David Suzuki, Holly Dressel |publisher=Greystone/David Suzuki Fdtn |year=2010 |ISBN=1-55365-475-7}}</ref> <ref name=WWF20080816>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2008/WWFPresitem9857.html |title=CONGO BASIN UNVEILS WORLD'S LARGEST PROTECTED WETLAND |date=August 18, 2008 |publisher=WWF |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5srfqvblq1tvguns02y16gnv0y6c3w6 670889 670887 2026-07-01T19:58:54Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 670889 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe bụ Ala Mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke Mkpa Mba Nile n'ụwa dịka Nkwekọrịta Ramsar si kwado.[fn 1] Ebe a na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 65,696 square kilomita (25,365 sq mi) na mpaghara gbara Lake Tumba gburugburu na ọdịda anyanwụ Congo Basin na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nke a karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Belgium ma ọ bụ Maryland. Oke ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri na ala apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ nke oge nwere nnukwu uru gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto ngwa ngwa yana ọchịchị na-adịghị ike na nke rụrụ arụ nwere ike itinye aka na mbibi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. == Ebe == Ókèala mmiri Ramsar nke Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na osimiri Ubangi na Congo, nke mejupụtara ókèala ya na Republic of Congo. Osimiri Kasai na akụkụ ya bụ Osimiri Fimi, nke na-asọpụta Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe, na-akọwa ókèala ndịda. N'ime ebe ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Mai Ngombe dị anya na ndịda, yana Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba n'ebe ugwu. Ọzọkwa n'ebe ugwu bụ obodo Mbandaka, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo. Mpaghara a gụnyere na ala mmiri Ramsar na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu na mpaghara dị n'etiti Ubangi na Congo, ruo na obodo Makanza na Congo..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf|title=Logging concession different periods|publisher=Institute for Environmental Security|accessdate=2012-01-28|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Osimiri [[Lake Tumba|Ili]]" title="Ubangi River">Ubangi na Congo na-agbakọta na mpaghara Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe iji mepụta nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa jupụtara na mmiri na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 38,000 square kilomita (15,000 sq mi) -adịgasị iche na nha n'oge. Mgbe a gụnyere ala mmiri dị gburugburu Lake Télé na Republic of the Congo, mpaghara ahụ nwere nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha n'Africa. Ebe abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke mmiri mepere emepe bụ ọdọ mmiri Tumba na Mai Ndombe. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 765 (295 sq mi) dabere na oge, nke jikọtara site na ọwa Irebu na osimiri Congo. Mmiri nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ma ọ bụ si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta site na ọwa a dabere na idei mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri Tumba nwere ụdị azụ 114. Ọdọ mmiri Mai Ndombe na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 2,300 (890 sq mi) ma ọhịa na apịtị mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na-akwado ebe a na-akụ azụ dị mkpa. Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe bụ akụkụ nke oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nke Congo Basin, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 10,000. Anụmanụ dị iche iche gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke Enyí mmiri na ụdị agụ iyi atọ. Enyí ọhịa, atụ ọhịa buffalo na [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]] nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ndị na-echekwa ihe. A na-eme atụmatụ na ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ 150. Mmiri na-acha nchara nchara nke oké ọhịa ndị idei mmiri rikpuru, nke nwere iberibe osisi ndị a kwụsịtụrụ n'ọnọdụ anaerobic, bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị azụ ndị dị iche iche na-anabata gburugburu ebe obibi a. Ndị a gụnyere ndị otu Protopteridae, Polypteridae, Notopteridae, Clariidae, Anabantidae, na Channidae. == Ihe Ndị E Mere == [[Faịlụ:Maindombe3.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Maï Ndombe]] Dị ka otu na Nkwekọrịta Ramsar, a manyere DRC ịchọpụta ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile na iji hụ na a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&no_cache=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234717/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&no_cache=1|archivedate=March 3, 2016|date=August 1, 2009|title=World’s largest wetland is under threat|author=Absalom Shigwedha|accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> A na-ewere Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi na ahịhịa nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-amị mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma wepụ ya mgbe e mesịrị, na-achịkwa idei mmiri. Ọ na-enyere aka nyochaa ihe na-adịghị ọcha site na mmiri nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-eji, ọ na-enyekwa ebe a na-azụ azụ nke na-enye ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị ka Brazzaville na [[Kinshasa]] nri. Ala mmiri na oké ọhịa na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nnukwu carbon sink, na-amị ma na-ejigide carbon dioxide site na ikuku. Mgbalị iji nweta nkwanye ùgwù nke ala mmiri malitere na 2004, site na nkwado nke USAID Central African Regional Program for the Environment, Ramsar Convention na World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). WWF keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịmepụta atụmatụ teknụzụ. A mara ọkwa nkwado gọọmentị na [[Kinshasa]] na Julaị 2008. WWF ekwuola na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche site na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ala. Ebe nchekwa Lac Tumba-Ledira na Ngiri dị n'ime saịtị ahụ, na-akwado nyocha ma na-enyere aka ịkwalite mmata. == Ndị mmadụ na akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb|Mbandaka, n'etiti saịtị ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:Maindombe4.JPG|thumb|Ụmụaka n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Maï Ndombe]] Obodo Mbandaka, isi obodo nke ógbè Équateur nke nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 750,000, dị nso n'etiti ebe Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe. Ebe a nwekwara ọtụtụ obere obodo, nke ndị Mongo bi na ya. Obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ na-akọ aki, poteto dị ụtọ, okpete na unere maka oriri n'ógbè ahụ. Ha na-emepụta mmanụ nkwụ, aki na osikapa dị ka ihe ubi ego, ma na-ejide azụ maka ibuga ya n'obodo ukwu dị na mpaghara ahụ. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ dara ogbenye nke ukwuu ma na-ata ahụhụ site na esemokwu mpaghara yana enweghị nri. Ndị uwe ojii iri abụọ na isii na ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị ndị nkịtị nwụrụ, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị gbapụrụ, na Esemokwu Dongo nke afọ 2009 maka ikike ịkụ azụ na ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Équateur. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eto n'ihe dị ka 3% kwa afọ, otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'ụwa, na-etinye nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụ okike. Otú ọ dị, mpaghara ahụ ka nwere mmadụ ole na ole na 6-24 bi na square kilomita ọ bụla. Ihe dị ka 90% nke ndị mmadụ na-anọghị n'obodo ukwu na-ebi n'okpuru $ 1 kwa ụbọchị, ole na ole nwekwara mmiri dị ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-anwụ dị elu na ọrịa ndị dị ka ụkwara nta, ịba na HIV / AIDS jupụtara. Ọchịchị na mpaghara ahụ adịghị ike na nrụrụ aka zuru ebe niile. Gọọmentị etiti anaghị enye mpaghara ego. A kọwaghị ma tinye iwu ala n'ọrụ nke ọma. Iwu ndị na-achịkwa igwu ala, ọrụ ugbo na ojiji nke oké ọhịa anaghị agbakọta ma na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè, na-akpata esemokwu maka ikike iji ihe onwunwe mee ihe. Ikike ndị a na-egbutu osisi anaghị anabata ikike ala ọdịnala ma na-akpata mmebi na-enweghị isi nke ọhịa. Ihe egwu ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na mgbasawanye nke osisi nkwụ mmanụ, ugbo azụmahịa na mmepe obodo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ agụghị akwụkwọ. Ha na-eji oke nkụ na kol a na-apụghị ịnọgide na-enweta ike dị ka isi iyi ike ha, ma na-eme ka oke ọhịa na-emebi site na ịkọ ihe ubi na-egbutu ma na-ere ọkụ. Azụ̀ na-ebelata n'ihi ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè site na iji ụgbụ ígwè dị nro, gụnyere ụgbụ anwụnta. Ịchụ anụ ọhịa na ọnyà iwu na-akwadoghị iji gboo mkpa obodo na obodo ukwu na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na-ebelata. José Endundo Bononge, Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na RRC, kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Onye iro nke oké ọhịa ahụ bụ nhụsianya na ịda ogbenye ya... Anyị enweghị ike ilekọta ma chebe oké ọhịa a na ndị nhụsi obi, ndị ogbenye, ndị na-enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ, enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike, enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ na enweghị ọkụ eletrik".</blockquote>N'etiti 75% na 95% nke mmiri ozuzo na Congo Basin ka a na-eche na a na-emegharị ya ka anwụrụ mmiri na-esi n'oké ọhịa na marshes na-arị elu ma na-ada ọzọ dị ka mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo ebelatawo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. O kwere omume na usoro ọjọọ na-amalite ebe mmebi nke marshes na oké ọhịa na-akpata mbelata mmiri ozuzo, nke n'aka nke ya na-akpatakwa mmebi ọzọ. == Hụkwa == Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Democratic Republic of the Congo == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7zpkog0y26732p21kz45853fczcl9qf Kyale Isaac Kwallu 0 77260 670888 2026-07-01T19:54:25Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355706577|Isaac Kwallu]]" 670888 wikitext text/x-wiki    Isaac Kyale Kwallu (amụrụ na 29 Juun 1974) bụ onye azụmaahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye otu ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya etiti Naịjirịa na-anọchite anya mpaghara Mikang/Qua’an-Pan/Shendam nke Plateau State na Mgbakọ Mba nke iri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=YAKUB|first=ABDULRASHEED|date=2023-03-07|title=INEC releases full list of elected lawmakers for Nigeria's 10th Assembly|url=https://gazettengr.com/inec-releases-full-list-of-elected-lawmakers-for-nigerias-10th-assembly/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kwallu bụ onyeisi oche nke Qua’an-pan Local Government Area nke steeti Plateau n'okpuru All Progressive Congress (APC). Ndị kansụl omeiwu mmadụ iri na isii nke Qua’an-Pan Local Government chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Breaking : Quan Pan LGC Chairman Impeached|url=https://daybreak.ng/breaking-quan-pan-lgc-chairman-impeached/|accessdate=2023-07-12|work=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport|language=en-US}}</ref> ma mechaa kwụsị site n'aka ndị omeiwu steeti Plateau. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shittu|first=Muhammad Tanko|date=2020-08-06|title=In Plateau state, Quan'pan LG boss impeached, deputy sworn-in – Blueprint Newspapers|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/in-plateau-state-quanpan-lg-boss-impeached-deputy-sworn-in/|accessdate=2023-07-02|language=en-US|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=astutesofts|date=2020-06-30|title=PLHA suspends Qua'an Pan, Kanam LG chairmen|url=https://thenigeriastandard.ng/plha-suspends-quaan-pan-kanam-lg-chairmen/|accessdate=2023-07-06|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162310/https://thenigeriastandard.ng/plha-suspends-quaan-pan-kanam-lg-chairmen/}}</ref> Ụlọikpe Ukwu Jos kpọghachiri ya n'ọkwa ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Daniels|first=Ajiri|date=2021-09-17|title=Jos High Court reinstates impeached Plateau Council Chairman|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/jos-high-court-reinstates-impeached-plateau-council-chairman/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-18|title=High Court reinstates 'impeached' LG boss|url=https://dailytrust.com/high-court-reinstates-impeached-lg-boss/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2023, o meriri ntuli aka ịnọchite anya mpaghara Mikang/Qua’an-Pan/Shendam nke Federal House of Representatives n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-27|title=Plateau State Senate And House Of Representative 2023 Election Winners|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/plateau-state-senate-and-house-of-representative-2023-election-winners/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=Media Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye mmegide ya bụ Hon John Dafaan nke All Progressive Congress na-ama aka na ntuli aka ya n'ụlọikpe mkpesa ntuli aka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-06-07|title=Hon John Dafaan, APC, Files Petition To Challenge PDP Over Party Structures INEC, Isaac Kwallu|url=https://universalreportersng.com/hon-john-dafaan-apcfiles-petition-to-challenge-pdp-over-party-structures-inec-isaac-kwallu/|accessdate=2023-07-02|language=en-US}}</ref> mana ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwadoro Kwallu dị ka onye a họpụtara nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-09-01|title=Tribunal upheld election of Plateau Reps member, Isaac Kwallu for Qua'an-Pan, Shendam, Mikang Federal constituency|url=https://centurynewsupdate.com/tribunal-upheld-election-of-plateau-reps-member-isaac-kwallu-for-quaan-pan-shendam-mikang-federal-constituency/|accessdate=2023-12-05|work=Century News Update|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụlọikpe mkpegharị mechara mee mkpebi ha kagburu ntuli aka ahụ n'ihi na Hon. John Dafaan kwadoro ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Editor|first=Online|date=2023-10-27|title=Appeal Court Overturns Representative Member's Election: John Dafaan (APC) Declared Winner|url=https://daybreak.ng/appeal-court-overturns-representative-members-election-john-dafaan-apc-declared-winner/|accessdate=2023-12-05|work=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ȯra Plateau|Steeti Plateau]] * Ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu Naịjirịa nke afọ 2023 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] svkzndekjaxf1s5dxuhzy4ez4zp7uqv Ben Nwoye 0 77261 670892 2026-07-01T20:08:15Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361456490|Ben Nwoye]]" 670892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dr_Ben_Nwoye.jpg|thumb]] '''Dr. Benjamin Obi Nwoye''' (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1964) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ si Amurri na [[Nkanu West]] Local Government Area nke Enugu State, Nigeria.Kemgbe afọ 2001, ọ na-etinye aka n'ọrụ iwu, nchịkwa azụmaahịa, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati na Naịjirịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna maka [[Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission|Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC)]] site na 2021 ruo 2024 ma nọchite anya mpaghara South-East geopolitical.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2022-08-24|title=FCCPC director dies fighting female colleague, probe begins|url=https://punchng.com/fccpc-director-dies-fighting-female-colleague-probe-begins/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=okenyi|first=dev|date=2022-08-23|title=Unfortunate Death of Julius Haruna (Assistant Director and Head, FCCPC North-West Zonal Office Katsina)|url=https://fccpc.gov.ng/unfortunate-death-of-julius-haruna-assistant-director-and-head-fccpc-north-west-zonal-office-katsina/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Federal Competition & Consumer Protection Commission|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na Enugu State site na 2014 ruo 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2021-11-26|title=It’s uphill battle to market APC in Southeast, says Nwoye|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/its-uphill-battle-to-market-apc-in-southeast-says-nwoye/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2025-10-09|title=APC dissolves Enugu executive, clears two for Ekiti guber primary|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/apc-dissolves-enugu-executive-clears-two-for-ekiti-guber-primary/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2019-01-18|title=Court rules Nwoye’s election as Enugu APC chairman against party’s constitution|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/court-rules-nwoyes-election-as-enugu-apc-chairman-against-partys-constitution/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ tinyere aka n'ọchịchị pati na ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime isi steeti nke pati ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Iloakasia|first=Jessica|date=2025-10-11|title=Mbah’s planned defection to APC a game-changer for Ndigbo – Nwoye|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/mbahs-planned-defection-to-apc-a-game-changer-for-ndigbo-nwoye/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye isi ndị ọrụ nke osote onye isi oche mba (North) nke APC site na 2024 ruo 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2023-11-27|title=Northern youths laud Ben Nwoye’s appointment as Dalori’s Chief of Staff|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/northern-youths-laud-ben-nwoyes-appointment-as-daloris-chief-of-staff/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nwoye arụọla ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Nlekọta APC na Enugu Steeti <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nation|first=The|date=2022-02-05|title=Confusion as Agballah, Nwoye claim Enugu APC chairmanship|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/confusion-as-agballah-nwoye-claim-enugu-apc-chairmanship/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2022-02-08|title=Nwoye lays claim to Enugu APC chairmanship, faults Agballah’s emergence|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/nwoye-lays-claim-to-enugu-apc-chairmanship-faults-agballahs-emergence/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iwuagwu|first=Patience Ogbodo-|date=2025-10-09|title=APC Dissolves Enugu Exco, Appoints Nwoye Caretaker Committee Chairman|url=https://independent.ng/apc-dissolves-enugu-exco-appoints-nwoye-caretaker-committee-chairman/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2025-10-09|title=Ben Nwoye takes over as APC NWC dissolves Enugu exco|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/09/ben-nwoye-takes-over-as-apc-nwc-dissolves-enugu-exco/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mana n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, ọ hapụrụ APC, maka esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'ime ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ede|first=Raphael|date=2025-04-17|title=Ex-Enugu APC chair dumps party, blames leadership failure|url=https://punchng.com/ex-enugu-apc-chair-dumps-party-blames-leadership-failure/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdullah|first=Abdulsalam|date=2025-04-17|title=Ex-Enugu APC chair dumps party, cites 'vindictive politics' in south-east|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-enugu-apc-chair-dumps-party-cites-vindictive-politics-in-south-east/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Maachị, afọ 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi oche mba ndịda nke otu All Progressives Congress APC na Abuja, n'oge mgbakọ nke otu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APC Party {{!}} All Progressives Congress (APC) Official Website – All Progressives Congress (APC) Official Website|url=https://apc.com.ng/post.php?p=meet-apc-national-working-committee-members-2027-|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=apc.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Egobiambu|first=Emmanuel|date=2026-03-28|title=APC Holds National Convention As Yilwatda, Others Emerge NWC Members|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/03/28/apc-holds-national-convention-as-yilwatda-others-emerge-nwc-members/|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eboesomi|first=Sharon|date=2026-03-27|title=ANALYSIS: APC Convention: Zoning tensions, aspirants shape leadership bids|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/867136-analysis-apc-convention-zoning-tensions-aspirants-shape-leadership-bids.html|accessdate=2026-03-30|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2026-03-28|title=APC Convention: Ben Nwoye replaces Eneukwu as deputy national chair|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/03/apc-convention-ben-nwoye-replaces-eneukwu-as-deputy-national-chair/|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == N'èzí ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Nwoye etinyela aka n'ọrụ iwu na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mendoza na Nwoye PLC, ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke dị na [[Chicago]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi nchịkwa nke Opeans Nigeria Ltd, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Port Harcourt. O nwere akara ugo mmụta Juris Doctor (J.D.) na Mahadum Illinois Chicago School of Law na nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa ikpe mpụ na Mahadum Illinois ChicagoỌ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nleta na Institute for Peace, Conflict, and Development Studies na [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology]]. == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwoye, Ben}} <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k67lloou3a1vkxslbxf8u68l7zkzlix 670894 670892 2026-07-01T20:18:08Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361456490|Ben Nwoye]]" 670894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dr_Ben_Nwoye.jpg|thumb]] '''Dr. Benjamin Obi Nwoye''' (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1964) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ si Amurri na [[Nkanu West]] Local Government Area nke Enugu State, Nigeria. Kemgbe afọ 2001, ọ na-etinye aka n'ọrụ iwu, nchịkwa azụmaahịa, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati na Naịjirịa. O rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna maka [[Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission|Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC)]] site na 2021 ruo 2024 ma nọchite anya mpaghara South-East geopolitical.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2022-08-24|title=FCCPC director dies fighting female colleague, probe begins|url=https://punchng.com/fccpc-director-dies-fighting-female-colleague-probe-begins/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=okenyi|first=dev|date=2022-08-23|title=Unfortunate Death of Julius Haruna (Assistant Director and Head, FCCPC North-West Zonal Office Katsina)|url=https://fccpc.gov.ng/unfortunate-death-of-julius-haruna-assistant-director-and-head-fccpc-north-west-zonal-office-katsina/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Federal Competition & Consumer Protection Commission|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na Enugu State site na 2014 ruo 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2021-11-26|title=It’s uphill battle to market APC in Southeast, says Nwoye|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/its-uphill-battle-to-market-apc-in-southeast-says-nwoye/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2025-10-09|title=APC dissolves Enugu executive, clears two for Ekiti guber primary|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/apc-dissolves-enugu-executive-clears-two-for-ekiti-guber-primary/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2019-01-18|title=Court rules Nwoye’s election as Enugu APC chairman against party’s constitution|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/court-rules-nwoyes-election-as-enugu-apc-chairman-against-partys-constitution/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ na-etinye aka na nchịkwa pati na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ngalaba steeti nke pati ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Iloakasia|first=Jessica|date=2025-10-11|title=Mbah’s planned defection to APC a game-changer for Ndigbo – Nwoye|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/mbahs-planned-defection-to-apc-a-game-changer-for-ndigbo-nwoye/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye isi ndị ọrụ nke osote onye isi oche mba (North) nke APC site na 2024 ruo 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Ishola|date=2023-11-27|title=Northern youths laud Ben Nwoye’s appointment as Dalori’s Chief of Staff|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/northern-youths-laud-ben-nwoyes-appointment-as-daloris-chief-of-staff/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nwoye jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Nlekọta APC na Enugu Steeti. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nation|first=The|date=2022-02-05|title=Confusion as Agballah, Nwoye claim Enugu APC chairmanship|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/confusion-as-agballah-nwoye-claim-enugu-apc-chairmanship/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2022-02-08|title=Nwoye lays claim to Enugu APC chairmanship, faults Agballah’s emergence|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/nwoye-lays-claim-to-enugu-apc-chairmanship-faults-agballahs-emergence/|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iwuagwu|first=Patience Ogbodo-|date=2025-10-09|title=APC Dissolves Enugu Exco, Appoints Nwoye Caretaker Committee Chairman|url=https://independent.ng/apc-dissolves-enugu-exco-appoints-nwoye-caretaker-committee-chairman/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2025-10-09|title=Ben Nwoye takes over as APC NWC dissolves Enugu exco|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/09/ben-nwoye-takes-over-as-apc-nwc-dissolves-enugu-exco/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mana n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na APC, na-ekwu maka esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ede|first=Raphael|date=2025-04-17|title=Ex-Enugu APC chair dumps party, blames leadership failure|url=https://punchng.com/ex-enugu-apc-chair-dumps-party-blames-leadership-failure/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdullah|first=Abdulsalam|date=2025-04-17|title=Ex-Enugu APC chair dumps party, cites 'vindictive politics' in south-east|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ex-enugu-apc-chair-dumps-party-cites-vindictive-politics-in-south-east/|accessdate=2026-03-15|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Maachị, afọ 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi oche mba ndịda nke otu All Progressives Congress APC na Abuja, n'oge mgbakọ nke otu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APC Party {{!}} All Progressives Congress (APC) Official Website – All Progressives Congress (APC) Official Website|url=https://apc.com.ng/post.php?p=meet-apc-national-working-committee-members-2027-|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=apc.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Egobiambu|first=Emmanuel|date=2026-03-28|title=APC Holds National Convention As Yilwatda, Others Emerge NWC Members|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/03/28/apc-holds-national-convention-as-yilwatda-others-emerge-nwc-members/|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eboesomi|first=Sharon|date=2026-03-27|title=ANALYSIS: APC Convention: Zoning tensions, aspirants shape leadership bids|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/867136-analysis-apc-convention-zoning-tensions-aspirants-shape-leadership-bids.html|accessdate=2026-03-30|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2026-03-28|title=APC Convention: Ben Nwoye replaces Eneukwu as deputy national chair|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/03/apc-convention-ben-nwoye-replaces-eneukwu-as-deputy-national-chair/|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == N'èzí ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Nwoye etinyela aka n'ọrụ iwu na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mendoza na Nwoye PLC, ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke dị na [[Chicago]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Opeans Nigeria Ltd, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Port Harcourt. O nwere akara ugo mmụta Juris Doctor (J.D.) na Mahadum Illinois Chicago School of Law na nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Criminal Justice Administration na Mahadum Illinois Chicago. O jekwara ozi dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Institute for Peace, Conflict, and Development Studies na [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology]]. == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nwoye, Ben}} <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1bpckpq49qlztjrk36g9c450gybabq3 Osimiri Benito 0 77262 670893 2026-07-01T20:17:33Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359542393|Benito River]]" 670893 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Benito (Mbini) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mbini_Estuary.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Hydrology_of_Equatorial_Guinea_OSM.png|250x250px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Equatorial Guinea]] na [[Gabon]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[River mouth|Ọnụ]] | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Atlantic Ocean|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] |} '''Benito''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Equatorial Guinea]] . A maara ya n'ógbè ahụ dị ka '''Osimiri Mbini''', na, ọ dịkarịa ala ka ọ na-asọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya site na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Monte Alén, dị ka '''Osimiri Uoro'''.<ref name="Bird">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6381|title=Monte Alen National Park|accessdate=1 May 2015|publisher=Birdlife International}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-ebili na [[Gabon]] ma gafee na Equatorial Guinea ebe ọ na-ekewa mba ahụ n'etiti, na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ọnụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] bụ obodo Mbini, yana nnukwu osisi mangrove -agbasa kilomita 20 (12 mi) n'ime ala. Naanị akụkụ osimiri a dị kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) ka a pụrụ ịnyagharị. A na-eji osimiri ahụ ese osisi maka ọrụ ọhịa.[1] Ụdị cichlid nke Benitochromis nwetara akụkụ mbụ nke aha ya site na Osimiri Benito. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/|title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g)|accessdate=22 November 2018|author=Christopher Scharpf|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara|date=22 July 2018}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />p{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] nqg34m7wx7xlbhhm6z6jd87go80vhkt 670896 670893 2026-07-01T20:26:19Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670896 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Benito (Mbini) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mbini_Estuary.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Hydrology_of_Equatorial_Guinea_OSM.png|250x250px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Equatorial Guinea]] na [[Gabon]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[River mouth|Ọnụ]] | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Atlantic Ocean|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] |} The '''Benito''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Equatorial Guinea]]. A maara ya n'ógbè ahụ dị ka "Osimiri Mbini", ma ọ dịkarịa ala ka ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya site na Monte Alén National Park, dị ka "Osimiri Uoro"'.<ref name=Bird>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6381 |title=Monte Alen National Park|accessdate=1 May 2015|publisher=Birdlife International}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-arịgo na [[Gabon]] wee gafere na Equatorial Guinea ebe o kewara mba ahụ gburugburu n'etiti, na-agbaga n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ọnụ ọnụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic ka obodo Mbini dị, yana nnukwu ebe a na-adọba osisi mangrove ndị na-agbasa. {{convert|20|km}} inland.<ref>''A directory of African wetlands'' By R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes, p. 499-501 (on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&dq=benito+river+equatorial+guinea&pg=PA500])</ref> Naanị akụkụ osimiri a nke {{convert|20|km}} ka enwere ike ịnyagharị. A na-eji osimiri ahụ ese osisi maka ọrụ ọhịa.<ref>''The geography of modern Africa'' By William Adams Hance, p. 291 (on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=zlBSDK4lNMgC&dq=benito%20river%20equatorial%20guinea&pg=PA291])</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ cichli "Benitochromis" si n'Osimiri Benito nweta akụkụ mbụ nke aha ya.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ | title = Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) | accessdate= 22 November 2018 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 July 2018}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] geczbq6l94t6iteocyg1lbxma15shtq Osimiri Mbeya 0 77263 670898 2026-07-01T20:31:57Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276655687|Mbeya River]]" 670898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbeya''' ( na-akpọkwa '''Mbé''', '''Mbei''': French: Rivière Mbeya, Spanish: Río Mbeya) Ọ bụ akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Komo. Mmiri ahụ dị square kilomita 6,940 (2,680 sq mi), 93% nke dị na Gabon (gụnyere akụkụ nke Crystal Mountains National Park) ebe nke fọdụrụ dị na Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/register/tables/IRB_africa.html|title=AFRICA|work=International River Basin Register|publisher=College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, [[Oregon State University]]|date=July 2012|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ike na mmiri nke Gabon, SEEG, nke bụ ngalaba Veolia, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri eletrik n'akụkụ osimiri dị na Kinguélé (58 MW) na Tchimbélé (69 MW). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Connolly|first=Christina|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaaf765.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071705/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaaf765.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2017|title=Challenges to Establishing Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Gabon: A Case Study of the Mbé River Basin|publisher=[[Wildlife Conservation Society]]|date=August 2009|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> == E == {{Reflist}} 8e08dzf5a7wrax13l7y0fbz379jf8u7 670899 670898 2026-07-01T20:33:20Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbeya''' ( na-akpọkwa '''Mbé''', '''Mbei''': French: Rivière Mbeya, Spanish: Río Mbeya) Ọ bụ akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Komo. Mmiri ahụ dị square kilomita 6,940 (2,680 sq mi), 93% nke dị na Gabon (gụnyere akụkụ nke Crystal Mountains National Park) ebe nke fọdụrụ dị na Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/register/tables/IRB_africa.html|title=AFRICA|work=International River Basin Register|publisher=College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, [[Oregon State University]]|date=July 2012|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ike na mmiri nke Gabon, SEEG, nke bụ ngalaba Veolia, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri eletrik n'akụkụ osimiri dị na Kinguélé (58 MW) na Tchimbélé (69 MW). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Connolly|first=Christina|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaaf765.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071705/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaaf765.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2017|title=Challenges to Establishing Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Gabon: A Case Study of the Mbé River Basin|publisher=[[Wildlife Conservation Society]]|date=August 2009|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> ==Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} 31kgu4yq6ezgprx7kxbewrcnhehufzp Sylvester Ogunkelu 0 77264 670901 2026-07-01T20:46:25Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359830862|Sylvester Ogunkelu]]" 670901 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Hon. Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu | office = Member, Lagos State House of Assembly | term_start = 2019 | constituency = [[Epe, Lagos|Epe Constituency II]] | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Epe, Lagos]], Nigeria | education = [[Lagos State University]] (B.Sc, MPA) | occupation = Politician, Administrator | nickname = Skrtel }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Infobox officeholder | name = Hon. Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu | office = Member, Lagos State House of Assembly | term_start = 2019 | constituency = [[Epe, Lagos|Epe Constituency II]] | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Epe, Lagos]], Nigeria | education = [[Lagos State University]] (B.Sc, MPA) | occupation = Politician, Administrator | nickname = Skrtel }} '''Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1979 bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye nchịkwa ụtụ isi nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu Lagos State House of Assembly, na-anọchite anya Epe Constituency II .''' <ref name="LSHA">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Sylvester O. Ogunkelu – Lagos House Of Assembly|url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-sylvester-o-ogunkelu/|accessdate=16 December 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ogunkelu na abali 1 n' ọnwa Ọktoba n'afo 1979 na Divishonu nke Lagos State. Ọ gara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha n' ogo prmari Epe, site n'afo 1987 ruo afo 1992. Ọ gara Alaro Community High School, Iraye Oke, Epe, maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ gachara akwụkwọ na 1998.<ref name="LSHA">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Sylvester O. Ogunkelu – Lagos House Of Assembly|url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-sylvester-o-ogunkelu/|accessdate=16 December 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu na [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|Mahadum Lagos State]] (LASU), ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) na Business Administration na 2004. O mechara laghachi n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nweta nzere masta na Public Administration (MPA) na ọkachamara na Human Resources and Personnel Management na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu – LeaderBox|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/sylvester-oluwadahunsi-ogunkelu|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=LeaderBox Africa}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ogunkelu rụrụ ọrụ na nchịkwa ụtụ isi na Lagos State Civil Service. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Lagos State Board of Internal Revenue Service (LIRS) dị ka onye nlekọta ụtụ isi, onye isi ọrụ na ngalaba na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro na Ajah Mini Tax Office, yana dịka onye na-ahụ maka ụtụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ na-edeba aha na Epe Tax Office. Ọ bụ onye otu Chartered Institute of Public Management of Nigeria na onye otu Institute of Business Strategy (IBS). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvester Ogunkelu Oluwadahunsi – ShineYourEye|url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/sylvester-ogunkelu-oluwadahunsi|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=ShineYourEye}}</ref> Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ogunkelu malitere na ọkwa gọọmentị ime obodo. N'agbata afọ 2015 na 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ahụike na Kọmitii Nlekọta nke Eredo Local Council Development Area (LCDA). N'afọ 2019, o meriri oche iji nọchite anya Epe Consituency II na Lagos State House of Assembly. A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka oge nke abụọ na ntuli aka nke afọ 2023. Na Nzukọ nke iri, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ na-ahụ maka atụmatụ anụ ahụ na mmepe obodo. N'ọrụ a dị oke egwu, ọ na-elekọta ụkpụrụ Atụmatụ obodo nke steeti, iwu nchịkwa ụlọ, na ikikere mmepe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lagos Assembly constitutes 40 standing committees|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/09/21/lagos-assembly-constitutes-40-standing-committees/|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: Two Lagos Assembly Members Grilled By Police Over Speakership Crisis, One Held In Custody {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/01/30/breaking-two-lagos-assembly-members-grilled-police-over-speakership-crisis-one-held|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20250131171402/https://saharareporters.com/2025/01/30/breaking-two-lagos-assembly-members-grilled-police-over-speakership-crisis-one-held|archivedate=31 January 2025|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=saharareporters.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/urban-infrastructure/housing-and-urban-development/lasbca-demolishes-illegal-structures-on-lagos-island/ar-AA1R0FzV?ocid=BingNewsVerp|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cso1cj385evt2kqvr8z2sc1b9o7aano Christiana Olusola Ogunfolaju 0 77265 670903 2026-07-01T20:55:44Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360794481|Christiana Olusola Ogunfolaju]]" 670903 wikitext text/x-wiki   Christiana Olusola Ogunfolaju bụ onye isi ọchịchị ọha na eze na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka onye a họpụtara na steeti Osun, Naịjirịa, gụnyere dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na azụmahịa, ụlọ ọrụ na mmekorita n' okpuru nchịkwa nke Gọvonọ Gboyega Oyetola. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=People|first=City|date=2019-11-21|title=Meet The New Commissioners/SA Running OSUN State With Gov., ADEGBOYEGA OYETOLA|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-new-commissioners-sa-running-osun-state-with-gov-adegboyega-oyetola/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=City People Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olagunju|first=David|date=2019-10-25|title=FULL LIST: Osun commissioners, special advisers|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/full-list-osun-commissioners-special-advisers/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ogunfolaju rụrụ ọrụ na nlekọta ọha na eze na Steeti Osun, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na azụmahịa, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'oge ọchịchị Gọvono Gboyega Oyetola, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na-ahụ maka ịkwado iwu gọọmentị steeti na azụmahịa na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=People|first=City|date=2019-11-21|title=Meet The New Commissioners/SA Running OSUN State With Gov., ADEGBOYEGA OYETOLA|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-new-commissioners-sa-running-osun-state-with-gov-adegboyega-oyetola/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=City People Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọrụ ya gụnyere inye aka na iwu mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta n'ime gọọmentị steeti nakwa inye aka na mmejupụta mmemme metụtara azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-24|title=For The Records: Full List Of Osun Commissioners And Special Advisers|url=https://osundefender.com/for-the-records-full-list-of-osun-commissioners-and-special-advisers/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=OsunDefender|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Services|first=KakakiOodua Media|title=LIVE UPDATES: OSHA Screens Osun Commissioners and Special Advisers Nominees|url=https://www.kakakioodua.com/2019/09/live-updates-osha-screens-osun.html|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=KakakiOodua Online News}}</ref> == Nhọpụta gọọmentị na nyocha == N'afọ 2019, Ogunfolaju so n'ime ndị gọvono Osun Steeti họpụtara maka ọrụ ndị omebe iwu Osun Steet ma nyochaa ha . N'oge nyocha ahụ, ndị a họpụtara gosipụtara asambodo na ahụmịhe ha n'ihu ndị omeiwu dị ka usoro iwu achọrọ maka nkwenye n'ọkwa ndị isi n'ime gọọmentị steeti.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nation|first=The|date=2019-10-01|title=Osun Assembly grills 9 exco nominees|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/osun-assembly-grills-9-exco-nominees/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ogunfolaju bụ onye a ma ama maka itinye aka n' ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osun Steeti, ọkachasị n'ime usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị ebe a maara ya maka nkwado na onyinye ya maka mmepe na ịdị n'otu. Kakaki Oodua.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeyemo|first=Adeolu|date=2021-08-06|title=Osun to strengthen cooperative societies for economic sustainability ― Govt|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/osun-to-strengthen-cooperative-societies-for-economic-sustainability-%E2%80%95-govt/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bamigbola|first=Bola|date=2021-08-06|title=Osun pledges support for cooperative societies|url=https://punchng.com/osun-pledges-support-for-cooperative-societies/|accessdate=2026-04-30|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] hng2vdkwd1ih0vgtakdp6vr8chzhvc2 Suleiman Aliyu Lere 0 77266 670905 2026-07-01T21:29:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360606250|Suleiman Aliyu Lere]]" 670905 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Suleiman Aliyu Lere | office = Federal Representative | constituency = [[Lere, Nigeria|Lere]] | occupation = Politiccian | death_date = April 6, 2021 (age 53) | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) }} '''Suleiman Aliyu Lere''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke nọchitere anya Lere ụlọ omebe nke Federal nke Kaduna steeti na ikpo okwu nke All Progressives Congress (APC). Ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 6, afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na otu mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=House Loses Another Member, Lere|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/07/house-loses-another-member-lere/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Another Nigerian lawmaker is dead|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/453483-just-in-another-nigerian-lawmaker-is-dead.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2021-04-06|title=House of reps loses another member -- third in one month|url=https://www.thecable.ng/house-of-reps-loses-another-member-third-in-one-month/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[Otú:Ndị nwụrụ 2021]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] dtqpkhzmb6qv2vazztng2dvqd7r0645 670906 670905 2026-07-01T21:31:09Z Anastesia chi 23720 670906 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Suleiman Aliyu Lere | office = Federal Representative | constituency = [[Lere, Nigeria|Lere]] | occupation = Politiccian | death_date = April 6, 2021 (age 53) | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) }} '''Suleiman Aliyu Lere''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke nọchitere anya Lere ụlọ omebe nke Federal nke Kaduna steeti na ikpo okwu nke All Progressives Congress (APC). Ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 6, afọ puku abụọ iri abụọ na otu mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=House Loses Another Member, Lere|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/07/house-loses-another-member-lere/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Another Nigerian lawmaker is dead|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/453483-just-in-another-nigerian-lawmaker-is-dead.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2021-04-06|title=House of reps loses another member -- third in one month|url=https://www.thecable.ng/house-of-reps-loses-another-member-third-in-one-month/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] q3nhp15zuack93tadjvqldmjk99l854 Arinola Fatimoh Lawal 0 77267 670909 2026-07-01T21:53:20Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360677404|Arinola Fatimoh Lawal]]" 670909 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Arinola Fatimoh Lawal | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2023 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|10|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Kwara State Polytechnic]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = [[Kwara State Polytechnic]] | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Arinola Fatimoh Lawal''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ilorin ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Ilorin ọ bụla n'ime Nzukọ nke iri na Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Kwara Steeti .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2019-09-26|title=26-year-old, four other women make Kwara's first cabinet list|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/26-year-old-four-other-women-make-kwaras-first-cabinet-list/amp/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Azeez|first=Biola|date=2023-03-21|title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Arinola na Ụbọchị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1969 na Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government areas Kwara Steeti Naịjiria. O nwetara asambodo ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ West African na Queens College Ilorin n'afọ 1986. Ọ gụrụ maka Isi nri na Nhazi ụlọnkwari akụ na Kwara State Polytechnic iji nweta Nzere Diploma Mba nakwa Diploma Mba kacha dị élú n'afọ 1988 yana 1993 n'otu n'otu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. ARINOLA FATIMOH LAWAL|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-arinola-fatimoh-lawal/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Arinola jere ozi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye gụnyere Mohbalamira Nigeria Limited, [[Abuja]] ebe ọ jere ozi n"oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye Kọmishọna na 2019 maka Onye Nlekọta ihe gbasara Mmiri na gọvanọ nke Kwara Steeti. N'afọ 2021, Gọvanọ Ukwu [[AbdulRahman AbdulRasaq|AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq]] họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi maka Azụmaahịa, Innovation na Teknụzụ. N'afọ 2023, o meriri ma merie tiketi n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressive Congress dị ka onye otu nzukọ steeti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara ọwụwanyanwu nke Ilorin na Nzukọ nke iri . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. ARINOLA FATIMOH LAWAL|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-arinola-fatimoh-lawal/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-arinola-fatimoh-lawal/ "HON. ARINOLA FATIMOH LAWAL"]. ''Kwara State House of Assembly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Faith|first=Adeoye|date=2021-05-11|title=Kwara governor swears in new commissioners|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/kwara-governor-swears-in-new-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara assembly confirms 16 commissioner-nominees|url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-assembly-confirms-16-commissioner-nominees/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=November 2019}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1969]] 3wss846w533c1jj7405yf2rgxot5cgo 670911 670909 2026-07-01T21:56:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed reference error 670911 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Arinola Fatimoh Lawal | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2023 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|10|26|df=y}} | birth_place = Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Kwara State Polytechnic]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = [[Kwara State Polytechnic]] | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Arinola Fatimoh Lawal''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ilorin ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Ilorin ọ bụla n'ime Nzukọ nke iri na Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Kwara Steeti .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=2019-09-26|title=26-year-old, four other women make Kwara's first cabinet list|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/26-year-old-four-other-women-make-kwaras-first-cabinet-list/amp/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Azeez|first=Biola|date=2023-03-21|title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Arinola na Ụbọchị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1969 na Idi-Ape, Ilorin East Local Government areas Kwara Steeti Naịjiria. O nwetara asambodo ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ West African na Queens College Ilorin n'afọ 1986. Ọ gụrụ maka Isi nri na Nhazi ụlọnkwari akụ na Kwara State Polytechnic iji nweta Nzere Diploma Mba nakwa Diploma Mba kacha dị élú n'afọ 1988 yana 1993 n'otu n'otu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. ARINOLA FATIMOH LAWAL|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-arinola-fatimoh-lawal/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Arinola jere ozi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye gụnyere Mohbalamira Nigeria Limited, [[Abuja]] ebe ọ jere ozi n"oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye Kọmishọna na 2019 maka Onye Nlekọta ihe gbasara Mmiri na gọvanọ nke Kwara Steeti. N'afọ 2021, Gọvanọ Ukwu [[AbdulRahman AbdulRasaq|AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq]] họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi maka Azụmaahịa, Innovation na Teknụzụ. N'afọ 2023, o meriri ma merie tiketi n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressive Congress dị ka onye otu nzukọ steeti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara ọwụwanyanwu nke Ilorin na Nzukọ nke iri . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Faith|first=Adeoye|date=2021-05-11|title=Kwara governor swears in new commissioners|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/kwara-governor-swears-in-new-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara assembly confirms 16 commissioner-nominees|url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-assembly-confirms-16-commissioner-nominees/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=November 2019}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1969]] gkkm3jzu1kzxdlsluypbyhsuwbg9des Tim Menakaya 0 77268 670913 2026-07-01T22:06:25Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674810|Tim Menakaya]]" 670913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya | office = Minister of Health | predecessor = [[Jubril Ayinla]] | successor = [[Alphonsus Nwosu]] | term_start = 1999 | term_end = 2001 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|05|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Umunya]] }} '''Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya''' {{Audio|Ig-Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Mee 1934) bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka Minista Ahụike site na 1999 ruo 2001.[1][2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Menakaya na 27 Mee 1934 ma si Umunya, nke dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Oyi nke Anambra Steeti ugbu a. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Dennis Memorial Grammar School na Onitsha ma mechaa nweta akara ugo mmụta na ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na Mahadum Bologna, Italy, na 1964. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Onyekwelu|first=Ebuka|date=2024-05-29|title=Dr. Tim Menakaya, Nigeria's Former Minister Of Health Turns 90 Years|url=https://journalist101.com/2024/05/29/dr-tim-menakaya-nigerias-former-minister-of-health-turns-90-years/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Journalist101.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Kọleji Ndị Dọkịta nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Menakaya rụrụ ọrụ ahụike na Italy na United Kingdom tupu ọ laghachi Naịjirịa n'afọ 1966, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na mpaghara Eastern Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Watch|first=Nigeria Health|date=2015-11-24|title=Adewole stands 'On the Shoulders of Giants': The 18 torchbearers of the Nigerian Health Sector|url=https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/adewole-stands-on-the-shoulders-of-giants-the-18-torchbearers-of-the-nigerian-health-sector/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Nigeria Health Watch|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ndị agha Biafra n'oge [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Archdiocese Roman Catholic nke Onitsha, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ịmụ Nwa Holy Rosary, na Ụlọ Ọgwụ St. Charles Borromeo. N'afọ 1974, o guzobere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Menax na Onitsha . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quadri|first=Opeyemi|date=2024-01-25|title=Ministers of Health in Nigeria (1957-Present)|url=https://infomediang.com/ministers-of-health-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=INFOMEDIANG|language=en-US}}</ref> Menakaya nwere ọkwa ndị ndu n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta ahụike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref> Menakaya jere ozi dị ka Minista Ahụike nke Naịjirịa site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2001, n'oge ọchịchị Onye Isi Ala Olusegun Obasanjo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Idachaba|first=Eleojo|date=2020-06-19|title=Tim Menakaya, Funso Kupolokun: Where are they now?|url=https://blueprint.ng/tim-menakaya-funso-kupolokun-where-are-they-now/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O rụrụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ahụike dị iche iche na atụmatụ iji melite usoro nlekọta ahụike mba ahụ, gụnyere mmemme rollback malaria na atụmatụ mkpuchi ahụike mba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Onyekwelu|first=Ebuka|date=2024-05-29|title=Dr. Tim Menakaya, Nigeria's Former Minister Of Health Turns 90 Years|url=https://journalist101.com/2024/05/29/dr-tim-menakaya-nigerias-former-minister-of-health-turns-90-years/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Journalist101.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gbasakwara mbọ ndị mmadụ na-eme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ahụike ma nyochaa nkwupụta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa HIV / AIDS.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-01-31|title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} National committee starts checking AIDS cure claim|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/12031/nigeria-national-committee-starts-checking-aids-cure-claim|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.thenewhumanitarian.org|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye na nnabata == <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Idachaba|first=Eleojo|date=2020-06-19|title=Tim Menakaya, Funso Kupolokun: Where are they now?|url=https://blueprint.ng/tim-menakaya-funso-kupolokun-where-are-they-now/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Onyinye Menakaya tinyere n'ọrụ ahụike enyela ya ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, gụnyere Onye Ọkwá 'Officer' n'Otu 'nye iwu nke Federal Republic'(OFR) na ọtụtụ onyinye sitere n'aka ndị otu ahụike na òtù obodo. == ndụ nkeonwe == . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-06-17|title=Father's Day: Dr Chichi eulogises father, Menakaya at 90|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/fathers-day-dr-chichi-eulogises-father-menakaya-at-90/|accessdate=2025-03-26|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>Menakaya lụrụ nwunye ma nwee ụmụ, gụnyere Dr. Chichi Menakaya. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5m987zlt98wqtqap70cgnpeejixi78h Mojisola Meranda 0 77269 670917 2026-07-01T22:14:10Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359257395|Mojisola Meranda]]" 670917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mojisola Meranda | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lagos State House of Assembly]] | term_start = 3 March 2025 | term_end = | 1blankname = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the Lagos State House of Assembly|Speaker]]}} | 1namedata = [[Mudashiru Obasa]] | predecessor = [[Mojeed Fatai Adebola]] | successor = | termstart1 = 6 June 2023 | termend1 = 13 January 2025 | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Speaker}} | 1namedata1 = Mudashiru Obasa | predecessor1 = [[Wasiu Sanni]] | successor1 = Mojeed Fatai Adebola | office2 = [[Speaker of the Lagos State House of Assembly]] | termstart2 = 13 January 2025 | termend2 = 3 March 2025 | deputy2 = Mojeed Fatai Adebola | predecessor2 = Mudashiru Obasa | successor2 = [[Mudashiru Obasa]] | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|08|16|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (2013–present) | otherparty = | spouse = | relations = | children = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawmaker}} | profession = | website = }} Mojisola Lasbat Meranda (amụrụ na 16 Ọgọst 1980) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jerela ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Lagos kemgbe Maachị 2025. Ọ bụbu osote onyeisi oche site na Juun 2023 ruo Jenụwarị 2025, nakwa dịka onyeisi oche site na Jenụwarị ruo Maachị 2025, mgbe a chụpụrụ Mudashiru Obasa n'ọkwa maka ebubo arụrụala na mmegbu n'ọchịchị na Jenụwarị, nakwa mgbe eweghachiri ya n'ọkwa na Maachị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Moses|first=Peter|date=2025-01-13|title=Mojisola Meranda: Enter Lagos First Female Speaker|url=https://dailytrust.com/mojisola-meranda-enter-lagos-first-female-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Omidiji|first=Rachael|date=2025-01-13|title=10 things to know about new Lagos Speaker, Mojisola Meranda|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/10-things-to-know-about-new-lagos-speaker-mojisola-meranda/|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-13|title=Obasa impeached: Lagos House of Assembly impeach Mudashiru Obasa, appoint Mojisola Meranda as new Speaker|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cew52274ly5o|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Daramola|first=Ayomikunle|date=2025-01-13|title=Lagos assembly impeaches Obasa, elects Mojisola Meranda as first female speaker|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-lagos-assembly-impeaches-obasa-elects-mojisola-meranda-as-new-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=10 astonishing facts about first female Lagos Assembly Speaker|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/01/13/10-astonishing-facts-about-first-female-lagos-assembly-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-13|language=en-US|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya mpaghara ntuli aka Apapa I kemgbe ọnwa Juun afọ 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Oyedokun|first=Taofeek|date=2025-01-13|title=Who is Mojisola Meranda? The female lawmaker who replaces Obasa as Lagos speaker|url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/who-is-mojisola-miranda-the-female-lawmaker-who-replaced-obasa-as-lagos-speaker/|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2025, ihe fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ izu isii ka ọ nọ n'ọkwa onyeisi oche, Meranda gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya wee họpụta ya ọzọ dịka osote onyeisi oche nke ụlọ omeiwu steeti Lagos, ebe a kpọghachiri Obasa dịka onyeisi oche.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oloniniran|first=Gbenga|date=2025-03-03|title=Meranda resigns as Lagos Assembly speaker|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-meranda-resigns-as-lagos-assembly-speaker/|accessdate=2025-03-03|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wahab|first=Akinbayo|date=2025-03-03|title=BREAKING: Meranda resigns as Lagos Assembly Speaker|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/breaking-meranda-resigns-as-lagos-assembly-speaker/|accessdate=2025-03-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oyero|first=Kayode|date=2025-03-03|title=Meranda Resigns As Lagos Speaker, Re-Elected Deputy Speaker|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/03/03/breaking-mojisola-meranda-resigns-as-lagos-speaker/|accessdate=2025-03-03|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Daramola|first=Ayomikunle|date=2025-03-03|title=Meranda resigns as Lagos assembly speaker after 49 days in office|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-meranda-resigns-as-lagos-assembly-speaker-after-49-days/|accessdate=2025-03-03|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t9ibwhhgqmmv9dtyf1rtew591i10cm1 Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu 0 77270 670926 2026-07-01T22:56:25Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359827704|Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu]]" 670926 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu''' {{Audio|Ig-Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu.ogg|Listen}} Janet Onwuegbuzia; Febụwarị – Maachị 31, 2003) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiafraNigeriaWorld: The Authority on BiafraNigeria|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013856/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archivedate=March 30, 2013|work=news.biafranigeriaworld.com|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> onye enyemaka, nọọsụ, onye nkuzi, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na nwanyị ọchụnta ego. O nwere ike ịmata onwe ya dị ka onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye na-agba mbọ na onye mba. Otu oge onye otu ma ndị omeiwu Eastern House na Eastern House nke Chiefs na Naịjirịa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating the Nigerian Political Amazons|url=http://www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4795.htm|work=www.gamji.com|accessdate=2016-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216155944/http://www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4795.htm|archivedate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/12/remembering-margaret-ekpo-and-enugu-strike-massacre|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Margaret Ekpo and the Enugu strike massacre|accessdate=July 13, 2025}} </ref>Mokelu so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ bụ ndị omeiwu na Naịjirịa. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Janet n'ezinụlọ Joseph na Margaret Onwuegbuzia nke Umuagu Quarters, Asaba, nke bụ Delta Steeti ugbu a, Naịjirịa, ọ gara Kọleji Ọzụzụ Ndị Nkụzi (1930-1932), ebe o nwetara asambodo Ndị Nkụzi Klas nke Abụọ ya. A họpụtara ya dịka onye otu pụrụ iche nke Eastern House nke Chiefs na 1959, ya na Chief Margaret Ekpo, <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/12/remembering-margaret-ekpo-and-enugu-strike-massacre|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Margaret Ekpo and the Enugu strike massacre|accessdate=July 13, 2025}} </ref> Ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye Gọọmentị Steeti Anambra site na 1980 ruo 1983. Mokelu kwenyere nke ọma na ecumenism ma soro enyi ya nwanyị bụ Eudora, Lady Ibiam rụkọọ ọrụ nke ọma iji mee ka ọ gaa n'ihu dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ. O duru Oraifite Anglican Women's Conference ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise, wee mechaa kwụsị ọrụ na 1995. N'oge a, ọ duru ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwoke na Oraifite, na ụlọ ọrụ ịkpa ákwà na ndị ọzọ. Ọ kụnyere ịdọ aka ná ntị na ụkpụrụ omume n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-asọpụrụ ya. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ e chiri echichi dị ka 'Lady Knight' n'Ụka Anglican n'ime ochie Diọsisi nke Niger,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiafraNigeriaWorld: The Authority on BiafraNigeria|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013856/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archivedate=March 30, 2013|work=news.biafranigeriaworld.com|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> mere ka ọtụtụ ọrụ ọ rụrụ dịkwuo mma. N'ịbụ onye na-emesapụ aka na mmejọ, ọ na-akwado ndị ogbenye mgbe niile, na-enye ego, nri na uwe n'efu. Mokelu tinyere aka dị iche iche n'ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị site na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. O kwenyere na nha nhata, ma bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọtụtụ iwu n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị nke e bu n'obi ime ka ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ibe ya ka mma. Otu n'ime iwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nke na-ekwu na a ga-akwụ ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di otu ụgwọ ọnwa ahụ dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha si akwụ. == Ọgba aghara ọrụ na Enugu == N'afọ 1949, ndị uwe ojii gburu ndị ọrụ igwu ala iri abụọ na otu na-eme ngagharị iwe maka enweghị ego ha ga-akwụ maka ọrụ igwu ala na Enugu. Mokelu kpọkọtara ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ma mee ngagharị iwe megide ogbugbu ahụ ya na ndị otu ya bụ Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Margaret Ekpo.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/12/remembering-margaret-ekpo-and-enugu-strike-massacre|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Margaret Ekpo and the Enugu strike massacre|accessdate=July 13, 2025}} </ref> Ha kwuru ka a kpee ndị uwe ojii metụtara ogbugbu ahụ ikpe ma gbuo ha. Ha katọkwara iwu ndị ọchịchị n'ihe niile ha chọrọ ime. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Onyeisi Mokelu kwenyere nke ọma na ụmụ nwanyị niile kwesịrị ịtụ vootu ma a tụọ vootu maka ha. Iwu ya dịka onye omeiwu na-akwado nke a, ebe Onyeisi Ekpo - onye soro ya jee ozi n'ụlọ ndị isi site na 1959 ruo 1961 na Ụlọ ndị omeiwu site na 1961 ruo 1966 - bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ mgbe niile n'akụkụ a.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/12/remembering-margaret-ekpo-and-enugu-strike-massacre|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Margaret Ekpo and the Enugu strike massacre|accessdate=July 13, 2025}} </ref> == Isi mmalite == * Lee arụmụka ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ndị isi ọwụwa anyanwụ. Akụkọ gọọmentị 1960-1961 na arụmụka ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ndị isi ọwụwa anyanwụ, akụkọ gọọmentị 1961-1966. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] cot17jgzemf8qouv08779de2s88ok06 Abba Bello Mohammed 0 77271 670927 2026-07-01T22:59:48Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346483539|Abba Bello Mohammed]]" 670927 wikitext text/x-wiki Abba Bello Mohammed bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke nọchitere anya Bunza/Birnin Kebbi/Kalgo Federal Constituency n'ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya. Ọ nọchiri Muhammad Bello Yakubu n'ọkwa a. Ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Television|first=Channels|date=2023-01-07|title=Kebbi PDP Reps Candidate Dies After US Trip|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/01/07/kebbi-pdp-reps-candidate-dies-after-us-trip/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2023-01-07|title=Kebbi PDP house of reps candidate dies in Abuja|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kebbi-pdp-house-of-reps-candidate-dies-in-abuja/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wurma|first=Kabir|date=2023-01-08|title=Kebbi PDP Rep Candidate Dies|url=https://leadership.ng/kebbi-pdp-rep-candidate-dies/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-01-25|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} nsc7krpei8h7b1v2srpkwcvyi5y2zvr Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba 0 77272 670930 2026-07-01T23:33:59Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358951828|Virunga National Park]]" 670930 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: '''''Parc national des Virunga''''', na ndebiri aha '''PNVi''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-100.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2026|work=Portals.iucn.org|publisher=[[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]|pages=6|language=fr}}</ref> bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Virunga National Park: Facts, History & Conservation|url=https://virunga.org/about/#:~:text=Virunga%20National%20Park%20is%20a,known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CVirunga%20Alliance%E2%80%9D.|accessdate=27 December 2025|work=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Tedesco2002">{{Cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}</ref> Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (''Gorilla beringei'') na golden monkey (''Cercopithecus kandti'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlumptre,_A._J.Davenport,_T._R.Behangana,_M.Kityo,_R.2007">Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). </cite></ref> Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|title=Virunga National Park|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/twelve-rangers-killed-in-latest-virunga-park-incident/|accessdate=27 April 2020|work=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10|title=COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/cop26-landmark-500-million-agreement-launched-protect-dr-congo%E2%80%99s-forest|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title="DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat" {{!}} SEJ|url=https://www.sej.org/headlines/drc-auction-oil-and-gas-permits-endangered-gorilla-habitat|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=www.sej.org|language=en}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park|url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/oil_exploration_virunga_national_park|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Banktrack|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/52080/drcs-oil-blocks-auction-civil-society-statement-on-threats-and-intimidation-of-environmental-defenders-in-dr-congo/|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Greenpeace Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ "ndị ochie" ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref><ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2017|title=A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park|journal=Environmental History|volume=22|issue=3|pages=404–432|doi=10.1093/envhis/emx020}}</ref> Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.<ref name="DeBont2015" /><ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.<ref name="Stephen2007">{{Cite journal|author=Stephen J.|year=2007|title=Of "Doubtful Nationality": Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=11|issue=5|pages=481–500|doi=10.1080/13621020701605792}}</ref> Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref> N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka ''Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique'';<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schouteden, H.|authorlink=Henri Schouteden|year=1938|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/9-1938-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/irscnb_p4137_00f8d8p_09_corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref> lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref> mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verhoogen, J.|year=1948|title=Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-verhoogen-1938-et-1940/1-1948-mission-j-verhoogen-les-eruptions-1938-1940-du-volcan-nyamuragira/irscnb_p4142_rbins19133_1-5-130-part-1-red.pdf}}</ref> na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J.|year=1961|title=Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/6-1961-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/irscnb_c23707_009a2cb_6-corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dart, R.A.|year=1960|title=The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=56|issue=4|pages=85–87|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/56/4/AJA00382353_8871?crawler=true}}</ref> E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.<ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nkongolo, J.K.|year=2015|title=International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park|journal=African Journal of Democracy and Governance|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=77–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen, E.|year=2016|title=Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6312|pages=561–562|doi=10.1126/science.aal1722|pmid=27811261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hochleithner, S.|year=2017|title=Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100–110|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.201397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kümpel, N.F.|year=2018|chapter=Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=51–61|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2015/08/24/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-inauguration-des-activites-du-parc-national-de-virunga|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|language=fr}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odiaua, I.|year=2018|chapter=Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=251–277|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> === Agha nwere Ngwa Agha === Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004" /> Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.<ref name="Refisch2016">{{Cite book|author=Refisch, J.|year=2016|chapter=Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management|title=Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding|editor=Bruch, C.|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, New York|pages=825–841|isbn=978-1-136-27207-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA825}}</ref> Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka "ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa", maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.<ref name="ips">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/militarised-conservation-threatens-drcs-indigenous-people-part-1/|title=Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1|author=Moloo|first=Zahra|date=14 September 2014|work=Inter Press Service|accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/apr/09/six-virunga-park-rangers-killed-in-drc-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary|author=Burke, J.|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://virunga.org/news/in-memoriam-april2018|title=In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175|work=Virunga|date=2018|accessdate=2018-08-17}}</ref> Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref> E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf|title=Virunga Park Closure Statement|date=2018|accessdate=2018-06-26|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615013113/https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf}}</ref> ruo Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-park-idUSKCN1Q50FM|title=Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush|date=2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-04-26|author=Prentice, A.}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rangers killed in "deadliest" DR Congo park attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52415798|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 April 2020|date=2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210110-six-park-rangers-killed-in-dr-congo-s-virunga-gorilla-reserve|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/11/africa/congo-virunga-park-rangers-killed-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2021|date=2021}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56151600|accessdate=2021-02-23}}</ref> N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == {{Commons category}}<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Mubalama2004">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2004|title=Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Pachyderm|issue=36|pages=16–29}}</ref> Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).<ref name="Crawford2008" /> N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.<ref name=":1" /> Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.<ref name=":1" /> Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.<ref name=":1" /> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Seimon, A.|year=2012|chapter=Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|pages=18–38}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref> Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref> == Osisi == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlumptre,_A._J.Davenport,_T._R.Behangana,_M.Kityo,_R.2007">Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). </cite></ref> Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''), jointed flatsedge (''C. articulatus''), common reed (''Phragmites mauritanica''), sacaton grasses (''Sporobolus consimilis''), ambatch (''Aeschynomene elaphroxylon''), conkerberry (''Carissa spinarum''), paperbark thorn (''Vachellia sieberiana'') na kowai fruit (''Coccinia grandis'').<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMubalama,_L.2000">Mubalama, L. (2000). </cite></ref> Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (''Capparis tomentosa''), ''Maerua'' species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brahmachary, R.L.|year=1980|title=On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=139–142|doi=10.3406/revec.1980.4059|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54997/LATERREETLAVIE_1980_34_1_139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). [[Yushania alpina|African alpine bamboo]] (''Yushania alpina'') na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (''Erica arborea''), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). ''Senecio'' na ''Lobelia'' ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref> === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Dent's mona monkey (''C. denti''), blue monkey (''C. mitis''), Hamlyn's monkey (''C. hamlyni''), De Brazza's monkey (''C. neglectus''), Central African red colobus (''Procolobus foai''), mantled guereza (''Colobus guereza''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') na grey-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref><ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') na African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}</ref> Okapi (''Okapia johnstoni''), blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola''), bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi''), yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor''), water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), red river hog (''Potamochoerus porcus''), aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') na bongo (''Tragelaphus eurycerus'') bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'') na giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'') dị na mpaghara ndịda.<ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (''Kobus kob thomasi''), waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus''), na &nbsp;common warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref><ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta "Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm".<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.<ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (''P. pardus pardus''), marsh mongoose (''Atilax paludinosus''), giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), tree pangolin (''Phataginus tricuspis''), crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata''), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (''Anomalurus derbianus''), Boehm's bush squirrel (''Paraxerus boehmi''), western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), Emin's pouched rat (''Cricetomys emini'') na checkered elephant shrew (''Rhynchocyon cirnei'') bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ === Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verschuren, J.|year=1989|title=L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=44|issue=4|pages=367–397|doi=10.3406/revec.1989.5528|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55367/LATERREETLAVIE_1989_44_4_387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> === Nnụnụ === Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Owiunji, I.|year=2005|title=Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York|url=http://rw.chm-cbd.net/implementation/rapport-et-documents-nationaux/biodiversity-virunga-volcanoes/download/en/1/the-biodiversity-of-the-virunga-volcanoes.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-12}}</ref> == Agbụrụ dị iche iche ==   Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere: * Ndị Mbuti<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart, T.B.|year=1986|title=The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire|journal=Human Ecology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=29–55|doi=10.1007/bf00889209}}</ref> * Ndị Nande<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kenfack|first=Chrislain Eric|date=17 March 2013|title=Le Paysage Virunga|url=https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024|publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]]|language=fr}}</ref> * Ndị Hunde<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Kumu<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Hutu<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Ndị Tutsi<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Basongora<ref name="Losh2021">{{Cite news|author=Losh|first=Jack|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="govisitkenya">{{Cite web|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Ihe nkiri akụkọ ''Virunga'' na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Screenings|url=http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064200/http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archivedate=April 27, 2014|work=Virunga (Official Website)|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sinha-Roy|first=Pifa|title=Netflix's "Virunga" uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-netflix-virunga-idUSKBN0IQ2OB20141107|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bella, T.|date=2021|title=Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/ndakasi-mountain-gorilla-selfie-dies/|work=Washington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa == {{Reflist}}  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Virunga National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=22 January 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6066|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.visitvirunga.org/|title=Visit Virunga National Park|accessdate=2011-07-16|archivedate=2020-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091838/https://visitvirunga.org/}} * {{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archivedate=December 22, 2017|title=Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog|work=blog.nationalgeographic.org|date=May 2017|accessdate=2017-12-21}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/virunga-national-parks-africa-congo-rangers/|title=Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park|date=July 2016|work=National Geographic Magazine 230 (1)|accessdate=2017-09-11}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6d7k5c3w7avlweiinejkkw92lnpgzs3 670932 670930 2026-07-01T23:35:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 670932 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: '''''Parc national des Virunga''''', na ndebiri aha '''PNVi''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-100.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2026|work=Portals.iucn.org|publisher=[[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]|pages=6|language=fr}}</ref> bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Virunga National Park: Facts, History & Conservation|url=https://virunga.org/about/#:~:text=Virunga%20National%20Park%20is%20a,known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CVirunga%20Alliance%E2%80%9D.|accessdate=27 December 2025|work=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Tedesco2002">{{Cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}</ref> Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (''Gorilla beringei'') na golden monkey (''Cercopithecus kandti'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlumptre,_A._J.Davenport,_T._R.Behangana,_M.Kityo,_R.2007">Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). </cite></ref> Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|title=Virunga National Park|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/twelve-rangers-killed-in-latest-virunga-park-incident/|accessdate=27 April 2020|work=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10|title=COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/cop26-landmark-500-million-agreement-launched-protect-dr-congo%E2%80%99s-forest|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title="DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat" {{!}} SEJ|url=https://www.sej.org/headlines/drc-auction-oil-and-gas-permits-endangered-gorilla-habitat|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=www.sej.org|language=en}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park|url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/oil_exploration_virunga_national_park|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Banktrack|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/52080/drcs-oil-blocks-auction-civil-society-statement-on-threats-and-intimidation-of-environmental-defenders-in-dr-congo/|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Greenpeace Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ "ndị ochie" ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref><ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2017|title=A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park|journal=Environmental History|volume=22|issue=3|pages=404–432|doi=10.1093/envhis/emx020}}</ref> Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.<ref name="DeBont2015" /><ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.<ref name="Stephen2007">{{Cite journal|author=Stephen J.|year=2007|title=Of "Doubtful Nationality": Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=11|issue=5|pages=481–500|doi=10.1080/13621020701605792}}</ref> Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref> N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka ''Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique'';<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schouteden, H.|authorlink=Henri Schouteden|year=1938|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/9-1938-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/irscnb_p4137_00f8d8p_09_corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref> lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref> mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verhoogen, J.|year=1948|title=Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-verhoogen-1938-et-1940/1-1948-mission-j-verhoogen-les-eruptions-1938-1940-du-volcan-nyamuragira/irscnb_p4142_rbins19133_1-5-130-part-1-red.pdf}}</ref> na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J.|year=1961|title=Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/6-1961-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/irscnb_c23707_009a2cb_6-corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dart, R.A.|year=1960|title=The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=56|issue=4|pages=85–87|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/56/4/AJA00382353_8871?crawler=true}}</ref> E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.<ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nkongolo, J.K.|year=2015|title=International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park|journal=African Journal of Democracy and Governance|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=77–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen, E.|year=2016|title=Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6312|pages=561–562|doi=10.1126/science.aal1722|pmid=27811261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hochleithner, S.|year=2017|title=Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100–110|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.201397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kümpel, N.F.|year=2018|chapter=Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=51–61|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2015/08/24/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-inauguration-des-activites-du-parc-national-de-virunga|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|language=fr}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odiaua, I.|year=2018|chapter=Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=251–277|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> === Agha nwere Ngwa Agha === Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004" /> Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.<ref name="Refisch2016">{{Cite book|author=Refisch, J.|year=2016|chapter=Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management|title=Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding|editor=Bruch, C.|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, New York|pages=825–841|isbn=978-1-136-27207-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA825}}</ref> Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka "ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa", maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.<ref name="ips">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/militarised-conservation-threatens-drcs-indigenous-people-part-1/|title=Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1|author=Moloo|first=Zahra|date=14 September 2014|work=Inter Press Service|accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/apr/09/six-virunga-park-rangers-killed-in-drc-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary|author=Burke, J.|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://virunga.org/news/in-memoriam-april2018|title=In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175|work=Virunga|date=2018|accessdate=2018-08-17}}</ref> Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref> E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf|title=Virunga Park Closure Statement|date=2018|accessdate=2018-06-26|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615013113/https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf}}</ref> ruo Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-park-idUSKCN1Q50FM|title=Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush|date=2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-04-26|author=Prentice, A.}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rangers killed in "deadliest" DR Congo park attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52415798|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 April 2020|date=2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210110-six-park-rangers-killed-in-dr-congo-s-virunga-gorilla-reserve|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/11/africa/congo-virunga-park-rangers-killed-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2021|date=2021}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56151600|accessdate=2021-02-23}}</ref> N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Mubalama2004">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2004|title=Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Pachyderm|issue=36|pages=16–29}}</ref> Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).<ref name="Crawford2008" /> N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.<ref name=":1" /> Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.<ref name=":1" /> Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.<ref name=":1" /> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Seimon, A.|year=2012|chapter=Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|pages=18–38}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref> Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref> == Osisi == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlumptre,_A._J.Davenport,_T._R.Behangana,_M.Kityo,_R.2007">Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). </cite></ref> Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''), jointed flatsedge (''C. articulatus''), common reed (''Phragmites mauritanica''), sacaton grasses (''Sporobolus consimilis''), ambatch (''Aeschynomene elaphroxylon''), conkerberry (''Carissa spinarum''), paperbark thorn (''Vachellia sieberiana'') na kowai fruit (''Coccinia grandis'').<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMubalama,_L.2000">Mubalama, L. (2000). </cite></ref> Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (''Capparis tomentosa''), ''Maerua'' species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brahmachary, R.L.|year=1980|title=On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=139–142|doi=10.3406/revec.1980.4059|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54997/LATERREETLAVIE_1980_34_1_139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). [[Yushania alpina|African alpine bamboo]] (''Yushania alpina'') na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (''Erica arborea''), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). ''Senecio'' na ''Lobelia'' ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref> === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Dent's mona monkey (''C. denti''), blue monkey (''C. mitis''), Hamlyn's monkey (''C. hamlyni''), De Brazza's monkey (''C. neglectus''), Central African red colobus (''Procolobus foai''), mantled guereza (''Colobus guereza''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') na grey-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref><ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') na African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}</ref> Okapi (''Okapia johnstoni''), blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola''), bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi''), yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor''), water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), red river hog (''Potamochoerus porcus''), aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') na bongo (''Tragelaphus eurycerus'') bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'') na giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'') dị na mpaghara ndịda.<ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (''Kobus kob thomasi''), waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus''), na &nbsp;common warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref><ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta "Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm".<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.<ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (''P. pardus pardus''), marsh mongoose (''Atilax paludinosus''), giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), tree pangolin (''Phataginus tricuspis''), crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata''), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (''Anomalurus derbianus''), Boehm's bush squirrel (''Paraxerus boehmi''), western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), Emin's pouched rat (''Cricetomys emini'') na checkered elephant shrew (''Rhynchocyon cirnei'') bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ === Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verschuren, J.|year=1989|title=L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=44|issue=4|pages=367–397|doi=10.3406/revec.1989.5528|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55367/LATERREETLAVIE_1989_44_4_387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> === Nnụnụ === Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Owiunji, I.|year=2005|title=Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York|url=http://rw.chm-cbd.net/implementation/rapport-et-documents-nationaux/biodiversity-virunga-volcanoes/download/en/1/the-biodiversity-of-the-virunga-volcanoes.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-12}}</ref> == Agbụrụ dị iche iche ==   Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere: * Ndị Mbuti<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart, T.B.|year=1986|title=The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire|journal=Human Ecology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=29–55|doi=10.1007/bf00889209}}</ref> * Ndị Nande<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kenfack|first=Chrislain Eric|date=17 March 2013|title=Le Paysage Virunga|url=https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024|publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]]|language=fr}}</ref> * Ndị Hunde<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Kumu<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Hutu<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Ndị Tutsi<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Basongora<ref name="Losh2021">{{Cite news|author=Losh|first=Jack|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="govisitkenya">{{Cite web|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Ihe nkiri akụkọ ''Virunga'' na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Screenings|url=http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064200/http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archivedate=April 27, 2014|work=Virunga (Official Website)|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sinha-Roy|first=Pifa|title=Netflix's "Virunga" uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-netflix-virunga-idUSKBN0IQ2OB20141107|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bella, T.|date=2021|title=Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/ndakasi-mountain-gorilla-selfie-dies/|work=Washington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa == {{Reflist}}  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Virunga National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=22 January 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6066|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.visitvirunga.org/|title=Visit Virunga National Park|accessdate=2011-07-16|archivedate=2020-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091838/https://visitvirunga.org/}} * {{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archivedate=December 22, 2017|title=Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog|work=blog.nationalgeographic.org|date=May 2017|accessdate=2017-12-21}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/virunga-national-parks-africa-congo-rangers/|title=Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park|date=July 2016|work=National Geographic Magazine 230 (1)|accessdate=2017-09-11}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f02zrijpt3pr49yw1qnanua0ee9gqyd 670935 670932 2026-07-01T23:40:24Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 670935 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: '''''Parc national des Virunga''''', na ndebiri aha '''PNVi''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-100.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2026|work=Portals.iucn.org|publisher=[[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]|pages=6|language=fr}}</ref> bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Virunga National Park: Facts, History & Conservation|url=https://virunga.org/about/#:~:text=Virunga%20National%20Park%20is%20a,known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CVirunga%20Alliance%E2%80%9D.|accessdate=27 December 2025|work=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Tedesco2002">{{Cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}</ref> Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (''Gorilla beringei'') na golden monkey (''Cercopithecus kandti'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlumptre,_A._J.Davenport,_T._R.Behangana,_M.Kityo,_R.2007">Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). </cite></ref> Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|title=Virunga National Park|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/twelve-rangers-killed-in-latest-virunga-park-incident/|accessdate=27 April 2020|work=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10|title=COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/cop26-landmark-500-million-agreement-launched-protect-dr-congo%E2%80%99s-forest|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title="DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat" {{!}} SEJ|url=https://www.sej.org/headlines/drc-auction-oil-and-gas-permits-endangered-gorilla-habitat|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=www.sej.org|language=en}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park|url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/oil_exploration_virunga_national_park|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Banktrack|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/52080/drcs-oil-blocks-auction-civil-society-statement-on-threats-and-intimidation-of-environmental-defenders-in-dr-congo/|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Greenpeace Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ "ndị ochie" ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref><ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2017|title=A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park|journal=Environmental History|volume=22|issue=3|pages=404–432|doi=10.1093/envhis/emx020}}</ref> Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.<ref name="DeBont2015" /><ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.<ref name="Stephen2007">{{Cite journal|author=Stephen J.|year=2007|title=Of "Doubtful Nationality": Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=11|issue=5|pages=481–500|doi=10.1080/13621020701605792}}</ref> Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref> N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka ''Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique'';<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schouteden, H.|authorlink=Henri Schouteden|year=1938|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/9-1938-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/irscnb_p4137_00f8d8p_09_corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref> lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref> mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verhoogen, J.|year=1948|title=Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-verhoogen-1938-et-1940/1-1948-mission-j-verhoogen-les-eruptions-1938-1940-du-volcan-nyamuragira/irscnb_p4142_rbins19133_1-5-130-part-1-red.pdf}}</ref> na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J.|year=1961|title=Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/6-1961-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/irscnb_c23707_009a2cb_6-corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dart, R.A.|year=1960|title=The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=56|issue=4|pages=85–87|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/56/4/AJA00382353_8871?crawler=true}}</ref> E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.<ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nkongolo, J.K.|year=2015|title=International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park|journal=African Journal of Democracy and Governance|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=77–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen, E.|year=2016|title=Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6312|pages=561–562|doi=10.1126/science.aal1722|pmid=27811261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hochleithner, S.|year=2017|title=Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100–110|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.201397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kümpel, N.F.|year=2018|chapter=Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=51–61|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2015/08/24/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-inauguration-des-activites-du-parc-national-de-virunga|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|language=fr}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odiaua, I.|year=2018|chapter=Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=251–277|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> === Agha nwere Ngwa Agha === Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004" /> Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.<ref name="Refisch2016">{{Cite book|author=Refisch, J.|year=2016|chapter=Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management|title=Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding|editor=Bruch, C.|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, New York|pages=825–841|isbn=978-1-136-27207-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA825}}</ref> Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka "ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa", maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.<ref name="ips">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/militarised-conservation-threatens-drcs-indigenous-people-part-1/|title=Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1|author=Moloo|first=Zahra|date=14 September 2014|work=Inter Press Service|accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/apr/09/six-virunga-park-rangers-killed-in-drc-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary|author=Burke, J.|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://virunga.org/news/in-memoriam-april2018|title=In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175|work=Virunga|date=2018|accessdate=2018-08-17}}</ref> Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref> E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf|title=Virunga Park Closure Statement|date=2018|accessdate=2018-06-26|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615013113/https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf}}</ref> ruo Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-park-idUSKCN1Q50FM|title=Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush|date=2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-04-26|author=Prentice, A.}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rangers killed in "deadliest" DR Congo park attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52415798|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 April 2020|date=2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210110-six-park-rangers-killed-in-dr-congo-s-virunga-gorilla-reserve|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/11/africa/congo-virunga-park-rangers-killed-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2021|date=2021}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56151600|accessdate=2021-02-23}}</ref> N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Mubalama2004">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2004|title=Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Pachyderm|issue=36|pages=16–29}}</ref> Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).<ref name="Crawford2008" /> N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.<ref name=":1" /> Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.<ref name=":1" /> Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.<ref name=":1" /> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Seimon, A.|year=2012|chapter=Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|pages=18–38}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref> Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref> == Osisi == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /> Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''), jointed flatsedge (''C. articulatus''), common reed (''Phragmites mauritanica''), sacaton grasses (''Sporobolus consimilis''), ambatch (''Aeschynomene elaphroxylon''), conkerberry (''Carissa spinarum''), paperbark thorn (''Vachellia sieberiana'') na kowai fruit (''Coccinia grandis'').<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMubalama,_L.2000">Mubalama, L. (2000). </cite></ref> Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (''Capparis tomentosa''), ''Maerua'' species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brahmachary, R.L.|year=1980|title=On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=139–142|doi=10.3406/revec.1980.4059|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54997/LATERREETLAVIE_1980_34_1_139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). [[Yushania alpina|African alpine bamboo]] (''Yushania alpina'') na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (''Erica arborea''), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). ''Senecio'' na ''Lobelia'' ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).<ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /> === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Dent's mona monkey (''C. denti''), blue monkey (''C. mitis''), Hamlyn's monkey (''C. hamlyni''), De Brazza's monkey (''C. neglectus''), Central African red colobus (''Procolobus foai''), mantled guereza (''Colobus guereza''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') na grey-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref><ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') na African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.<ref name="Mubalama2000" /> Okapi (''Okapia johnstoni''), blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola''), bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi''), yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor''), water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), red river hog (''Potamochoerus porcus''), aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') na bongo (''Tragelaphus eurycerus'') bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'') na giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'') dị na mpaghara ndịda.<ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (''Kobus kob thomasi''), waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus''), na &nbsp;common warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref><ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta "Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm".<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.<ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (''P. pardus pardus''), marsh mongoose (''Atilax paludinosus''), giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), tree pangolin (''Phataginus tricuspis''), crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata''), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (''Anomalurus derbianus''), Boehm's bush squirrel (''Paraxerus boehmi''), western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), Emin's pouched rat (''Cricetomys emini'') na checkered elephant shrew (''Rhynchocyon cirnei'') bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ === Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verschuren, J.|year=1989|title=L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=44|issue=4|pages=367–397|doi=10.3406/revec.1989.5528|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55367/LATERREETLAVIE_1989_44_4_387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> === Nnụnụ === Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Owiunji, I.|year=2005|title=Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York|url=http://rw.chm-cbd.net/implementation/rapport-et-documents-nationaux/biodiversity-virunga-volcanoes/download/en/1/the-biodiversity-of-the-virunga-volcanoes.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-12}}</ref> == Agbụrụ dị iche iche ==   Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere: * Ndị Mbuti<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart, T.B.|year=1986|title=The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire|journal=Human Ecology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=29–55|doi=10.1007/bf00889209}}</ref> * Ndị Nande<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kenfack|first=Chrislain Eric|date=17 March 2013|title=Le Paysage Virunga|url=https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024|publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]]|language=fr}}</ref> * Ndị Hunde<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Kumu<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Hutu<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Ndị Tutsi<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Basongora<ref name="Losh2021">{{Cite news|author=Losh|first=Jack|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="govisitkenya">{{Cite web|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Ihe nkiri akụkọ ''Virunga'' na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Screenings|url=http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064200/http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archivedate=April 27, 2014|work=Virunga (Official Website)|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sinha-Roy|first=Pifa|title=Netflix's "Virunga" uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-netflix-virunga-idUSKBN0IQ2OB20141107|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bella, T.|date=2021|title=Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/ndakasi-mountain-gorilla-selfie-dies/|work=Washington Post}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Virunga National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=22 January 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6066|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.visitvirunga.org/|title=Visit Virunga National Park|accessdate=2011-07-16|archivedate=2020-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091838/https://visitvirunga.org/}} * {{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archivedate=December 22, 2017|title=Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog|work=blog.nationalgeographic.org|date=May 2017|accessdate=2017-12-21}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/virunga-national-parks-africa-congo-rangers/|title=Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park|date=July 2016|work=National Geographic Magazine 230 (1)|accessdate=2017-09-11}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1e5zqmysjxamee1r69abzjum5sa6bu7 Ńkàtá ojiarụ:HyBoxwood 3 77273 670946 2026-07-02T00:01:11Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 670946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=HyBoxwood|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} ekesxzi42y0t41b3qw07m2kdp8jlscj Oued Guir 0 77274 670983 2026-07-02T01:53:27Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361753175|Oued Guir]]" 670983 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Oued Guir |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oued_Guir_in_Abadla.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Saoura_OSM.png|362x362px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Usoro osimiri nke Saoura na Guir (n'elu n'etiti aka ekpe) </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Algeria]] na [[Morocco]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Atlas dị nso na Gourrama |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Oued Saoura na Igli |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |498 m (1,634 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụtụ isi | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka nri&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Beni Yal]], [[Oued Zelmou]] |} '''Oued Guir''' bụ osimiri na-agafe agafe ma ọ bụ wadi nke na-agagharị na mpaghara Drâa-Tafilalet na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Morocco]] na mpaghara Béchar na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Algeria]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|author=Merzougui|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071904/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf}}</ref> == Ụzọ == Oued Guir malitere n'elu Ugwu Atlas dị kilomita iri abụọ na abụọ (maịlụ iri na anọ) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Gourrama, Drâa-Tafilalet, wee na-asọga ndịda ruo Boudenib wee tụgharịa ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agafe na Mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.N'ebe a, ọ na-ezute Beni Yal na Oued Zelmou ma na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ndịda ruo ókèala Algeria. Mgbe ọ banyere Algeria, osimiri ahụ banyere na Djorf Torba dam, na-aga n'ihu gafere Abadla ruo Igli, ebe ọ na-ejikọta na Oued Zouzfana iji mepụt Oued Saoura .<ref name="Merzougui">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|author=Merzougui|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071904/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerzougui">Merzougui, Touhami. [http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nature Vivante. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071904/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><gallery> Faịlụ:Barrage_de_djorf_torba.jpg|Djorf Torba Reservoir Faịlụ:La_vallée_du_Guir_(Algérie).jpg|The Guir valléy, [[Algeria]] </gallery> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] lprwwv89rkvd0e3so7h6gl96v619jtm Osimiri Chambeshi 0 77275 670984 2026-07-02T02:14:26Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334637502|Chambeshi River]]" 670984 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri''' '''Chambeshi''' (ma ọ bụ '''Chambezi''') nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Zambia]] bụ isi iyi kachasị anya nke Osimiri Congo (n'ogologo) ya mere a na-ewere ya dị ka isi iyi nke Osimiri Kongo. (Otú ọ dị, site na oke mmiri, Osimiri Lualaba na-enye nnukwu mmiri na Congo.) Chambeshi na-arịgo dị ka iyi n'ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Zambia dị nso na ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika n'elu elu nke mita 1,760 (ụkwụ 5,770) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Ọ na-asọ ruo kilomita 480 n'ime Ala Mmiri Bangweulu, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu. Ka oge mmiri ozuzo na-erule njedebe na Mee, osimiri ahụ na-eweta idei mmiri nke na-eme ka ala mmiri ahụ dịghachi ndụ ma na-ejupụta ahịhịa Zambezian gaa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ala mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta dị ka Osimiri Luapula. N'ihe karịrị 100 kilomita nke ogologo ya ka ọ na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kasama, osimiri ahụ nwere ọwa dị iche iche n'ala mmiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 2 n'obosara, na ala mmiri ruru kilomita 25 n'obobosara. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ebe ụzọ Kasama-Mpika na Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Tazara jikọtara ya, ọwa mmiri ahụ na-adịgide adịgide dị ihe dị ka 100 m n'obosara, na ihe ruru 400 m n'ogologo na idei mmiri. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Iju Mmiri nke Osimiri Chambeshi na NASA Earth Observatory 2d3m6rmjbuq510ebrsx8pu5hclglr2r 670985 670984 2026-07-02T02:20:08Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Chambeshi River | native_name = | name_other = Chambezi River | name_etymology = | nickname = | image = Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg | image_size = | image_caption = The Chambeshi River is the easternmost stream in red. | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Zambia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|11|28|S|30|21|E|region:ZM-04_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Congo Basin]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}  '''Osimiri''' '''Chambeshi''' (ma ọ bụ '''Chambezi''') nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Zambia]] bụ isi iyi kachasị anya nke Osimiri Congo (n'ogologo) ya mere a na-ewere ya dị ka isi iyi nke Osimiri Kongo. (Otú ọ dị, site na oke mmiri, Osimiri Lualaba na-enye nnukwu mmiri na Congo.) Chambeshi na-arịgo dị ka iyi n'ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Zambia dị nso na ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika n'elu elu nke mita 1,760 (ụkwụ 5,770) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Ọ na-asọ ruo kilomita 480 n'ime Ala Mmiri Bangweulu, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu. Ka oge mmiri ozuzo na-erule njedebe na Mee, osimiri ahụ na-eweta idei mmiri nke na-eme ka ala mmiri ahụ dịghachi ndụ ma na-ejupụta ahịhịa Zambezian gaa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ala mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta dị ka Osimiri Luapula.<ref>Brian Leith (Director):"Congo", Television Documentary broadcast by British Broadcasting Corporation, London, 2001.</ref> N'ihe karịrị 100 kilomita nke ogologo ya ka ọ na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kasama, osimiri ahụ nwere ọwa dị iche iche n'ala mmiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 2 n'obosara, na ala mmiri ruru kilomita 25 n'obobosara. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ebe ụzọ Kasama-Mpika na Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Tazara jikọtara ya, ọwa mmiri ahụ na-adịgide adịgide dị ihe dị ka 100 m n'obosara, na ihe ruru 400 m n'ogologo na idei mmiri.<ref>Google Earth accessed 4 February 2007</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Iju Mmiri nke Osimiri Chambeshi na NASA Earth Observatory 7849ty5sj5wb3g16ifhaim8rfw9gx5u Osimiri Lualaba 0 77276 670986 2026-07-02T02:30:28Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360628298|Lualaba River]]" 670986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lualaba_River_DRC.svg|thumb|Osimiri Lualaba, nke na-acha ọbara ọbara]] The '''Lualaba River''' (French: Rivière Lualaba, Kongo: Nzâdi Luâlâmba, Swahili: Mto Lualamba) is a river within the Congo River watershed that flows entirely within the eastern part of [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Although the [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi River]] is recognized as the source of the Congo, the Lualaba provides the greatest streamflow to the Congo. The Lualaba is 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) long. Its headwaters are in the country's far southeastern corner near Musofi and Lubumbashi in Katanga Province, next to the [[Zambia|Zambian]] Copperbelt. == Ụzọ == Isi iyi nke Osimiri Lualaba dị na Katanga plateau, na ịdị elu nke mita 1,400 (4,600 n'elu oke osimiri. Osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ugwu iji kwụsị na nso Kisangani, ebe aha Osimiri Congo na-amalite. Site na Katanga plateau ọ na-ada, na nsụda mmiri na rapids na-egosi ọdịda, na Manika plateau. Ka ọ na-agbadata site na Upemba Depression (Kamalondo Trough), mita 457 (1,499 na kilomita 72 (45 mi). N'akụkụ Nzilo Falls, a na-egbochi ya maka ike eletrik mmiri na Nzilo Dam. Na Bukama dị na Haut-Lomami District, osimiri ahụ ga-adị ihe dị ka kilomita 640 (maịlụ 400) site na ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala Upemba, gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Upemba na Ọdọ Mmiri Kisale. Ankoro dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Lualaba, n'akụkụ njikọ ya na Osimiri Luvua site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ala na-akpọ osimiri ejikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru ebe a "Upper Congo".<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61|chapter=Congo (Zaire) River|title=Lakes and rivers|first=Trevor|author=Day|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=0-8160-5328-6}}</ref> N'okpuru Kongolo, osimiri ahụ na-aghọ ihe a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe ka ọ na-abanye na ndagwurugwu dị warara nke Portes d'Enfer (Gates of Hell). N'etiti Kasongo na Kibombo, osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịgafe ihe dị ka 100 kilomita (62 mi), tupu rapids emee ka ọ ghara ịgafe ọzọ n'etiti Kibombo na Kindu (''Port-Empain''). Site na Kindu ruo Boyoma Falls na Ubundu, iyi ahụ nwere ike ịgafe ih karịrị kilomita 300. Boyoma Falls ma ọ bụ Stanley Falls nwere nsụda mmiri asaa, ihe karịrị 100 kilomita (62 mi) nke osimiri ahụ, n'etiti Ubundu na Kisangani. A na-egosi njedebe nke osimiri ahụ mgbe ọ na-esote nsị mmiri nke asaa, na nso Kisangani, ebe ọ na-aghọ Osimiri Congo. Osimiri Lualaba na-eje ozi dị ka ókèala ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Upemba National Park, na-echebe ebe obibi na Kibara Plateau na Katanga Province nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Democratic Republic nke Congo. === Ụtụ isi === Mmiri ndị kasị ukwuu nke Osimiri Lualaba bụ: * Osimiri Ulindi * Osimiri Luama * Osimiri Lukuga - na-agbanye mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. * [[Osimiri Lufira]] * Osimiri Lubudi * Osimiri Luvua * Osimiri Elila * Lowa * Osimiri Kilungutwe === Obodo ukwu na obodo nta === [[Faịlụ:Stanley's_Congo.jpg|thumb|Ahịrị ojii na-egosi ụzọ Stanley.]] Obodo na obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ na nso Osimiri Lualaba gụnyere: * Ankoro - ''n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, n'ihu njikọ ya na Osimiri Luvua''. * Bukama * Kabalo * Kasongo * Kongolo * Kisangani - nso nsị mmiri nke asaa nke Boyoma Falls. * Ubundu - n'elu mmiri mbụ nke Boyoma Falls. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-ewerebu Osimiri Lualaba dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl, ruo mgbe Henry Morton Stanley si n'ime ya gbadaa wee gosi na ọ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic.[1] Stanley kpọrọ ya Livingstone. "A sị na Livingstone ekwughị maka osimiri dị na Nyangwe dị ka Lualaba, ekwesịghị m ịkpọ okwu ahụ ma e wezụga nrụrụ aka nke Waguha nke okwu Wenya bụ Lu-al-ow-wa..." <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>: 114, 135: 114, 135  Gọvanọ nke France bụ Pierre Savorgnan nke Brazza nyochakwa Lualaba. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibịa == * Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, Ndụ Maka Africa''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0|<bdi>978-1-4259-1198-0</bdi>]] &nbsp; <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|2|8|52|N|22|28|55|E}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> k8slgb2nrrkkc2v9qcyh4g4krn7pqzb 670987 670986 2026-07-02T02:36:48Z Adimora chidinma 15845 670987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lualaba_River_DRC.svg|thumb|Osimiri Lualaba, nke na-acha ọbara ọbara]] The '''Lualaba River''' (French: Rivière Lualaba, Kongo: Nzâdi Luâlâmba, Swahili: Mto Lualamba) is a river within the Congo River watershed that flows entirely within the eastern part of [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Although the [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi River]] is recognized as the source of the Congo, the Lualaba provides the greatest streamflow to the Congo. The Lualaba is 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) long. Its headwaters are in the country's far southeastern corner near Musofi and Lubumbashi in Katanga Province, next to the [[Zambia|Zambian]] Copperbelt. == Ụzọ == Isi iyi nke Osimiri Lualaba dị na Katanga plateau, na ịdị elu nke mita 1,400 (4,600 n'elu oke osimiri. Osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ugwu iji kwụsị na nso Kisangani, ebe aha Osimiri Congo na-amalite. Site na Katanga plateau ọ na-ada, na nsụda mmiri na rapids na-egosi ọdịda, na Manika plateau. Ka ọ na-agbadata site na Upemba Depression (Kamalondo Trough), mita 457 (1,499 na kilomita 72 (45 mi). N'akụkụ Nzilo Falls, a na-egbochi ya maka ike eletrik mmiri na Nzilo Dam. Na Bukama dị na Haut-Lomami District, osimiri ahụ ga-adị ihe dị ka kilomita 640 (maịlụ 400) site na ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala Upemba, gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Upemba na Ọdọ Mmiri Kisale. Ankoro dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Lualaba, n'akụkụ njikọ ya na Osimiri Luvua site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ala na-akpọ osimiri ejikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru ebe a "Upper Congo".<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61|chapter=Congo (Zaire) River|title=Lakes and rivers|first=Trevor|author=Day|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=0-8160-5328-6}}</ref> N'okpuru Kongolo, osimiri ahụ na-aghọ ihe a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe ka ọ na-abanye na ndagwurugwu dị warara nke Portes d'Enfer (Gates of Hell). N'etiti Kasongo na Kibombo, osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịgafe ihe dị ka 100 kilomita (62 mi), tupu rapids emee ka ọ ghara ịgafe ọzọ n'etiti Kibombo na Kindu (''Port-Empain''). Site na Kindu ruo Boyoma Falls na Ubundu, iyi ahụ nwere ike ịgafe ih karịrị kilomita 300. Boyoma Falls ma ọ bụ Stanley Falls nwere nsụda mmiri asaa, ihe karịrị 100 kilomita (62 mi) nke osimiri ahụ, n'etiti Ubundu na Kisangani. A na-egosi njedebe nke osimiri ahụ mgbe ọ na-esote nsị mmiri nke asaa, na nso Kisangani, ebe ọ na-aghọ Osimiri Congo. Osimiri Lualaba na-eje ozi dị ka ókèala ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Upemba National Park, na-echebe ebe obibi na Kibara Plateau na Katanga Province nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Democratic Republic nke Congo. === Ụtụ isi === Mmiri ndị kasị ukwuu nke Osimiri Lualaba bụ: * Osimiri Ulindi * Osimiri Luama * Osimiri Lukuga - na-agbanye mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika. * [[Osimiri Lufira]] * Osimiri Lubudi * Osimiri Luvua * Osimiri Elila * Lowa * Osimiri Kilungutwe === Obodo ukwu na obodo nta === [[Faịlụ:Stanley's_Congo.jpg|thumb|Ahịrị ojii na-egosi ụzọ Stanley.]] Obodo na obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ na nso Osimiri Lualaba gụnyere: * Ankoro - ''n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, n'ihu njikọ ya na Osimiri Luvua''. * Bukama * Kabalo * Kasongo * Kongolo * Kisangani - nso nsị mmiri nke asaa nke Boyoma Falls. * Ubundu - n'elu mmiri mbụ nke Boyoma Falls. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-ewerebu Osimiri Lualaba dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl, ruo mgbe Henry Morton Stanley si n'ime ya gbadaa wee gosi na ọ gbapụrụ n'ime Oké Osimiri Atlantic.<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref> Stanley kpọrọ ya Livingstone. "A sị na Livingstone ekwughị maka osimiri dị na Nyangwe dị ka Lualaba, ekwesịghị m ịkpọ okwu ahụ ma e wezụga dị ka nrụrụ aka nke Waguha nke okwu Wenya bụ Lu-al-ow-wa..."<ref name=Stanley/>{{rp|114,135}}  Gọvanọ nke France bụ Pierre Savorgnan nke Brazza nyochakwa Lualaba. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibịa == * Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, Ndụ Maka Africa''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0|<bdi>978-1-4259-1198-0</bdi>]] &nbsp; <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|2|8|52|N|22|28|55|E}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> 601rnizt9wq2y2j1f0gj613vb0c0u88 Ajuri Ngelale 0 77277 670990 2026-07-02T03:57:16Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346669654|Ajuri Ngelale]]" 670990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ajuri Ngelale | office = Nigerian presidential spokesman | term_start = 31 July 2023 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|13}} | preceded = [[Femi Adesina]] | education = [[University of Kansas]] | birth_place = [[Platteville, Wisconsin|Platteville]], [[Wisconsin]], United States | occupation = Journalist | image = | caption = | term_end = 7 September 2024 }} '''Ajuri Obari Ngelale''' (amụrụ na ubochi 13 n'ime ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1986) bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere onye isi ala [[Bola Tinubu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Arogbonlo|first=Israel|date=2023-08-01|title=Flashback: I don't accept such role again — Tinubu's new media aide, Ajuri Ngelale|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/flashback-i-dont-accept-such-role-again-ajuri-ngelale/|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2023-08-02|title=I'll ensure free flow of information from presidential villa – Tinubu's new spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613618-ill-ensure-free-flow-of-information-from-presidential-villa-tinubus-new-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anichukwueze|first=Donatus|date=31 July 2023|title=Tinubu Appoints Ajuri Ngelale As Special Adviser On Media And Publicity|work=Channels TV|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/31/tinubu-appoints-ajuri-ngelale-as-special-adviser-on-media-and-publicity/|accessdate=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=administrator|title=President Tinubu Appoints Chief Ajuri Ngelale As Special Adviser to the President On Media & Publicity – OSGF|url=https://www.osgf.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-chief-ajuri-ngelale-as-special-adviser-to-the-president-on-media-publicity/|accessdate=2023-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ige|first=Olugbenga|date=2024-09-07|title=Updated: Ajuri Ngelale steps down as Tinubu's spokesman|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ajuri-ngelale-steps-down-as-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụru ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala na ihe gbasara ọha na eze nye onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ma bụrụkwa onye isi na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ mkpọsa onye isi ala Bola Tinubu maka Ntuli aka nke Naijiria na 2023 nke ha meriri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-09-13|title=VAT Controversy: Buhari's Aide Blasts Wike|url=https://africadailynews.net/2021/09/13/vat-controversy-buharis-aide-blasts-wike.html|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=Africa Digital News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715070636/https://africadailynews.net/2021/09/13/vat-controversy-buharis-aide-blasts-wike.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Elusoji|first=Solomon|date=4 November 2022|title=Ajuri Ngelale: Honest Evaluation Of Buhari's Record Must Consider COVID-19, Recessions|work=Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/11/04/ajuri-ngelale-honest-evaluation-of-buharis-record-must-consider-covid-19-recessions/|accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okpi|first=Allwell|date=2023-03-04|title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Buhari's aide Ajuri Ngelale makes false claims about disputed election in CNN interview|url=https://factcheckhub.com/nigeriadecides2023-buharis-aide-ajuri-ngelale-makes-false-claims-about-disputed-election-in-cnn-interview/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=FactCheckHub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|date=2022-10-24|title=Presidency: Osinbajo issues directive to staff appointed into Tinubu's campaign|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/24/presidency-osinbajo-issues-directive-to-staff-appointed-into-tinubus-campaign/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fadoju|first=Rachel Okporu|date=2023-06-10|title=Buhari's Former Aide Rejects Possibility Of Becoming Tinubu's Spokesman|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2023/06/10/buharis-former-aide-rejects-possibility-of-becoming-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Naija News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi akụkọ na onye ngosi na [[Africa Independent Television]] (AIT) na Channels Television.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Dayo|date=2023-07-31|title=Tinubu appoints another spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613320-tinubu-appoints-another-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ngelale na Platteville, Wisconsin, United States n'aka nna Naijiria nke onye si na aburu Eleme, Chief Precious Osaro Ngelale na nne ya bụ onye German-American Diane onye jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi ọdịmma ọha na eze nke Gọọmentị Rivers Steeti n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Melford Okilo]] . <ref name="Amaefula" /> Nna ya bụ onye ọkà mmụta ala na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a họpụtara na Rivers Steeti House of Assembly na republic nke atọ ma jee ozi ruo mgbe General Muhammadu Buhari wepụrụ ọchịchị n'afọ 1983. <ref name="Amaefula">{{Cite web|author=Amaefula|first=Emeka|date=2021-12-14|title=Meet More Rivers Politicians Ex-Gov. ODILI Made|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-more-rivers-politicians-ex-gov-odili-made/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị n'ọchịchị, ezinụlọ ya kwagara na United States n'afov1985. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị laghachiri n'afo 1999, a họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onye minista. <ref name="Amaefula" /> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2002|title=Nigeria: Ngelale Assumes Office As Commerce Minister|work=Allafrica|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200212090176.html|accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref> Ngelale nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Kansas na Lawrence, Kansas, US. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 2011 iji sonye na [[National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC) nke otu afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2023-08-02|title=I'll ensure free flow of information from presidential villa – Tinubu's new spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613618-ill-ensure-free-flow-of-information-from-presidential-villa-tinubus-new-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ngelale malitere ọrụ ntaakụkọ dị ka onye ntorobịa n'otu ụlọ ọrụ televishọn Africa Independent Television ebe e bugara ya maka ọrụ mba ya otu afọ. Mgbe o mechara ọrụ mba ya, AIT jigidere ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ nyocha ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eweta ya site n'afo 2011 ruo 2016. Na AIT, o mepụtara usoro ihe omume ọha na eze abụọ nke State of the Nation (2012) na Diary si Delta (2016). Ọ hapụrụ AIT n'afo 2016 wee sonye na Channels Television ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-akwado mmemme mkparịta ụka ọha na eze ama ama Sunrise Daily yana na mmekorita ya na United States Government's Mandela Washington Fellowship, mepụtara ma gosipụta ndị ndu Ọdịnihu nke Africa nke depụtara ndị isi na-eto eto nke Africa na-ebuli ndị nwere nsogbu elu site na mbọ ha n'otu n'otu. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] N'afọ 2019, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Channels TV ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi maka All Progressives Congress (APC) n' ogo ntuliaka elu nke onyeisi maka nhọpụta nke Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari n'okpuru Buhari / Osinbajo presidential campaign organization. Mgbe mmeri ha na ntuli aka na 2019, Onye isi ala Buhari họpụtara Ngelale dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche ya na ihe gbasara ọha na eze ma jee ozi n'ọkwa a ruo 2023 mgbe Buhari hapụrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Seun|date=2021-04-07|title=Meet 10 Under-40 Boys Working For BUHARI|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-10-under-40-boys-working-for-buhari/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, a họpụtara Ngelale ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-ekwuchitere Tinubu-Shettima Presidential campaign Organization. <ref>{{Cite web|author=plustvafrica|date=2022-10-24|title=Presidency: Osinbajo Issues Directive To Staff Appointed Into Tinubu's Campaign|url=https://plustvafrica.com/presidency-osinbajo-issues-directive-to-staff-appointed-into-tinubus-campaign/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=Plus TV Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ pụtara ugboro ugboro na redio na TV nke mba ahụ, na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa gụnyere CNN, BBC na Al-Jazeera . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fadoju|first=Rachel Okporu|date=2023-03-02|title=2023 Election: Buhari's Aide Called Out For Lying About Woman Who Was Attacked In Lagos|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2023/03/02/2023-election-buharis-aide-called-out-for-lying-about-woman-who-was-attacked-in-lagos/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Naija News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> N' abalị 31 n' ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu họpụtara Ngelale ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ na-ekwuru ya. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-31|title=Tinubu appoints Ajuri Ngelale, Buhari's ex-aide, as special adviser on media and publicity|url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-ajuri-ngelale-buharis-ex-aide-as-special-adviser-on-media-and-publicity|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N' abalị nke 19 n' ime ọnwa Mee n' afọ 2024, Onye isi ala Tinubu họpụtara Ngelale dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye isi ala pụrụ iche mbụ na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe maka Federal Republic of Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Angbulu|first=Stephen|date=2024-05-19|title=Just in: Tinubu appoints spokesperson, Ngelale, as Special Envoy on climate action|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-appoints-spokesperson-ngelale-as-special-envoy-on-climate-action/|accessdate=2024-05-21|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nchịkwa Onye isi ala na Project Evergreen, mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na Naịjirịa na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Kọmiti Onye isi ala maka Omume ihu igwe na Ngwọta Akụnụba Green, nke Onye isi ala Tinubu bụ onye isi oche.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ailemen|first=Anthony|date=2024-05-19|title=Tinubu pursues global climate change funds with new presidential committee|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/tinubu-pursues-global-climate-change-funds-with-new-presidential-committee/|accessdate=2024-05-21|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Simon|first=Emperor|date=May 19, 2024|title=Tinubu Establishes Climate Action Committee, Appoints Ngelale As Special Envoy|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/19/tinubu-establishes-climate-action-committee-appoints-ngelale-as-special-envoy/|accessdate=May 21, 2024|work=Channels}}</ref> Na abalị nke 7 n'ime ọnwa Septemba afọ 2024, Ngelale gbara arụkwaghịm ruo mgbe ebighi ebi n'ọrụ ya dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere onye isi ala maka Onye isi ala Tinubu iji dozie nsogbu ahụike na-emetụta ezinụlọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ige|first=Olugbenga|date=2024-09-07|title=Updated: Ajuri Ngelale steps down as Tinubu's spokesman|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ajuri-ngelale-steps-down-as-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mba ahụ kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ihi egwu a ga-achụpụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Owoyemi|first=Sade|date=2024-09-07|title=EXCLUSIVE: Ajuri Ngelale Did Not Resign Due to 'Vexatious Medical Situation'. He Was Fired|url=https://fij.ng/article/exclusive-ajuri-ngelale-did-not-resign-due-to-vexatious-medical-situation-he-was-fired/|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=Foundation For Investigative Journalism|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Daniel|first=Daniel|date=2024-09-07|title=BREAKING: “He Was Fired” – Report Reveals How Ajuri Ngelale Was Removed from Tinubu's Gov't [DETAILS]|url=https://politicsnigeria.com/breaking-he-was-fired-report-reveals-how-ajuri-ngelale-was-removed-from-tinubus-govt-details/|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=[[Politics Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Yusuf|first=Kabir|date=2024-09-07|title=EXCLUSIVE: Real reason Ajuri Ngelale stepped down as Tinubu's spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/732336-exclusive-real-reason-ajuri-ngelale-stepped-down-as-tinubus-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] naj9shztlm0856ffry3pxuhvl1xta5m Muhammad Mamman Nami 0 77278 670991 2026-07-02T04:09:19Z Anumudu Augustina 62445 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346665321|Muhammad Mamman Nami]]" 670991 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Muhammad Mamman Nami | image = | caption = | occupation = Accountant, tax administrator | office1 = Executive Chairman, Federal Inland Revenue Service | termstart1 = November 2019 | termend1 = 14 September 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Babatunde Fowler]] | successor1 = [[Zaccheus Adedeji]] | office2 = | termstart2 = | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes| 1968|02|02}} | birth_place = Nami, [[Niger State, Nigeria]] | death_date = | party = | children = | education = <br>[[Bayero University Kano]], - (B.A (Hon) Sociology)<hr>[[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria - (MBA) }} '''Muhammad Mamman Nami''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1968) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego na Naijiria, ọkachamara na njikwa, onye nchịkwa ụtụ isi na onye ọrụ ọha na eze. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Federal Inland Revenue Service FIRS nke Naịjirịa, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nyocha, ịnakọta na ndekọ maka ụtụ isi na ego ndị ọzọ na-enweta na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naịjarịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tekedia.com/two-things-for-muhammad-nami-incoming-firs-chairman-in-nigeria/|title=Two Things for Muhammad Nami, Incoming FIRS Chairman in Nigeria – Tekedia|first=Ndubuisi|author=Ekekwe|date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-50717879|title=Buhari don replace Fowler wit new FIRS Chairman - Dis na wetin you suppose know about Muhammad Nami|work=BBC News Pidgin|date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> O nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iri afọ atọ (3) nke ahụmịhe ọrụ bara uru na ndezi, Nhazi ụtụ isi na inye ndụmọdụ na nhazi ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ nye ndị ahịa na ndị nchekwa ego, ndị na-aruputa ihe ọhụrụ na ndị na-ekwe ọha ozi yana ndị otu na-abaghi uru. == Ndị na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nami n'obodo Nami, Agaie Localu Gọọmenti nke steeti Niger. Ọ gara Jipo LEA Primary School ma mesịa gaa Government Secondary School, Suleja. Nami nwetara nzere bachelọ na sociology na Mahadum Bayero Kano n'afọ 1991 na nzere Masters of Business na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria n' afọ 2014. Ọ bụ onye otu Chartered Institute of Taxation nke Nigeria, Institute of Debt Recovery Practitioners nke Nigeria na Associate Member nke Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered) na Association of National Accountants of Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF FIRS, MR. MUHAMMAD MAMMAN NAMI AND HIS TEAM PAY A COURTESY VISIT TO GOVERNOR SANWO-OLU ON TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 2020|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2020/02/18/executive-chairman-of-firs-mr-muhammad-mamman-nami-and-his-team-pay-a-courtesy-visit-to-governor-sanwo-olu-on-tuesday-february-18-2020/|work=Lagos State Government|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nami malitere ọrụ ya na PKF International n'afo 1993 wee ruo n'ọkwa onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na-ahụ maka njikwa ụtụ isi na ọrụ ndụmọdụ. Ọ sonyeere KEL Group of Companies dị ka onye isi site n'afo 2004 ruo 2006; ma mesịa soro Mainstream Energy Solutions Ltd dị ka onye otu Kọmitii Audit Board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2019/12/09/meet-muhammad-m-nami-firs-board-new-chairman/|title=Meet Muhammad M. Nami, FIRS new chairman|first=Fakoyejo|author=Olalekan|date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, o guzobere Manam Professional Services (Chartered Tax Practitioners and Business Advisers) nke dị na [[Kaduna]], [[Abuja]], na Niger State. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/11-things-you-should-know-about-muhammad-nami-buharis-nominee-to-head-firs.html|title=11 things you should know about Muhammad Nami, Buhari's nominee to head FIRS|date=December 9, 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Nami dị ka onye otu Audit Committee on Recoveries <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari-president-inaugurates-audit-committee-for-recovered-loot/t0bgwde|title=President inaugurates audit committee for recovered loot|date=November 22, 2017|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> - kọmitii e guzobere iji weghachite ihe ha zuru na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2018, kọmitii ahụ kwuru na ọ nwetaghachila ihe dị ka ijeri $ 2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/11/presidential-audit-committee-recovers-n769bn/|title=Presidential Audit Committee Recovers N769bn|date=September 11, 2018|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Chartered Institute of Taxation nke Nigeria, Chartered Institute nke Forensic and Investigation Professionals nke Nigeria, Institute of Debt Recovery Practitioners nke Nigeria na Associate Member nke Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered) na Association of National Accountants of Nigeria. Muhammad Nami rụkwara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na Kọmitii Audit Board. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu, Kọmitii Onye isi ala na Audit of Recovered Stolen Assets na Nọvemba, 2017 site n'aka Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. == Onye isi oche nke FIRS == Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Nami ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Federal Inland Revenue Service FIRS na 2019, mgbe afọ ise nke [[Babatunde Fowler]] gwụchara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-buhari-fails-to-renew-fowlers-tenure-names-muhammad-nami-as-successor|title=BREAKING: Buhari fails to renew Fowler's tenure, names Muhammad Nami as successor|date=December 9, 2019|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/politics/fowler-out-muhammad-nami-in-here-are-few-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-firs/ryjrxgq|title=Fowler out, Muhammad Nami in – here are few things you need to know about the new head of Nigeria's revenue-generating agency, FIRS|date=December 9, 2019|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ pụtara n'ihu Senate, Nami gwara ndị Senate na iri elu ya etinyela ya "n'ọnọdụ dị mma".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/12/18/just-senate-confirms-muhammad-nami-nigerias-federal-inland-revenue-service-boss|title=JUST IN: Senate Confirms Muhammad Nami As Nigeria's Federal Inland Revenue Service Boss|date=December 18, 2019|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 46mawcuq57iqtg16p9hwtwdgolyd7vo Danladi Mohammed 0 77279 670996 2026-07-02T05:58:02Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295297921|Danladi Mohammed]]" 670996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hon-Danladi_Mohammed_making_a_speech_at_Bowie_State_University-_2014-06-08_17-57.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Hon-Danladi Mohammed na-ekwu okwu na Bowie State University- 2014-06-08 17-57]] Onye a na-akpọ Honourable Danladi Mohammed bụ Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na atụmatụ na steeti Gombe dị na Naịjirịa.<ref name="UNDP1">{{Cite web|title=UNDP Nigeria's 8th Country Programme Kicks off with a Planning Workshop|url=http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/01/30/undp-nigeria-s-8th-country-programme-kicks-off-with-a-planning-workshop.html|work=ng.undp.org/|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=10 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610174343/http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/01/30/undp-nigeria-s-8th-country-programme-kicks-off-with-a-planning-workshop.html|archivedate=10 June 2014|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Danladi Mohammed nye Muhammad Pantami na Amina Pantami na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 1968. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Jan-Kai dị na Gombe State. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na akụnụba na Mahadum Maiduguri. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta MBA na ego, site na Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ọ gakwara ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nyocha amụma na mmejuputa iwu na 2011 na Global Training Consultation London, otu njikwa ndị isi na afọ 2014 na Howard, Washington, D.C., US, na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ego mmefu ego maka nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadum Bowie Steeti na 2014. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ ndị dị na mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rf4uk1kwyq75yv8k2icl50x9qxqww6z Rebecca Udorji 0 77280 670999 2026-07-02T06:23:05Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361494291|Rebecca Udoji]]" 670999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Rebecca Udorji | office = Chairman, House Committee on Women Affairs, Anambra State House of Assembly | native_name = Uzoamaka | native_name_lang = Ig | constituency = Awka North | state_assembly = Anambra State House of Assembly | state = | party = APGA | citizenship = Nigeria | otherparty = APC; PDP | occupation = Politician | nickname = Paragon | education = Bsc; Med }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Infobox officeholder | name = Rebecca Udorji | office = Chairman, House Committee on Women Affairs, Anambra State House of Assembly | native_name = Uzoamaka | native_name_lang = Ig | constituency = Awka North | state_assembly = Anambra State House of Assembly | state = | party = APGA | citizenship = Nigeria | otherparty = APC; PDP | occupation = Politician | nickname = Paragon | education = Bsc; Med }} Rebecca Udorji bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ndị Omeiwu na Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụlọ Omeiwu Steeti Anambra, mgbe Maazị Peter Obi bụ Gọvanọ Steeti Anambra, Naịjirịa. Ọ bụbu onye na-eme iwu na Ụlọ Omeiwu Steeti Anambra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APGA will secure legislative seats at all levels in 2023 — Sen. Umeh|url=https://nigeriannewsdirect.com/amp/apga-will-secure-legislative-seats-at-all-levels-in-2023-sen-umeh/|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=nigeriannewsdirect.com}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Rebecca nwere Asambodo Ọgwụwụ Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Praịmarị (FSLC), Asambodo Ule West Afrika (WAEC), Asambodo Agụmakwụkwọ nke Naịjirịa (NCE), nzere Bachelọ nke sayensị(BSc) na nzere Nzere Master na Mmụta (MEd.).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION|date=2019|title=INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION FINAL LIST OF STATE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY CANDIDATES|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/STATE-HOUSE-OF-ASSEMBLY-CANDIDATES.pdf|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=inecnigeria}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Onye Nkwanye Ugwu Udorji bụ onye so n'ụlọ omebe iwu nọchitere anya Awka North n'Ụlọ Omebe Iwu nke Steeti Anambra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obiano Endorses Jonathan, Urges Ndi Anambra To Vote For Him|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/153045/obiano-endorses-jonathan-urges-ndi-anambra-to-vote-for-him.html|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi dịka onye otu omeiwu nke na-anọchite anya Awka North n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) na 2012. Ọkaiwu ụlọ omeiwu steeti Anambra, Oriakụ Chinwe Nwaebili, ṅụrụ ya iyi na ndị otu PDP abụọ ọzọ. Ememme iyi ha bịara mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị n'ihi iwu ụlọ ikpe nyere gbasara onye meriri na ntuliaka site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2012-04-04|title=Anambra House swears-in five PDP legislators|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/anambra-house-swears-in-five-pdp-legislators/|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Hon. Rebecca Udorji so n'ime ndị gbara akwụkwọ n'ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa nke afọ 2015 gbasara: esemokwu gbasara ihe si na ntuliaka Ụlọ Nzukọ Omeiwu Steeti Anambra pụta, ọkachasị gbasara izi ezi nke ndị otu dị iche iche nke Peoples’ Democratic Party (PDP) họpụtara. Ndị gbara akwụkwọ, ndị meriri ntuliaka dabere na nhọpụta nke ndị isi obodo PDP, gbara ndị zara ajụjụ ajụjụ, bụ ndị kwuru na ha bụ ndị ruru eru nke ndị isi otu ahụ kwadoro. Nọmba ikpe ahụ bụ: FHC/ABJ/CS/574/2011 n'ihu ndị isi: WALTER S. N. ONNOGHEN JSC, SULEIMAN GALADIMA JSC, MARY UKAEGO PETER-ODILI JSC, MUSA DATTIJO MUHAMMAD JSC, JOHN INYANG OKORO JSC. N'oge ahụ, ikpe ahụ kwubiri na: "E kwadoro mkpesa ahụ, a kagburu mkpebi nke ụlọikpe ndị dị ala, na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee oge na ikike kwesịrị ekwesị n'okwu ndị metụtara ntuli aka. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ mesiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịgbaso usoro iwu e depụtara iji hụ na ntuli aka ziri ezi."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Forum|first=Nigerian Law|date=2025-07-11|title=AKPAMGBO-OKADIGBO V. CHIDI (2015) {{!}} Nigerian Case Law|url=https://nigerianlawforum.com/case-law/akpamgbo-okadigbo-v-chidi-2015/|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=nigerianlawforum.com|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Mana n'afọ 2019, o so na ndepụta ikpeazụ nke Independent National Electoral Commission nke 2019 maka ndị ga-azọ ọkwa n'ụlọ omeiwu na steeti Anambra ga-anọchite anya Awka North n'okpuru All Progressive Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2021-04-06|title=Anambra APC caucus promises to work for victory in guber poll|url=https://guardian.ng/news/anambra-apc-caucus-promises-to-work-for-victory-in-guber-poll/|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Hon. Rebecca Udorji hapụrụ pati APC wee banye na pati All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA). Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi dị mkpa na pati APC, ma nọchite anya mpaghara Awka na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Steeti n'etiti afọ 2007 na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=Awka North APC Stalwart Defects to APGA - Anambra Diaries|url=https://anambradiaries.com/awka-north-apc-stalwart-defects-to-apga/|accessdate=2026-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ dị iche iche == Hon Rebecca Udorji gara oriri ekeresimesi ụmụaka nke Oriakụ Margaret Obi, nwunye Gọvanọ Steeti Anambra n'oge ahụ, Maazị Peter Obi haziri. Hon. kọwara oriri ekeresimesi ahụ, "dị ka ụzọ ụmụaka ga-esi mara onwe ha nke ọma na ka ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na-akpakọrịta na ndị ibe ha nọ n'obodo ahụ."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nation|first=The|date=2013-01-30|title=Obi’s wife cheers up kids|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obis-wife-cheers-up-kids/|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A sịrị na Rebecca kwadoro Senator Victor Umeh, onye bụbu Onyeisi pati All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) n'ọkwa mba, n'ọsọ ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-23|title=2023: APGA will secure legislative seats at all levels – Sen. Umeh — National Accord Newspaper %|url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/2023-apga-will-secure-legislative-seats-at-all-levels-sen-umeh/|accessdate=2026-05-11|language=en-US|work=National Accord}}</ref> Rebecca na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị nọ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri n'akụkụ osimiri Ezu dị na Ugwuoba, ebe a na-agbaga n'akụkụ osimiri Niger, ebe a tụbara ozu ndị gbawara agbawa ma chọpụta ha n'osimiri ahụ. Ihe a mere dọtara ndị mmadụ aka ná ntị n'ihi na Osimiri bụ isi iyi ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na maka ịṅụ mmanya maka ndị bi n'ime ime obodo. Onyeisiala ahụ na ndị ọzọ katọrọ "ihe ọjọọ ahụ megide ụmụ mmadụ."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Police storm Enugu village over corpse-filled river|url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/885/police-storm-enugu-village-over-corpse-filled-river|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=News Express Nigeria|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m00a357fr9lfl7j7ngpxvhe0p4wzgws Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji 0 77281 671002 2026-07-02T06:44:19Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355883055|Ugorji Okechuwu Ugorji]]" 671002 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya na Steeti Imo, nakwa Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche nye Gọvanọ Hope Uzodimma gbasara Nchebe Obodo na Ọgụgụ Isi. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-12|title=Biafran uprising no threat to Nigeria's unity - Dr Ugorji|url=https://dailytrust.com/biafran-uprising-no-threat-to-nigerias-unity-dr-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ugorji na Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. O nwetara nzere masta na Homeland Security na Mahadum George Washington na Mee 2019. O nwetakwara nzere doctorate nke agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta na 1994, na Certified Public Manager Studies na 1989–1990, na Rutgers, Mahadum Steeti nke New Jersey, na New Brunswick, New Jersey. O nwetara nzere masta na ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ọrụ ndị ọrụ na 1989, nzere masta nke sayensị na bayoloji na 1987, na nzere masta nke nkà na akparamàgwà mmadụ na 1986, na Trenton State College (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka College nke New Jersey), na Ewing Township, New Jersey. Ọ gụchara mmemme ọzụzụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Office ndi Career Services na Mahadum Princeton na 1988–1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Band|first=News|date=June 20, 2022|title=Imo Homeland Security Commissioner—Ugorji lays out security agenda for the state|url=https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=Band News|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115102931/https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ugorji bụ onye guzobere ma na-ebipụta Sungai Books, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ nke dị na Princeton, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sungai Books, Princeton books - All books by Sungai Books, Princeton publisher {{!}} BookScouter.com|url=https://bookscouter.com/publisher/sungai-books-princeton|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=bookscouter.com|language=en}}</ref> O dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, mmekọrịta mba ụwa, na ọdịbendị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị Afrịka na America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinua Achebe As Metaphor By Ugorji O. Ugorji, Ed.D. {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2013/05/20/chinua-achebe-metaphor-ugorji-o-ugorji-edd|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke African Writers Endowment, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=ThriftBooks|title=Okechukwu K. Ugorji Books {{!}} List of books by author Okechukwu K. Ugorji|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/okechukwu-k-ugorji/1951870/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=ThriftBooks|language=en}}</ref> === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ugorji sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1998, mgbe ọ zọọrọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti Imo n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke United NaịjirịaCongress Party (UNCP). <ref>{{Cite news|date=Dec 20, 2018|title=Buhari Will Win Three States In South–East – Ugorji|url=https://independent.ng/buhari-will-win-three-states-in-south-east-ugorji/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> O mechara banye APC wee bụrụ enyi Gọvanọ Uzodimma. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ na nchekwa na ọgụgụ isi obodo, na 2021, a họpụtakwara ya dịka Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=N. N. L.|date=2021-02-25|title=IMO GOV APPOINTS UGORJI AS SPECIAL ADVISER FOR HOMELAND SECURITY|url=https://nigeriannewsleader.com/index.php/gallery/imo-gov-appoints-ugorji-as-special-adviser-for-homeland-security|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Nigerian News Leader|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2021-12-21|title=Imo gov swears in 17 new commissioners, chief adviser|url=https://guardian.ng/news/imo-gov-swears-in-17-new-commissioners-chief-adviser/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 29, 2021|title=Aboh Mbaise stakeholders laud appointment of Dr Ugorji as Commissioner|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/aboh-mbaise-stakeholders-laud-appointment-of-dr-ugorji-as-commissioner/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-29|title=Imo Health Commissioner Wades Into Lorji Health Centre Project Scandal|url=https://dailytrust.com/imo-health-commissioner-wades-into-lorji-health-centre-project-scandal/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WPS 365|url=https://eu.docs.wps.com/module/common/loadPlatform/?sid=sICCUi86bAZOCka0G&v=v2|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=eu.docs.wps.com}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka nchekwa na nchekwa ndụ n'ime steeti ahụ, nakwa ịhazi ọrụ nke ndị otu nche obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=Visiting the US: the case for Imo State & Uzodimma ~ by Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji|url=https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203329/https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okeoma|first=Chidiebube|date=2021-12-20|title=Uzodinma swears in commissioners, assigns portfolios|url=https://punchng.com/uzodinma-swears-in-commissioners-assigns-portfolios/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ani|first=Sunday|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-27|title=Ohia, Alozie, Amadi applaud Imo Homeland Security Commissioner, Ugorji|url=https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116160910/https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/}}</ref> == ahọpụtara akụkọ ndụ == * Ahụrụ m igwe dara ( Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2014). Ụmụ nwanyị ọwụwa anyanwụ: Eserese zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2009) Drums toro ogologo: Eserese nke ndị Naijiria na-agbanwe America (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2002) The Crow Bride na akụkọ Torti ndị ọzọ (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 1997) Ichekwa ala nna (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2020). ILU: Ilu Afrịka n'asụsụ Igbo, na ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2023). Ọ bụ abụ ebighi ebi na abụ ndị ọzọ (Goldline na Jacobs Publishing, na Bluesland Communications, 2020).[1] Site na<ref>{{Cite news|author=Art|first=The|date=October 13, 2020|title=Gambari to chair presentation of 'She is Eternal & Other Poems' OFO launch|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/gambari-to-chair-presentation-of-she-is-eternal-other-poems-ofo-launch/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> * ''Site n'afọ nke Chi'': Akụkọ ifo Africa (Sungai Books, 1993) <ref>{{Cite web|title=From the Belly of the Gods|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8074671-from-the-belly-of-the-gods|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> * Njem Torti: Akụkọ sitere na West Afrika(Africa World Press, 1991) == ndụ nkeonwe == Ugorji lụrụ Uchenna Kate Ugorji, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka na ahụike ọha na eze. Ha nwere ụmụ isii ma bi na Owerri, Imo Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Time For Gov. Uzodinma To Tigrify —Dr. Ugorji Ugorji|url=https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203646/https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] teq2k53390ks5lnqgqnii0w0gas4021 Ibrahim Makama Misau 0 77282 671003 2026-07-02T06:51:06Z Omekara Chinemerem 62457 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360663813|Ibrahim Makama Misau]]" 671003 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ibrahim Makama Misau''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye isi ndị uwe ojii (SP) lara ezumike nká nke [[Nigeria Police Force|Ndị uwe ojii]] [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC), otu pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Government Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=46|accessdate=2025-03-02|work=constrack.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ibrahim-makama-misau|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A mụrụ Ibrahim Makama Misau na 1968 na steeti Bauchi, Nigeria. O bu ụzọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ndị uwe ojii nke United Nations na ndị uwe ojii na-akwado Ndị uwe ojii United Nations na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Baranja nke [[Kroatia|Croatia]]. Makama jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka nye ndị gọvanọ nke steeti Bauchi na steeti Kano.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-06-04|title=Yuguda, Mu'azu, FCT Minister set to clash over Bauchi guber|url=https://dailytrust.com/yuguda-mu-azu-fct-minister-set-to-clash-over-bauchi-guber/|accessdate=2025-04-29|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burra|first=Umar Saleh|date=2025-02-17|title=Bauchi APC Youths Group, Muryar Matasan Misau Honors Health Minister For Excellence|url=https://katagumdailypost.com/2025/02/17/bauchi-apc-youths-group-muryar-matasan-misau-honors-health-minister-for-excellence/|accessdate=2025-11-17|work=Katagum Dailypost|language=en-US}}</ref> Dịka onye uwe ojii nkịtị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere onye uwe ojii nke ngalaba mpụ, onye uwe ojii nke na-ahụ maka ngalaba njikwa ndị uwe ojii, na onye ọrụ n'ime ndị uwe ojii steeti Kano.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|&#x5B;]]''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;''</sup>"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>&#x5D; O ji aka ya laa ezumike nká na ndị uwe ojii [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2005 mgbe afọ iri na otu nke ije ozi gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 30, 2022|title=Police: Reps Summon Minister, AGF, Others For Not Implementing Salary Increase|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-reps-summon-minister-agf-others-for-not-implementing-salary-increase/|accessdate=October 3, 2025|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kọmitii Ihe Ndị Uwe Ojii na Kọmitii Nchekwa Mba site na 2007 ruo 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-02-19|title=Nigeria: Most Opposition Politicians Are Greedy - Makama|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902190205.html|accessdate=2018-06-11|work=This Day (Lagos)}}</ref>   === Ọnọdụ ndị e nwere === Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, Makama banyere na [[Pọlitiks|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] ma họpụta ya dịka onye otu House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Misau / Dambam Federal Constituency nke Bauchi State site na Mee 2007 ruo Mee 2011. Abubakar Misau Ahmed nọchiri ya. A họpụtara Misau ọzọ na Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023. Misau Bappa Aliyu nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-22|title=Hon. Ibrahim Makama, Reps member representing Misau Dambam federal constituency, withdraws from re-contesting|url=https://baushetimes.com/hon-ibrahim-makama-reps-member-representing-misau-dambam-federal-constituency-withdraws-from-re-contesting/|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=Baushe Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Makama bụzi onye nduzi nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-23|title=Where is Hon. Ibrahim Makama?|url=https://dailytrust.com/where-is-hon-ibrahim-makama|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.facebook.com/danmakama Facebook] * [https://x.com/DanMakamaMisau X] {{DEFAULTSORT:Makama Misau, Ibrahim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] an6cfw9t20zz5ypw8tmyct8ys9r8cu4 Anthony Eze Enwereuzor 0 77283 671005 2026-07-02T06:57:17Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359942377|Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]]" 671005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g4gtdkv81q4x0eepmuc9d11k0ukw7ze Ezo Ukandu 0 77284 671006 2026-07-02T07:24:14Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345991449|Ezo Ukandu]]" 671006 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezo Ukandu (15 Juun 1936 – 8 Jenụwarị 2024) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke Naịjirịa, onye jidere aha 'Enyi-na-Obiangwu' nke Alaeze Ochie Imenyi ruo afọ iri anọ na asatọ. <ref name="Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper">{{Cite news|title=His Royal Majesty, Eze Ezo Ukandu for Burial November 15, 2024|url=https://isuikwuatovoice.com.ng/2024/10/03/his-royal-majesty-eze-ezo-ukandu-for-burial-november-16-2024/|work=Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper|date=Oct 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="ABN TV">{{Cite news|title=Foremost Isuikwuato Traditional Ruler, Dr. Ezo Ukandu Goes Home Amidst Befitting Farewell|url=https://abntv.com.ng/news/foremost-isuikwuato-traditional-ruler-dr-ezo-ukandu-goes-home-amidst-befitting-farewell-nov-15/#google_vignette|work=ABN TV|date=Oct 11, 2024}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka Onyeisi oche nke Kansụl Ndị Ọchịchị Omenala nke Abia Steeti ma bụrụkwa Onyeisi oche mbụ nke Kansụl Ndị Ọchịchị Omenala nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. <ref name="Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper" /> == Nzụlite == === Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Eze Ukandu n'Ahaba Imenyi, dị na Isuikwuato, Steeti Abia, Naịjirịa, nye Ezo na Nwanyibuikwu Ukandu. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka asaa. Ukandu gụchara agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'Ahaba Imenyi, ma mesịa nweta asambodo na agụmakwụkwọ izugbe, sochiri ya na diplọma na njikwa azụmahịa na nchịkwa ọha. === Ntinye aka ụlọ ọrụ === Ukandu na-arụ ọtụtụ azụmaahịa na Aba, Abia Steeti, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka nnabata na mbubata ngwa ahịa.<ref name="Iwuoha">{{Cite news|author=Iwuoha|first=Charles|title=Eze Ezo Ukandu Goes Home Nov. 15|url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/239936/eze-ezo-ukandu-goes-home-nov-15|work=News Express|date=Oct 10, 2024}}</ref> O hiwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Deta Batteries nke nwere netwọk nkesa na Naịjirịa na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref name="Iwuoha" /> Site n'ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ Ukandu Motors, o nwere ikike ikesa na ịrụzi ụdị ụgbọala dị iche iche, gụnyere Peugeot, Mercedes Benz, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Iwuoha" /> E jikọtara azụmahịa ya niile n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ 'Ukandu Group of Companies', nke gụnyere: * Ukandu Motors Batrị Data Ukatraka Ugbo Ukandu Multi-System Ltd. Ụlọ Nkwari Akụ Sterlink Ụlọ Obibi Sterlink<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|title=The Legacy of an Igbo Icon, HRM, Dr. Eze Ezo Ukandu JP (1936–2024)|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/the-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon-hrm-dr-eze-ezo-ukandu-jp-1936-2024/amp/|date=Oct 16, 2024|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> O sonyere n'ịtọ ntọala Mahadum Steeti Abia dị na Uturu[1], ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke ụlọ akụ microfinance nke mahadum ahụ. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=Balogun|first=Tajudeen|title=Eze Ezo Ukandu, 1936-2024: Legacy of an Igbo Icon|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/eze-ezo-ukandu-1936-2024-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon/|work=The Eagle Online|date=Oct 23, 2024}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ akụ ego nke mahadum ahụ. <ref name="NG-Check">{{Cite web|title=Abia State Micro Finance Bank Ltd.|url=https://ng-check.com/abia-state-university-micro-finance-bank-ltd/839223.html|work=NG-Check}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|title=The Legacy of an Igbo Icon, HRM, Dr. Eze Ezo Ukandu JP (1936–2024)|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/the-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon-hrm-dr-eze-ezo-ukandu-jp-1936-2024/amp/|date=Oct 16, 2024|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/the-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon-hrm-dr-eze-ezo-ukandu-jp-1936-2024/amp/ "The Legacy of an Igbo Icon, HRM, Dr. Eze Ezo Ukandu JP (1936–2024)"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. Oct 16, 2024.</cite></ref> O tinyekwara aka n'ịmepụta ọdụ ụgbọelu Sam Mbakwe (nke bụbu ọdụ ụgbọelu Owerri), na-enye nkwado ego n'oge a na-arụ ya.<ref name="auto" /> === itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Na Julaị 2019, Ukandu kwadoro ka gọvanọ steeti Abia nke ọzọ si mpaghara Isuikwuato bịa, na-ekwu maka na a na-emegbu ya.<ref name="Oko">{{Cite news|author=Oko|first=Steve|title=Abia gov in 2023 must come from Isuikwuato, stakeholders insist * Allege marginalization * Say Isuikwuato not part of Old Bende|url=https://wawanewsglobal.com/2019/07/28/breaking-abia-gov-in-2023-must-come-from-isuikwuato-stakeholders-insist-allege-marginalisation-say-isuikwuato-not-part-of-old-bende/|work=Wawa News Global|date=Jul 28, 2019}}</ref> Na Nọvemba afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na kọmitii mmadụ anọ nke e nyere ọrụ ịmepụta usoro nhọpụta maka ndị ndu ọhụrụ nke Kansụl Ndị Ọchịchị Omenala nke Abia Steeti, mgbe Gọvanọ Okezie Ikpeazu chụpụrụ ya.<ref name="Emeruwa">{{Cite news|author=Emeruwa|first=Chijindu|title=Ikpeazu Dissolves Abia Traditional Rulers Council|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/11/28/ikpeazu-dissolves-abia-traditional-rulers-council/|date=Nov 28, 2019|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Olusegun Obasanjo họpụtara Ukandu ka ọ bụrụ 'National Royal Ambassador' na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Nzukọ Udo nke Mba (National Peace Forum).<ref name="ABN TV">{{Cite news|title=Foremost Isuikwuato Traditional Ruler, Dr. Ezo Ukandu Goes Home Amidst Befitting Farewell|url=https://abntv.com.ng/news/foremost-isuikwuato-traditional-ruler-dr-ezo-ukandu-goes-home-amidst-befitting-farewell-nov-15/#google_vignette|work=ABN TV|date=Oct 11, 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abntv.com.ng/news/foremost-isuikwuato-traditional-ruler-dr-ezo-ukandu-goes-home-amidst-befitting-farewell-nov-15/#google_vignette "Foremost Isuikwuato Traditional Ruler, Dr. Ezo Ukandu Goes Home Amidst Befitting Farewell"]. ''ABN TV''. Oct 11, 2024.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Onye Isi Oche nke Ndị Nlekọta nke Ndị Ọchịchị Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ndị Ọchịchị Omenalaruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name="Ojiabor">{{Cite news|author=Ojiabor|first=Onyedi|title=Day Abia Monarch Honoured Three in Imenyi|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/day-abia-monarch-honoured-three-in-imenyi/|date=Jan 22, 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Onyinye agụmakwụkwọ == N'afọ ndị 1990, Ukandu guzobere atụmatụ inye ego agụmakwụkwọ nke Ukandu, nke na-enye ego maka agụmakwụkwọ n'ime obodo na mba ofesi.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|title=The Legacy of an Igbo Icon, HRM, Dr. Eze Ezo Ukandu JP (1936–2024)|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/the-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon-hrm-dr-eze-ezo-ukandu-jp-1936-2024/amp/|date=Oct 16, 2024|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/the-legacy-of-an-igbo-icon-hrm-dr-eze-ezo-ukandu-jp-1936-2024/amp/ "The Legacy of an Igbo Icon, HRM, Dr. Eze Ezo Ukandu JP (1936–2024)"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. Oct 16, 2024.</cite></ref> Mmemme a na-enye nkwado ego nye ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ọmụmụ ihe ma na Naịjirịa ma na mba ofesi.<ref name="Championing Future Leaders">{{Cite web|title=Championing Future Leaders|url=https://hrmezoukandu.org|work=HRM Ezo Ukandu}}</ref> Ihe ndị a chọrọ iji họpụta gụnyere arụmọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka n'ọrụ obodo. == Nsọpụrụ na ihe nrite == === nsọpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ === * Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke nchịkwa azụmaahịa, Mahadum Steeti Abia (1994)[1] Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke nchịkwa azụmaahịa, Mahadum Evangel Christian (United States) === otu ọkachamara === * Onye otu ọkwa dị elu, Nigeria Institute nke Sales Management (FNISM) === Nnabata okpukperechi === * Knight nke St. Christopher (KSC), Chọọchị Naịjirịa nke Anglican Communion === Nhọpụta obodo === * Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Udo A ga-egosipụta Ukandu n'ime *The Chronicles of Enyimba*, bụ usoro ihe nkiri na-abịa n'ihu gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aba, bụ́ ebe azụmahịa dị na Steeti Abia, Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|author=Ifeanyi|first=Emmanuel|title=Chronicling Enyimba's Resilience, Entrepreneurship On Big Screen|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/chronicling-enyimbas-resilience-entrepreneurship-on-big-screen/#google_vignette|date=Sep 5, 2024|work=[[New Telegraph]]}}</ref> A haziri akwụkwọ akụkọ Chronicles nke Enyimba tupu mmepụta ya dịka nke afọ 2024, dịka usoro oge abụọ nwere ihe omume iri anọ, nke lekwasịrị anya na mmepe azụmaahịa nke Aba n'oge agha obodo Naịjirịa mgbe agha obodo gasịrị.<ref name="auto3" /> Usoro ihe omume a na-ezube igosi Ukandu na ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọchụnta ego n'oge ahụ.<ref name="auto3" /> == Ọnwụ == Ukandu nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 8, 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref name="Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper">{{Cite news|title=His Royal Majesty, Eze Ezo Ukandu for Burial November 15, 2024|url=https://isuikwuatovoice.com.ng/2024/10/03/his-royal-majesty-eze-ezo-ukandu-for-burial-november-16-2024/|work=Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper|date=Oct 3, 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://isuikwuatovoice.com.ng/2024/10/03/his-royal-majesty-eze-ezo-ukandu-for-burial-november-16-2024/ "His Royal Majesty, Eze Ezo Ukandu for Burial November 15, 2024"]. ''Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper''. Oct 3, 2024.</cite></ref> A haziri emume olili ya n'etiti ọnwa Nọvemba 14–17, 2024, n'Alaeze Ochie nke Ahaba Imenyi, Mpaghara Ọchịchị Obodo Isuikwuato, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa.<ref name="Isuikwuato Voice Newspaper" /> Mmemme a mara ọkwa gụnyere ngagharị iwe gaa n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ọchịchị imenyi dị n'ọba eze obodo Isuikwuato na nọdụ ala n'obí eze imenyi na Nọvemba 14, na emume olili ozu na olili ozu na Nọvemba 15. A ga-emechi emume olili ozu ahụ site na emume ọpụpụ na Nọvemba 17.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|title=HRM EZE SIR DR. EZO UKANDU: Imenyi Ancient Kingdom announces Transition Programme for Enyi-Na-Obiangwu|url=https://afnews.ng/eze-ukandu-imenyi-ancient-kingdom-announces-transition/|work=afnews|date=Oct 11, 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 0z35sbn1zryavkpknj1kpe4hbqpw1m1 Umana Okon Umana 0 77285 671007 2026-07-02T07:40:54Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345598089|Umana Okon Umana]]" 671007 wikitext text/x-wiki Umana Okon Umana CON bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba, na onye ndu azụmaahịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka Minista nke ihe gbasara Niger Delta na Naịjirịa sita na Julaị 2022 ruo Eprel 2023. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://nass.gov.ng/news/item/1687|accessdate=2 October 2024|work=nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref name="Premium">{{Cite news|title=APC's Umana Umana to challenge Akwa Ibom governorship election result|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/181400-apcs-umana-umana-to-challenge-akwa-ibom-governorship-election-result.html|accessdate=12 October 2024|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Umana n'ụbọchị nke iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1959 na Calabar, Steeti Cross River.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2014|title=Nigeria: Etim - Umana Okon Umana At 55|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201408201009.html|accessdate=14 October 2024|work=All Africa|pages=1–2}}</ref> Ọ gara kọleji St. Patrick maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya tupu o nweta nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na akụnụba na Mahadum Calabar na 1980.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=6 February 2023|title=Umana hosts classmates in Akwa Ibom|url=https://dailytrust.com/umana-hosts-classmates-in-akwa-ibom/|accessdate=6 October 2024|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 1987, ọ nwetara nzere MBA na ngalaba ego site na Mahadum Port Harcourt.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 July 2023|title=UniCal maiden Distinguished Alumnus Award on Umana, honour well deserved|url=https://www.thecable.ng/unical-maiden-distinguished-alumnus-award-on-umana-honour-well-deserved/|accessdate=6 October 2024|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ n'ọchịchị == Umana malitere ọrụ ya n'ọrụ ọha na Steeti Akwa Ibom. . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-22|title=Profile Of Budget Office - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=http://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/profile-of-budget-office/|accessdate=2024-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Site na afọ 2000 ruo 2003, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmefu Ego nke Akwa Ibom Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-22|title=Profile Of Budget Office - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/profile-of-budget-office/|accessdate=2025-01-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ a, ruo afọ 2007, Umana jere ozi ugboro abụọ n'okpuru Gọvanọ Victor Attah, na-elekwasị anya na amụma ego na njikwa ego nke steeti dịka Kọmishọna maka ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Onuegbu|first=Chioma|date=5 August 2014|title='I am destined to succeed Akpabio – Umana|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/destined-succeed-akpabio-umana|accessdate=22 October 2014|pages='pp': 1|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'okpuru Gọvanọ Godswill Akpabio, Umana rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nke Gọọmentị Akwa Ibom Steeti site na 2007 ruo 2013 ma hazie ọrụ gọọmentị na mmejuputa iwu dịka odeakwụkwọ nke Gọọmentị Steeti.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Udo|first=Bassey|date=2013-07-31|title=Update: Akwa Ibom crisis: Akpabio appoints new SSG as Umana resigns|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/141966-breaking-akpabio-appoints-new-ssg-as-umana-resigns.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2024-10-27|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Umana zọọrọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke Steeti Akwa Ibom n'okpuru otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị All Progressives Congress (APC). O nwetara vootu 89,865, mana o meriri n'aka Udom Emmanuel nke otu People's Democratic Party, onye nwetara vootu 999,071.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinloye|first=Dimeji|date=2016-08-16|title=Nigeria Elections 2015: PDP's Udom Emmanuel wins Akwa Ibom guber race|url=https://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-pdps-udom-emmanuel-wins-akwa-ibom-guber-race-id3648461.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816125057/https://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-pdps-udom-emmanuel-wins-akwa-ibom-guber-race-id3648461.html|archivedate=2016-08-16|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=Pulse.ng}}</ref> Umana rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote onye isi nchịkwa nke nhazi ihe owuwu na mkpọsa onyeisiala nke APC nke afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ailemen|first=Anthony|date=28 December 2018|title=Full list of APC's Presidential campaign council|url=https://businessday.ng/exclusives/article/full-list-of-apcs-presidential-campaign-council/|accessdate=2 October 2024|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara Umana dịka Onyeisi/Onyeisi Nchịkwa nke Oil and Gas Free Zones Authority (OGFZA) na Julaị 2022. N'oge ọchịchị ya, o tinyere ọrụ n'ịrụzi akụrụngwa, mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na inye obodo ikike na mpaghara Niger Delta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2023-02-21|title=Umana Bags Minister Of The Year Award|url=https://leadership.ng/umana-bags-minister-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=2024-10-14|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-US}}</ref>A ghọtara ya dị ka "Onye Ozi nke Afọ" n'afọ 2022. Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya ihe nrite 'Onye Isi nke Order nke di Niger' (CON) n'afọ 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2023-05-26|title=Buhari Confers National Honours on Umana, Udom|url=https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-confers-national-honour-on-umana-gov-udom-others/|accessdate=2024-10-13|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] apvo18c95p02wznlodu00dcj4892ipv Yabagi Sani 0 77286 671008 2026-07-02T07:42:04Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348726316|Yabagi Sani]]" 671008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Yabagi Yusuf Sani | office = National Chairman [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] | image = | predecessor = First appoint | caption = | successor = | term_end = 2017 | party = [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] (ADP) | term_start = | title = Engineer | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|07|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bida]], Nigeria | occupation = Energy and Oils Expert<br>Engineer<br>Politician | education = [[Columbia University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | honorific_suffix = Jakardan Nupe }} Yabagi Yusuf Sani, nke a maara dịka (YYSani maọbụ Jakardan Nupe) nke pụtara onye nnọchi anya Nupe, (amụrụ na 1 Julaị 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na mmanụ ala, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/2019-yabagi-sani-meets-obasanjo-says-current-leadership-lacks-knowledge.html|title=2019: Yabagi Sani meets Obasanjo, says current leadership lacks knowledge|author=Moses|first=Peter|date=2019-01-02|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51602894|title=10 things wey dey cause poverty for northern Nigeria|date=2020-02-23|work=BBC News Pidgin|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref name="Adebayo">{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/12/adp-advises-lawan-gbajabiamila-emerging-senate-president-speaker/|title=ADP advises Lawan, Gbajabiamila after emerging Senate President, Speaker|author=Adebayo|first=Rasaq|date=2019-06-12|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/fireworks-with-adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani/|title=Fireworks with ADP Presidential Candidate, Yabagi Yusuf Sani|date=2018-12-07|work=TVC News Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == [[National Youth Service Corps|A mụrụ Sani na Bida, nna ya bụ onye ji ọkwa Ciroman Samarin Nupe. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya na East School Bida na 1961, wee gaa kọleji teknụzụ, Kontagora na 1970. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard na Institute of Technology, New York na 1976. Ọ gụkwara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, New York na 1978 na B.Sc na injinia njikwa. O sonyekwara na National Youth Service Corps manyere]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/|title=Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography|date=2019-01-08|work=Paragon Page|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/}}</ref><ref name''="" yysani''="">{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani-ada/|title=Know Your Candidate: Yabagi Yusuf Sani – ADP|date=2018-11-23|work=TheInterview Nigeria|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-10}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Yabagi malitere dịka onyeisi nchịkwa na ebe nchekwa ihe onwunwe na (PPMC Depot) Kano na 1980 n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa. Sani malitere ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na 1991, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere (ANPP), ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị nlekọta nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANP). Na 1999, Sani bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa All Peoples Party (APP) na steeti Niger maka ntuli aka gọvanọ, ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ ego nke Nigeria Liberal Convention (NLC/NRC) n'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye nhazi onyeisiala nke North Central nke Alhaji Bashir Tofa na 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/|title=Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography|date=2019-01-08|work=Paragon Page|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/ "Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography"]. ''Paragon Page''. 2019-01-08. Archived from [https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/ the original] on 2021-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, A họpụtara Yabagi dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala nke Action Democratic Party (Nigeria) na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1196875-adp-elects-yabagi-sani-presidential-candidate.html|title=ADP elects Yabagi Sani presidential candidate|author=Oladele|first=David|date=2018-10-08|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> Na 2021, Engr. Yabagi Yusuf Sani nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) pụtara dịka onyeisi oche ọhụrụ nke IPAC, na-anọchi anya Dr. Leonard Nzenwa. Mgbudem Maxwell nke Accord Party (AP) ka a họpụtara dịka osote onyeisi oche mba nke Kansụl ahụ, ebe Alhaji Yusuf Dantalle nke Allied People’s Movement (APM) pụtara dịka odeakwụkwọ mba..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/ipac-elects-new-national-executive-council/|title=IPAC elects new national executive council|author=Ezeh|first=Fred|date=2021-12-14|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> A kpọpụtara ya dịka onye ga-anọchi anya ọkwa onyeisiala ADP na Mgbakọ Mba Pụrụ Iche nke pati ahụ na Tuzdee, Mee 31, 2022, na Abuja, Naịjirịa. Onyeisi oche nke ndị otu ntuli aka ADP, Maazị Tasiru Abdulrahman, kwuru na a họpụtara Sani site na nkwekọrịta. O kwadoro na a họpụtara Sani mgbe enyochachara ya ma kwado na o mezuru ihe niile achọrọ maka ntuliaka onyeisiala nke 2023. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/2023-yabagi-sani-emerges-as-adp-presidential-candidate/96dc9t5|title=2023: Yabagi Sani emerges as ADP presidential candidate|author=Elijah|first=Ima|date=2022-05-31|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> == Arụmụka == A kọrọ na odeakwụkwọ pati mba ahụ, Maazị James Okoroma, kwụsịtụla Yabagi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya, o kwuru na ọ ka bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic People, ebe ọ bụ na odeakwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ike ịkwụsịtụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/i-remain-the-national-chairman-of-adp-yy-sani/|title=I remain the National Chairman of ADP-YY Sani|date=2019-04-28|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> == Onyinye == Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ya onyinye enyemaka mmadụ, ya na ndị isi otu Conservative Party (UK) na New York City rụkọrọkwa ọrụ..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-sani-recognized-internationally/|title=ADP presidential candidate, Yabagi Sani recognized internationally|date=2018-12-28|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/12/27/adp-presidential-candidate-meets-uk-conservative-party-leaders|title=ADP Presidential Candidate Meets UK Conservative Party Leaders|date=2018-12-27|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d92inyjn8wo7u7w6ojwdeyby5rksmb5 671055 671008 2026-07-02T09:33:15Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Yabagi Yusuf Sani | office = National Chairman [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] | image = | predecessor = First appoint | caption = | successor = | term_end = 2017 | party = [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] (ADP) | term_start = | title = Engineer | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|07|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bida]], Nigeria | occupation = Energy and Oils Expert<br>Engineer<br>Politician | education = [[Columbia University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | honorific_suffix = Jakardan Nupe }} Yabagi Yusuf Sani, nke a maara dịka (YYSani maọbụ Jakardan Nupe) nke pụtara onye nnọchi anya Nupe, (amụrụ na 1 Julaị 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na mmanụ ala, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/2019-yabagi-sani-meets-obasanjo-says-current-leadership-lacks-knowledge.html|title=2019: Yabagi Sani meets Obasanjo, says current leadership lacks knowledge|author=Moses|first=Peter|date=2019-01-02|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51602894|title=10 things wey dey cause poverty for northern Nigeria|date=2020-02-23|work=BBC News Pidgin|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref name="Adebayo">{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/12/adp-advises-lawan-gbajabiamila-emerging-senate-president-speaker/|title=ADP advises Lawan, Gbajabiamila after emerging Senate President, Speaker|author=Adebayo|first=Rasaq|date=2019-06-12|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/fireworks-with-adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani/|title=Fireworks with ADP Presidential Candidate, Yabagi Yusuf Sani|date=2018-12-07|work=TVC News Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == [[National Youth Service Corps|A mụrụ Sani na Bida, nna ya bụ onye ji ọkwa Ciroman Samarin Nupe. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya na East School Bida na 1961, wee gaa kọleji teknụzụ, Kontagora na 1970. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard na Institute of Technology, New York na 1976. Ọ gụkwara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, New York na 1978 na B.Sc na injinia njikwa. O sonyekwara na National Youth Service Corps manyere]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name''="" yysani''="">{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani-ada/|title=Know Your Candidate: Yabagi Yusuf Sani – ADP|date=2018-11-23|work=TheInterview Nigeria|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-10}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Yabagi malitere dịka onyeisi nchịkwa na ebe nchekwa ihe onwunwe na (PPMC Depot) Kano na 1980 n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa. Sani malitere ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na 1991, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere (ANPP), ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị nlekọta nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANP). Na 1999, Sani bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa All Peoples Party (APP) na steeti Niger maka ntuli aka gọvanọ, ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ ego nke Nigeria Liberal Convention (NLC/NRC) n'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye nhazi onyeisiala nke North Central nke Alhaji Bashir Tofa na 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/|title=Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography|date=2019-01-08|work=Paragon Page|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/ "Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography"]. ''Paragon Page''. 2019-01-08. Archived from [https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/ the original] on 2021-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, A họpụtara Yabagi dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala nke Action Democratic Party (Nigeria) na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1196875-adp-elects-yabagi-sani-presidential-candidate.html|title=ADP elects Yabagi Sani presidential candidate|author=Oladele|first=David|date=2018-10-08|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> Na 2021, Engr. Yabagi Yusuf Sani nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) pụtara dịka onyeisi oche ọhụrụ nke IPAC, na-anọchi anya Dr. Leonard Nzenwa. Mgbudem Maxwell nke Accord Party (AP) ka a họpụtara dịka osote onyeisi oche mba nke Kansụl ahụ, ebe Alhaji Yusuf Dantalle nke Allied People’s Movement (APM) pụtara dịka odeakwụkwọ mba..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/ipac-elects-new-national-executive-council/|title=IPAC elects new national executive council|author=Ezeh|first=Fred|date=2021-12-14|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> A kpọpụtara ya dịka onye ga-anọchi anya ọkwa onyeisiala ADP na Mgbakọ Mba Pụrụ Iche nke pati ahụ na Tuzdee, Mee 31, 2022, na Abuja, Naịjirịa. Onyeisi oche nke ndị otu ntuli aka ADP, Maazị Tasiru Abdulrahman, kwuru na a họpụtara Sani site na nkwekọrịta. O kwadoro na a họpụtara Sani mgbe enyochachara ya ma kwado na o mezuru ihe niile achọrọ maka ntuliaka onyeisiala nke 2023. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/2023-yabagi-sani-emerges-as-adp-presidential-candidate/96dc9t5|title=2023: Yabagi Sani emerges as ADP presidential candidate|author=Elijah|first=Ima|date=2022-05-31|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> == Arụmụka == A kọrọ na odeakwụkwọ pati mba ahụ, Maazị James Okoroma, kwụsịtụla Yabagi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya, o kwuru na ọ ka bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic People, ebe ọ bụ na odeakwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ike ịkwụsịtụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/i-remain-the-national-chairman-of-adp-yy-sani/|title=I remain the National Chairman of ADP-YY Sani|date=2019-04-28|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> == Onyinye == Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ya onyinye enyemaka mmadụ, ya na ndị isi otu Conservative Party (UK) na New York City rụkọrọkwa ọrụ..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-sani-recognized-internationally/|title=ADP presidential candidate, Yabagi Sani recognized internationally|date=2018-12-28|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/12/27/adp-presidential-candidate-meets-uk-conservative-party-leaders|title=ADP Presidential Candidate Meets UK Conservative Party Leaders|date=2018-12-27|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c1w11mdcwarp1y47i3saog6paysbobv Laz Unaogu 0 77287 671010 2026-07-02T07:52:03Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339393271|Laz Unaogu]]" 671010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dr Laz Unaogu''' (27 Febụwarị 1956 - 6 Julaị 2004) bụ Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Naijiria na Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime gọọmentị Naijiria. A maara ya dị ka Physicist na Gọọmenti.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200407120511.html|title=Nigeria: Unaogu, Former Minister, Dies|author=Nkwopara|first=Chidi|date=2004-07-12|work=Vanguard (Lagos)|accessdate=2018-01-03}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Unaogu na Eziama, Imo State, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na physics na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka (UNN) ma bụrụkwa nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba Fiziks na 1981. Na 1984, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta MSc na Sayensị Ike na Ihe Ndị Dị na ya site na Ngalaba Fiziks na Astronomy, Mahadum Naịjirịa. Ọ sonyeere mmemme Ph.D. nke Ike Anyanwụ na Institute for Energy Research, Calcutta India ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya na Fiziks (ọkachamara na uto kristal na njirimara).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/event/15271|title=Event details: Third International Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND2010) - physicsworld.com|work=physicsworld.com|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Industrial Physics na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe dị n'Awka. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Ijeoma Christiana Iboko n'afọ 1984, ha mụtakwara ụmụ ise. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mmasị Dr. Unaogu nwere n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum ahụ. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Naịjirịa, ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu ụmụ akwụkwọ ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye omeiwu kacha mma. A họpụtakwara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke Postgraduate Students Association. Ọ gara n'ihu na mmasị ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee họpụta ya na Federal House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Mbaitolu, Ikeduru constituency na ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, 1992 n'okpuru National Republican Convention (NRC). Na 1993, ọchịchị nkịtị nke Ernest Shonekan dara n'aka General Sani Abacha, onye weghachiri mba ahụ n'aka gọọmentị ndị agha. General Sani Abacha na-achọ odeakwụkwọ nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ, site na ndụmọdụ, General Abacha họpụtara Dr Laz Unaogu dị ka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ na Nọvemba 1993. N'ime mgbanwe ọchịchị nke kabinet nke afọ 1995, e bufere Dr Unaogu ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche dịka Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche ma nọrọ n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1998. == Sayensị na Teknụzụ == Dịka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Dr Unaogu tinyere aka n'ịhazi ngalaba ahụ ma duzie ịkwaga site na Lagos gaa Abuja mgbe ọchịchị Ernest Shonekan gasịrị. == Nnabata n'aka ọha mmadụ == A kpọrọ okporo ụzọ aha Dr. Laz Unaogu na Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) nakwa na Owerri, Steeti Imo. == Edensibia == 7iwze9f2qajanaei0x96co55j7q0h6s Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkindaji 0 77288 671011 2026-07-02T07:55:46Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346579827|Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkindaji]]" 671011 wikitext text/x-wiki Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkindaji bụ ọkaiwu Naịjirịa, onye ọrụ ọha, na onye na-eme atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-eje ozi dịka Ọkà Okwu nke Ụlọ Omeiwu Steeti Niger nke iri. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC) ma na-anọchite anya mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Mariga na steeti Niger. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sarkindaji na Kontagora, Naịjịrịa Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mustapha Comprehensive School wee nweta asambodo Senior Secondary School na 2001. Ọ nwetara asambodo na Iwu na Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi (2004), wee gaa Mahadum Usmanu Danfodio, Sokoto, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na L.L.B na 2010. A kpọrọ ya na Nigerian Bar na 2011 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nigerian Law School, Enugu. N'afọ 2020, o nwetara nzere masta na ọmụmụ mba ụwa na diplomasi na Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai. == Ọrụ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe a kpọchara ya ka ọ bịa ụlọikpe, Sarkindaji mechara ọrụ ya dịka onye ọkaiwu na National Youth Service (NYSC) n'ụlọ ọrụ iwu ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọkaiwu enyemaka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu na ụlọ. Ọ banyere n'ọchịchị na 2016 wee bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị ime obodo Mariga. Na 2019, a họpụtara ya dịka Kọmishọna maka ọchịchị ime obodo na ihe gbasara ndị isi obodo, ma mechaa bụrụ Kọmishọna maka ndị ntorobịa na egwuregwu na 2021 site n'aka Gọvanọ Abubakar Sani Bello.. Na afọ 2023, a họpụtara Sarkindaji ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ọgbakọ omeiwu nke steeti Niger. Na June 13, 2023, a họpụtara ya n'otu olu dịka onyeisi oche nke ọgbakọ omeiwu nke iri. == Ndị ndu ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ntorobịa == N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Usmanu Danfodio, Sarkindaji tinyere aka nke ọma n'ịduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke National Association of Niger State Students (NANISS), na 2009, a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke ndị omeiwu mba nke otu ahụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe ọ bụ afọ 2016, Sarkindaji banyere n'ọchịchị ime obodo dịka onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị ime obodo Mariga, wee ruo afọ 2019. Gọvanọ Abubakar Sadiq Sani Bello họpụtara ya dịka kọmishọna maka ọchịchị ime obodo na ihe gbasara eze n'afọ 2019. Na 2021, e zigara ya ọzọ dịka kọmishọna maka ndị ntorobịa na egwuregwu. Tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 2023 eruo, Sarkindaji gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa kọmishọna ya iji zọọ ọkwa n'ụlọ omeiwu steeti Niger n'okpuru All Progressives Congress (APC). A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya ndị omeiwu Mariga, e mesịakwa họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ndị omeiwu nke iri na June 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 Jun 2023|title=Ex-commissioner, Sarkin Daji, emerges 10th Niger Assembly Speaker|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ex-commissioner-sarkin-daji-emerges-10th-niger-assembly-speaker/|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|first=Adelowo|author=Oladipo}}</ref> == Òtù Malikiya == Sarkindaji bụ onye hiwere otu Malikiya Movements, otu ọrụ ebere nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwado ụmụ amaala na-enweghị enyemaka na ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù site na agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme ọdịmma. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ na-enwe mmasị ịgụ akwụkwọ, inye ndụmọdụ, ịgagharị, ịgbazi ndị mmadụ, na igwu egwuregwu tenis tebụl. == Edensibia == * {{Cite web|title=Abdulmalik Sarkin-Daji|work=The Guardian Nigeria News|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abdulmalik-sarkin-daji/}} * {{Cite web|title=Ex-commissioner, Sarkin Daji, emerges 10th Niger Assembly Speaker|date=13 June 2023|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ex-commissioner-sarkin-daji-emerges-10th-niger-assembly-speaker/}} * {{Cite web|title=Niger Speaker to sponsor inter-tribal agency establishment bill|date=15 October 2024|url=https://punchng.com/niger-speaker-to-sponsor-inter-tribal-agency-establishment-bill/}} {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hb65d98w02ebcz6r13f7c3dhdrve6qo Temilola Segun Adibi 0 77289 671013 2026-07-02T08:00:37Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356884022|Adibi Temilola Segun]]" 671013 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Ogbomosho North|Adibi Temilola Segun bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye jere ozi dịka onye nnọchite anya Federal Federal Nigeria ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche Ogbomoso North.]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kareem|first=Azeez|date=2025-01-21|title=Makinde mourns as ex-Rep member dies|url=https://guardian.ng/news/makinde-mourns-as-ex-rep-member-dies/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-01-21|title=Ode to Hon Temilola Adibi – Ogbomoso Insight|url=https://ogbomosoinsightonline.com.ng/2025/01/21/ode-to-hon-temilola-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ogbomosoinsightonline.com.ng/2025/01/21/ode-to-hon-temilola-adibi/ "Ode to Hon Temilola Adibi – Ogbomoso Insight"]. 2025-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Adibi sonyere na ntuli aka gọọmentị ime obodo na 1998 n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Democratic Alliance Movement (DAM). Na 1999, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Ogbomoso North/Ogbomoso South Federal Constituency n'Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'etiti 1999 na 2003. O mechara bụrụ onyeisi na Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) na steeti Oyo. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Ogbomoso North Local Government n'etiti 2013 na 2015.. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Awojoodu|first=Kazeem|date=2025-01-21|title=Makinde Mourns Ex-Rep Member, Adibi|url=https://independent.ng/makinde-mourns-ex-rep-member-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-01-21|title=Ode to Hon Temilola Adibi – Ogbomoso Insight|url=https://ogbomosoinsightonline.com.ng/2025/01/21/ode-to-hon-temilola-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2019|title=Gov Makinde Appoints Ex-Reps Member, Adibi As Signage Agency DG|url=https://thewhistler.ng/gov-makinde-appoints-ex-reps-member-adibi-as-signage-agency-dg/|accessdate=May 21, 2026|work=The Whistler Newspaper}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Adibi nwụrụ na mbido afọ 60 ya na Tuesday 21 Jenụwarị 2025 mgbe ọ dị afọ 64. E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Ogbomoso, steeti Oyo nke Naịjirịa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Awojoodu|first=Kazeem|date=2025-01-21|title=Makinde Mourns Ex-Rep Member, Adibi|url=https://independent.ng/makinde-mourns-ex-rep-member-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAwojoodu2025">Awojoodu, Kazeem (2025-01-21). [https://independent.ng/makinde-mourns-ex-rep-member-adibi/ "Makinde Mourns Ex-Rep Member, Adibi"]. ''Independent Newspaper Nigeria''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Musliudeen|date=2025-03-22|title=Ex- Reps member, Adibi buried in Ogbomoso|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/22/ex-reps-member-adibi-buried-in-ogbomoso/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abide|first=Olayi|date=2025-03-20|title=Ex-Reps Member, Temi Adibi's Burial Holds Friday, March 21 -|url=https://insideoyo.com/ex-reps-member-temi-adibis-burial-holds-friday-march-21/|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] l8i2foatkg20g2cyiighe9hwjrtfhqi 671056 671013 2026-07-02T09:36:16Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 671056 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Ogbomosho North|Adibi Temilola Segun bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye jere ozi dịka onye nnọchite anya Federal Federal Nigeria ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche Ogbomoso North.]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kareem|first=Azeez|date=2025-01-21|title=Makinde mourns as ex-Rep member dies|url=https://guardian.ng/news/makinde-mourns-as-ex-rep-member-dies/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Adibi sonyere na ntuli aka gọọmentị ime obodo na 1998 n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Democratic Alliance Movement (DAM). Na 1999, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Ogbomoso North/Ogbomoso South Federal Constituency n'Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'etiti 1999 na 2003. O mechara bụrụ onyeisi na Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) na steeti Oyo. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Ogbomoso North Local Government n'etiti 2013 na 2015.. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-01-21|title=Ode to Hon Temilola Adibi – Ogbomoso Insight|url=https://ogbomosoinsightonline.com.ng/2025/01/21/ode-to-hon-temilola-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2019|title=Gov Makinde Appoints Ex-Reps Member, Adibi As Signage Agency DG|url=https://thewhistler.ng/gov-makinde-appoints-ex-reps-member-adibi-as-signage-agency-dg/|accessdate=May 21, 2026|work=The Whistler Newspaper}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Adibi nwụrụ na mbido afọ 60 ya na Tuesday 21 Jenụwarị 2025 mgbe ọ dị afọ 64. E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Ogbomoso, steeti Oyo nke Naịjirịa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Awojoodu|first=Kazeem|date=2025-01-21|title=Makinde Mourns Ex-Rep Member, Adibi|url=https://independent.ng/makinde-mourns-ex-rep-member-adibi/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAwojoodu2025">Awojoodu, Kazeem (2025-01-21). [https://independent.ng/makinde-mourns-ex-rep-member-adibi/ "Makinde Mourns Ex-Rep Member, Adibi"]. ''Independent Newspaper Nigeria''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Musliudeen|date=2025-03-22|title=Ex- Reps member, Adibi buried in Ogbomoso|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/22/ex-reps-member-adibi-buried-in-ogbomoso/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abide|first=Olayi|date=2025-03-20|title=Ex-Reps Member, Temi Adibi's Burial Holds Friday, March 21 -|url=https://insideoyo.com/ex-reps-member-temi-adibis-burial-holds-friday-march-21/|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] mkx6n4tmbx24sfg9kiyywl2y6pyrx2m Awwal Tukur 0 77290 671014 2026-07-02T08:11:34Z Ginikanwachimamkpa 61353 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345073892|Awwal Tukur]]" 671014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awwal Tukur''' bụ onye ụkwụ ụkwụ na onye ọka iwu Naijiria bụ onye otu National Assembly site na 1999 ruo 2003<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Adamawa SSG: Awwal Tukur, the round peg in round hole|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|date=30 July 2023|url=https://blueprint.ng/new-adamawa-ssg-awwal-tukur-the-round-peg-in-round-hole/|accessdate=9 February 2025}}</ref> Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Birmingham na London wee nweta LL ya. B (Hons) Akpara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria n'afọ 1988. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Yusuff|first=Sodiq|title=Adamawa: Tukur's son in race to succeed Nyako|work=[[TheCable]]|date=17 July 2014|url=https://www.thecable.ng/adamawa-tukurs-son-in-race-to-succeed-nyako/|accessdate=9 February 2025}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Livinus|first=Hindi|title=Fintiri appoints Bamanga Tukur's son as SSG|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 June 2023|url=https://punchng.com/fintiri-appoints-bamanga-tukurs-son-as-ssg/|accessdate=9 February 2025}}</ref>A nchọpụta Awwal dị ka Ode akwụkwọ nke Steeti nke Adamawa na 2023. Ọ bụ nwa Bamanga Tukur. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rtlsm6wyhjq3usf27wq9iewyxzz49pu Garba Shehu 0 77291 671015 2026-07-02T08:17:41Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355527014|Garba Shehu]]" 671015 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mallam Garba Shehu (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1959) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nye onye bụbu onyeisiala Naịjirịa Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=Buhari appoints Garba Shehu, Femi Adesina as spokesmen {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/184119-buhari-appoints-garba-shehu-femi-adesina-as-spokesmen.html|accessdate=2020-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Atiku Abubakar|Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nigerian Guild of Editors na onye na-ekwuchitere onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa, Atiku Abubakar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-31|title=Garba Shehu: I'm a Driver's Son...I Wasn't Born with a Silver Spoon, I Worked Hard to Propel Myself|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/31/garba-shehu-im-a-drivers-son-i-wasnt-born-with-a-silver-spoon-i-worked-hard-to-propel-myself/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Shehu na Dutse, Jigawa State, ebe o tolitere na nne na nna ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}</ref> == Mmụta == Shehu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Dutse n'afọ 1970. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na Barewa College n'afọ 1975. Na afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Shehu malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye nta akụkọ na Nigerian Television Authority, Sokoto, na 1982. Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ ike na Network News Lagos na 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa (MD) nke Triumph, onye bụbu onyeisi nke Guild of Editors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa bụ Alhaji Atiku Abubakar họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, onye bụbu onyeisiala Olusegun Obasanjo chụpụrụ Shehu, onye iwu kwadoro ịhọpụta ma wepụ ndị enyemaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka osote onyeisiala. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Atiku Media Office (AMO), ngalaba mgbasa ozi nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke osote onyeisiala ahụ, mgbe achụchara ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/ "Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics"]. ''Lanre News''. 2021-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya onyeisi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nke All Progressive Congress maka kansụl mkpọsa onyeisiala. Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ mgbe onyeisiala meriri ọzọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ dịka onye edemede na Nigerian Premium Times ugbu a. . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-27|title=Garba Shehu at 60: A tribute|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/garba-shehu-at-60-a-tribute/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, ndị otu Boko Haram gburu mmadụ iri isii na isii, ọkachasị ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ n'obodo Koshobe dị nso na Zabarmari, Jere Local Government Area nke Borno State.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-29|title=Boko Haram terrorists kill 66 farmers, fishermen in Borno|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/boko-haram-terrorists-kill-66-farmers-fishermen-in-borno/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A katọrọ Shehu mgbe ọ gbara BBC ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o kwuru na ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ enwetaghị ikike ndị agha ịga ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsday - Nigeria massacre: farmers death toll may rise - BBC Sounds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08zzpkw|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-30|title=Borno Killings: Farmers didn't get military clearance to farm — Garba Shehu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/borno-killings-farmers-didnt-get-military-clearance-to-farm-garba-shehu/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba afọ 2020, a tọọrọ ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 333 n'obodo Kankara, na steeti Katsina. Shehu nwetara nnukwu nkatọ mgbe o kwuru na naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka a tọọrọ n'ụzọ megidere ihe gọọmentị steeti na mgbasa ozi kwuru. Ọ ga-emecha rịọ mgbaghara maka iduhie ọha na eze..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|title=Kankara school abduction: Garba Shehu apologizes for giving misleading figure|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/kankara-school-abduction-garba-shehu-apologizes-for-giving-misleading-figure/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 23, 2020, onye bụbu onye na-ekwuchitere onyeisiala, Reno Omokri, gbara Garba Shehu aka, mgbe o kwuchara na Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari emeela ka Naịjirịa dị nchebe karịa ka ọ dị, ịnọ otu abalị na-enweghị nchekwa na Koshobe, ma ọ bụ Kware, nke onye nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ya kwadoro. Reno kwere nkwa inye ya onyinye $20,000. Shehu zara site n'ikwu, "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ego sitere na nchịkọta e mere n'aha Leah Sharibu, nwa agbọghọ Kraịst dara ogbenye nke Boko Haram zuru, agaghị m emetụ ya aka ogologo oge. Biko debe 'USD20000<nowiki>'''</nowiki> gị'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Reno Omokri offers Garba Shehu $20,000 for a night in Borno; he declines|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/reno-omokri-offers-to-gift-garba-shehu-20000-if-he-accepts-to-spend-a-night-without-security-in-koshobe/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị Naịjirịa katọrọ ya, ndị chere na nkọwa ya banyere Leah Sharibu dịka "nwa agbọghọ Kraịst na-adịghị mma" abụghị ihe na-emetụ ya n'obi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Nigerians attack Garba Shehu for describing Leah Sharibu as 'unfortunate Christian girl'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerians-attack-garba-shehu-for-describing-leah-sharibu-as-unfortunate-christian-girl/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] fhossr1852ws0qaw9ffr16wy3qogowl 671018 671015 2026-07-02T08:19:23Z Miracle2024 59960 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355527014|Garba Shehu]]" 671018 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mallam Garba Shehu (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1959) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nye onye bụbu onyeisiala Naịjirịa Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=Buhari appoints Garba Shehu, Femi Adesina as spokesmen {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/184119-buhari-appoints-garba-shehu-femi-adesina-as-spokesmen.html|accessdate=2020-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Atiku Abubakar|Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nigerian Guild of Editors na onye na-ekwuchitere onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa, Atiku Abubakar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-31|title=Garba Shehu: I'm a Driver's Son...I Wasn't Born with a Silver Spoon, I Worked Hard to Propel Myself|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/31/garba-shehu-im-a-drivers-son-i-wasnt-born-with-a-silver-spoon-i-worked-hard-to-propel-myself/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Shehu na Dutse, Jigawa State, ebe o tolitere na nne na nna ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}</ref> == Mmụta == Shehu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Dutse n'afọ 1970. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na Barewa College n'afọ 1975. Na afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Shehu malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye nta akụkọ na Nigerian Television Authority, Sokoto, na 1982. Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ ike na Network News Lagos na 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa (MD) nke Triumph, onye bụbu onyeisi nke Guild of Editors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa bụ Alhaji Atiku Abubakar họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, onye bụbu onyeisiala Olusegun Obasanjo chụpụrụ Shehu, onye iwu kwadoro ịhọpụta ma wepụ ndị enyemaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka osote onyeisiala. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Atiku Media Office (AMO), ngalaba mgbasa ozi nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke osote onyeisiala ahụ, mgbe achụchara ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/ "Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics"]. ''Lanre News''. 2021-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya onyeisi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nke All Progressive Congress maka kansụl mkpọsa onyeisiala. Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ mgbe onyeisiala meriri ọzọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ dịka onye edemede na Nigerian Premium Times ugbu a. . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-27|title=Garba Shehu at 60: A tribute|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/garba-shehu-at-60-a-tribute/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, ndị otu Boko Haram gburu mmadụ iri isii na isii, ọkachasị ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ n'obodo Koshobe dị nso na Zabarmari, Jere Local Government Area nke Borno State.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-29|title=Boko Haram terrorists kill 66 farmers, fishermen in Borno|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/boko-haram-terrorists-kill-66-farmers-fishermen-in-borno/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A katọrọ Shehu mgbe ọ gbara BBC ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o kwuru na ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ enwetaghị ikike ndị agha ịga ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsday - Nigeria massacre: farmers death toll may rise - BBC Sounds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08zzpkw|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-30|title=Borno Killings: Farmers didn't get military clearance to farm — Garba Shehu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/borno-killings-farmers-didnt-get-military-clearance-to-farm-garba-shehu/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba afọ 2020, a tọọrọ ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 333 n'obodo Kankara, na steeti Katsina. Shehu nwetara nnukwu nkatọ mgbe o kwuru na naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka a tọọrọ n'ụzọ megidere ihe gọọmentị steeti na mgbasa ozi kwuru. Ọ ga-emecha rịọ mgbaghara maka iduhie ọha na eze..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|title=Kankara school abduction: Garba Shehu apologizes for giving misleading figure|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/kankara-school-abduction-garba-shehu-apologizes-for-giving-misleading-figure/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 23, 2020, onye bụbu onye na-ekwuchitere onyeisiala, Reno Omokri, gbara Garba Shehu aka, mgbe o kwuchara na Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari emeela ka Naịjirịa dị nchebe karịa ka ọ dị, ịnọ otu abalị na-enweghị nchekwa na Koshobe, ma ọ bụ Kware, nke onye nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ya kwadoro. Reno kwere nkwa inye ya onyinye $20,000. Shehu zara site n'ikwu, "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ego sitere na nchịkọta e mere n'aha Leah Sharibu, nwa agbọghọ Kraịst dara ogbenye nke Boko Haram zuru, agaghị m emetụ ya aka ogologo oge. Biko debe 'USD20000<nowiki>'''</nowiki> gị'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Reno Omokri offers Garba Shehu $20,000 for a night in Borno; he declines|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/reno-omokri-offers-to-gift-garba-shehu-20000-if-he-accepts-to-spend-a-night-without-security-in-koshobe/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị Naịjirịa katọrọ ya, ndị chere na nkọwa ya banyere Leah Sharibu dịka "nwa agbọghọ Kraịst na-adịghị mma" abụghị ihe na-emetụ ya n'obi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Nigerians attack Garba Shehu for describing Leah Sharibu as 'unfortunate Christian girl'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerians-attack-garba-shehu-for-describing-leah-sharibu-as-unfortunate-christian-girl/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 5o0wkn6egb03yf6dgrxfvlbys9yvu6p 671058 671018 2026-07-02T09:38:32Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed reference with multiple tag 671058 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mallam Garba Shehu (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1959) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nye onye bụbu onyeisiala Naịjirịa Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=Buhari appoints Garba Shehu, Femi Adesina as spokesmen {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/184119-buhari-appoints-garba-shehu-femi-adesina-as-spokesmen.html|accessdate=2020-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Atiku Abubakar|Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nigerian Guild of Editors na onye na-ekwuchitere onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa, Atiku Abubakar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-31|title=Garba Shehu: I'm a Driver's Son...I Wasn't Born with a Silver Spoon, I Worked Hard to Propel Myself|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/31/garba-shehu-im-a-drivers-son-i-wasnt-born-with-a-silver-spoon-i-worked-hard-to-propel-myself/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Shehu na Dutse, Jigawa State, ebe o tolitere na nne na nna ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Shehu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Dutse n'afọ 1970. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na Barewa College n'afọ 1975. Na afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Bayero Kano. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Shehu malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye nta akụkọ na Nigerian Television Authority, Sokoto, na 1982. Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ ike na Network News Lagos na 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa (MD) nke Triumph, onye bụbu onyeisi nke Guild of Editors.<ref name=":1" /> Onye bụbu osote onyeisiala Naịjirịa bụ Alhaji Atiku Abubakar họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-27|title=Garba Shehu: A quintessential presidential spokesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/garba-shehu-quintessential-presidential-spokesman/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, onye bụbu onyeisiala Olusegun Obasanjo chụpụrụ Shehu, onye iwu kwadoro ịhọpụta ma wepụ ndị enyemaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka osote onyeisiala. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Atiku Media Office (AMO), ngalaba mgbasa ozi nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke osote onyeisiala ahụ, mgbe achụchara ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics|url=https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=Lanre News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://lanrenews.com/who-is-garba-shehu-biography-education-marriage-and-politics/ "Who is Garba Shehu? Biography, Education, Marriage and Politics"]. ''Lanre News''. 2021-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya onyeisi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi nke All Progressive Congress maka kansụl mkpọsa onyeisiala. Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara ya dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ mgbe onyeisiala meriri ọzọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ dịka onye edemede na Nigerian Premium Times ugbu a. . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-27|title=Garba Shehu at 60: A tribute|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/garba-shehu-at-60-a-tribute/|accessdate=2020-10-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nwabueze|first=Chinenye|date=6 August 2020|title=Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education|url=https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=13 July 2025|work=MassMediaNG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwabueze2020">Nwabueze, Chinenye (6 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190603/https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ "Garba Shehu biography, early life, marriage, education"]. ''MassMediaNG''. Archived from [https://massmediang.com/garba-shehu-biography-early-life-marriage-education/ the original] on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, ndị otu Boko Haram gburu mmadụ iri isii na isii, ọkachasị ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ n'obodo Koshobe dị nso na Zabarmari, Jere Local Government Area nke Borno State.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-29|title=Boko Haram terrorists kill 66 farmers, fishermen in Borno|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/boko-haram-terrorists-kill-66-farmers-fishermen-in-borno/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A katọrọ Shehu mgbe ọ gbara BBC ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o kwuru na ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ enwetaghị ikike ndị agha ịga ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsday - Nigeria massacre: farmers death toll may rise - BBC Sounds|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08zzpkw|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-30|title=Borno Killings: Farmers didn't get military clearance to farm — Garba Shehu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/borno-killings-farmers-didnt-get-military-clearance-to-farm-garba-shehu/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba afọ 2020, a tọọrọ ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 333 n'obodo Kankara, na steeti Katsina. Shehu nwetara nnukwu nkatọ mgbe o kwuru na naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka a tọọrọ n'ụzọ megidere ihe gọọmentị steeti na mgbasa ozi kwuru. Ọ ga-emecha rịọ mgbaghara maka iduhie ọha na eze..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|title=Kankara school abduction: Garba Shehu apologizes for giving misleading figure|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/kankara-school-abduction-garba-shehu-apologizes-for-giving-misleading-figure/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 23, 2020, onye bụbu onye na-ekwuchitere onyeisiala, Reno Omokri, gbara Garba Shehu aka, mgbe o kwuchara na Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari emeela ka Naịjirịa dị nchebe karịa ka ọ dị, ịnọ otu abalị na-enweghị nchekwa na Koshobe, ma ọ bụ Kware, nke onye nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ya kwadoro. Reno kwere nkwa inye ya onyinye $20,000. Shehu zara site n'ikwu, "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ego sitere na nchịkọta e mere n'aha Leah Sharibu, nwa agbọghọ Kraịst dara ogbenye nke Boko Haram zuru, agaghị m emetụ ya aka ogologo oge. Biko debe 'USD20000<nowiki>'''</nowiki> gị'. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Reno Omokri offers Garba Shehu $20,000 for a night in Borno; he declines|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/reno-omokri-offers-to-gift-garba-shehu-20000-if-he-accepts-to-spend-a-night-without-security-in-koshobe/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị Naịjirịa katọrọ ya, ndị chere na nkọwa ya banyere Leah Sharibu dịka "nwa agbọghọ Kraịst na-adịghị mma" abụghị ihe na-emetụ ya n'obi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Nigerians attack Garba Shehu for describing Leah Sharibu as 'unfortunate Christian girl'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerians-attack-garba-shehu-for-describing-leah-sharibu-as-unfortunate-christian-girl/|accessdate=2020-12-24|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 1gtddilx2y8xpwmkvdk3rtu02g5jyei Babatunde Ayi Olatundun 0 77292 671016 2026-07-02T08:17:52Z Anastesia chi 23720 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359253964|Babatunde Ayi Olatundun]]" 671016 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Babatunde Ayi Olatundun | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2023 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Ilorin, Ilorin West Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|08|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilorin]], Ilorin West Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Babatunde Ayi Olatundun''' bụ onye nchịkwa na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara ugwu nke ndịda anyanwu nke ilorin, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Ilorin West na Nzukọ nke iri nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Kwara . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azeez|first=Biola|date=2023-08-02|title=Women dialogue identifies factors impeding participation in politics|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/women-dialogue-identifies-factors-impeding-participation-in-politics/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-28|title=Kwara: Lawmakers call for more science teachers, laboratories in schools {{!}} Western Post|url=https://www.westernpost.ng/kwara-lawmakers-call-for-more-science-teachers-laboratories-in-schools/|accessdate=2024-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Babatunde n'ụbọchi iri na abụọ na ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1961 na [[Ilorin]], Mpaghara obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Gọọmenti nke Kwara Steeti Niajirịa. Ọ gara Oyun Baptist High School, Ijagbo, na Oyun wee nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Afrịkan na 1981. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/ "HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN"]. ''Kwara State House of Assembly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'etiti afọ 1989 na 1994 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Kwara State Broadcasting Services (Radio Kwara) na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2014, ógbè a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nwanyị nke People's Democratic Party na Buhari Support Organisation. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nzukọ steeti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ilorin North-West na Kwara State House of Assembly na ntuli aka nke afọ 2023. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/ "HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN"]. ''Kwara State House of Assembly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara APC Wins 23 Assembly Seats, PDP Clinches 1|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/19/kwara-apc-wins-23-assembly-seats-pdp-clinches-1/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2023-03-21|title=Five women get Kwara Assembly seats|url=https://punchng.com/five-women-get-kwara-assembly-seats/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1961]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] oj6ymb7x9c1emy6srdkq743njy75wkq 671019 671016 2026-07-02T08:21:14Z Anastesia chi 23720 Fixed reference error 671019 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Babatunde Ayi Olatundun | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2023 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Ilorin, Ilorin West Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|08|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilorin]], Ilorin West Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Babatunde Ayi Olatundun''' bụ onye nchịkwa na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara ugwu nke ndịda anyanwu nke ilorin, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Ilorin West na Nzukọ nke iri nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Kwara . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azeez|first=Biola|date=2023-08-02|title=Women dialogue identifies factors impeding participation in politics|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/women-dialogue-identifies-factors-impeding-participation-in-politics/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-28|title=Kwara: Lawmakers call for more science teachers, laboratories in schools {{!}} Western Post|url=https://www.westernpost.ng/kwara-lawmakers-call-for-more-science-teachers-laboratories-in-schools/|accessdate=2024-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Babatunde n'ụbọchi iri na abụọ na ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1961 na [[Ilorin]], Mpaghara obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Gọọmenti nke Kwara Steeti Niajirịa. Ọ gara Oyun Baptist High School, Ijagbo, na Oyun wee nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Afrịkan na 1981. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == N'etiti afọ 1989 na 1994 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Kwara State Broadcasting Services (Radio Kwara) na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2014, ógbè a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nwanyị nke People's Democratic Party na Buhari Support Organisation. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nzukọ steeti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ilorin North-West na Kwara State House of Assembly na ntuli aka nke afọ 2023. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara APC Wins 23 Assembly Seats, PDP Clinches 1|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/19/kwara-apc-wins-23-assembly-seats-pdp-clinches-1/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2023-03-21|title=Five women get Kwara Assembly seats|url=https://punchng.com/five-women-get-kwara-assembly-seats/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1961]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] 7gvbof92bwifc6a6bfwjpsmeg115vxp Udofia Anietie 0 77293 671017 2026-07-02T08:18:21Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344911438|Anietie Udofia]]" 671017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anietie Nseowo Udofia''' bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa, onye nchịkwa ọha, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dịka Kọmishọna maka Omenala na Njem Nleta na[[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]]. Gọvanọ Umo Eno họpụtara ya na Febụwarị 2025, na-anọchi Charles Udoh n'ọrụ a. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2025-02-20|title=A'Ibom Assembly confirms all 27 commissioners, Special Adviser nominees|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/aibom-assembly-confirms-all-27-commissioners-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Odey|first=Patrick|date=2025-02-11|title=A'Ibom gov submits 27 commissioner, SA nominees to assembly|url=https://punchng.com/aibom-gov-submits-27-commissioner-sa-nominees-to-assembly/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom Assembly clears 20 commissioner, special adviser nominees|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-clears-20-commissioner-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ ya na Nọvemba 10, 1986, ọ bụ nwa afọ Ikot Eyienge Ikono, Akwa Ibom State. Ọ lụrụ Mrs. Emem Anieti Nseowo ma nwee ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Anieti Udofia, Ph.D - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/anietie-udofia-ph-d/|accessdate=2025-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Udofia nwetara nzere bachelọ n'afọ 2010. Ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Uyo]] ebe o nwetara nzere masta na nchịkwa ọha na eze n'afọ 2015. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere doctorate na Mahadum [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2023. Tupu a họpụta ya dịka Kọmishọna, Udofia rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na ngalaba Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị na Nchịkwa Ọha na Eze na Mahadum Uyo site na 2014-2015. Ihe ndị ọ na-achọ ime n'ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere mgbanwe ngalaba ọha, mmepe na-adigide, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O tinyela aka na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche, dịka: Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adigide nke 1 na Mbelata Ịda Ogbenye na Naịjirịa: Ihe ịma aka mmejuputa; Akụkọ gọọmentị mpaghara na Ọrụ maka Nchịkwa mmepe na Naịjarịa; Mgbanwe nke ngalaba ọha na eze na Nchịkwa Ọrụ na Naịgarị: Nsogbu, Ihe ịma aka na atụmanya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Anieti Udofia, Ph.D - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/anietie-udofia-ph-d/|accessdate=2025-06-05|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/anietie-udofia-ph-d/ "Anieti Udofia, Ph.D - Akwa Ibom State Government"]. 2023-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-05</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anieti Udofia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anieti-Udofia|work=Research Gate}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Udofia, Anietie}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] grogmgx7emix051zzebrgztwtz57pm8 Charles Udoh 0 77294 671041 2026-07-02T09:10:44Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361794484|Charles Udoh]]" 671041 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Charles Udoh | image = | caption = | office1 = Delivery Advisor on Tourism | termstart1 = March 4, 2025 | termend1 = | governor1 = [[Umo Eno]] | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Commissioner for Culture and Tourism | termstart2 = July 2023 | termend2 = February 2025 | governor2 = [[Umo Eno]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Anietie Udofia]] | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = | spouse = Regina Charles Udoh | children = | education = }} '''Charles Udoh''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ọdịbendị na Njem na steeti Akwa Ibom, Naijiria malite na Julaị 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa: Sir Charles Udoh resumes office as Commissioner for Culture and Tourism, promises to make Akwa Ibom a tourism hub|url=https://atqnews.com/africa-sir-charles-udoh-resumes-office-as-commissioner-for-culture-and-tourism-promises-to-make-akwa-ibom-a-tourism-hub/|work=ATQ News|accessdate=8 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="akwaibomstate.gov.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/|title=Mr. Charles Udoh|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/|title=Members of Akwa Ibom State Executive Council|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> Anietie [[Udofia Anietie|Udofia]] nọchiri ya na Febụwarị 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom Assembly clears 20 commissioner, special adviser nominees|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-clears-20-commissioner-special-adviser-nominees/|accessdate=2025-03-13|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 1, 2016, Gọvanọ Udom Emmanuel họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka Ozi na Atụmatụ. <ref name="theeagleonline.com.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-gets-new-commissioner-of-information/|title=Akwa Ibom gets new Commissioner of Information|work=Theeagleonline.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theyesng.com/2016/12/03/charles-udoh-becomes-akwa-ibom-state-commissioner-for-information-and-strategy/|title=Charles Udoh Becomes Akwa-Ibom State Commissioner for Information and Strategy|date=3 December 2016|work=Yes International! Magazine|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/12/02/akwa-ibom-govt-assigns-portfolios-to-new-commissioners/|title=Akwa Ibom Govt. Assigns Portfolios To New Commissioners • Channels Television|date=2 December 2016|work=Channelstv.com|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/02/aibom-governor-udom-emmanuel-appointed-charles-udoh-commissioner-information/amp/|title=A'Ibom: Why Governor Udom Emmanuel appointed Charles Udoh as Commissioner for Information - Naija Per Minute|work=Naijaperminute.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184237/http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/02/aibom-governor-udom-emmanuel-appointed-charles-udoh-commissioner-information/amp/|archivedate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-12-21|title=Bob Fitts, Ron Kenoly, others for A'Ibom Christmas Carol|url=https://guardian.ng/news/bob-fitts-ron-kenoly-others-for-aibom-christmas-carol/|accessdate=2025-11-25|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ugbu a onye ndụmọdụ nnyefe na njem nleta nye Gọvanọ Umo Eno.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-03-04|title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom|url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/|accessdate=2025-08-18|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Charles Udoh gara Diamond Hill Primary School, [[Calabar]] na mgbe ahụ West African Peoples' Institute, Calabar tupu ọ kwaga steeti Akwa Ibom ịga School of Nka na sayensị. N'ikpeazụ, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na Mahadum Uyo . <ref name="akwaibomstate.gov.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/|title=Mr. Charles Udoh|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/ "Mr. Charles Udoh"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Udoh lụrụ di na 1998. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ amụọla ụmụ. Na Julaị 25, 2018, o mere emume ncheta alụmdi na nwunye ya nke iri abụọ na Akwa Ibom Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pdpdefenders.org/aks-info-boss-celebrates-20-years-in-marriage/|title=AKS Info Boss Celebrates 20 years in Marriage.|date=25 July 2018|work=Pdpdefenders.org|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Udoh malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ na onye ndụmọdụ na Financial Institutions Training Center (FITC), Lagos, Nigeria. N'afọ 2003, ọ nwetara ọrụ na First Bank of Nigeria ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ngalaba akara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 2006, e nyere ya ọrụ na Guaranty Trust Bank dị ka onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ na onye isi nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ 2008, KPMG Professional Services were ya n'ọrụ ma nye ya ọkwa onye isi otu, nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ maka Diamond Bank. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Adam & Agnes Limited, akara, ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta. Ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya na 1 Disemba 2016, Udoh bụ Onye isi nke Brand na Marketing Communications na Wema Bank. <ref name="akwaibomstate.gov.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/|title=Mr. Charles Udoh|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|accessdate=26 December 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/mr-charles-udoh/ "Mr. Charles Udoh"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qed.ng/charles-udoh-banker-footballer-new-akwa-ibom-information-commissioner/|title=Charles Udoh: Banker, ex-footballer is new Akwa Ibom information commissioner|first=Ajani|author=Okanlawon|date=2 December 2016|work=Qed.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="theeagleonline.com.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-gets-new-commissioner-of-information/|title=Akwa Ibom gets new Commissioner of Information|work=Theeagleonline.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://theeagleonline.com.ng/akwa-ibom-gets-new-commissioner-of-information/ "Akwa Ibom gets new Commissioner of Information"]. ''Theeagleonline.com.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2018, e nyere Udoh onyinye dịka onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Institute of Information Management site na Institute of Information Management, Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insideakwaibom.com/2018-investiture-iim-hosted-akwa-ibom-charles-udoh-recieves-award/|title=2018 Investiture of IIM hosted in Akwa Ibom as Charles Udoh {{as written|rec|ieves [sic]}} award - Inside Akwa Ibom|accessdate=2018-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133804/http://insideakwaibom.com/2018-investiture-iim-hosted-akwa-ibom-charles-udoh-recieves-award/|archivedate=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextreporter.com/aks-info-boss-charles-udoh-bags-iim-fellowship-award/|title=AKS INFO BOSS, CHARLES UDOH BAGS IIM FELLOWSHIP AWARD|date=7 July 2018|work=Next Reporter|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, na 2018, ndị nhazi ihe ngosi nka "Sacrificial Lamb" nke emere na 2018 na National Art Gallery, Uyo nyere ya onyinye Nnọchiteanya Ahụike Uche maka ọdịmma uche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insideakwaibom.com/aks-information-commissioner-bags-mental-health-ambassador-award/|title=AKS INFORMATION COMMISSIONER BAGS MENTAL HEALTH AMBASSADOR AWARD!!! - Inside Akwa Ibom|accessdate=2018-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133710/http://insideakwaibom.com/aks-information-commissioner-bags-mental-health-ambassador-award/|archivedate=2018-12-26}}</ref> Ọ natara onyinye Africa's Distinguished Personality Award site na Trans-Africa Students Initiative na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akwa-ibom-info-boss-bags-2018-trans-africa-distinguished-personality/|title=AKWA IBOM INFO BOSS BAGS 2018 TRANS-AFRICA DISTINGUISHED PERSONALITY|date=5 April 2018|work=Wetinhappen.com.ng|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406013027/https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akwa-ibom-info-boss-bags-2018-trans-africa-distinguished-personality/|archivedate=6 April 2018}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Udoh, Charles}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h8d2rjonm0ogobm5slje0q5ee2ievfl Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu 0 77295 671048 2026-07-02T09:22:37Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358132243|Lake Bangweulu]]" 671048 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu''' ( "ebe mmiri na-ezute mbara igwe") bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha dị na ugwu mba Zambia. Bangweulu bụ otu n'ime usoro ala mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu, Ala Mmiri Bangweulu, na mbara idei mmiri Bangweulu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Bangweulu|url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=www.zambia.travel}}</ref> Ọ dị n'elu ndagwurugwu osimiri Congo na Zambia. Usoro Bangweulu na-ekpuchi mpaghara sara mbara nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ala dị larịị kpamkpam, nke nha ya hà ka steeti Connecticut ma ọ bụ mpaghara East Anglia. Ọ dị n'ịdị elu nke ihe dị ka mita 1,140 n'elu oke osimiri ma gbasaa n'ofe ógbè Luapula na Northern Province nke Zambia. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa n'ịkwado akụ na ụba na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ugwu Zambia, nakwa n'ịchekwa ndụ nnụnụ n'ógbè sara mbara karị. Agbanyeghị, usoro a na-eche nsogbu nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ịma aka gbasara nchekwa na nchekwaba ya ihu. N'inwe ogologo axis nke 75 km na obosara nke ihe ruru 40 km, ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu na-emeghe na-adịgide adịgide bụ ihe dị ka 3,000 km<sup>2</sup>, nke na-agbasa mgbe ala mmiri ya na ala mmiri ya jupụtara na njedebe nke Oge mmiri ozuzo na Mee. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nkezi omimi nke naanị 4 m, [<sup>2</sup>] na omimi kachasị elu nke 10 m. Usoro Bangweulu na-enweta mmiri site na osimiri iri na asaa nke [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] (isi iyi nke Osimiri Congo) bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, [[Osimiri Luapula]] na-agbanye mmiri. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Nnyocha Europe === Ndị Europe matara banyere Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu site n'akụkọ ndị eze obodo dịka Kazembe na ndị ahịa Swahili, ma a na-akpọkwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ "Ọdọ Mmiri Bemba", dabere n'aha agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu bi na mpaghara ahụ.N'afọ 1868, onye nyocha na onye mgbasa ozi Kraịst David Livingstone ghọrọ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'akụkụ ugwu nke mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Chifunabuli. A kpọrọ ya n'ụgbọ mmiri e ji egwuru mmiri ruo n'Agwaetiti Mbabala.Njem nyocha ikpeazụ ya, nke mere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, dara n'ihi apịtị na ala mmiri juru ebe ahụ, tinyere ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ka ọ na-agbalị ịchọpụta osimiri ndị na-asọba banye n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-asọpụta pụta na ya. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1873 n'obodo Onye Isi Chitambo, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke mbara idei mmiri ahụ, ihe dị ka kilomita 100 site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. E ji Livingstone Memorial mee akara ebe ahụ.N'afọ 1883, onye njem France Victor Giraud mere nnyocha nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ma n'afọ 1896, Poulett Weatherley ghọrọ onye mbụ gara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu dum.. &nbsp; [[Faịlụ:Lake_Bangweulu.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu (red) na usoro Osimiri Congo]] Ọ bụ ọchịchọ maka akụ na ụba nke azụmaahịa Bangweulu na ala mmiri jupụtara na egwuregwu nke kpaliri Eze Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium ịmanye, na mkparịta ụka ókèala n'etiti Congo Free State ya na Ndị Britain na Northern Rhodesia, n'okporo ụzọ ala na-eru Bangweulu site na Katanga. Nke a mere ka ọdịdị nke Congo Pedicle ''(34)'' nke, dị ka ọ pụtara, anaghị abanye n'ógbè ahụ iji bụrụ nke uru achọrọ. E hiwere ozi ala ọzọ mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na Bangweulu na mbido afọ 1900 n'okpuru ikike nke Bishọp Joseph Dupont nke Catholic White Fathers nke dị n'ebe ugwu Kasama. == Ebe obibi mmadụ == Ndị bi n'ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị Bisa nọ na Chilubi na Mpika, ndị Bemba nọ na Luwingu, ndị Unga nọ na Lunga, ndị Kabende nọ na Samfya, ndị Ngumbo nọ na Lubwe, ndị BenaMukulu nọ na Chungu na agbụrụ ndị metụtara ha niile na-asụ [[Bemba language|Chibemba]]. Obodo Bemba nke Paramount Chief Chitimukulu dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, gburugburu Kasama. [[Faịlụ:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-122-3.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|253x253px|Catfish na bream e si na Bangweulu (site na Africa Through a Lens) ]] === Ịkụ azụ === Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ [[Iku azu|ịkụ azụ]] oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nwere ike ịbawanye n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge oge. N'afọ 1989, e mere atụmatụ na nkezi nke a na-ejide kwa afọ dị tọn 11,900, ndị mmadụ 10,300 jidere site na iji ụgbọ mmiri 5305, ụgbọ mmiri 114 na fibreglass, na naanị 54 n'èzí. N'afọ 2000, ihe ndị e jidere bụ tọn 13,500.&nbsp; === Paịpụ gas sitere n'okike === Ná mmalite afọ 2004, otu ụlọ ọrụ Europe nkeonwe na-arụ ọrụ gas sitere n'okike mechara atụmatụ mbụ ya iji tọgbọrọ ọkpọkọ gas nke ga-agafe kpọmkwem n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu. Otu akụkụ nke atụmatụ ahụ bụ iwu mgbochi mmiri iji mee ka e wepụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mmiri dị n'ọdọ ahụ, ka e nwee ike rụọ ọrụ ọkpọkọ ahụ.Atụmatụ a zutere mmegide siri ike site n'aka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na ndị na-akwado nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe esemokwu ikpe na ọtụtụ nnọkọ ntị gbasara ọrụ ahụ gachara ogologo oge, ụlọ ọrụ Europe ahụ mechara hapụ atụmatụ ahụ ma họrọ ịtụgharị ụzọ ọkpọkọ gas ha ka ọ gafee ógbè ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu. === Obodo na mpaghara === Obodo kachasị ukwuu, Samfya dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ma bụrụ isi ntọala maka njem nleta na okporo ụzọ na ụgbọ mmiri, yana ịbụ ebe nchịkwa maka Samfya District na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọdọ mmiri na marshes. Mpaghara Chilubi na-ekpuchi ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ndị ọzọ, boma ya dị na Chilubi Island ''(6)'', nke ala mmiri gbara gburugburu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mpaghara Luwingu na-emetụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Nsombo, nke bụ isi obodo dị na njedebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mpaghara Mpika na Kasama na-emetụ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke ala mmiri, na Mpaghara Serenje na Congo Pedicle na-eru n'akụkụ ndịda nke mbara mmiri. == Akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu == : Nọmba ndị dị gburugburu dị ka - (12) - na-ezo aka n'ebe dị na foto satellite. [[Faịlụ:Samfya_beach,Lake_Bangweulu_before_covid_19_pandemic.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri Samfya]] [[Faịlụ:Bangweulu_NASA_satellite_photo.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|440x440px|Foto Satellite nke Lake Bangweulu (n'elu aka ekpe) na Bangweulu Swamps (n'etiti). Mmiri na-egosi dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Isi: 1 Ọdọ Mmiri Chifunabuli, 2 Ọdọ Mmị nke Ifunge, 3 Mbabala Island, 4 Ọdọ Mmisi Walilupe, 5 Ọdọ Mmịa Chishi, 6 Ọdọ Mmini Chilubi, 7 Ọdọ Mmidi Mwenzi, 8 Ọdọ Mmiti Nsumbu, 9 Ọdọ Mmeri Kampolombo, 10 Ọdọ Mmụọ Kapata Peninsula, 11 Ọdọ Mm Mmiri Kangwena, 12 Ọdọ Mmayi Chaya, 14 Ọdọ Mmeni Wumba, 15 Pook Lagoon, 16 Lupososhi Estuary, 5 Luenauary, 18 Lukusa, 19 Ọdọ Mmari, 29 Ọdọ Mmaya, 20 Lu Luusa, 29 Ọsọ Mmiri, 20 Luusa, 20 Luuki, 29 Ọwara, 29 Ọzara, 29 Ọkara, 29 Ọda Mmiri, 29 Ọstre, 20 Luanshuary, 21 Ọdọ Mmasi, 29 Ọdụ Mmiri, Nusa, Nusaba, Nusahịa, Nusawa, Nusauary, Nusazi, Nusao, Nusae, Nusahe, Nusawe, Nusahi, Nusaha,]] Otu ihe dị ịrịba ama nke usoro Bangweulu bụ usoro ájá na-aga n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị a na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa na foto satellite ma na-ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, Lifunge Peninsula ''(2)'', Mbalala Island ''(3)'', Chilubi Island ''(6)'', na Kapata Peninsula ''(10)''. Ha kewara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'akụkụ atọ dị n'akụkụ isi ya. Otu na-ekewa akụkụ a na-akpọ Lake Chifunabuli ''(1)'', 50 km ogologo ma naanị 5 km n'obosara. Ọnụ ụzọ ya site na oghere dị n'ime ájá (na njedebe nke Lifunge Peninsula) bụ naanị 250 m n'obosara. Ugwu ọzọ nwere ájá, Mbabala Island, kewara akụkụ a na-akpọ Lake Walilupe ''(4)'', 30 km ogologo na 13 km n'obosara. Akụkụ bụ isi, nke dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'agbata Ifunge na Mbabala bụ nke a maara naanị dị ka Bangweulu. E nwere ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọnụ mmiri, obere ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu, nke mmiri mepere emepe, ọwa dị warara ma ọ bụ marshes jikọtara. Nke kachasị ukwuu bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Kampolombo ''(9)'', 30 km site na 5 km, n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmị Walilupe ma jikọta ya na ọwa 7 km. Kapata Peninsula dị kilomita 32 n'ogologo dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Kampolombo na ala ahịhịa; n'ọnụ ya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Ọdọ Mmị Kangwena dị kilomita 15 n'oghere ''(11).'' Naanị akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụfọdụ n'ime agwaetiti ndị ahụ nwere ụsọ mmiri a kapịrị ọnụ, na ụsọ mmiri ájá n'ebe ndị gbara Samfya gburugburu, ọ bụ ezie na ọbụna n'ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọnụ mmiri dị mmiri. A chọpụtara na ọrịa Schistosoma haematobium na-akpata n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu, na Zambia, dị elu karịa ka e kwuru na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fig. 3. Western shores of Lake Ladoga|doi=10.31857/s0435-42812019125-37-8175}}</ref> == Apịtị nke Bangweulu == [[Faịlụ:Bangweulu_oli_2020136_lrg_Zambia.jpg|thumb|Nlegharị anya Satellite nke ọdọ mmiri na apịtị, Mee 2020]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Apịtị Bangweulu, nke buru ibu karịa ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-agbasa site n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ndịda. Akụkụ bụ isi na-ekpuchi ebe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 120 site na kilomita 75 ma ha anaghị erughị 9,000 km2 . Apịtị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi idei mmiri kwa afọ na Luapula site na ịhapụ mmiri na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ site na ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ọwa. Ha na-enyere aka igbochi ndagwurugwu Luapula ka mmiri ghara iju n'oge mmiri ozuzo. === Osimiri na ọwa mmiri na-agafe n'ala ahịhịa === Apịtị nke Bangweulu na-esi n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na-esi na [[Osimiri Chambeshi]], ma na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime [[Osimiri Luapula]]. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ jikọtara ya na osimiri ndị a, ha na ibe ha, site na ọtụtụ ọwa dị mgbagwoju anya site na ala ahịhịa nke ahịhịhịa nwere ike igbu ma gbanwee ụzọ ha; ọ dịghị ụzọ dị mfe n'etiti ha. Ihe ndina papaịrọs na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere ike imechi ọwa mmiri ruo n'obosara na-enye ohere naanị ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị nwere njin na-egbochi ha n'obosara nakwa site na ahịhịa na-egbo ikuku. Kemgbe oge ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ọzọ, e meela mgbalị iji melite njem ụgbọ mmiri ma gbanwee usoro mmiri site na ịkpụ ọwa site na ịpị ọwa n'ime ala mmiri. N'afọ 1942, e mere mgbalị, na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma, iji belata ụzọ si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Walilupe gaa n'ọnụ ụzọ Luapula si n'ọzara ahụ pụọ, iji kwe ka ụgbọ mmiri na-ebugharị cassava na ihe ndị ọzọ site n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa Kapalala Ferry na Luapula na site n'ihu gaa Copperbelt. === Ọdọ Mmiri === E nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri n'ime apịtị, ndị a ma ama bụ: Ọdọ mmiri Chali (12) na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, Ọdọ mmiri Chaya (13) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ọnụ Osimiri Lulingilla n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ọdọ mmiri Wumba (14) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Awụwa Aụgbọ Mmiri Chambeshi na Luansenshi ''(20)'' na-agakọ, na Ọdọ mmiri Pook (15) n'Ebe Ọwụwa anyanwụ nso agwaetiti Nsalushi ''(25).'' === Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji mara mmiri ahụ === N'akụkụ ugwu, e nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mmiri mmiri ebe osimiri na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri, na-aga site n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ha bụ: Lupososhi Estuary ''(16)'', Luena Estuary ''(17)'', Lukuto Estuary ''(18)'', Chambeshi Estuary ''(19)'' (na Luansenshi Estuary nke na-abanye na ya). N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwawụwa anyanwụ, osimiri Munikashi, Luitikila, Lumbatwa, Lukulu na Lulimala na-enye mmiri.Ọnụ mmiri nke atọ ikpeazụ bụ isi ebe ịta nri nke Black Lechwe. N'akụkụ bụ isi nke ala ahịhịa, n'ebe ndịda nke Chilubi Island, bụ nnukwu ebe nke na-adịghị omimi n'oge idei mmiri ma nwee ike ịghọ nke kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge ọkọchị, nke a na-akpọ Lunga Bank ''(27)''. === Ala Mmiri Na-asọba === Mpaghara ahịhịa idei mmiri buru ibu nke ruru ihe dị ka 3,000 km² dịkarịsịrị na ndịda nke apịtị Bangweulu, ma ọ na-agbatịkwa ruo n'akụkụ ugwu–ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-arụ ọrụ dịka mgbatị nke mpaghara ahụ n'oge udu mmiri. A maara mbara idei mmiri ndịda nke ọma n'ihi nnukwu ìgwè anụ ọhịa Black lechwe, bụ ụdị anụ a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ahụ.A pụrụ ịchọta ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara anụ ọhịa ndị bi n'ala mmiri Bangweulu na isiokwu banyere Bangweulu Wetlands. === Ihe ndị dị na mmiri === Okpomọkụ mmiri n'elu usoro Bangweulu sitere na 25.8 ruo 28.3 °C na Nọvemba 1993 na site na 23.7 ruo 27.1 °C na Febụwarị 1994.Conductivity nke usoro Bangweulu dị ala n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma dịgasị iche n'etiti 20 na 40 μS / cm.<ref name="Bos">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285586646_A_Limnological_Update_of_the_Bangweulu_Fishery_Zambia AR Bos and HJ Ticheler: "A limnological update of the Bangweulu fishery, Zambia"]. 'DoF/BF/1996/Report' no.26. </ref> Ndo anya nke mmiri na-adị n'agbata mita 0.35 na 0.60 n'ọtụtụ akụkụ mmiri nke usoro Bangweulu. Ma n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tuchingo, mmiri na-adị ezigbo doo anya karịa, na-eru ihe karịrị mita 1.70, nke na-eme ka a na-ahụ ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ọma. == Agwaetiti == E nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị mmadụ bi na usoro Bangweulu. '''N'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ha bụ:''' * ''Agwaetiti Chilubi (6) '', nke kachasị ukwuu, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọkachasị n'ime ala ahịhịa * Mbabala Island (3), ájá na-ekewa n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Walilupe * ''Agwaetiti Chishi (5) '', n'etiti akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ * Lifunge Mwenzi Island (7), nke kewara akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chifunabuli * Obere Agwaetiti: Agwaetiti ''Chindo'' na Ibula dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, na ''Agwaetiti Chibwe Ngombe'', obere ugwu n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke AgwaetitiChilubi, Agwaetiti Minswa na Agwa Mmiri Ngwishi '''N'ime ala ahịhịa:''' * ''Àgwàetiti Nsumbu (8) '' n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Àgwàetiti Chilubi * N'ime apịtị ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ: Chisale Island, Panyo Island (24), Nsalushi Island (25), Nsumpa Island, Matongo Island na Kabulu Island''Agwaetiti Kabulu'' * N'akụkụ [[Osimiri Chambeshi]] ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọzara ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ: Mutwamina Island na Munyanga Island''Àgwàetiti Munyanga'' * N'ime apịtị ndịda: Ncheta Island (26) (ya na obodo ''Bwalya Mponda''), na ''Mbo'', n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụzọ Luapula si n'ala ahịhịhịa pụọ * Obodo ''Kasoma'' [oche nke mpaghara Lunga ọhụrụ] n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lunga Bank * Obodo ''Kalimakonde'' dị n'akụkụ Ọwara Churchill Agwaetiti oge idei mmiri: n'akụkụ apịtị, jikọtara ya na ala n'oge ọkọchị: * N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ: Kasansa Island (23), Chichile Island (22), Luangwa Island, Mbishi Island, na ''Munkanta'' na nsọtụ ọdọ mmiri Chaya, ebe Osimiri Lulingila na-abanye n'ọzara ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ. * N'ebe ndịda: ''Kasenga (28) '', nso n'ọnụ mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kangwena, ''Kataba (29) '', na ''Yongolo'', na ''Itulo'' na nsọtụ ala mmiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. === Ebe obibi ndị ọzọ === * ''Lubwe (30) '' na Lake Chifunabuli nwere ozi ala ọzọ na ụlọ ọgwụ Katọlik * ''Kasaba (31) '', ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ * ''Santa Maria'', ọrụ na Chilubi Island * Mpanta, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Samfya na ọwa mmiri nke na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Walilupe apụta * ''Twingi (32) '', na ọrụ, na njedebe ndịda nke Kapata Peninsula * ''Chaba (33) '', n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ * ''Mofu'', n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. == Hụkwa ==   * Ụgbọ mmiri na Zambia * Mokele-mbembe == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=J.E.|date=1933|title=Eighteen Years on Lake Bangweulu|location=London|publisher=The Field}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nwgp80pmkga2mj3169j7rfp3t4rt46i Ọdọ Mmiri Mofwe 0 77296 671054 2026-07-02T09:32:28Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298281149|Mofwe Lagoon]]" 671054 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mofwe''' bụ nke kachasị n'ime ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri dị na apịtị nke [[Osimiri Luapula]] n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmị Mweru, na Luapula Province nke [[Zambia]]. == Ọdịdị ala == Nha na ọdịdị ya na-adabere n'oge afọ na oke mmiri na-asọba n'ime apịtị ahụ, karịsịa mmiri sitere na Osimiri Mbereshi nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, bụ isi iyi mmiri ya. N'ozuzu, ogologo ya site n'ugwu ruo ndịda bụ ihe dị ka kilomita 14, ebe obosara ya site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ihe dị ka kilomita 6.A na-ahụkarị agwaetiti na-ese n'elu mmiri nke ahịhịa sedge n'ahịrị na-aga site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Nke a na-ekewakarị ọdọ mmiri ahụ ụzọ abụọ, ma n'oge ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-ekpuchikwa nnukwu akụkụ nke ọkara ndịda ya. Mkpa nke Mofwe dị na ịkụ azụ ya, nke dọtara Mwata Kazembe ibi n'obodo Kanyembo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na narị afọ nke 19. Mofwe enweghị ụsọ mmiri doro anya ma ọ dịghị mfe iru, na-ejikọta ya na nnukwu eriri nke nnukwu ahịhịa, yana inwe ụgbọ mmiri na agwaetiti nke sedge nke na-agbanwe akụkụ ya na ọdịdị ya ugboro ugboro. Ndị na-egbu azụ n'ógbè ahụ na-agagharị n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị warara n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'ime ahịhịa iji ruo mmiri mepere emepe. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na apịtị ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Enyí mmiri na agụ iyi. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ kewara site na isi ọwa mmiri nke Luapula site na kilomita 6 nke marshes. Ọ bụ ezie na apịtị Luapula na-adịkarị kilomita 30 ruo 40 n'obosara maka ihe ka ukwuu n'ogologo 100 kilomita ha, n'ebe kacha nso na Mofwe, agwaetiti dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] bụ agwaetiti dị naanị kilomita 12 site na Kanyembo. Nke a na-eme ka azụmahịa na mbubata ụgbọ mmiri dị mfe site na ọwa na ọdọ mmiri nke apịtị. == Hụkwa == * [[Osimiri Luapula]] * Kazembe * Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru == Ebe e si nweta ya == * David Livingstone na Horace Waller (ed.): The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death. Mpịakọta abụọ, John Murray, 1874. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 5fhateykiagx5vkdwqmae8d97xpxb31 Solomon Akpulonu 0 77297 671084 2026-07-02T10:06:40Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255580|Solomon Akpulonu]]" 671084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solomon Akpulonu''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na onye otu na-anọchite anya Obingwa East State Constituency na mpaghara Abia State House of Assembly . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tribunal declares PDP's Akpulonu winner of Abia Assembly poll, fines LP's candidate N200,000|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tribunal-declares-pdps-akpulonu-winner-of-abia-assembly-poll-fines-lps-candidate-n200000/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Alaribe|first=Ugochukwu|title=Abia Assembly: Tribunal declares PDP candidate Akpulonu, winner|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/abia-assembly-tribunal-declares-pdp-candidate-akpulonu-winner/|accessdate=8 November 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Akpulonu, Solomon}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7x7zbb5d9ipfzwbnjozsnvn0mlup90k Nick Eze 0 77298 671156 2026-07-02T10:39:12Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674576|Nick Ezeh]]" 671156 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Nicholas Chika Ezeh''' (born November 5, 1963) is a Nigerian political economist, politician and entrepreneur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NICK citation.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WFk6B-JoU3aX1TRvOlUrmB4cEZbHY0oW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ede|first=Raphael|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time - Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://punchng.com/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2025-06-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ezeh wrote the commercialization proposal for the [[Lagos International Trade Fair]] Complex at Lagos in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-23|title=Iyaloja, others hail concessionaire’s exploits at Lagos Trade Fair complex|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/23/iyaloja-others-hail-concessionaires-exploits-at-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe e bipụtara Iwu Nke 68 nke afọ 1993 nke hiwere Lagos International Trade Fair Complex Management Board (LITFCMB), ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchite anya nke Lagos International Trade Fair Complex na 2007.<ref name=":0" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=2021-03-01|title=N10trn investments threatened by Lagos Trade fair concession – Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/n10trn-investments-threatened-by-lagos-trade-fair-concession/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-09-06|title=Aulic, Lagos Trade Fair concessionaire faults VP, NCP over ‘announced’ revocation|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/09/06/aulic-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-faults-vp-ncp-over-announced-revocation/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ Aulic Group nke nwere mmasị na Infrastructural Investment/Development na Economic Management.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=primetimereporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-12-12|title=Igbo coalition faults BPE on concession of Lagos Trade Fair Complex|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/igbo-coalition-faults-bpe-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=LITFC: FG Terminates Concession Agreement with Aulic Nigeria over Alleged Contract Breach|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/01/litfc-fg-terminates-concession-agreement-with-aulic-nigeria-over-alleged-contract-breach/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ezeh was the first president of Sun-Rise Club of Inyi town in [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu State]], noted for noticeably developing the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Role_of_Sunrise_Club_in_Strategic_Capacity_Building_for_Sustainable_Development_of_Inyi_Autonomous_Communities.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ic8RwDWKlcdXLybVdSivb-agUrY-cOr6/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref> Ọ bụ onyeisi oche na onye guzobere Institute of African Studies na International Personnel Academy, Kiev- Ukraine.<ref name=":0" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Obodo Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naịjirịa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-16|title=PCRC National Headquarters Felicitates Newly Promoted Senior Police Officers, Thumbs Up Police Service Commission (PSC)|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquaters-felicitates-newly-promoted-senior-police-officers-thumbs-up-police-service-commission-psc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the National Deputy Chairman (South), Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC), Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporters|first=NewsGlobal|date=2022-12-04|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Emerges PCRC Deputy National Chairman South|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-emerges-pcrc-deputy-national-chairman-south/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in nigeria now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIGERIA @64: Professor Nick Ezeh Calls for more Synergy, intelligence Sharing among Security agencies in Tackling Insecurity|url=https://afriquecast.com/blog/1289/nigeria-at-64-professor-nick-ezeh-calls-for-more-synergy-intelligence-sharing-among-security-agencies-in-tackling-insecurity|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=afriquecast.com|language=en}}</ref> Ezeh was Senatorial Candidate under Labour Party, Enugu West, during the [[2011 Nhọrọ Senate nke Naijiria na Enugu Steeti|2011 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State]],<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gatmash|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time – Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://gatmash.com/2022/11/08/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Gatmash – Exclusive Breaking News|language=en-US}}</ref> and also Senatorial Candidate under the [[All Progressives Congress]] party, Enugu West, during the 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2023-01-10|title=2023-Prof. Nick Eze Campaign Organization welcomes Buhari to Enugu.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2023/01/10/2023-prof-nick-eze-campaign-organization-welcomes-buhari-to-enugu/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=‘APC ‘ll Defeat PDP in Enugu West’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/20/apc-ll-defeat-pdp-in-enugu-west/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-10-21|title=Enugu West ranks among least developed zones in Nigeria – APC chieftain, Ezeh|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/21/enugu-west-ranks-among-least-developed-zones-in-nigeria-apc-chieftain-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He was awarded "honorary professor" by the Academic Council of the International Personnel Academy, Kiev- [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] on May 17, 2010.<ref name=":0" />  == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ezeh na Nọvemba 5, 1963, site n'aka Sir Thomas Ezeh na Lady Cecilia Ezeh. Ọ bụ onye Ozegu-Enugu Inyi, in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NICK citation.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WFk6B-JoU3aX1TRvOlUrmB4cEZbHY0oW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ogbete Primary School, Enugu, na Tolu Secondary School, Lagos, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nweta PGD na Industrial/Transport Engineering, Munich-Germany na 1993.and a Master of Science degree in Economic Science from Odessa State University, Ukraine in 1995. Ezeh also earned a PGD in Industrial Rubber Engineering, Munich-Germany in 2001. O nwetara nzere PhD atọ na Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa na Evangel Christian University of America, Monroe, Louisiana USA in 2004; in Public Governance from International Open University, Ukraine in 2013; na nchịkwa ọchịchị ọha site na International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine na 2013. Na Mee 17, 2010, e nyere ya "Prọfesọ nsọpụrụ" nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine.<ref name=":0" />  == Ọrụ == Ezeh guzobere Aulic Group of Companies, nke nwetara ikike site na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naijiria maka Lagos Trade Fair Complex na 2007 n'okpuru Gọọmentụ Federal's Privatization and commercialization Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=How Aulic revolutionized Lagos Trade Fair complex to world class|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/how-aulic-revolutionized-lagos-trade-fair-complex-to-world-class/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}</ref> National Council on Privatization (NCP) kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2017, <ref>{{Cite news|title=FG signs agreement to re-concession Lagos trade fair complex|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/592883-fg-signs-agreement-to-re-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex.html|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na Ezeh megidere omume a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=Nick Ezeh, Lagos trade fair concessionaire not in Custody—EFCC|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/nick-ezeh-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-not-in-custody-efcc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=primetimereporters.com}}</ref> Ezeh bụkwa onye guzobere Global Association for Industrialization and Commercialization in Nigeria (GAINCIN). Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ndị omeiwu Naịjirịa na 2011 na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh Urged The Media to be Fair, Objective and Balance in line of their Duties.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-urged-the-media-to-be-fairobjective-and-balance-in-line-of-their-duies/|accessdate=2024-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh, has Vowed to Pursue an All-Inclusive Template.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-has-vowed-to-pursue-an-all-inclusive-template/|accessdate=2024-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2022-10-19|title=Negligence by elected representatives fuel allegation of marginalisation in South East, says Ezeh|url=https://guardian.ng/news/negligence-by-elected-representatives-fuel-allegation-of-marginalisation-in-south-east-says-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'akụkọ e bipụtara, mkpọsa ya, nke e hiwere na Nọvemba 2022, o lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu ndị a na-ekwu na ha mebiri emebi na mpaghara ndị omeiwu Enugu-West nke Steeti Enugu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nweze|first=Chuks|date=2022-11-06|title=Enugu West race: Ezeh flags off campaign, inaugurates ‘mandate team’|url=https://blueprint.ng/enugu-west-race-ezeh-flags-off-campaign-inaugurates-mandate-team/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogbodo-Iwu|first=Patience|date=October 18, 2022|title=2023: I Will Provide Quality, Result Driven Leadership – Ezeh, APC Senatorial Candidate|url=https://independent.ng/2023-i-will-provide-quality-result-driven-leadership-ezeh-apc-senatorial-candidate/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2022-10-23|title=Enugu West senatorial district is among the least developed senatorial zones, says Prof.Nick Ezeh, Enugu West APC candidate.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2022/10/23/enugu-west-senatorial-district-is-among-the-least-developed-senatorial-zones-says-prof-nick-ezeh-enugu-west-apc-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=ANUKWUOJI|first=REGIS|date=2022-10-19|title=Enugu: Candidate laments poor state of infrastructure in senatorial district|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/enugu-candidate-laments-poor-state-of-infrastructure-in-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ezeh bụbu Onye isi oche nke Federal Capital Territory Command nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naijiria, na Onye isi oche mba nke Kọmiti Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta ndị Uwe Ojii, (PCRC). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-26|title=‘Police, PCRC collaboration fruitful in bursting crimes in Apo’|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-pcrc-collaboration-fruitful-in-bursting-crimes-in-apo/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-08|title=PCRC National Headquarters Lauds National Assembly for Passage of Bill Exempting Police from Pension Scheme|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquarters-lauds-national-assembly-for-passage-of-bill-exempting-police-from-pension-scheme/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Institute of Directors (NID); Institute of Corporate Managers & Public Administrators of Nigeria; Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN); America Home Builders Association, U.S.A (HBA); Paul Harris Fellow, Rotary International (RI); Ambassador of Peace of the International Peace Federation. (IPF 2008); Institute of Renewable Energy/Energy Management Ukraine; na, International Academy of Ecology, Kiev, Ukraine/Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NICK citation.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WFk6B-JoU3aX1TRvOlUrmB4cEZbHY0oW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref> == Nkwado == * Onye isi obodo nke Holy Ghost Parish, Enugu-Inyi na Osimiri Oji LGA nke Enugu Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=SKJ|date=2022-11-01|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Confers With Mayor Holy Ghost Parish – News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-confers-with-mayor-holy-ghost-parish/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ndị Naijiria na Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Award (2014). <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2014-10-04|title=The 2nd Nigerians In Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Awards Recipients|url=https://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/2059/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=African Heritage Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye isi / Onye isi ọchịchị, National Advisory Council of the Alaigbo Great Igbo Achievers Legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMMENTARY: Great Igbo Achievers Advisory Council For Legacy Day Celebration|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2024/09/29/commentary-great-igbo-achievers-advisory-council-for-legacy-day-celebration-2/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Heartbeat of the East|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == * Na-egwu njakịrị nke Privatization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Playing The Joke Of Privatization.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NGS7EnnN2rsNC8puYDZzzxCKBpMK41HF/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=Adulbert Legal Services}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezeh, Nick}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] isplzk759xej66alcifrwwy7opjd6ro Emeka Ananaba 0 77299 671159 2026-07-02T10:40:18Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359256344|Emeka Ananaba]]" 671159 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Nigerian Chieftaincy|Chief]] | name = Emeka Ananaba | alt = | caption = | office = [[Deputy Governor of Abia State]] | term_start = 29 May 2011 | term_end = 29 May 2015 | governor = [[Theodore Orji]] | predecessor = [[Eric Acho Nwakanma]] | successor = [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|03|31|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Obegu]], [[Ugwunagbo]], Southern Region, [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Abia State]], Nigeria) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | spouse = Nnenne Ananaba | children = | relations = | education = | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|military officer|pharmacist}} | alma_mater = [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] | profession = | website = }} '''Emeka Ananaba''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Emeka_Ananaba.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 31 Machị 1945) bụ onye agha Naijiria lara ezumike nká, onye na-arụ maka ọgwụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka osote gọvanọ nke Abia State site na 2011 ruo 2015 n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Theodore Orji]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201102080725.html|title=Nigeria: Governor Orji Dumps Deputy, Picks Ananaba as Running Mate|date=8 February 2011|work=[[Daily Champion]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/abia-the-making-of-first-ngwa-governor/|title=Abia: The making of first Ngwa Governor|first=Levinus|author=Nwabughiogu|date=2 May 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ananaba na 31 Machị 1945 na Obegu, n'oge a [[Ugwunagbo]] na Abia Steeti. Ọ gara St. Peters Primary School Obegu site na 1951 na 1959 tupu ọ gaa [[King's College, Lagos|Kings College Lagos]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya site na 1959 ruo 1963. Ọ sonyeere ndị agha na 1964 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na itinye aha na Nigeria Air Force Military Training School Kaduna. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ndị agha nke Nigeria Kaduna site na 1965 ruo 1966. E nyere ya ọrụ dị ka Lieutenant nke abụọ na Nigeria Air Force 189 Combatant Regular Commission na July 1965. N'oge [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]], ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'akụkụ [[Bịafra|Biafra]]. Ọ chịkọtara Biafran 8th Commando Brigade wee ruo ọkwa Lieutenant Colonel. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Ananaba hapụrụ ndị agha iji mụọ ọgwụ na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka na 1971 wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B Pharm. na 1976.<ref name="HISTORY">{{Cite web|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/|title=CHIEF SIR EMEKA ANANABA JP. (Deputy Governor of Abia State)|date=23 August 2011|work=[[Government of Abia State]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, e mere ya Chief na Knight n'afọ 2001.<ref name="HISTORY" /> == Ọrụ ọgwụ == Ananaba jere ozi na òtù ndị a dịka onye na-ere ọgwụ Nwa akwụkwọ Pharmacist General Hospital, Port Harcourt, 1976-1977 Ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ọgwụ, Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi na Port Harcourt, 1977 Onye Nnọchiteanya Ahụike, E Merck Pharmaceuticals, 1978-1980 Onye isi alaka Pharco (Nig.) LTD. , 1981 Onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Ọzụzụ, Ngalaba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ nke Steeti Imo, 1981-[https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/ 1983]<ref>{{Cite web|author=State|first=Abia|date=2011-08-23|title=Deputy Governor|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/|accessdate=2023-11-24|work=Official Website of Abia State Government|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 91tbdknkr5t4o3z92kwwts3eror4y9m 671161 671159 2026-07-02T10:40:40Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671161 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Nigerian Chieftaincy|Chief]] | name = Emeka Ananaba | alt = | caption = | office = [[Deputy Governor of Abia State]] | term_start = 29 May 2011 | term_end = 29 May 2015 | governor = [[Theodore Orji]] | predecessor = [[Eric Acho Nwakanma]] | successor = [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|03|31|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Obegu]], [[Ugwunagbo]], Southern Region, [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Abia State]], Nigeria) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | spouse = Nnenne Ananaba | children = | relations = | education = | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|military officer|pharmacist}} | alma_mater = [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] | profession = | website = }} '''Emeka Ananaba''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Emeka_Ananaba.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 31 Machị 1945) bụ onye agha Naijiria lara ezumike nká, onye na-arụ maka ọgwụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka osote gọvanọ nke Abia State site na 2011 ruo 2015 n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Theodore Orji]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201102080725.html|title=Nigeria: Governor Orji Dumps Deputy, Picks Ananaba as Running Mate|date=8 February 2011|work=[[Daily Champion]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/abia-the-making-of-first-ngwa-governor/|title=Abia: The making of first Ngwa Governor|first=Levinus|author=Nwabughiogu|date=2 May 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ananaba na 31 Machị 1945 na Obegu, n'oge a [[Ugwunagbo]] na Abia Steeti. Ọ gara St. Peters Primary School Obegu site na 1951 na 1959 tupu ọ gaa [[King's College, Lagos|Kings College Lagos]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya site na 1959 ruo 1963. Ọ sonyeere ndị agha na 1964 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na itinye aha na Nigeria Air Force Military Training School Kaduna. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ndị agha nke Nigeria Kaduna site na 1965 ruo 1966. E nyere ya ọrụ dị ka Lieutenant nke abụọ na Nigeria Air Force 189 Combatant Regular Commission na July 1965. N'oge [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]], ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'akụkụ [[Bịafra|Biafra]]. Ọ chịkọtara Biafran 8th Commando Brigade wee ruo ọkwa Lieutenant Colonel. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Ananaba hapụrụ ndị agha iji mụọ ọgwụ na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka na 1971 wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B Pharm. na 1976.<ref name="HISTORY">{{Cite web|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/|title=CHIEF SIR EMEKA ANANABA JP. (Deputy Governor of Abia State)|date=23 August 2011|work=[[Government of Abia State]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, e mere ya Chief na Knight n'afọ 2001.<ref name="HISTORY" /> == Ọrụ ọgwụ == Ananaba jere ozi na òtù ndị a dịka onye na-ere ọgwụ Nwa akwụkwọ Pharmacist General Hospital, Port Harcourt, 1976-1977 Ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ọgwụ, Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi na Port Harcourt, 1977 Onye Nnọchiteanya Ahụike, E Merck Pharmaceuticals, 1978-1980 Onye isi alaka Pharco (Nig.) LTD. , 1981 Onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Ọzụzụ, Ngalaba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ nke Steeti Imo, 1981-[https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/ 1983]<ref>{{Cite web|author=State|first=Abia|date=2011-08-23|title=Deputy Governor|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/deputy-governor-2/|accessdate=2023-11-24|work=Official Website of Abia State Government|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1ntwgxqsdauxhnpi3csz5ftt6f1tns1 Ọdọ Mmiri Chivero 0 77300 671209 2026-07-02T11:02:38Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286195323|Lake Chivero]]" 671209 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Chivero |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Chivero.JPG|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">nke a na-ele anya site n'akụkụ ugwu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Zimbabwe_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:35.53%;left:68.081%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Chivero]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Chivero</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Zimbabwe</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe.]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:74.829%;left:67.665%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe.|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Chivero]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Chivero</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Ihe ngosi map nke Africa</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Chivero&params=17_54_01_S_30_47_28_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°54′01′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°47′28′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.90028°S 30.79111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.90028; 30.79111</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Chivero&params=17_54_01_S_30_47_28_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°54′01″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°47′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.90028°S 30.79111°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-17.90028; 30.79111</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mmiri na-abanye</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Manyame, [[Marimba River|Osimiri Marimba]], [[Mukuvisi River|Osimiri Mukuvisi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Mmiri na-esi na ya apụta</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Manyame |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Zimbabwe |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max obosara&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |8 km (5.0 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |2,632 hectare (6,500 acres) &nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |27 m (89 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |250<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span>^<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (200,000 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ụsọ mmiri<sup>1</sup></div> | class="infobox-data" |48 kilomita (30 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Chivero na Manyame |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Mee 2013 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2105 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff" |<sup>1</sup> Ogologo osimiri abụghị ihe akọwapụtara nke ọma. |} '''Lake Chivero''' (na mbụ '''Lake McIlwaine''')<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Using Landsat satellite imagery to monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of aquatic weed extent in Lakes Chivero and Manyame, located in an urban catchment of Zimbabwe|journal=Water SA|date=31 January 2023|volume=49|issue=1 January|doi=10.17159/wsa/2023.v49.i1.3950|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367645263_Using_Landsat_satellite_imagery_to_monitor_the_spatial_and_temporal_dynamics_of_aquatic_weed_extent_in_Lakes_Chivero_and_Manyame_located_in_an_urban_catchment_of_Zimbabwe/fulltext/63d9b73bc465a873a2723b0a/Using-Landsat-satellite-imagery-to-monitor-the-spatial-and-temporal-dynamics-of-aquatic-weed-extent-in-Lakes-Chivero-and-Manyame-located-in-an-urban-catchment-of-Zimbabwe.pdf}}</ref> bụ ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'Osimiri Manyame na [[Zimbabwe]]. Ọ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Harare, ọ na-enye isi mmiri maka obodo ahụ. E wuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ ihe karịrị afọ abụọ na ọkara ma meghee ya nye ọha na eze na 1952. Mgbidi mgbochi mmiri ahụ dị mita 400 n'ogologo. A na-ejikwa mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka ebumnuche ịgba mmiri na ịkụ azụ azụmahịa. Ụfọdụ n'ime azụ ndị a na-ahụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere carp, tigerfish, black bream, Clarias gariepinus, yellowfish, na green-eaded bream. A na-echebe ọdọ mmiri na ime obodo dị ka akụkụ nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lake Chivero. A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka ala mmiri Ramsar nke dị mkpa na mba ụwa na 3 Jenụwarị 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zimbabwe|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zimbabwe/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E26055_4000_0__|accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref> Agwaetiti Ncheta bụ obere agwaetiti dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lake Chivero == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] irf2k9yknow0vqtands5lgiriyeais7 Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru 0 77301 671244 2026-07-02T11:19:23Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360853798|Lake Mweru]]" 671244 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru''' (a na-asụkwa ya Mwelu ma ọ bụ Mwero; n'asụsụ French: Lac Moero; n'asụsụ Swahili: Ziwa Mweru) bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha nke dị n'otu n'ime ogwe kachasị ogologo nke Osimiri Congo, osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo n'Afrịka.Ọ dị n'ókè ala dị n'etiti Zambia na Democratic Republic of the Congo, ma na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita 110 (maili 68) nke ogologo Osimiri Congo nke dị n'etiti akụkụ Osimiri Luapula (n'elu mmiri,) na Osimiri Luvua (n'okpuru mmiri,) nke usoro Osimiri Congo. '''Mweru''' pụtara 'ọdọ mmiri' n'ọtụtụ Asụsụ Bantu, yabụ a na-akpọkarị ya 'Mweru'. == Ọnọdụ ala == [[Osimiri Luapula]] na-enye Mweru mmiri, -abata site na ala mmiri si n'ebe ndịda, na Osimiri Kalungwishi si n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na njedebe ya n'ebe ugwu, Osimiri Luvua, nke na-asọba n'ebeebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ iji sonyere [[Osimiri Lualaba]] wee gaa na Congo. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na ọdọ mmiri Congo ma dị kilomita 150 (93 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke njedebe ndịda nke kachasị ukwuu, odo mmiri Tanganyika Osimiri Luapula na-etolite delta buru ibu jupụtara n'apịtị, nke obosara ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nke nsọtụ ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, a pụrụ ile osimiri a na akụkụ ala ya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ anya dịka otu usoro mmiri.N'agbanyeghị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru dị n'ógbè nwere oge udu mmiri na oge ọkọchị doro anya, ogo na nha ya anaghị agbanwe nke ukwuu. Mgbanwe kwa afọ n'ogo mmiri ya bụ naanị ihe dị ka mita 1.7 (ụkwụ 5 na sentimita 7), ebe mmiri na-akacha elu n'ọnwa Mee, ma na-akacha ala n'ọnwa Jenụwarị.Nke a bụ n'ihi na Osimiri Luapula na-ebupụta mmiri sitere na .<ref name="BKZ">{{Cite journal|author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten|year=2006|title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations|journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science|volume=31|issue=1|pages=145–150|doi=10.2989/16085910609503882|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577}}</ref> Bangweulu Swamps na ala mmiri nke na-achịkwa mmiri na-aga, na-amịkọrọ idei mmiri kwa afọ ma na-ahapụ ya nke nta nke nta, na n'otu aka n'ihi nde ụzọ Mweru, Luvua, na-ada ngwa ngwa ma na-aga ngwa, na-enweghị ahịhịa iji gbochie ya.A na-egbochi ịrị elu na Mweru ngwa ngwa na ọsọ ọsọ na Luvua. Ogologo nkezi nke Mweru bụ kilomita 118 (73 mi) na nkezi obosara ya bụ kilomita 45 (28 mi), na ogologo axis ya na-eche ihu n'ebe Ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ-sudwest. Elu ya bụ mita 917 (3,009 , elu karịa Tanganyika (763 mita (2,503 ). Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na ndagwurugwu na Lake Mweru-Luapula graben, nke bụ alaka nke East African Rift. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na DR Congo na-egosipụta ugwu dị elu nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ndagwurugwu, na-arịgo na Ugwu Kundelungu karịa, mana ndagwurugwum ndagwurugwo anaghị apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mweru adịghị emi nke ukwuu n'akụkụ ndịda ya, ma ọ na-emi emi karịa n'akụkụ ugwu, e nwere ebe abụọ miri emi n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke omimi ha kacha ukwuu bụ mita 20 na mita 27 (ụkwụ 66 na 89). Ọdọ mmiri dị obere a na-akpọ Mweru Wantipa (nke a makwaara dị ka Mweru Marshes) dị ihe dị ka kilomita 50 (31 mi) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, na n'ebe ugwu nke Kalungwishi. Ọ na-abụkarị endorheic ma na-ewere mmiri site na Kalungwishi site na dambo ọtụtụ oge, mana n'oge nnukwu idei mmiri ọ nwere ike ịba n'ime Kalungwish na Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. == Ọnọdụ ala mmadụ == === Nnyocha === Ndị ahịa Arab na [[Swahili people|Swahili]] (nke ọdụ́, ọla kọpa na ndị ohu) maara ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị jiri Kilwa Island dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi n'otu oge. Ha jiri ụzọ azụmaahịa si Zanzibar n'[[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] gaa Ujiji n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika gaa Mweru wee gaa n'alaeze Lunda, Luba, Yeke ma ọ bụ Kazembe, nke ikpeazụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mweru. Ụzọ azụmahịa ọdịda anyanwụ si n'alaeze ndị ahụ gaa n'Oké Osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]], ya mere Mweru dị n'okporo ụzọ azụmahịa gafere kọntinent. N'etiti afọ 1796 na 1831, ndị ahịa / ndị nchọpụta Portuguese Pereira, Francisco de Lacerda na ndị ọzọ si [[Mozambique]] gaa Kazembe iji nweta nkwekọrịta iji ụzọ azụmahịa dị n'etiti ókèala ha nke Mozambique na [[Angola]]. Ndị Portugal ga-abụrịrị na ha maara banyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ndị nleta ga-aga naanị n'ebe dị elu ihe dị ka kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu nke isi obodo Kanyembo nke Kazembe iji hụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ 10 kilomita (6.2 mi) n"ebe dị anya. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere mmasị karịa ụzọ azụmaahịa karịa nchọpụta, ha esila n'ebe ndịda bịarute ma Mwata Kazembe gbochiri njem ha, ha enyeghị akụkọ banyere ya. Onye nchọpụta na onye ozi ala ọzọ David Livingstone, onye kpọrọ ya 'Moero', bụ onye a na-eto maka nchọpụta ya n'oge njem ya nke 1867-'8. Livingstone hụrụ mbibi na nhụjuanya nke ahịa ohu kpatara n'ógbè ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mweru, akụkọ ya nyekwara aka mee ka ndị na-emegide ya. Nke ikpeazụ nke ahia ohu n'ógbè ahụ bụ n'oge na 1890s, Otú ọ dị. Ka ọ dịgodị, n'etiti 1870 na 1891, esemokwu na agha n'etiti eze Yeke Msiri na ndị isi na ndị ahịa agbata obi mebiri mpaghara ahụ. Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole na ndị Europe gara Mweru kemgbe Livingstone, ruo mgbe Alfred Sharpe na 1890-1 na Stairs Expedition na 1892 gafere n'ụzọ ha na Msiri na-achọ nkwekọrịta. The Stairs Expedition gburu Msiri ma were Katanga maka Eze Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium. Sharpe hapụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi ya ka o guzobe ebe mbụ a na-achị ala ọzọ na ndagwurugwu Luapula-Mweru, Ndị Britain na Chiengi na 1891. === Ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme === [[Faịlụ:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru na isi mmiri ya, Osimiri Luapula dị ala na ala mmiri ya, na Kalungwishi. Ihe ọzọ a na-egosi bụ ụzọ Mweru si apụta, Osimiri Luvua na-aga n'ebe ugwu ruo n'osimiri Lualaba na Congo. Mmiri na-egosi dị ka oji na foto satellite NASA a na-acha ụgha. A na-egosi oke ala ahịhịa site na akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, a na-egosikwa oke ala mmiri dị ka akara ntụpọ. Obodo ndị ahụ bụ, na Zambia: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; na DR Congo: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Ihe ndị ọzọ: 9: Chisenga Island, 10 bụ agwaetiti mmiri kachasị ukwuu (na DR Congo), 11 bụ isi ala mmiri.]] Ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luapula-Mweru ghọrọ akụkụ nke Belgian Congo na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Northern Rhodesia, onye Britain na-nchebe. '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru''' na Tanganyika bụ mpaghara nke e kpughere mmetụta ndị Europe na mbido, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ bụ isi ụzọ mbata nke Northern Rhodesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=R. J.|date=April 1937|title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru|journal=Africa|volume=10|issue=2|pages=137–158|doi=10.2307/1155780|issn=0001-9720}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Kilwa Island dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, e kenyere ya Northern Rhodesia, ya mere Zambia nwere 58% nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri, na DR Congo 42%. E guzobere ogige ndị Belgium mbụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Lukonzolwa na Pweto nke bụ n'oge dị iche iche isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ha nke Katanga. Ha kpochapụrụ ahịa ohu na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Onye ozi ala ọzọ Scottish Dan Crawford nke Plymouth Brethren guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ mbụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1892 na Luanza n'akụkụ Belgium nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ndị Britain si Chiengi kwaga na Kalungwishi, ya na otu onye ma ọ bụ abụọ ndị uwe ojii Britain (dị ka [[Blair Watson]]), na ndị uwe ojii Afrịka. Na njikọ ya na ọrụ ndị gbara Abercorn gburugburu n'ụzọ azụmahịa, nke a zuru iji kwụsị ahịa ohu na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Mweru, mana ezughị iji mee ka Mwata Kazembe nọrọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain, a ga-eziga njem agha na 1899 site na British Central Africa ([[Malawi|Nyasaland]]) iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ (lee isiokwu banyere Alfred Sharpe maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ). Ọpụpụ nke boma site na Chiengi gaa Kalungwishi nwere mmetụta nke ịhapụ boma Belgian na Pweto nnwere onwe na njedebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eduga otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị na ihe dị ka square kilomita 33 (13 sq mi) nke ala Zambia dị nso na Pweto ka e nyefere ya na DR Congo (nke Zaire n'oge ahụ). Lee esemokwu ókèala nke Luapula Province maka nkọwa na ntụaka ndị ọzọ. Mgbe 1900, mpaghara Belgian Congo nke Katanga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ mepụtara ngwa ngwa karịa akụkụ Northern Rhodesia, mpaghara Luapula na obodo Kasenga awa ole na ole site na ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'osimiri Luapula ghọrọ ndị kachasị mepụta na ndagwurugwu Luapula-Mweru, ruo n'afọ 1960 ọ bụ isi ụlọ ahịa nwere ọrụ na akụrụngwa ka mma karịa ebe ndị ọzọ. Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala Elizabethville malitere ngwa ngwa karịa ndị nke Copperbelt, Kasenga nyekwara ndị ọrụ ya azụ. Kemgbe afọ 1960, nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ileghara gọọmentị anya na agha n'akụkụ Congo emeela ka akụrụngwa mebie, ebe udo n'akụkụ Zambia emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọrụ dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka nguzozi gbanwee. === Ebe ndị mmadụ bi === Ọtụtụ obodo ịkụ azụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mweru. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ogige oge. Obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ Zambia bụ Nchelenge, Kashikishi na Chiengi, na n'akụkụ DR Congo, Kilwa (obodo dị n'ihu agwaetiti ahụ), [[Lukonzolwa]] na Pweto. E wezụga Kilwa Island, e nwere agwaetiti abụọ ọzọ bi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ: Isokwe Island 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi), na 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) agwaetiti Congolese n'akụkụ ọnụ Luapula. (Agwaetiti abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na Luapula marshins nwere ụsọ mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ). Akụkụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Congo metụtara nke ukwuu n'oge Agha Congo nke Abụọ nke mere n'agbata afọ 1999 ruo 2003, ma mpaghara ahụ ka na-agbake n'ọnọdụ agha ahụ ruo taa. Ọtụtụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si na Pweto banye na Zambia, ebe e debere ha n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ dị na mpaghara Mporokoso na Kawambwa. === Ụgbọ njem === Ndị Belgium na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site na ụgbọ mmiri, ''Charles Lemaire'', n'etiti Kasenga na Luapula na Pweto na mpụta nke Osimiri Luvua, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 300 (190 mi) ma ọ bụrụ na a gụnyere nkwụsị na Kilwa. Ụgbọ mmiri ka na-aga n'ụzọ ahụ taa. A naghị eji ụgbọ mmiri eme ihe n'akụkụ Zambia, ma e wezụga Kilwa Island, Isokwe Island na Chisenga Island (n'ime apịtị Luapula). Ọ bụ naanị okporo ụzọ ruru unyi na-eje ozi n'ógbè Mweru ruo mgbe okporo ụzọ Luapula Province dị n'akụkụ Zambia ka e tere ya na Nchelenge na 1987; ndị bi gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ amụbaala, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-erigbu azụ azụ bara ọgaranya nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa tụfuru ndị ọrụ na 1980s na 1990s, ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị na-egwe ihe n'ime ala kwagara n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọkachasị gburugburu Nchelenge-Kashikishi. A leghaara okporo ụzọ ruru unyi n'akụkụ Congo anya ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-agafe Zambia iji jiri ụzọ gaa. Lee ụzọ Congo Pedicle maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ. === Ịkụ azụ === [[Faịlụ:Haplochromis_moeruensis.gif|thumb|Ihe osise nke ụdị ''Thoracochromis moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), haplochromine cichlid si Lake Mweru]] A maara Mweru mgbe maka longfin tilapia ya, (''Oreochromis macrochir''), nke a na-akpọ pale ('pa-lay') na [[Bemba language|Chibemba]], nke a na'ozuzu ya na-akpọnwụ na racks ma ọ bụ mats n'anyanwụ ma tinye ya na nkata maka ahịa. (Ịṅụ sịga na itinye nnu n'ime azụ bụ usoro ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ógbè ahụ). Catfish (otu ụdị nke na-eto ruo mita 2 (6 in) n'ogologo), a na-ejikwa ụdị carp, tigerfish, elephantfish na sardine-like fish. Ndị na-egbu azụ na Lake Mweru na Osimiri Luapula bụ ndị [[Greece|Grik]] si n'Agwaetiti Dodecanese bụ ndị biri na Kasenga, DR Congo, n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luapula 150 kilomita (93 mi) n'elu osimiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ . Ha jiri ụgbọ mmiri ndị e wuru n'ụdị ndị Gris na-eji injin steam na-eji coal eme ihe, e mesịa jiri diesel dochie ya. Ha nyere ndị ọrụ nke Ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa na Lubumbashi (mgbe e mesịrị Copperbelt dum) azụ nke a na-etinye na ice na Kasenga ma si ebe ahụ buru ya na gwongworo. E mere atụmatụ na 1950 e nwere ụgbọ mmiri ndị Gris 50 na-ejide 4,000 obere tọn (3,600 tọn) nke azụ ọhụrụ kwa afọ. Ọ ga-ewe otu izu maka ụgbọ mmiri iji gaa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma jupụta ya, nke e ji ice bu n'ụgbọ ahụ kpuchie. N'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, igbu azụ belatara n'ihi igbu azụ gabigara ókè ma na-eme atụmatụ na 13,000 ogologo tọn (13,000 e jidere site na obere ụgbọ mmiri 4,500, ọkachasị ụgbọ mmiri plank. Ndị ọkụ azụ Congo na-ejide ihe kachasị n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere obere òkè nke mmiri. A na-ejide Tilapia site na ụgbụ, ha anaghị eru ogo ha mere n'otu oge. Kemgbe afọ 1980, ịkụ azụ 'chisense' mụbara. A na-eji usoro a ejide obere azụ a na-akpọ kapenta, nke sitere n'ụsọ osimiri ma ugbu a na-eji ọkụ n'ụgbọ mmiri n'abalị iji dọta azụ ndị a na-etinye na ụgbụ dị mma. === Ịchụ ala === Ngwuputa ọla kọpa Dikulushi bụ ngwuputa mepere emepe nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 50 (maili 31) n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Kilwa na DR Congo, site n'okporo ụzọ ájá, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 23 (maili 14) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru.N'ọnwa Maachị 2010, ụlọ ọrụ Anvil Mining rere ngwuputa ahụ nye Mawson West, otu ụlọ ọrụ Australia.Mgbe ngwuputa ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, nnukwu gwongworo na-ebu ngwakọta ọla kọpa na-agafe Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru site n'iji nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri pontoon nwere injin, site na Kilwa ruo Nchelenge, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita 44 (maili 27). Site na Nchelenge, gwongworo ndị ahụ na-aga njem dị ihe dị ka kilomita 2,500 (maili 1,600) ruo n'ebe a na-agbaze ọla kọpa dị na obodo Tsumeb, Namibia . . === Njem === Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru emebeghị maka njem nleta n'agbanyeghị na a na-ewere ya dị ka "nke mara mma n'ezie". Enweghị ohere n'oge gara aga, enweghị Nchekwa anụ ọhịa, na agha na DR Congo n'etiti 1996 na 2003 enyereghị aka. Afọ 60 gara aga, ụsọ mmiri ọdịda anyanwụ na nke ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke nnukwu ìgwè enyí, ala mmiri Luapula kwadoro ìgwè lechwe, na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lusenga Plain na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mweru Wantipa bụ ebe a ma ama maka Cape buffalo, nnukwu ụdị antelope na [[Odúm|ọdụm]]. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi ịchụ nta, mbibi ebe obibi ha, na ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị. N'akụkụ Zambia, ọ pụrụ ịbụ naanị Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Mweru Wantipa ka nwere nnukwu ohere maka mmepe njem nlegharị anya. N'akụkụ Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kundelungu, nke dị n'ugwu ihe dị ka kilomita 75 (maili 47) n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nwere ike ịdị n'ọnọdụ ka mma. == Hụkwa ==   * Ọdọ Mmiri Rift * [[Osimiri Luapula]] * Osimiri Luvua * Osimiri Kalungwishi * Kazembe * Ógbè Katanga * Msiri * Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru Wantipa * Esemokwu ókèala Luapula Province * Ógbè Luapula == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} : '''Nkwupụta n'ozuzu''' :* Maka mpaghara, omimi na data olu: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa na PAM van Zwieten: "Mmegharị na bathymetry nke Lake Mweru (Zambia), na ihe edeturu na mgbanwe nke mmiri".] African Journal of Aquatic Science, 31 (1): 145-150 (2006). Enwetara ya na 4 Machị 2007. :* Maka anya: Google Earth. :* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html Ntinye data nke World Lakes maka Lake Mweru] == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Ihe ọmụma njem Zambia na foto] * [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system Usoro Mmiri Na-agafe Afrịka?] * Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gitiygzhialri4qgzcc6rkvus60ubpv Mohammed Barkindo 0 77302 671250 2026-07-02T11:24:59Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344983706|Mohammed Barkindo]]" 671250 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Mohammed Barkindo | native_name = {{nobold|محمد باركينطو}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Mohammed Barkindo September 2016 (29604098012) (cropped).jpg | caption = Barkindo in 2017 | office = 28th [[Secretary General of OPEC]] | term_start = 1 August 2016 | term_end = 5 July 2022 | predecessor = [[Abdallah Salem el-Badri]] | successor = [[Haitham al-Ghais]] | birth_name = Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo | birth_date = {{birth date|1959|04|20|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|07|05|1959|04|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Abuja]], Nigeria | party = | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Ahmadu Bello University]] ([[Zaria]], Nigeria)|[[Southeastern University (Washington, D.C.)|Southeastern University]] (Washington, D.C., US)}} }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo''' {{Audio|Ha-Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.ogg|pronunciation}} (20 Eprel 1959 - 5 Julaị 2022) Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Site na 1 Ọgọst 2016 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ebupụ Mmanụ Ala. O nyere aka mepụta njikọ OPEC+ n'etiti ndị otu OPEC na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mmanụ. Barkindo bụbu osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 2006. Ọ duru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa site na 2009 ruo 2010, ma duru ndị nnọchiteanya teknụzụ nke Naịjirịa na mkparịta ụka UN gbasara ihu igwe malite na 1991. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Barkindo na 20 Eprel 1959 na [[Yola]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}</ref> Barkindo gụsịrị nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] (Zaria, Nigeria) na 1981 <ref name=":0" /> na nzere Master of Business Administration na Mahadim Southeastern (Washington, D.C.) na 1991. Tupu MBA ya, ọ nwetara diplọma postgraduate na Petroleum Economics na Mahadum Oxford na 1988.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|date=11 August 2016|title=Barkindo CV|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184953/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archivedate=12 September 2016|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Barkindo malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1982 na Nigerian Mining Corporation (NMC), nke ọ hapụrụ n'afọ 1986 n'ọkwa onyeisi nchịkwa. Obere oge tupu ọ hapụ NMC, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke [[Rilwanu Lukman]], Minista Naịjirịa nke Mmanụ na Ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Shehu|first=Idris|date=6 July 2022|title=OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1989, ebe ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi oche na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) nke steeti ahụ nwere. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Udeme|date=6 July 2022|title=The Man Mohammad Barkindo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/the-man-mohammad-barkindo/|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara MBA ya, Barkindo gara n'ihu jiri ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na NNPC. Ọ bụ onye njikwa nke ngalaba dị iche iche, gụnyere onye njikwa izugbe of the [[London]] Office. N'afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nhazi ọrụ pụrụ iche, nke gụnyere ilekọta ọrụ niile gọọmentị etiti nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi njikwa otu (GMD) nke NNPC site na Jenụwarị 2009 ruo Eprel 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Udeme|date=6 July 2022|title=The Man Mohammad Barkindo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/the-man-mohammad-barkindo/|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Barkindo kwagara [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Mahadum George Mason site na 2014 ruo 2016. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}</ref> === Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN === Site na 1991, Barkindo bụ onye ndu ndị nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbasara Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe. Ọ bụ naanị onye nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa gara nzukọ ogbako Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu site na 1995 ruo 2010. A họpụtara ya osote onyeisi oche nke Mgbakọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2007, 2008, na 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Shehu|first=Idris|date=6 July 2022|title=OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === OPEC === Barkindo ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Naijiria na nzukọ ndị minista OPEC na 1986. Na afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nnọchite anya Naịjirịa na bọọdụ kọmishọna akụ na ụba OPEC (ECB). <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Shehu|first=Idris|date=6 July 2022|title=OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShehu2022">Shehu, Idris (6 July 2022). [https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec "OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC"]. ''[[TheCable]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọgidere na ndị isi oche ruo 2008, nakwa dịka onye nnọchite anya ruo 2010. Site na 2009 ruo 2010, ọ bụ Gọvanọ Naịjirịa na OPEC Board of Governors. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf "Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[OPEC]]''. Archived from [https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2022.</cite></ref> Na 2006, Barkindo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC. N'ọkwa a, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ECB. N'ọgbakọ nke otu UN Commission on Sustainable Development nke afọ sochirinụ, Barkindo bụ onyeisi oche nke otu OPEC Task Force.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|date=11 August 2016|title=Barkindo CV|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184953/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archivedate=12 September 2016|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=15th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/intergovernmental/csd15|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> ==== Odeakwụkwọ ukwu ==== [[Faịlụ:Außenminister_Alexander_Schallenberg_empfängt_OPEC-GS_Mohammed_Sanusi_14.04.2021.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|300x300px|Nzukọ Barkindo na Minista Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ nke Austria Alexander Schallenberg na 2021]] Ná mmalite nke ọnwa Juun afọ 2016, a họpụtara Barkindo ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC ruo afọ atọ. Ọ ga-amalite ọrụ na 1 Ọgọst 2016, na-anọchi onye Libya Abdallah Salem el-Badri, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu kemgbe 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'OPEP|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/02/le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-opep_4931641_3212.html|accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref> A na-ewere Barkindo dị ka onye na-anọpụ iche. Naịjirịa anaghị akpọ oku ka iwu mmepụta ihe bulie ọnụ ahịa, ọ bụghịkwa onye tinyere aka kpọmkwem n'esemokwu dị n'etiti Saudi Arabia, Iraq, na Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2016|title=Pétrole: le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'Opep|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/economie/20160602-petrole-le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-tete-opep|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=RFI|language=fr}}</ref> N'okwu mbụ ya banyere nhọpụta ahụ, Barkindo kwetara na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-enwe olileanya na ndị otu ahụ ga-adị njikere "ịnọdụ ala ma kwuo okwu" maka ọdịiche iwu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Incoming OPEC Sec-Gen Says Group Intent on Stronger Unity|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/angolaNews/idAFL8N18U5I2?sp=true|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> Iji mezuo nke a, o bu n'uche ịzụlite mmekọrịta onwe onye na ndị isi mba na mba ndị so na OPEC, ọkachasị Saudi Arabia na Iran.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> Site na mkparịta ụka ya na Russia na mba itoolu ndị ọzọ na-abụghị OPEC, Barkindo mere ka ọ dịrị aka n'ịmepụta njikọ aka a na-akpọ OPEC+. Njikọ ọhụrụ a, nke na-achịkwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara mmepụta mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, malitere ọrụ n'otu n'otu na 2017. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Saadi|first=Dania|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General Barkindo, who helped forge alliance with Russia, dies|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/070622-opec-secretary-general-barkindo-who-helped-forge-alliance-with-russia-dies|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo zụlitere mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi sitere na ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na US, bụ ndị na-ele OPEC anya dị ka onye na-asọmpi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Grant|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammad Barkindo Dies in Nigeria|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-06/opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-dies-officials-say|accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka oge nke abụọ na 2019, ma mee OPEC + n'otu afọ ahụ. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kenney|first=Nina|date=12 July 2019|title=OPEC secretary general Mohammed Barkindo re-appointed|url=https://iclg.com/alb/9825-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-re-appointed|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=ALB Legal and Business Issues from Africa|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo gara n'ihu na-aga nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN, nke ọ ga-ekwu maka OPEC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OPEC : OPEC Statements to the COP|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/317.htm|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.opec.org}}</ref> Ọ duziri nzukọ ndị European Union na 2020 na 2022, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Joint Press Release - 14th High-Level Meeting of the EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-11/joint_pr_on_14th_eu-opec_energy_dialogue_final_0.pdf|work=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> ma kwuo okwu dị mkpa na 23rd annual World Petroleum Congress na Houston, Texas na ngwụcha 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 April 2022|title=Commissioner Simson participates in 15th EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/commissioner-simson-participates-15th-eu-opec-energy-dialogue-2022-apr-12_en|work=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasty transition to leave 'scars' on markets: Barkindo – Argus Metals|url=https://www.argusmedia.com/metals-platform/newsandanalysis/article/2281434-Hasty-transition-to-leave--scars--on-markets--Barkindo|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=www.argusmedia.com}}</ref> Barkindo jụrụ onyinye nke ogologo oge, ya mere a họpụtara Haitham al-Ghais nke Kuwait site na otuto dị ka onye nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wang|first=Herman|date=3 January 2022|title=OPEC elects Kuwait's Haitham al-Ghais as new secretary general|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/010322-opec-elects-kuwaits-haitham-al-ghais-as-new-secretary-general|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo kwetara ịghọ onye a ma ama na Global Energy Center nke Atlantic Council mgbe ọ gwụchara oge ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 31 Julaị 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dzirutwe|first=Macdonald|date=6 July 2022|title=Nigeria's Barkindo, OPEC leader and oil diplomat, dies at 63|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/opecs-barkindo-dies-nigerian-oil-official-says-2022-07-06/|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Barkindo nwụrụ na [[Abuja]] na 5 Julaị 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Asadu|first=Chinedu|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC secretary-general dies, just weeks shy of departure|language=en|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-nigeria-opec-772d7f858128c8136baecebfa2770c1d|accessdate=7 July 2022}}</ref> Onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, [[Mele Kyari]] mara ọkwa ọnwụ ya.<ref name="tvc">{{Cite web|title=OPEC Secretary General, Mohammed Barkindo is dead|work=TVC News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2022/07/breaking-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-is-dead/?|date=6 July 2022|accessdate=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=OPEC Secretary-General, Mohammad Barkindo of Nigeria, is dead|date=6 July 2022|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541116-opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-of-nigeria-is-dead.html|accessdate=6 July 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/barkindo-may-have-died-of-heart-attack-not-covid-19/|title='Barkindo may have died of heart attack, not COVID-19'|date=9 July 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == E nyere Barkindo Doctor of Science ''honoris causa'' site na Federal University of Technology Yola na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barkindo bags {{as written|hono|urary &#91;sic&#93;}} doctorate degree, Dedicates it to staff|url=http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx|work=Nnpcgroup.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606175829if_/http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archivedate=6 June 2016|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Lamido nke Adamawa nyere ya utu aha nsọpụrụ nke ''Wali'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Atonko|first=Ben|date=24 July 2011|title=Adamawa honours Bakindo with 'Wali' title|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201107250669.html|accessdate=8 July 2022|work=Daily Trust}}</ref> The Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation for Energy and Sustainable Development nyere Barkindo "Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of OPEC" na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni - Al-Attiyah Foundation|url=https://www.abhafoundation.org/|accessdate=12 July 2022|publisher=Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Barkindo natara Grand Decoration of Honour na Silver na Sash maka Ọrụ na Republic of Austria (Austrian German: Grosse Silberne Ehrenzeichen am Bande für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) maka iwusi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti OPEC na mba Austria. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General receives special decoration from host country Austria|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/6924.htm|accessdate=10 July 2022|publisher=OPEC}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Mohammed Barkindo ghọrọ Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-2023-national-honours-recipients/|title=Full list of 2023 National Honours recipients|date=28 May 2023|accessdate=31 August 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>   *   {{DEFAULTSORT:Barkindo, Mohammed}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7u15yxqe2xd6ib2u2kuwiwq60rw5x6s Emeka Atuma 0 77303 671252 2026-07-02T11:25:19Z Elizabeth chee 62456 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255594|Emeka Atuma]]" 671252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emeka Atuma''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ nọchitere anya [[Ikwuano]]/[[Umuahia]] Federal Constituency na Federal House of Representatives . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Uthman|first=Samad|date=2022-04-12|title='A lot has gone wrong in our state' -- Emeka Atuma, ex-lawmaker, joins Abia guber race|url=https://www.thecable.ng/a-lot-has-gone-wrong-in-our-state-emeka-atuma-ex-lawmaker-joins-abia-guber-race/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2022-04-28|title=I'll liberate Abia in 2023, says Atuma|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ill-liberate-abia-in-2023-says-atuma/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092342/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers.htm|archivedate=2007-12-21|accessdate=2025-07-05|work=www.nassnig.org}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Emeka Atuma na Jenụwarị 1969. Ọ bụ onye obodo ọchịchị Ikwuano na Abia State, Nigeria. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Injinia na Mahadum Calabar . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kashgain|title=Emeka Atuma: Biography, Family and Political Career|url=https://kashgain.net/blog/emeka-atuma-biography-family-and-political-career/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=kashgain.net|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atuma Emeka|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Abia/atuma.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064439/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Abia/atuma.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|accessdate=2025-07-05|work=nassnig.org}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atuma malitere mgbe a họpụtara ya na Federal House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Ikwuano / Umuahia Federal Constituency site na 2003 ruo 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Obani|first=Felix|date=2022-04-27|title=There is Mediocrity in Zoning: Hon Emeka Atuma, As He Joins Abia 2023 Governorship Race -|url=https://nationalwatch247.com/there-is-mediocrity-in-zoning-hon-emeka-atuma-as-he-joins-abia-2023-governorship-race/|accessdate=2024-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-03|title=Ex-PDP Rep joins APC in Abia -|url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/02/03/ex-pdp-rep-joins-apc-in-abia/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=The NEWS}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ọ zọọrọ ọkwa Sineti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara Abia Central Senatorial dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa na ntuliaka nke All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Igwe|first=Ignatius|date=2022-10-05|title=Abia Central: Court Declares Atuma APC Senatorial Candidate|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/10/05/abia-central-court-declares-atuma-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eziyi|first=Kalu|date=2022-10-05|title=Court Affirms Atuma As Abia Central APC Candidate|url=https://leadership.ng/court-affirms-atuma-as-abia-central-apc-candidate/|accessdate=2024-12-29|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Na Disemba 2024, Onyeisiala Bola Tinubu họpụtara Atuma ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke South East Development Commission (SEDC), mana Emeka Nworgu nọchiri ya ihe na-erughị awa iri abụọ na anọ ka ahọpụtachara ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chibundu|first=Janefrances|date=2024-12-07|title=Tinubu replaces SEDC chairman, directors -- less than 24 hours after appointment|url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-replaces-sedc-chairman-directors-less-than-24-hours-after-appointment/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Anuku|first=Williams|date=2024-12-07|title=Tinubu sacks Atuma, nominates Emeka Nworgu as Chairman of South East Development Commission|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/07/tinubu-sacks-atuma-nominates-emeka-nworgu-as-chairman-of-south-east-development-commission/|accessdate=2024-12-29|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Atuma, Emeka}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] etk7t6mffoc3stmbf32ylg3p003v145 Ọdọ Mmiri Mono 0 77304 671294 2026-07-02T11:44:53Z Dagentle 14855 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359447030|Mono Lake]]" 671294 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mono''' (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) bụ Ọdọ Mmiri soda na Mono County, California, nke e guzobere ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 760,000 gara aga dị ka ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri endorheic. Enweghị ụzọ isi pụta na-eme oke nnu dị elu gbakọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme gore mmiri ya bụrụ alkaline.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Water Chemistry|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160557/https://www.monolake.org/Learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archivedate=Mar 28, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ọzara ahụ nwere usoro okike na-amịpụta ihe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dabere na saline shrimp, nke na-eto eto na mmiri ya, ma na-enye ebe obibi dị oke egwu maka nde nnụnụ abụọ na-agagharị kwa afọ na-eri shrimp na alkali flies (''Ephydra hyans'').<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}</ref><ref name="carle">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Water in California|author=Carle|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=2004|isbn=0-520-24086-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240865}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị obodo Kutzadika'a riri alkali flies' pupae, nke bi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi gburugburu ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922024555/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archivedate=Sep 22, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Mgbe obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na iyi mmiri dị ọcha na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara, na-etinye nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihe ize ndụ. Kọmitii Mono Lake guzobere na nzaghachi wee merie n'ọgụ iwu nke manyere Los Angeles imeju ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hart|first=John|title=Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị n'ime Mono Basin, ọdọ mmiri endorheic na-enweghị ụzọ ọpụpụ na oké osimiri. N'ụzọ dị otú a, nnu ndị a gbazere agbaze na mmiri ahụ na-anọgide na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebuli pH na nnu nke mmiri ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Mono Lake gụnyere Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek, na Mill Creek, nke na-agafe Lundy Canyon. Ike nke ala mepụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ime nde afọ ise gara aga: ndagwurugwu na-agbatị na mgbawa ugwu na-ejikọta ya na mgbawa na ala Sierra Nevada. : 45 : 45  [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_sat_zoomed.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Mono Lake site na mbara igwe, 1985]] Site n'ihe dị ka nde afọ 4.5 ruo 2.6 gara aga, nnukwu oke [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] si n'ugwu mgbawa pụta gburugburu ebe a na-akpọ Cowtrack Mountain (n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke Mono Basin). Lava ndị a mechara kpuchie mpaghara dị ihe dịka square mile 300 (780 km²), ma n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọkpụrụkpụ ha ruru ihe dịka ụkwụ 600 (mita 180). Mgbe e mesịrị, n'etiti ihe dị ka nde afọ 3.8 na afọ 250,000 gara aga, e nwere mgbawa ugwu ọzọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mono Basin. Ọrụ mgbawa a mere ka e nwee Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill (nke mechara bụrụ agwaetiti mgbe mmiri Mono Lake ruru ogo ya kachasị elu), na Mount Hicks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọdọ Mmiri Russell bụ onye bu Mono Lake ụzọ, n'oge Pleistocene. Ụsọ mmiri ya ruru elu nke oge a nke 7,480 feet (2,280 , ihe dị ka 1,100 feet (330 karịa ọdọ mmiri nke oge a. Ka ọ na-erule nde afọ 1.6 gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ime mmiri Walker River. Mgbe mgbawa ugwu Long Valley Caldera 760,000 afọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Adobe n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee banye n'Owens River, ma mesịa banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Manly na Death Valley.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0991:DRIMBD>2.0.CO;2|first=MC|author=Reheis|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=114|issue=8}}</ref> A na-ahụ akara ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Russell, nke ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-akpọ strandlines, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono.<ref name="volcanoes">{{Cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|title=Mono Lake|work=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide|publisher=USGS|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229114402/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|archivedate=2014-12-29}}</ref>&nbsp; Mpaghara dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. Ọrụ mgbawa ugwu nwere njikọ na Mono-Inyo Craters: mgbawa kachasị ọhụrụ mere afọ 350 gara aga, nke mere ka e nwee Agwaetiti Paoha . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono–Inyo Craters|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114723/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters/|archivedate=Jan 31, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-31|publisher=USGS}}</ref> Panum Crater (n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ) bụ ihe atụ nke jikọtara rhyolite dome na cinder cone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide - Panum Crater|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123430/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/science/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archivedate=Dec 11, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=USGS}}</ref>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  == Ụlọ elu Tufa == Ọtụtụ ogidi limestone na-ebili n'elu elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Ụlọ elu limestone ndị a nwere ihe ndị dị ka calcium carbonate dị ka calcite (). A na-akpọ ụdị nkume limestone a [[Tufa]], okwu maka limestone nke na-etolite na okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00030-X|author=Ford|first=T.D.|year=1996|title=A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=41|pages=117–175|issue=3–4}}</ref>  === Ụlọ elu Tufa === Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere alkalinity dị elu nke ukwuu, nke a na-akpọkwa soda lake. Alkalinity bụ ikike mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta nwere ịnagide ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta nke asid. Ihe ndị dị ka carbonate (CO₃²⁻) na bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) bụ ụdị base, ya mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere nnukwu oke carbon na-adịghị ndụ gbazere n'ime ihe bekee kporo inorganic carbon. Mgbe calcium ion (Ca²⁺) batara n'ime mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikọta na carbonate wee mepụta mineral carbonate dịka calcite (CaCO₃), nke na-adaba ma na-anakọta n'ala ọdọ mmiri. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na obere isi iyi dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị a nwere nnukwu oke calcium ion (Ca²⁺) gbazere n'ime ha. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ọnụọgụ calcite na-etolite ma na-anakọta gburugburu ọnụ ebe isi iyi ndị ahụ si apụta.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}</ref> Tufa malitere na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. O were ọtụtụ iri afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji mepụta ụlọ elu tufa a ma ama. Mgbe ọdọ mmiri dara, ụlọ elu tufa ahụ bilitere n'elu mmiri ma guzo dị ka ogidi ndị a na-ahụ taa (lee Mono lake # Lake-level history maka ozi ndị ọzọ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/tufa/|title=Tufa|date=22 September 2020|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2023-05-29}}</ref> === Ọdịdị Tufa === [[Faịlụ:Thinolite_sketches.png|thumb|Ndị a bụ ihe osise mbụ nke thinolite nke Edward S. Dana mere site n'akwụkwọ ya site na 1884: Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan . <ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}</ref>]] Nkọwa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tufa malitere na 1880s, mgbe Edward S. Dana na Israel C. Russell mere nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tuf. <ref name="Russell1889">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1889|chapter=Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept. for 1886-1887|pages=261–394}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDana1884">Dana, ES (1884). </cite></ref> Tufa na-apụta dị ka ụlọ elu tufa "nke oge a". E nwere akụkụ tufa site n'ikperé mmiri ochie, mgbe ọdọ mmiri dị elu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta depụtara ọrụ ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na ọdịdị tufa ma James R. Dunn kwadoro ya na 1953. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdị tufa n'ụdị atọ dabere na ọdịdị:<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunn1953">Dunn, James (1953). </cite></ref><ref name="Russell1883">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1883|chapter=Sketch of the geological history of Lake Lahontan|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 3rd Ann. Rept. for 1881-1882|pages=189–235}}</ref> * Lithoid tufa - buru ibu ma nwee oghere na ọdịdị dị ka nkume * Dendritic tufa - ihe owuwu alaka nke yiri obere osisi * Thinolitic tufa - nnukwu kristal, nke a kpụrụ nke ọma nke ọtụtụ sentimita Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ewepụtala ọtụtụ echiche iji kọwaa otú nnukwu kristal thinolite (a na-akpọkwa glendonite) si malite n'ime thinolitic tufa. Ndị ọkà mmụta amatala na thinolite bụ pseudomorph nke calcite ya bụ, calcite dochiri kristal mbụ, mana ọ ka jigidere ọdịdị mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ruo ogologo oge, a maghị ụdị kristal mbụ ahụ. A chọpụtara ya naanị n'afọ 1963, mgbe a chọpụtara mineral a na-akpọ ikaite (CaCO₃·6H₂O). Ikaite bụ mineral na-adịghị akwụsi ike (metastable) ma na-etolite naanị n'okpomọkụ dị nso na ebe mmiri na-ajụ oyi (ihe dị ka ogo 0°C). Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-egbochi calcite ịmepụta ngwa ngwa, dịka phosphate, magnesium, na organic carbon, na-enyere aka ime ka ikaite dịgide nwa oge. Mgbe okpomọkụ biliri, ikaite na-agbaji ma na-agbanwe ghọọ ọtụtụ obere kristal calcite. N'ógbè Ikka Fjord dị na Greenland, ndị ọkà mmụta hụkwara na ikaite na-etolite n'ụdị ogidi ndị yiri tufa towers nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Nchọpụta a mere ka ha kweta na thinolitic tufa bụ ihe àmà na-egosi ụdị ihu igwe gara aga na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na ebe ahụ nwere oge oyi siri ike nke ukwuu mgbe kristal ndị ahụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whiticar|first=MJ|title=The Cold Carbonate Connection Between Mono Lake, California and the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|volume=4|pages=429–454|year=1998|issue=3/4|doi=10.1023/A:1009696617671}}</ref> === Ọdịdị nke Tufa === N'afọ 1883, Russell nyochara ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ụdị tufa dị iche iche dị na Lake Lahontan, bụ nnukwu usoro ọdọ mmiri nke dị n'oge Pleistocene, nke gbasara akụkụ nke California, Nevada, na Oregon. Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, a chọpụtara na tufa ndị ahụ bụ nke calcium oxide (CaO) na carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka ukwuu mejupụtara. Ma e nwekwara obere ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ, dịka: Magnesium oxide (MgO) – ihe dị ka 2% nke ịdị arọ, Iron na aluminium oxides (Fe/Al oxides) – n'etiti 0.25% na 1.29% nke ịdị arọ, Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) – ihe dị ka 0.3% nke ịdị arọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na CaO na CO₂ bụ ihe kachasị mejupụta tufa, e nwekwara obere mineral ndị ọzọ na-enye ya ụfọdụ njirimara pụrụ iche. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == {{Weather box|collapsed=Y|width=auto|Jan record high F=66|Feb record high F=68|Mar record high F=72|Apr record high F=80|May record high F=87|Jun record high F=96|Jul record high F=97|Aug record high F=95|Sep record high F=91|Oct record high F=85|Nov record high F=74|Dec record high F=65|Jan high F=40.4|Feb high F=44.5|Mar high F=50.5|Apr high F=58.4|May high F=67.6|Jun high F=76.6|Jul high F=83.8|Aug high F=82.7|Sep high F=75.9|Oct high F=65.5|Nov high F=51.7|Dec high F=42.2|Jan low F=19.7|Feb low F=21.5|Mar low F=24.8|Apr low F=29.5|May low F=36.4|Jun low F=43.2|Jul low F=49.6|Aug low F=49.0|Sep low F=42.8|Oct low F=34.6|Nov low F=27.3|Dec low F=21.8|Jan record low F=-14|Feb record low F=-9|Mar record low F=1|Apr record low F=12|May record low F=16|Jun record low F=25|Jul record low F=27|Aug record low F=32|Sep record low F=18|Oct record low F=8|Nov record low F=2|Dec record low F=-8|Jan precipitation inch=2.17|Feb precipitation inch=2.21|Mar precipitation inch=1.38|Apr precipitation inch=0.66|May precipitation inch=0.57|Jun precipitation inch=0.36|Jul precipitation inch=0.55|Aug precipitation inch=0.45|Sep precipitation inch=0.63|Oct precipitation inch=0.64|Nov precipitation inch=1.96|Dec precipitation inch=2.32|Jan snow inch=15.5|Feb snow inch=15.3|Mar snow inch=11.4|Apr snow inch=3.1|May snow inch=0.4|Jun snow inch=0|Jul snow inch=0|Aug snow inch=0|Sep snow inch=0|Oct snow inch=0.7|Nov snow inch=7.6|Dec snow inch=12.0|single line=Y|location=Mono Lake, CA|precipitation colour=green|source 1=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5779}} == Limnology == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_Tufa.JPG|thumb|Ebe "South Tufa" nke Mono Lake.]] limnology nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-egosi na o nwere ihe dịka tọn 280 nke nnu a gbazere agbaze, na nnu na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla. Tupu 1941, nkezi salinity bụ ihe dịka gram 50 kwa liter (g / L) (ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru nke 31.5 g / L maka oké osimiri ụwa). Na Jenụwarị 1982, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa ya kachasị ala nke 1,942 mita (6,372 , nnu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 99 g / L. N'afọ 2002, a tụrụ ya na 78 g / L ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-akwụsi ike na nkezi nke 69 g / L ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ.<ref name="mlcfaq">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake FAQ|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615160759/http://monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2010-06-15}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ihe a na-atụghị anya ya nke ịkwụsị ntụgharị mmiri bụ mmalite nke oge "meromixis" na Mono Lake.<ref name="Jellison1998">{{Cite journal|author=Jellison|first=R.|year=1998|url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_43/issue_4/0706.pdf|title=The onset of meromixis in Mono Lake: unintended consequences of reducing water diversions|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|pages=704–11|accessdate=2008-11-13|issue=4|volume=3}}</ref> N'oge tupu nke a, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-abụkarị "monomictic", nke pụtara na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'afọ ọ bụla, mmiri miri emi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agwakọta nke ọma, si otú a na-eweta oxygen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na mmiri miri emi. N'ime ọdọ mmiri meromictic, mmiri ndị miri emi anaghị enwe ngwakọta a; okpokoro ndị miri emi nwere nnu karịa mmiri dị nso n'elu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ikuku oxygen. N'ihi ya, ịghọ meromictic na-agbanwe ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Melack|first=JM|year=2017|chapter=Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis|editor=Gulati|title=Ecology of Meromictic Lakes|series=Ecological Studies|pages=325–351|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_11|isbn=978-3-319-49141-7}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Mono enweela oge meromictic n'oge gara aga; ihe omume kachasị ọhụrụ nke meromixis, nke sitere na njedebe nke ntụgharị mmiri, malitere na 1994 wee gwụ na 2004. <ref name="Jellison2003">{{Cite web|author=Jellison|first=R.|date=June 2003|url=http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|title=Weakening and near-breakdown of meromixis in Mono Lake|accessdate=2008-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045630/http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-30}}</ref> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdọ mmiri === Otu ihe dị mkpa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị mmiri na-apụta. Mmiri nwere ike ịpụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala furu efu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ndị mechiri emechi bụrụ ndị nwere nnu. Nrụzigharị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mono Lake site na iji carbon na Oxygen isotopes ekpughere njikọ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụwa nwere oge mmụba nke glaciation a maara dị ka oge ice. A maara oge ice a dị ka Pleistocene, nke dịgidere ruo ~ 11 ka. Mmiri dị na Mono Lake nwere ike igosi etu ihu igwe si gbanwee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge Pleistocene, mgbe ihu igwe jụrụ oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ihi na e nwere obere [[mmiri ozuzo]] na [[mmiri ozuzo]]. Mgbe Pleistocene gasịrị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala n'ozuzu ya n'ihi mmụba nke evaporation na mbelata mmiri ozuzo metụtara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBensonCurreyDornLajoie1990">Benson, LV; Currey, DR; Dorn, RI; Lajoie, KR; et&nbsp;al. (1990). </cite></ref>&nbsp; Mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ agbanweela n'oge Holocene, kemgbe njedebe nke oge ice. Ebe kachasị elu nke Holocene dị na elu 6,499 feet (1,980.8 , ruru ihe dịka 1820 BCE.<ref name="holocene-levels">{{Cite journal|first=Scott|author=Stine|title=Late holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|year=1990|pages=333–381|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90221-R}}</ref> Ebe dị ala tupu ntụgharị nke oge a dị na elu 6,368 feet (1,940.9 , ruru na 143 OA.<ref name="holocene-levels" /> Ọnọdụ kachasị ala nke oge a n'ihi ntụgharị bụ na 6,372.0 feet (1,942.2 , ruru na 1980. <ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ndụ n'ime mmiri ===   Hypersalinity na alkalinity dị elu (pH=10, ma ọ bụ ya na 4 milligrams nke NaOH kwa liter nke mmiri) nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na ọ dịghị azụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="carleton">{{Cite web|title=Living in an Alkaline Environment|publisher=Microbial Life Education Resources|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|accessdate=2008-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121170852/http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|archivedate=2008-11-21}}</ref> Mgbalị nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu nke California iji chekwaa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara.<ref name="monolake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake|work=www.monolake.org|accessdate=2017-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418210400/http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2017-04-18}}</ref>&nbsp; Usoro nri niile nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke algae planktonic nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ dị na mpaghara photic nke ọdọ mmiri. Algae ndị a na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị na-eweta ihe oriri n'elu mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka ofe pea" na algae photosynthesizing.<ref name="Ecoscenario">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Ecoscenario|url=http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|accessdate=2007-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115927/http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri a ma ama maka Mono Lake saline shrimp, ''Artemia monica'', obere ụdị saline shraimp, nke na-adịghị ukwuu karịa obere, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ puku iri na isii na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Brine shrimp enweghị uru na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ mana ha bụ ihe oriri maka nnụnụ na mpaghara ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi saline shrimp na-eri obere algae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Brine Shrimp|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075733/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>&nbsp; Alkali flies, ''Ephydra hyans,'', na-ebi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'okpuru mmiri, na-ekpuchi n'ime obere ikuku ikuku, iji rie ma tụọ àkwá. Nnụnụ ndị a bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-eme akwụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Alkali Files|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075804/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> A chọtara ụdị nematode asatọ na-ebi n'ime ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: <ref name="Shih2019">{{Cite journal|author=Shih|first=Pei-Yin|date=2019-09-26|title=Newly Identified Nematodes from Mono Lake Exhibit Extreme Arsenic Resistance|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=19|pages=3339–3344.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.024|pmid=31564490|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/98870/2/1-s2.0-S0960982219310401-mmc1.pdf}}</ref> * <nowiki><i id="mwAa0">Auanema</i></nowiki> spec. , nke dị ịrịba ama maka oke arsenic resistance ya (na-adịgide na 500 ugboro karịa ụmụ mmadụ), nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na ịbụ viviparous.&nbsp; * [[Pellioditis|Pellioditis spec.]] * ''[[Mononchoides americanus]]'' * ''[[Diplogaster rivalis]]'' * ụdị nke ezinụlọ Mermithidae * ''[[Prismatolaimus dolichurus]]'' * Ụdị 2 nke usoro Monhysterida === Nnụnụ === [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_Area_(2013)_33.JPG|thumb|Nwaanyị Audubon's warbler on tufa in the "South Tufa" area.]] Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ebe ezumike na iri nri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma [[Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network]] amatala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na mba ụwa.<ref name="whsrn">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network|url=http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|accessdate=2011-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231259/http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnụnụ mmiri 2,000,000, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 35 dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ezu ike ma rie ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke afọ. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke Mono Lake gụnyere American avocets, killdeer, na sandpipers. Otu nde grebes ntị phalaropes nwere ntị na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono eme ihe n'oge ogologo njem ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Birds|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010612/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ná ngwụsị oge okpomọkụ ọ bụla, ọtụtụ iri puku Phalaropes nke Wilson na phalarops na-acha ọbara ọbara na-esi n'ebe ha na-anọ, ma na-eri nri ruo mgbe ha gara n'ihu na-aga [[South Amerika|South America]] ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds "Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono"]. </cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye na nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, ụdị ole na ole na-anọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na-akpa akwụ́ na Mono Lake. Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke California gulls, ''Larus californicus'', nke abụọ naanị na Great Salt Lake na Utah. Kemgbe ha hapụrụ Negit Island na ngwụcha afọ 1970, California gulls akwagala n'àgwàetiti ndị dị nso ma guzobe ebe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na echedoghị ya, ebe obibi. Mahadum Cornell na Point Blue Conservation Science anọgidewo na-amụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme akwụ́ na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nke malitere afọ 35 gara aga. Snowy plovers na-abịakwa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mono n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla iji mee akwụ́ n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuford|first=David|year=2016|title=Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of the Snowy Plover at Mono Lake, California|journal=Western Birds|volume=47|pages=38–49}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Mono-lake-tufa-1981-003.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] a na-ahụ anya na Mono Lake; South Tufa (1981).]] === Ụmụ amaala America === Ndị obodo Ọdọ Mmiri Mono sitere n'òtù Northern Paiute, nke a na-akpọ Kutzadika'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAWTON|first=HARRY W.|date=1976|title=Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owens Valley|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27824857|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–50|issn=0361-7181}}</ref> Ha na-asụ Asụsụ Northern Paiute.<ref name="infodome">{{Cite web|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926145711/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archivedate=2010-09-26|title=California Indians and Their Reservations: K|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị Kutzadika'a na-eri nri alkali fly pupae, nke a na-akpọ ''kutsavi'' n'asụsụ ha. Okwu "Mono" sitere na "Monachi", okwu Yokuts maka agbụrụ ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Nevada.<ref name="Farquhar1926">{{Cite book|title=Place Names of the High Sierra|first=Francis|author=Farquhar|year=1926|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/place_names_of_the_high_sierra/m.html|publisher=Sierra Club|location=San Francisco|accessdate=2011-05-28}}</ref> N'oge mkpakọrịta mbụ, onye isi mbụ a maara Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Paiute bụ [[Captain John (Paiute)|Captain John]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-004.pdf|journal=Anthropological Records|volume=2|issue=3|title=The Northern Paiute Bands|first=OC|author=Stewart}}</ref> Agbụrụ Mono nwere òtù abụọ: Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ndị Eastern Mono sonyeere obodo nta ndị Western Mono kwa afọ na Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Merced iji chịkọta acorns, ụdị osisi dị iche iche, na ịzụ ahịa. Ndị Western Mono na Eastern Mono na-ebi n'ebe ndịda etiti ogwu Sierra Nevada, gụnyere Historical Yosemite Valley.<ref name="SDSU2009">{{Cite web|title=California Indians and Their Reservations|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=24 July 2009|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214650/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archivedate=2010-07-26}}</ref> Taa,ala ndị e debere maka ndị Mono dị na Big Pine, Bishop, nakwa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Madera County na Fresno County, California. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa === <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na Osimiri Owens gaa na Los Angeles Aqueduct na 1913. N'afọ 1941, Ngalaba Mmiri na Ike nke Los Angeles gbatịpụrụ usoro Aqueduct nke Los Angeles gaa n'ebe ugwu n'ime Mono Basin site na mmezu nke Mono Craters Tunnel <ref name="monobasinresearch">{{Cite web|title=Fortieth Annual Report of the Board of Water and Power Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414161147/http://monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref> n'etiti Grant Lake Reservoir na Rush Creek na Upper Owens River. Mmiri buru ibu nke na n'oge na-adịghị anya, mmiri si n'ime mmiri gafere, na elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dara ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1982, e belatara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo 37,688 acres (15,252 hectare), 69% nke ala ya na 1941. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1990, ọdọ mmiri ahụ adaala mita 45 ma tụfuo ọkara ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa mmiri nke 1941 tupu ntụgharị.<ref name="monolake2017">{{Cite web|title=About Mono Lake|work=Mono Lake Committee|url=http://monolake.org/about/|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143123/http://www.monolake.org/about/|archivedate=8 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ájá alkaline na ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'oge gara aga kpughere, nnu mmiri ji okpukpu abụọ, na Negit Island ghọrọ peninsula, na-ekpughe akwụ́ nke California gulls maka ndị na-eri ibe ha (dị ka coyotes), ma na-amanye ndị gull colony ịhapụ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Protecting California Gulls|url=https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075802/https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Gaines na nwa akwụkwọ ya David Winkler mụrụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ma bụrụ ihe enyemaka n'ịdọ ọha na eze aka ná ntị banyere mmetụta nke ọkwa mmiri dị ala na ndepụta gburugburu ebe obibi Winkler nke Mono Basin na 1976.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}</ref> National Science Foundation kwadoro nyocha mbụ zuru oke nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, nke Gaines na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ duziri. Na June 1977, Davis Institute of Ecology na Mahadum California bipụtara akụkọ, "An Ecological Study of Mono Lake, California", nke dọrọ California aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịdọrọ mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka iji obodo mee ihe.<ref name="mlchist" /> Gaines guzobere Kọmitii Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na 1978. Ya na Sally Judy, nwa akwụkwọ UC Davis, duziri kọmitii ahụ wee gaa njem ozi na California. Ha sonyeere Audubon Society n'ọgụ ụlọ ikpe a ma ama ugbu a, National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, iji chebe Mono Lake site na iwu ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history "History of the Mono Lake Committee"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mgbanwe dị mma, elu ala ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ụsọ mmiri ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ájá alkaline n'oge oge oké ifufe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dust Sources at Mono Lake|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604084819/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archivedate=Jun 4, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Owens, nke a na-emebu ụgbọ mmiri nke Osimiri Owens. Ọdọ Mmị ahụ nwere usoro okike dị mma, bụzi ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ site na ntụgharị mmiri malitere na 1920s.Ọdọ Mmiri Mono chebere ihe a mgbe California State Water Resources Control Board (mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke ikpe) nyere iwu (SWRCB Decision 1631) iji chebe Mono Lake na iyi ya na Septemba 28, 1994. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sahagún|first=Louis|date=January 2, 2023|title=Conservationists fight to end Los Angeles water imports from Eastern Sierra's Mono Lake|url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2023-01-02/mono-lake-enviros-want-to-end-water-exports-to-los-angeles|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye isi oche SWRCB Board bụ Marc Del Piero bụ naanị onye na-ege ntị (lee D-1631). N'afọ 1941, elu ala ahụ dị na 6,417 feet (1,956 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php "Monthly Lake Levels"]. </cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2022, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị na 6,378.7 feet (1,944 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level" /> Ọdịdị ọdọ mmiri nke 6,392 feet (1,948 n'elu oke osimiri bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke e mere iji hụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-enwe ike iru ma nọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke a na-ekwenye n'ozuzu ka ọ bụrụ nke kacha nta maka idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reznik|first=Bruce|date=2023-06-27|title=Opinion: A wet winter began to replenish Mono Lake. L.A. should let it be a lake again|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-06-27/mono-lake-los-angeles-water-dwp|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-esiri ike karị n'oge ọtụtụ afọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na American West.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=State of the Lake|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010606/https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>   == N'omenala a ma ama == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_August_2013_014.jpg|thumb|"South Tufa, Mono Lake" (2013).]] === Ihe osise === N'afọ 1968, onye na-ese ihe Robert Smithson mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Non-Site (Cinders dị nso na Black Point) <ref name="mcasd">{{Cite web|work=Mono Lake Non-Site (Cinders near Black Point)|url=http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|title=Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, 1981.10.1-2|date=1968|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202657/http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> site na iji pumice anakọtara mgbe ọ na-eleta Mono na July 27, 1968, ya na nwunye ya Nancy Holt na Michael Heizer (ha abụọ bụ ndị na-ese foto). N'afọ 2004, Nancy Holt mere ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na iji ihe nkiri Super 8 na foto nke njem a. A na-eji ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke Smithson na Heizer, abụ abụọ nke Waylon Jennings, na Michel Legrand's Le Jeu, isi isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Jacques Demy Bay of Angels (1963), mee ihe maka ụdaolu ahụ.<ref name="eai">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|title=Nancy Holt and Robert Smithson, ''Mono Lake'', 19:54 min, color, sound, Electronic Arts Intermix|date=1968–2004|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829163208/https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> The Diver, foto nke Aubrey Powell nke Hipgnosis wepụtara maka album Pink Floyd Wish You Were Here (1975), gosipụtara ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nwoke na-abanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri, na-emepụta ọ dịghị ebili mmiri. E sere foto ahụ na Mono Lake, ụlọ elu tufa bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ala ahụ. E mepụtara mmetụta ahụ n'ezie mgbe onye na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-eme ka aka guzo n'okpuru mmiri ruo mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị.<ref name="mojo4music">{{Cite web|work=MOJO magazine|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|title=Floyd Extra! How Wish You Were Here Went Up In Flames|date=September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171248/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|archivedate=2011-10-13}}</ref> === N'akwụkwọ === Mark Twain's Roughing It, nke e bipụtara na 1872, na-enye nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na ọnọdụ okike ya na 1860s. <ref name="TwainCh38">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 38|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref><ref name="TwainCh39">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 39|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=39&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref> Twain chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị "n'ọzara na-enweghị ndụ, na-enweghị osisi, nke jọgburu onwe ya... ebe owu na-ama n'ụwa" <ref name="TwainCh3839">{{Cite web|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing it Chapters 38 & 39|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|publisher=Mono Basin Clearing House|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043903/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|archivedate=13 September 2017}}</ref> === Na fim === E sere ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara ugwu mgbawa na ihe nkiri Fair Wind to Java (1953) na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesheetnews.com/2015/03/19/mono-in-the-movies-fair-wind-to-java/|title=Mono in the movies: Fair Wind to java|first=Ken|author=Harrison|date=2015-03-19}}</ref> Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe nkiri High Plains Drifter (1973) nke Clint Eastwood gbara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mono Lake n'afọ ndị 1970. E wuru obodo dum ebe a maka ihe nkiri ahụ, ma mesịa wepụ ya mgbe agbachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7}}</ref> === N'egwú === Vidio egwu maka egwu glam metal Cinderella's 1988 power ballad "Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone) " ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ mere.<ref name="Sweeney2011">{{Cite web|author=Sweeney|first=Mike|date=2011-07-19|title=Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone)|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602215501/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archivedate=June 2, 2023|accessdate=2014-01-12|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Bodie, Obodo mmụọ dị nso * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri dị na California * Ebe Nchekwa Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Tufa Steeti * Ebe Egwuregwu Mba nke Mono Basin * GFAJ-1, ihe dị ndụ sitere na Mono Lake nke nọ n'etiti esemokwu sayensị banyere arsenic na DNA. * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Whoa Nellie Deli, nke dị na Lee Vining, California, na-ele Mono Lake anya * Monolake, ọrụ egwu eletrọniki nke dị na Berlin nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Akwụkwọ == * Jayko, A.S., na ndị ọzọ (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45331 Usoro na Ogologo Ogologo Ogige nke Nnyocha Geophysical, Mono Lake, California, 2009 ruo 2011.] Reston, Va.: Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, U.S. Geological Survey. * {{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=C.D.|year=1982|title=Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada: a preliminary assessment|journal=U.S. Geological Survey Circular|issue=877}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.monocounty.org/mono-lake/ Ihe ọmụma ndị nleta nke Mono Lake] * [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=514 Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Mono Lake Tufa State] * [http://www.monolake.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mono Lake Committee] * [http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/casierraseast/a/mono_lake.htm Onye Nlekọta Ndị Nleta Mono Lake] * {{Cite web|title=World Lake Database entry for Mono Lake|url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B4%3Aload%3B|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121543/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0:%3B4:load%3B|archivedate=2011-07-22}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210442/http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/archive/f0001.html Foto Landsat nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614224852/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/bakersfield/geology.Par.56332.File.dat/ovm07_guidebook.pdf Geology na Mining History nke Owens Valley na Mono Basin] {{Sierra Nevada|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6eube5v95np38khxoj2nzn13gfpjjkm 671295 671294 2026-07-02T11:45:21Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671295 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mono''' (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) bụ Ọdọ Mmiri soda na Mono County, California, nke e guzobere ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 760,000 gara aga dị ka ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri endorheic. Enweghị ụzọ isi pụta na-eme oke nnu dị elu gbakọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme gore mmiri ya bụrụ alkaline.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Water Chemistry|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160557/https://www.monolake.org/Learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archivedate=Mar 28, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ọzara ahụ nwere usoro okike na-amịpụta ihe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dabere na saline shrimp, nke na-eto eto na mmiri ya, ma na-enye ebe obibi dị oke egwu maka nde nnụnụ abụọ na-agagharị kwa afọ na-eri shrimp na alkali flies (''Ephydra hyans'').<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}</ref><ref name="carle">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Water in California|author=Carle|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=2004|isbn=0-520-24086-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240865}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị obodo Kutzadika'a riri alkali flies' pupae, nke bi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi gburugburu ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922024555/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archivedate=Sep 22, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Mgbe obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na iyi mmiri dị ọcha na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara, na-etinye nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihe ize ndụ. Kọmitii Mono Lake guzobere na nzaghachi wee merie n'ọgụ iwu nke manyere Los Angeles imeju ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hart|first=John|title=Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị n'ime Mono Basin, ọdọ mmiri endorheic na-enweghị ụzọ ọpụpụ na oké osimiri. N'ụzọ dị otú a, nnu ndị a gbazere agbaze na mmiri ahụ na-anọgide na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebuli pH na nnu nke mmiri ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Mono Lake gụnyere Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek, na Mill Creek, nke na-agafe Lundy Canyon. Ike nke ala mepụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ime nde afọ ise gara aga: ndagwurugwu na-agbatị na mgbawa ugwu na-ejikọta ya na mgbawa na ala Sierra Nevada. : 45 : 45  [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_sat_zoomed.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Mono Lake site na mbara igwe, 1985]] Site n'ihe dị ka nde afọ 4.5 ruo 2.6 gara aga, nnukwu oke [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] si n'ugwu mgbawa pụta gburugburu ebe a na-akpọ Cowtrack Mountain (n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke Mono Basin). Lava ndị a mechara kpuchie mpaghara dị ihe dịka square mile 300 (780 km²), ma n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọkpụrụkpụ ha ruru ihe dịka ụkwụ 600 (mita 180). Mgbe e mesịrị, n'etiti ihe dị ka nde afọ 3.8 na afọ 250,000 gara aga, e nwere mgbawa ugwu ọzọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mono Basin. Ọrụ mgbawa a mere ka e nwee Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill (nke mechara bụrụ agwaetiti mgbe mmiri Mono Lake ruru ogo ya kachasị elu), na Mount Hicks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọdọ Mmiri Russell bụ onye bu Mono Lake ụzọ, n'oge Pleistocene. Ụsọ mmiri ya ruru elu nke oge a nke 7,480 feet (2,280 , ihe dị ka 1,100 feet (330 karịa ọdọ mmiri nke oge a. Ka ọ na-erule nde afọ 1.6 gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ime mmiri Walker River. Mgbe mgbawa ugwu Long Valley Caldera 760,000 afọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Adobe n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee banye n'Owens River, ma mesịa banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Manly na Death Valley.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0991:DRIMBD>2.0.CO;2|first=MC|author=Reheis|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=114|issue=8}}</ref> A na-ahụ akara ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Russell, nke ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-akpọ strandlines, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono.<ref name="volcanoes">{{Cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|title=Mono Lake|work=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide|publisher=USGS|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229114402/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|archivedate=2014-12-29}}</ref>&nbsp; Mpaghara dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. Ọrụ mgbawa ugwu nwere njikọ na Mono-Inyo Craters: mgbawa kachasị ọhụrụ mere afọ 350 gara aga, nke mere ka e nwee Agwaetiti Paoha . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono–Inyo Craters|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114723/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters/|archivedate=Jan 31, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-31|publisher=USGS}}</ref> Panum Crater (n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ) bụ ihe atụ nke jikọtara rhyolite dome na cinder cone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide - Panum Crater|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123430/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/science/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archivedate=Dec 11, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=USGS}}</ref>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  == Ụlọ elu Tufa == Ọtụtụ ogidi limestone na-ebili n'elu elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Ụlọ elu limestone ndị a nwere ihe ndị dị ka calcium carbonate dị ka calcite (). A na-akpọ ụdị nkume limestone a [[Tufa]], okwu maka limestone nke na-etolite na okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00030-X|author=Ford|first=T.D.|year=1996|title=A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=41|pages=117–175|issue=3–4}}</ref>  === Ụlọ elu Tufa === Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere alkalinity dị elu nke ukwuu, nke a na-akpọkwa soda lake. Alkalinity bụ ikike mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta nwere ịnagide ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta nke asid. Ihe ndị dị ka carbonate (CO₃²⁻) na bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) bụ ụdị base, ya mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere nnukwu oke carbon na-adịghị ndụ gbazere n'ime ihe bekee kporo inorganic carbon. Mgbe calcium ion (Ca²⁺) batara n'ime mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikọta na carbonate wee mepụta mineral carbonate dịka calcite (CaCO₃), nke na-adaba ma na-anakọta n'ala ọdọ mmiri. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na obere isi iyi dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị a nwere nnukwu oke calcium ion (Ca²⁺) gbazere n'ime ha. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ọnụọgụ calcite na-etolite ma na-anakọta gburugburu ọnụ ebe isi iyi ndị ahụ si apụta.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}</ref> Tufa malitere na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. O were ọtụtụ iri afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji mepụta ụlọ elu tufa a ma ama. Mgbe ọdọ mmiri dara, ụlọ elu tufa ahụ bilitere n'elu mmiri ma guzo dị ka ogidi ndị a na-ahụ taa (lee Mono lake # Lake-level history maka ozi ndị ọzọ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/tufa/|title=Tufa|date=22 September 2020|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2023-05-29}}</ref> === Ọdịdị Tufa === [[Faịlụ:Thinolite_sketches.png|thumb|Ndị a bụ ihe osise mbụ nke thinolite nke Edward S. Dana mere site n'akwụkwọ ya site na 1884: Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan . <ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}</ref>]] Nkọwa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tufa malitere na 1880s, mgbe Edward S. Dana na Israel C. Russell mere nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tuf. <ref name="Russell1889">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1889|chapter=Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept. for 1886-1887|pages=261–394}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDana1884">Dana, ES (1884). </cite></ref> Tufa na-apụta dị ka ụlọ elu tufa "nke oge a". E nwere akụkụ tufa site n'ikperé mmiri ochie, mgbe ọdọ mmiri dị elu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta depụtara ọrụ ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na ọdịdị tufa ma James R. Dunn kwadoro ya na 1953. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdị tufa n'ụdị atọ dabere na ọdịdị:<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDunn1953">Dunn, James (1953). </cite></ref><ref name="Russell1883">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1883|chapter=Sketch of the geological history of Lake Lahontan|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 3rd Ann. Rept. for 1881-1882|pages=189–235}}</ref> * Lithoid tufa - buru ibu ma nwee oghere na ọdịdị dị ka nkume * Dendritic tufa - ihe owuwu alaka nke yiri obere osisi * Thinolitic tufa - nnukwu kristal, nke a kpụrụ nke ọma nke ọtụtụ sentimita Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ewepụtala ọtụtụ echiche iji kọwaa otú nnukwu kristal thinolite (a na-akpọkwa glendonite) si malite n'ime thinolitic tufa. Ndị ọkà mmụta amatala na thinolite bụ pseudomorph nke calcite ya bụ, calcite dochiri kristal mbụ, mana ọ ka jigidere ọdịdị mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ruo ogologo oge, a maghị ụdị kristal mbụ ahụ. A chọpụtara ya naanị n'afọ 1963, mgbe a chọpụtara mineral a na-akpọ ikaite (CaCO₃·6H₂O). Ikaite bụ mineral na-adịghị akwụsi ike (metastable) ma na-etolite naanị n'okpomọkụ dị nso na ebe mmiri na-ajụ oyi (ihe dị ka ogo 0°C). Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-egbochi calcite ịmepụta ngwa ngwa, dịka phosphate, magnesium, na organic carbon, na-enyere aka ime ka ikaite dịgide nwa oge. Mgbe okpomọkụ biliri, ikaite na-agbaji ma na-agbanwe ghọọ ọtụtụ obere kristal calcite. N'ógbè Ikka Fjord dị na Greenland, ndị ọkà mmụta hụkwara na ikaite na-etolite n'ụdị ogidi ndị yiri tufa towers nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Nchọpụta a mere ka ha kweta na thinolitic tufa bụ ihe àmà na-egosi ụdị ihu igwe gara aga na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na ebe ahụ nwere oge oyi siri ike nke ukwuu mgbe kristal ndị ahụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whiticar|first=MJ|title=The Cold Carbonate Connection Between Mono Lake, California and the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|volume=4|pages=429–454|year=1998|issue=3/4|doi=10.1023/A:1009696617671}}</ref> === Ọdịdị nke Tufa === N'afọ 1883, Russell nyochara ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ụdị tufa dị iche iche dị na Lake Lahontan, bụ nnukwu usoro ọdọ mmiri nke dị n'oge Pleistocene, nke gbasara akụkụ nke California, Nevada, na Oregon. Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, a chọpụtara na tufa ndị ahụ bụ nke calcium oxide (CaO) na carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka ukwuu mejupụtara. Ma e nwekwara obere ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ, dịka: Magnesium oxide (MgO) – ihe dị ka 2% nke ịdị arọ, Iron na aluminium oxides (Fe/Al oxides) – n'etiti 0.25% na 1.29% nke ịdị arọ, Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) – ihe dị ka 0.3% nke ịdị arọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na CaO na CO₂ bụ ihe kachasị mejupụta tufa, e nwekwara obere mineral ndị ọzọ na-enye ya ụfọdụ njirimara pụrụ iche. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == {{Weather box|collapsed=Y|width=auto|Jan record high F=66|Feb record high F=68|Mar record high F=72|Apr record high F=80|May record high F=87|Jun record high F=96|Jul record high F=97|Aug record high F=95|Sep record high F=91|Oct record high F=85|Nov record high F=74|Dec record high F=65|Jan high F=40.4|Feb high F=44.5|Mar high F=50.5|Apr high F=58.4|May high F=67.6|Jun high F=76.6|Jul high F=83.8|Aug high F=82.7|Sep high F=75.9|Oct high F=65.5|Nov high F=51.7|Dec high F=42.2|Jan low F=19.7|Feb low F=21.5|Mar low F=24.8|Apr low F=29.5|May low F=36.4|Jun low F=43.2|Jul low F=49.6|Aug low F=49.0|Sep low F=42.8|Oct low F=34.6|Nov low F=27.3|Dec low F=21.8|Jan record low F=-14|Feb record low F=-9|Mar record low F=1|Apr record low F=12|May record low F=16|Jun record low F=25|Jul record low F=27|Aug record low F=32|Sep record low F=18|Oct record low F=8|Nov record low F=2|Dec record low F=-8|Jan precipitation inch=2.17|Feb precipitation inch=2.21|Mar precipitation inch=1.38|Apr precipitation inch=0.66|May precipitation inch=0.57|Jun precipitation inch=0.36|Jul precipitation inch=0.55|Aug precipitation inch=0.45|Sep precipitation inch=0.63|Oct precipitation inch=0.64|Nov precipitation inch=1.96|Dec precipitation inch=2.32|Jan snow inch=15.5|Feb snow inch=15.3|Mar snow inch=11.4|Apr snow inch=3.1|May snow inch=0.4|Jun snow inch=0|Jul snow inch=0|Aug snow inch=0|Sep snow inch=0|Oct snow inch=0.7|Nov snow inch=7.6|Dec snow inch=12.0|single line=Y|location=Mono Lake, CA|precipitation colour=green|source 1=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5779}} == Limnology == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_Tufa.JPG|thumb|Ebe "South Tufa" nke Mono Lake.]] limnology nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-egosi na o nwere ihe dịka tọn 280 nke nnu a gbazere agbaze, na nnu na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla. Tupu 1941, nkezi salinity bụ ihe dịka gram 50 kwa liter (g / L) (ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru nke 31.5 g / L maka oké osimiri ụwa). Na Jenụwarị 1982, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa ya kachasị ala nke 1,942 mita (6,372 , nnu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 99 g / L. N'afọ 2002, a tụrụ ya na 78 g / L ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-akwụsi ike na nkezi nke 69 g / L ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ.<ref name="mlcfaq">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake FAQ|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615160759/http://monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2010-06-15}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ihe a na-atụghị anya ya nke ịkwụsị ntụgharị mmiri bụ mmalite nke oge "meromixis" na Mono Lake.<ref name="Jellison1998">{{Cite journal|author=Jellison|first=R.|year=1998|url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_43/issue_4/0706.pdf|title=The onset of meromixis in Mono Lake: unintended consequences of reducing water diversions|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|pages=704–11|accessdate=2008-11-13|issue=4|volume=3}}</ref> N'oge tupu nke a, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-abụkarị "monomictic", nke pụtara na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'afọ ọ bụla, mmiri miri emi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agwakọta nke ọma, si otú a na-eweta oxygen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na mmiri miri emi. N'ime ọdọ mmiri meromictic, mmiri ndị miri emi anaghị enwe ngwakọta a; okpokoro ndị miri emi nwere nnu karịa mmiri dị nso n'elu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ikuku oxygen. N'ihi ya, ịghọ meromictic na-agbanwe ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Melack|first=JM|year=2017|chapter=Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis|editor=Gulati|title=Ecology of Meromictic Lakes|series=Ecological Studies|pages=325–351|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_11|isbn=978-3-319-49141-7}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Mono enweela oge meromictic n'oge gara aga; ihe omume kachasị ọhụrụ nke meromixis, nke sitere na njedebe nke ntụgharị mmiri, malitere na 1994 wee gwụ na 2004. <ref name="Jellison2003">{{Cite web|author=Jellison|first=R.|date=June 2003|url=http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|title=Weakening and near-breakdown of meromixis in Mono Lake|accessdate=2008-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045630/http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-30}}</ref> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdọ mmiri === Otu ihe dị mkpa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị mmiri na-apụta. Mmiri nwere ike ịpụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala furu efu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ndị mechiri emechi bụrụ ndị nwere nnu. Nrụzigharị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mono Lake site na iji carbon na Oxygen isotopes ekpughere njikọ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụwa nwere oge mmụba nke glaciation a maara dị ka oge ice. A maara oge ice a dị ka Pleistocene, nke dịgidere ruo ~ 11 ka. Mmiri dị na Mono Lake nwere ike igosi etu ihu igwe si gbanwee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge Pleistocene, mgbe ihu igwe jụrụ oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ihi na e nwere obere [[mmiri ozuzo]] na [[mmiri ozuzo]]. Mgbe Pleistocene gasịrị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala n'ozuzu ya n'ihi mmụba nke evaporation na mbelata mmiri ozuzo metụtara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBensonCurreyDornLajoie1990">Benson, LV; Currey, DR; Dorn, RI; Lajoie, KR; et&nbsp;al. (1990). </cite></ref>&nbsp; Mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ agbanweela n'oge Holocene, kemgbe njedebe nke oge ice. Ebe kachasị elu nke Holocene dị na elu 6,499 feet (1,980.8 , ruru ihe dịka 1820 BCE.<ref name="holocene-levels">{{Cite journal|first=Scott|author=Stine|title=Late holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|year=1990|pages=333–381|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90221-R}}</ref> Ebe dị ala tupu ntụgharị nke oge a dị na elu 6,368 feet (1,940.9 , ruru na 143 OA.<ref name="holocene-levels" /> Ọnọdụ kachasị ala nke oge a n'ihi ntụgharị bụ na 6,372.0 feet (1,942.2 , ruru na 1980. <ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ndụ n'ime mmiri ===   Hypersalinity na alkalinity dị elu (pH=10, ma ọ bụ ya na 4 milligrams nke NaOH kwa liter nke mmiri) nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na ọ dịghị azụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="carleton">{{Cite web|title=Living in an Alkaline Environment|publisher=Microbial Life Education Resources|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|accessdate=2008-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121170852/http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|archivedate=2008-11-21}}</ref> Mgbalị nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu nke California iji chekwaa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara.<ref name="monolake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake|work=www.monolake.org|accessdate=2017-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418210400/http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2017-04-18}}</ref>&nbsp; Usoro nri niile nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke algae planktonic nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ dị na mpaghara photic nke ọdọ mmiri. Algae ndị a na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị na-eweta ihe oriri n'elu mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka ofe pea" na algae photosynthesizing.<ref name="Ecoscenario">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Ecoscenario|url=http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|accessdate=2007-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115927/http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri a ma ama maka Mono Lake saline shrimp, ''Artemia monica'', obere ụdị saline shraimp, nke na-adịghị ukwuu karịa obere, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ puku iri na isii na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Brine shrimp enweghị uru na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ mana ha bụ ihe oriri maka nnụnụ na mpaghara ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi saline shrimp na-eri obere algae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Brine Shrimp|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075733/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>&nbsp; Alkali flies, ''Ephydra hyans,'', na-ebi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'okpuru mmiri, na-ekpuchi n'ime obere ikuku ikuku, iji rie ma tụọ àkwá. Nnụnụ ndị a bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-eme akwụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Alkali Files|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075804/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> A chọtara ụdị nematode asatọ na-ebi n'ime ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: <ref name="Shih2019">{{Cite journal|author=Shih|first=Pei-Yin|date=2019-09-26|title=Newly Identified Nematodes from Mono Lake Exhibit Extreme Arsenic Resistance|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=19|pages=3339–3344.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.024|pmid=31564490|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/98870/2/1-s2.0-S0960982219310401-mmc1.pdf}}</ref> * <nowiki><i id="mwAa0">Auanema</i></nowiki> spec. , nke dị ịrịba ama maka oke arsenic resistance ya (na-adịgide na 500 ugboro karịa ụmụ mmadụ), nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na ịbụ viviparous.&nbsp; * [[Pellioditis|Pellioditis spec.]] * ''[[Mononchoides americanus]]'' * ''[[Diplogaster rivalis]]'' * ụdị nke ezinụlọ Mermithidae * ''[[Prismatolaimus dolichurus]]'' * Ụdị 2 nke usoro Monhysterida === Nnụnụ === [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_Area_(2013)_33.JPG|thumb|Nwaanyị Audubon's warbler on tufa in the "South Tufa" area.]] Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ebe ezumike na iri nri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma [[Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network]] amatala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na mba ụwa.<ref name="whsrn">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network|url=http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|accessdate=2011-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231259/http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnụnụ mmiri 2,000,000, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 35 dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ezu ike ma rie ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke afọ. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke Mono Lake gụnyere American avocets, killdeer, na sandpipers. Otu nde grebes ntị phalaropes nwere ntị na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono eme ihe n'oge ogologo njem ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Birds|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010612/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ná ngwụsị oge okpomọkụ ọ bụla, ọtụtụ iri puku Phalaropes nke Wilson na phalarops na-acha ọbara ọbara na-esi n'ebe ha na-anọ, ma na-eri nri ruo mgbe ha gara n'ihu na-aga [[South Amerika|South America]] ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds "Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono"]. </cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye na nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, ụdị ole na ole na-anọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na-akpa akwụ́ na Mono Lake. Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke California gulls, ''Larus californicus'', nke abụọ naanị na Great Salt Lake na Utah. Kemgbe ha hapụrụ Negit Island na ngwụcha afọ 1970, California gulls akwagala n'àgwàetiti ndị dị nso ma guzobe ebe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na echedoghị ya, ebe obibi. Mahadum Cornell na Point Blue Conservation Science anọgidewo na-amụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme akwụ́ na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nke malitere afọ 35 gara aga. Snowy plovers na-abịakwa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mono n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla iji mee akwụ́ n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuford|first=David|year=2016|title=Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of the Snowy Plover at Mono Lake, California|journal=Western Birds|volume=47|pages=38–49}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Mono-lake-tufa-1981-003.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] a na-ahụ anya na Mono Lake; South Tufa (1981).]] === Ụmụ amaala America === Ndị obodo Ọdọ Mmiri Mono sitere n'òtù Northern Paiute, nke a na-akpọ Kutzadika'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAWTON|first=HARRY W.|date=1976|title=Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owens Valley|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27824857|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–50|issn=0361-7181}}</ref> Ha na-asụ Asụsụ Northern Paiute.<ref name="infodome">{{Cite web|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926145711/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archivedate=2010-09-26|title=California Indians and Their Reservations: K|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị Kutzadika'a na-eri nri alkali fly pupae, nke a na-akpọ ''kutsavi'' n'asụsụ ha. Okwu "Mono" sitere na "Monachi", okwu Yokuts maka agbụrụ ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Nevada.<ref name="Farquhar1926">{{Cite book|title=Place Names of the High Sierra|first=Francis|author=Farquhar|year=1926|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/place_names_of_the_high_sierra/m.html|publisher=Sierra Club|location=San Francisco|accessdate=2011-05-28}}</ref> N'oge mkpakọrịta mbụ, onye isi mbụ a maara Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Paiute bụ [[Captain John (Paiute)|Captain John]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-004.pdf|journal=Anthropological Records|volume=2|issue=3|title=The Northern Paiute Bands|first=OC|author=Stewart}}</ref> Agbụrụ Mono nwere òtù abụọ: Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ndị Eastern Mono sonyeere obodo nta ndị Western Mono kwa afọ na Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Merced iji chịkọta acorns, ụdị osisi dị iche iche, na ịzụ ahịa. Ndị Western Mono na Eastern Mono na-ebi n'ebe ndịda etiti ogwu Sierra Nevada, gụnyere Historical Yosemite Valley.<ref name="SDSU2009">{{Cite web|title=California Indians and Their Reservations|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=24 July 2009|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214650/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archivedate=2010-07-26}}</ref> Taa,ala ndị e debere maka ndị Mono dị na Big Pine, Bishop, nakwa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Madera County na Fresno County, California. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa === <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na Osimiri Owens gaa na Los Angeles Aqueduct na 1913. N'afọ 1941, Ngalaba Mmiri na Ike nke Los Angeles gbatịpụrụ usoro Aqueduct nke Los Angeles gaa n'ebe ugwu n'ime Mono Basin site na mmezu nke Mono Craters Tunnel <ref name="monobasinresearch">{{Cite web|title=Fortieth Annual Report of the Board of Water and Power Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414161147/http://monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref> n'etiti Grant Lake Reservoir na Rush Creek na Upper Owens River. Mmiri buru ibu nke na n'oge na-adịghị anya, mmiri si n'ime mmiri gafere, na elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dara ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1982, e belatara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo 37,688 acres (15,252 hectare), 69% nke ala ya na 1941. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1990, ọdọ mmiri ahụ adaala mita 45 ma tụfuo ọkara ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa mmiri nke 1941 tupu ntụgharị.<ref name="monolake2017">{{Cite web|title=About Mono Lake|work=Mono Lake Committee|url=http://monolake.org/about/|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143123/http://www.monolake.org/about/|archivedate=8 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ájá alkaline na ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'oge gara aga kpughere, nnu mmiri ji okpukpu abụọ, na Negit Island ghọrọ peninsula, na-ekpughe akwụ́ nke California gulls maka ndị na-eri ibe ha (dị ka coyotes), ma na-amanye ndị gull colony ịhapụ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Protecting California Gulls|url=https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075802/https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Gaines na nwa akwụkwọ ya David Winkler mụrụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ma bụrụ ihe enyemaka n'ịdọ ọha na eze aka ná ntị banyere mmetụta nke ọkwa mmiri dị ala na ndepụta gburugburu ebe obibi Winkler nke Mono Basin na 1976.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}</ref> National Science Foundation kwadoro nyocha mbụ zuru oke nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, nke Gaines na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ duziri. Na June 1977, Davis Institute of Ecology na Mahadum California bipụtara akụkọ, "An Ecological Study of Mono Lake, California", nke dọrọ California aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịdọrọ mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka iji obodo mee ihe.<ref name="mlchist" /> Gaines guzobere Kọmitii Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na 1978. Ya na Sally Judy, nwa akwụkwọ UC Davis, duziri kọmitii ahụ wee gaa njem ozi na California. Ha sonyeere Audubon Society n'ọgụ ụlọ ikpe a ma ama ugbu a, National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, iji chebe Mono Lake site na iwu ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history "History of the Mono Lake Committee"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mgbanwe dị mma, elu ala ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ụsọ mmiri ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ájá alkaline n'oge oge oké ifufe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dust Sources at Mono Lake|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604084819/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archivedate=Jun 4, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Owens, nke a na-emebu ụgbọ mmiri nke Osimiri Owens. Ọdọ Mmị ahụ nwere usoro okike dị mma, bụzi ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ site na ntụgharị mmiri malitere na 1920s.Ọdọ Mmiri Mono chebere ihe a mgbe California State Water Resources Control Board (mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke ikpe) nyere iwu (SWRCB Decision 1631) iji chebe Mono Lake na iyi ya na Septemba 28, 1994. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sahagún|first=Louis|date=January 2, 2023|title=Conservationists fight to end Los Angeles water imports from Eastern Sierra's Mono Lake|url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2023-01-02/mono-lake-enviros-want-to-end-water-exports-to-los-angeles|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye isi oche SWRCB Board bụ Marc Del Piero bụ naanị onye na-ege ntị (lee D-1631). N'afọ 1941, elu ala ahụ dị na 6,417 feet (1,956 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php "Monthly Lake Levels"]. </cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2022, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị na 6,378.7 feet (1,944 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level" /> Ọdịdị ọdọ mmiri nke 6,392 feet (1,948 n'elu oke osimiri bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke e mere iji hụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-enwe ike iru ma nọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke a na-ekwenye n'ozuzu ka ọ bụrụ nke kacha nta maka idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reznik|first=Bruce|date=2023-06-27|title=Opinion: A wet winter began to replenish Mono Lake. L.A. should let it be a lake again|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-06-27/mono-lake-los-angeles-water-dwp|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-esiri ike karị n'oge ọtụtụ afọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na American West.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=State of the Lake|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010606/https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>   == N'omenala a ma ama == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_August_2013_014.jpg|thumb|"South Tufa, Mono Lake" (2013).]] === Ihe osise === N'afọ 1968, onye na-ese ihe Robert Smithson mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Non-Site (Cinders dị nso na Black Point) <ref name="mcasd">{{Cite web|work=Mono Lake Non-Site (Cinders near Black Point)|url=http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|title=Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, 1981.10.1-2|date=1968|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202657/http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> site na iji pumice anakọtara mgbe ọ na-eleta Mono na July 27, 1968, ya na nwunye ya Nancy Holt na Michael Heizer (ha abụọ bụ ndị na-ese foto). N'afọ 2004, Nancy Holt mere ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na iji ihe nkiri Super 8 na foto nke njem a. A na-eji ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke Smithson na Heizer, abụ abụọ nke Waylon Jennings, na Michel Legrand's Le Jeu, isi isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Jacques Demy Bay of Angels (1963), mee ihe maka ụdaolu ahụ.<ref name="eai">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|title=Nancy Holt and Robert Smithson, ''Mono Lake'', 19:54 min, color, sound, Electronic Arts Intermix|date=1968–2004|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829163208/https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> The Diver, foto nke Aubrey Powell nke Hipgnosis wepụtara maka album Pink Floyd Wish You Were Here (1975), gosipụtara ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nwoke na-abanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri, na-emepụta ọ dịghị ebili mmiri. E sere foto ahụ na Mono Lake, ụlọ elu tufa bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ala ahụ. E mepụtara mmetụta ahụ n'ezie mgbe onye na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-eme ka aka guzo n'okpuru mmiri ruo mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị.<ref name="mojo4music">{{Cite web|work=MOJO magazine|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|title=Floyd Extra! How Wish You Were Here Went Up In Flames|date=September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171248/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|archivedate=2011-10-13}}</ref> === N'akwụkwọ === Mark Twain's Roughing It, nke e bipụtara na 1872, na-enye nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na ọnọdụ okike ya na 1860s. <ref name="TwainCh38">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 38|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref><ref name="TwainCh39">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 39|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=39&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref> Twain chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị "n'ọzara na-enweghị ndụ, na-enweghị osisi, nke jọgburu onwe ya... ebe owu na-ama n'ụwa" <ref name="TwainCh3839">{{Cite web|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing it Chapters 38 & 39|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|publisher=Mono Basin Clearing House|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043903/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|archivedate=13 September 2017}}</ref> === Na fim === E sere ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara ugwu mgbawa na ihe nkiri Fair Wind to Java (1953) na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesheetnews.com/2015/03/19/mono-in-the-movies-fair-wind-to-java/|title=Mono in the movies: Fair Wind to java|first=Ken|author=Harrison|date=2015-03-19}}</ref> Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe nkiri High Plains Drifter (1973) nke Clint Eastwood gbara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mono Lake n'afọ ndị 1970. E wuru obodo dum ebe a maka ihe nkiri ahụ, ma mesịa wepụ ya mgbe agbachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7}}</ref> === N'egwú === Vidio egwu maka egwu glam metal Cinderella's 1988 power ballad "Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone) " ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ mere.<ref name="Sweeney2011">{{Cite web|author=Sweeney|first=Mike|date=2011-07-19|title=Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone)|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602215501/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archivedate=June 2, 2023|accessdate=2014-01-12|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Bodie, Obodo mmụọ dị nso * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri dị na California * Ebe Nchekwa Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Tufa Steeti * Ebe Egwuregwu Mba nke Mono Basin * GFAJ-1, ihe dị ndụ sitere na Mono Lake nke nọ n'etiti esemokwu sayensị banyere arsenic na DNA. * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Whoa Nellie Deli, nke dị na Lee Vining, California, na-ele Mono Lake anya * Monolake, ọrụ egwu eletrọniki nke dị na Berlin nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Akwụkwọ == * Jayko, A.S., na ndị ọzọ (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45331 Usoro na Ogologo Ogologo Ogige nke Nnyocha Geophysical, Mono Lake, California, 2009 ruo 2011.] Reston, Va.: Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, U.S. Geological Survey. * {{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=C.D.|year=1982|title=Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada: a preliminary assessment|journal=U.S. Geological Survey Circular|issue=877}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.monocounty.org/mono-lake/ Ihe ọmụma ndị nleta nke Mono Lake] * [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=514 Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Mono Lake Tufa State] * [http://www.monolake.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mono Lake Committee] * [http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/casierraseast/a/mono_lake.htm Onye Nlekọta Ndị Nleta Mono Lake] * {{Cite web|title=World Lake Database entry for Mono Lake|url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B4%3Aload%3B|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121543/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0:%3B4:load%3B|archivedate=2011-07-22}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210442/http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/archive/f0001.html Foto Landsat nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614224852/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/bakersfield/geology.Par.56332.File.dat/ovm07_guidebook.pdf Geology na Mining History nke Owens Valley na Mono Basin] {{Sierra Nevada|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 91efan8huyuqylsnro8r422jj4keonh Akwụkwọ Ahịa Onitsha 0 77305 671298 2026-07-02T11:47:21Z Chukwuechetam Gideon 62487 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328992379|Onitsha Market Literature]]" 671298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Onịchạ|Akwukwo Abia Onitsha]] pụtara na mbido afọ 1950 site na akwụkwọ romance edere na mpempe akwụkwọ bara uru, nke ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ bipụtara n'obodo Onitsha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria. Na mbụ, e bu n'uche inweta ego n'ime ọnwa ndị na-adịghị ngwa ngwa, mmegharị ahụ nwetara ume mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke 1956 nke Ogali A. Ogali kacha ere Veronica nwam nwanyi :ihe egwuregwu . Nke a gosipụtara ịrị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta mpaghara, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ / ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ narị akwụkwọ mpịakọta n'ụdị dị iche iche - site na akụkọ njem na akwụkwọ 'otú esi eme' na akwụkwọ ịhụnanya, akụkọ njem na egwuregwu. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ya na pidgin bekee . Ụdị akwụkwọ a biara na mmasị ugbu a nye ndị nchọpụta dị ka isi iyi nke abụọ nke ozi gbasara ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'oge ahụ; ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ha nwere ike ịghọta ya maka ojiji ọ na-eji Bekee mara mma, nke na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ yana usoro ya na-adịghị mma. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] , Life Turns Man Up and Down: High Life, Useful Advice, and Mad English, New York, Pantheon, 2001 - facsimile reproductions of selected Onitsha market literature pamphlets == Njikọ mpụga == * Akwụkwọ Onitsha Market, ku.edu. ** [http://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/onitsha/related-resources Ihe ndị metụtara ya. Bibliography nke ihe odide na akwụkwọ ahịa Naijiria: ihe na-esote.] , ku edu. * Onitsha Market Literature, indiana.edu. * The Onitsha Market Literature Phenomenon, nigeriafirst.org. e6la42xqs7z60jehle5jb3ko43xubzz 671300 671298 2026-07-02T11:47:49Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Onịchạ|Akwukwo Abia Onitsha]] pụtara na mbido afọ 1950 site na akwụkwọ romance edere na mpempe akwụkwọ bara uru, nke ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ bipụtara n'obodo Onitsha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria. Na mbụ, e bu n'uche inweta ego n'ime ọnwa ndị na-adịghị ngwa ngwa, mmegharị ahụ nwetara ume mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke 1956 nke Ogali A. Ogali kacha ere Veronica nwam nwanyi :ihe egwuregwu . Nke a gosipụtara ịrị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta mpaghara, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ / ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ narị akwụkwọ mpịakọta n'ụdị dị iche iche - site na akụkọ njem na akwụkwọ 'otú esi eme' na akwụkwọ ịhụnanya, akụkọ njem na egwuregwu. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ya na pidgin bekee . Ụdị akwụkwọ a biara na mmasị ugbu a nye ndị nchọpụta dị ka isi iyi nke abụọ nke ozi gbasara ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'oge ahụ; ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ha nwere ike ịghọta ya maka ojiji ọ na-eji Bekee mara mma, nke na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ yana usoro ya na-adịghị mma. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] , Life Turns Man Up and Down: High Life, Useful Advice, and Mad English, New York, Pantheon, 2001 - facsimile reproductions of selected Onitsha market literature pamphlets == Njikọ mpụga == * Akwụkwọ Onitsha Market, ku.edu. ** [http://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/onitsha/related-resources Ihe ndị metụtara ya. Bibliography nke ihe odide na akwụkwọ ahịa Naijiria: ihe na-esote.] , ku edu. * Onitsha Market Literature, indiana.edu. * The Onitsha Market Literature Phenomenon, nigeriafirst.org. i70ddxvrdvpdfd0j3wayp1g2k4hfspc Francis Adenigba Fadahunsi 0 77306 671302 2026-07-02T11:49:03Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342433826|Francis Adenigba Fadahunsi]]" 671302 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Fadahunsi Francis Adenigba''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/276017/chief-fadahunsi-of-pdp-wins-osun-east-senatorial-seat.html|title=Chief Fadahunsi of PDP wins Osun East Senatorial seat|work=www.thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-29|title=Why I did not support hate speech bill ― Senator Fadahunsi|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/why-i-did-not-support-hate-speech-bill-―-senator-fadahunsi/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na 12 Julaị 1952) bụ onye ọrụ omenala lara ezumike nka na onye sinetọ Naịjirịa na-anọchite anya mpaghara Osun East na ụlọ omeiwu mba. A mụrụ ya na [[Ilase-Ijesa]] na Osun Steeti na 12 Julaị 1952 nye Late Chief Israel Adekunbi Fadahunsi na Chief (Mrs.) Emily Fadahunni, ha abụọ bụ ụmụ amaala Ilase-Ejesa. Fadahunsi gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm Anglican nke Saint Paul, Ilase-Ijesa wee gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Abebeyin Anglican Modern School, Atakumosa West Local Government Area na 1964. == Edensibia == <references />   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] soxnjrncu0uoqfs1nufeqvjiu9xqbhs 671306 671302 2026-07-02T11:51:53Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671306 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Fadahunsi Francis Adenigba''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/276017/chief-fadahunsi-of-pdp-wins-osun-east-senatorial-seat.html|title=Chief Fadahunsi of PDP wins Osun East Senatorial seat|work=www.thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-29|title=Why I did not support hate speech bill ― Senator Fadahunsi|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/why-i-did-not-support-hate-speech-bill-―-senator-fadahunsi/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na 12 Julaị 1952) bụ onye ọrụ omenala lara ezumike nka na onye sinetọ Naịjirịa na-anọchite anya mpaghara Osun East na ụlọ omeiwu mba. A mụrụ ya na [[Ilase-Ijesa]] na Osun Steeti na 12 Julaị 1952 nye Late Chief Israel Adekunbi Fadahunsi na Chief (Mrs.) Emily Fadahunni, ha abụọ bụ ụmụ amaala Ilase-Ejesa. Fadahunsi gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm Anglican nke Saint Paul, Ilase-Ijesa wee gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Abebeyin Anglican Modern School, Atakumosa West Local Government Area na 1964. == Edensibia == <references />   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 29jecw0ci9rwxvuuwphmj4fy2g856rk Agbụrụ Ibani 0 77307 671312 2026-07-02T11:56:04Z Blessedesther21 62486 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361596172|Ibani tribe]]" 671312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndị Ibani/Ubani''' bụ ndị Ijaw bi na mpaghara Bonny na Opobo nke [[Ȯra Rivers|steeti Rivers]], Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=PeopleGroups.org|title=PeopleGroups.org - Ibani of Nigeria|url=https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=13835|accessdate=2025-05-21|work=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> [[Bonny, Naijiria|Obodo Bonny]] bụ isi obodo Ibani, ọ dịkwa n'akụkụ osimiri [[Osimiri Bonny|Bonny]] . Mmepe Bonny gbanwere nke ukwu site na mmekọrita chiri anya nke ebo ahụ na ndi agha Yuropu site na naari afọ nke iri na ise we ruo naari afọ nke iri na asato. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bortolot|first=Alexander Ives|date=October 2003|title=Trade Relations among European and African Nations|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aftr/hd_aftr.htm|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Alaeze Bonny bụ nnukwu ebe azụmaahịa <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bonny {{!}} Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny|accessdate=2021-09-11|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> site na naarị afọ nke iri na isi gaa n'ihu. Ha na-azụ ahịa na ọdụ́, ezé enyí na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ tupu ha aghọọ ndị isi na azụmaahịa ohu trans-Atlantic . Ndị ya mechara mara maka mbupụ [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ akwụ]] na mkpụrụ aki. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonny {{!}} Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> A maara ndị si n'alaeze Bonny na [[Opobo]] dịka ndị Ibani. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Enemugwem|first=JH|date=2009-10-08|title=Obolo (Andoni) Women in The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970|journal=Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research|volume=6|issue=2|doi=10.4314/lwati.v6i2.46559|issn=1813-2227}}</ref> == Agha == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bonny lụrụ ọtụtụ agha megide ndị iro ya dị nso, dịka Elem Kalabari, [[Obolo people|Obolo]] na [[Andoni]] . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} rwnhn7hnc2lgxl3apzm2vc97kmnm45t 671317 671312 2026-07-02T11:57:30Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndị Ibani/Ubani''' bụ ndị Ijaw bi na mpaghara Bonny na Opobo nke [[Ȯra Rivers|steeti Rivers]], Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=PeopleGroups.org|title=PeopleGroups.org - Ibani of Nigeria|url=https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=13835|accessdate=2025-05-21|work=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> [[Bonny, Naijiria|Obodo Bonny]] bụ isi obodo Ibani, ọ dịkwa n'akụkụ osimiri [[Osimiri Bonny|Bonny]] . Mmepe Bonny gbanwere nke ukwu site na mmekọrita chiri anya nke ebo ahụ na ndi agha Yuropu site na naari afọ nke iri na ise we ruo naari afọ nke iri na asato. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bortolot|first=Alexander Ives|date=October 2003|title=Trade Relations among European and African Nations|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aftr/hd_aftr.htm|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Alaeze Bonny bụ nnukwu ebe azụmaahịa <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bonny {{!}} Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny|accessdate=2021-09-11|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> site na naarị afọ nke iri na isi gaa n'ihu. Ha na-azụ ahịa na ọdụ́, ezé enyí na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ tupu ha aghọọ ndị isi na azụmaahịa ohu trans-Atlantic . Ndị ya mechara mara maka mbupụ [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ akwụ]] na mkpụrụ aki. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonny {{!}} Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> A maara ndị si n'alaeze Bonny na [[Opobo]] dịka ndị Ibani. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Enemugwem|first=JH|date=2009-10-08|title=Obolo (Andoni) Women in The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970|journal=Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research|volume=6|issue=2|doi=10.4314/lwati.v6i2.46559|issn=1813-2227}}</ref> == Agha == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bonny lụrụ ọtụtụ agha megide ndị iro ya dị nso, dịka Elem Kalabari, [[Obolo people|Obolo]] na [[Andoni]] . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} t7q6vlomzldynyp4eigy9u71om8o7xy Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum 0 77308 671313 2026-07-02T11:56:05Z Joshua osinachi 62490 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353240504|Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum]]" 671313 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum''' bu Niajiria steeti gọvmentị ministri nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi, atumatu, na itinye n'ọrụ iwu steeti gbasara njem na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/page-page-profile-of-the-commissioner-for-transport-and-petroleum-resources-mr-orman-beator-esin.html|title=Profile of the Commissioner for Transport and Petroleum Resources, Mr. Orman Beator Esin|author=Government|first=Akwa Ibom State|work=akwaibomstate.gov.ng|accessdate=2017-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213750/https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/page-page-profile-of-the-commissioner-for-transport-and-petroleum-resources-mr-orman-beator-esin.html|archivedate=2017-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/01/aibom-loses-n100m-per-month-from-petroleum-sector-commissioner/|title=A/Ibom loses N100m per month from Petroleum sector- Commissioner|date=2017-01-24|work=The NEWS|accessdate=2017-02-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} loenwjv177hth6a7vj1b70d9pelh28i 671315 671313 2026-07-02T11:56:57Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 671315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum''' bu Niajiria steeti gọvmentị ministri nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi, atumatu, na itinye n'ọrụ iwu steeti gbasara njem na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/page-page-profile-of-the-commissioner-for-transport-and-petroleum-resources-mr-orman-beator-esin.html|title=Profile of the Commissioner for Transport and Petroleum Resources, Mr. Orman Beator Esin|author=Government|first=Akwa Ibom State|work=akwaibomstate.gov.ng|accessdate=2017-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213750/https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/page-page-profile-of-the-commissioner-for-transport-and-petroleum-resources-mr-orman-beator-esin.html|archivedate=2017-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/01/aibom-loses-n100m-per-month-from-petroleum-sector-commissioner/|title=A/Ibom loses N100m per month from Petroleum sector- Commissioner|date=2017-01-24|work=The NEWS|accessdate=2017-02-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ghf970zc541wj207xbpte3su6ewjc7u